CHUVeN MIJC
V A N H O C - N G O N N G a HOC - N G H I E N CCfU V A N H 6 A - NGH? THUAT
Bp PHIM LA SINH tVION Td Gdc NHiN GIAI KI^N TAO
Q A O Lt NA
Giii kien tao (deconstrution) khdng chl li ly thuyet dan dudng cho nghien eiru eai bien mi cdn li phwang phip phi binh hiru hieu di nghien ciru tic phim cii bien. Mac dii bd phim cii bien cd thi cd chO thich rd ring rang nd dirpc dwa vio tic phim vin hpc A, B, C, D... nio dd nhwng diiu dd khdng cd nghTa la eac nhi lim phim phii 1$ thudc vio quan diim, tw twdng cOa nhi vin. Tie phim dipn inh da nim trong sw kiin tao mdi cOa d doin Hm phim mi d dd, moi ngwdi iai dem din mdt diim nhin khic nhau, mdt tinh thin phi trung tam, hau hipn dai thi hipn ngay d each lam viee eua nd. Trong bii viit niy, chiing tdi van dung ly thuyet giai kiin tao di nghien ciru tic pham cai biin La Sinh Mdn (Rashomon), mdt trong nhwng tic phim kinh diin cua dipn anh thi gidi.
1. LA SINH'MON-JAC P H A M C A I B I E N KI$T T A C C O A KUROSAWA AKIRA 1.1. TCr t i c phim van hoc
Kurosawa Akira 1^ 6ao di§n ndi tilng vk cai bien cac tac phgim van hoc va san khiu thdnh tic phim di^n anh. Nhirng tdc phim di^n anh cai bien cua Akira bao gid' cOng th6i h6n va mang lai su'c s6ng md'i cho tdc phim vdn hoc ma no cai bien. La Sinh Mdn (Rashomon) Id mQt trong nhOng tdc phim dien dnh den
Odo L6 Na. Thgc sT. Tn/drng Oai hoc Khoa hoc Xd hOi vd Nhdn vdn, Dai hoc Qu6c gia Thdnh ph6 H6 Chl Minh.
trang du'p'c cai bien thdnh cong nhdt cOa Sao diln hang d i u Nhdt Ban nay.
BQ phim La Sinh Mdn ra dcri du'a tren su*
cdi bien hai truyen ngan Trong rimg true va La Sinh Mdn ciia bdc thiy truyen ngdn Nhdt Ban Akutagawa Ryunosuke.
Trong ning true ciia Akutagawa Id tac phim du'Q'C djch a Viet Nam vd\ nhilu ten goi khde nhau, nhu' Trpng rimg r$m, Trong rimg triic, Bdn be bd biji... Theo djch gid Ph?m Vu Thjnh, sd dT co nh&ng ten goi khde nhau nhu" vdy Id do tdc phim nay khdng du'p'c djch tir ban goc tilng Nhdt cua Akutagawa md qua cdc ban tilng Anh, Phdp, Nga...
DAO L E N A - B O P H I M M SiNH MON TO GOC NHIN..
Trong rimg triic co t h i duQC xem Id mot truyen ngan mang tinh cai cdch ciJa tdc gia VQI cau true vd cdch k l chuyan md'i me vd xa la so vd'i nhu'ng truyen ngan thdi biy gid. Trong c l u true: gap go' - cu'dng bye dn mang (Nguyen Nam, 2013, tr. 555-580), cau ehuyen dyQC ke lai bdng 7 Idi khai cua 7 nhdn vdt khdo nhau Id: ngudi don cui, nhd su 10" hdnh, sai nha, bd gid, ten cydp Tajomaru, ngu'di VQ vd ngydi ching. Phin gdp go vd cy&ng bCre c6 ve nhy khdng cd gl mdu thuin trong ldi khai cua cdc nhdn vdt nhung d i n phin dn mang, mpi thu trd nen mc hd, khong nhit qudn. Ldi khai eua ngudi ddn cui, nhd sy ID' hdnh, sai nha hay bd gid chi Id nh&ng Idi khai v l nhdn chyng, vdt ehung thdng qua cdch nhin cua minh. Cdn ai gilt ngudi chdng vd nguydn nhdn la gi thi cd le chl cd ba ngydi lien quan tryc tilp d i n hien trudng bilt Id ngudi VQ, ngydi chong vd tdn cudp. The nhung, cdu trd ldi cua ba ngydi deu khde nhau hodn toan: ten cydp cho rang h i n da gilt ngydi chdng bdng mdn ddu kilm, ngudi va thi cho ring cd ta gilt chdng vl qud SQ hai anh mit cua chdng, cdn ngydi chdng cho rang minh da t y t u vi cam thay nhgc nha trydc hdnh dong cua ngydi VQ. Kit thuc truyen, ching cd thdm mpt Idi khai ndo khde va cung khdng cd Idi ngydi k l chuydn. Mdi nhan vdt chinh Id mpt ngydi ke chuyen vd moi ngydi dQC dya vao ldi khai cua hp cd t h i ed nhu'ng kien giai rieng cua minh.
Vdi nhung cdch tdn sang t?o, truydn ngan Trong rimg triie cd t h i duQC xem
"Id mot trong nhimg kiet tac da dua Akutagawa vupt ra ngodi bidn gidi quoc
gia vd trd thdnh tupng ddi tren vdn ddn the gidi" (Nguyin Nam, 2013, tr. 555).
o l dupe tao dung, tac phim ndy da ed mQt hdnh trinh lien vdn ban va su thtra hudng but phdp t u cdc tde phim khde, nhu k$ thudt t y su cua nhd thp Anh Robert Browning (1812-1889) trong truydn thp The Ring and the Book (Nhdn vd sdch), tnjyen ngan The Moonlit Road (Con dudng trdng soi) cua nha vdn My Ambrose Bierce (1842-1914?) hay ldi vilt truydn bdng die thoai eua chinh tdc gia qua tdc phim Ci sa vi Thjnh Viin trypc do (Nguyin Nam, 2013, tr. 556-557).
Khde vdl Trong rimg trOe, truyen ngan La Sinh Mdn dypc Akutagawa vilt bang but phdp dpn gian hpn vd Id mdt trong nhung sdng tac thpi ky d i u cua Akutagawa (1915). Ten hien t^i cua cdu chuyen dupe lay ti> ten vp kjch Noh cua Kanze Nobumitsu, khdng phai ten gpi xult hien t y edt truyen. Rashomon trong VP kjch Noh ke tren thyc chit ehinh la ten edng Rajomon. Rajo Id tir chi khudn vien ben ngodi Idu ddi vd Rajomon nghTa Id cdng chinh d i n d i n khudn vidn bdn ngodi Idu ddi (Akira Kurosawa, 1983).
Tmyen ngdn cua Akutagawa ke v l mpt cupc gdp gp tinh cd giua m§t "gd nd bdc dang chd t?nh mua" vd mpt "bd lao mdc chile do kimono mdu ndu vd dd, thdp bd, g i y gd, d i u tdc b^e php nhu mpt con khf'"'. Ba ldo dang nhd tdc cua nhOng xdc chit tren gdc d l k i t thanh tdc gid thi bj ga ne bpc phat hidn. Gd nd bpc cam t h i y ghd tdm vipc Idm cua bd Ido, nhung khi nghe nhung ldp ludn cua bd ldo: "ta cung khdng cho rang dilu ta dang Idm Id dilu dc. VI n i u khdng Idm nhu vdy se phai chet ddi, dd ching qua chl Id mdt
TAPCHI KHOA HQC XA HQI sd 11 (195)2014 dieu bat dac dT mdi phai lam d i y sao" thi han da thay d l i thai dp. Sau dd h i n tran Ipt chile ao cua bk lap, dd bd lan quay tren nhdng xac chet rdi bo di, d l mgc ba lao t r i n tmdng trong dem toi.
1.2. D i n tac phim dipn anh
Khdng phai ngay tu* dau Kurosawa da I p u cai bien hai truydn ngan Trong rung true va La Sinh Mdn cua Akutagawa ma chung gan k i t vdi nhau hoan todn t y nhien, d i y hi>ng khd'i, khdng toan tinh.
s l la, sau khi Akira lam xong bd phim Scandal, nha san xuat Daiei dd hdi d^p diin v l y djnh thyc hipn mpt bd phim md'i nOa. Luc nay, Kurpsawa bat chpi nhd' d i n kich ban cua Hashimoto Shinobu, bien kjch cua hai bp phim cung n i i tilng khdng kdm sau nay la Ikiru (1952) vd Biy Samurai (1954). Shinpbu dd cai bien tac phim Trong rung true cua Akutagawa vd'i trpng tam vg dn mgng nhan vao Id'i khai cua ten cu'dp, ngu-di vp" va ngu'di ching. Vi cai bien truydn ngan vd khdng b l sung them nhilu tinh tilt nen kjch ban cua Shinobu khdng dam bao dung lu'p'ng cua mdt tac pham dipn anh, mac du kjch ban dd du'p'c dgo diln danh gid rat cao' "Do Id mpt tac pham du'p'c vilt rat tot nhung khdng du ddi d l lam thanh mdt bp phim truypn" (Akira Kurosawa. 1983, tr. 181).
Blng sy nhgy cam cua ngu'd'i Idm nghe, Kurosawa tim mpi cdch dyng kjch ban cua Hashimoto thdnh phim tnjydn bdi trpng thd-i dilm luc bay gid', do la kjch ban cd l i i vilt hoan todn md'i Ig. Nhd* sy n l lyc khdng ngCrng, Akira da tim ra dyp'c nhCrng lidn tudng d i y bat ngd', thu Vl. Truo'C hit, dng tim each keo dai kjch ban. Trong kjch ban dup'c cai bidn chi cd
ba cau chuyen dup'c k l Igi nen dng da quylt djnh them vdo cau chuydn thCr t u d l dam bao dung lup'ng cua bp phim.
Tdc phim truypn cua Akutagawa g l m cd 7 Idi k l khde nhau nhung khdng cd b l i canh. Bdi canh dup'c hinh thanh thdng qua Id'i k l cua cdc nhdn vgt. Tdc gia khdng ddng vai trd Id ngudi k l chuydn, khdng dan dat ngud'i dpc vdo boi cdnh nao cd. Ngudi dpc giing nhu ngudi tryc tiep tham dy mpt phien tda va thu nhgn l i y Id'i khai cua cdc bdn lien quan td'i vg an rdi t y xau chuoi thdnh cau chuypn cua ridng minh. Tdc pham vdn hpc cd the d l cdc nhan v^t bpc bach nhu t h i nhung tac phim dipn dnh Idm v i y se khd thu hut ngudi xem, bd'i cdc bdn chf cd ngoi do vd dua ra nhung Id'i khai ciia rieng minh.
Kurosawa bupc phai tim each xay dyng boi canh md d i u cau chuypn. Y tuo'ng tot nhat la su dgng cdu chuypn cua cung tac gia, cd boi canh xay ra dong thdi vd cung cho ngud'i xem chidm nghipm them mpt vdn d l nao d i y v l xa hpi, con ngud'i thdi bay gid. Akira ldp tuc nghT d i n truypn ngan La Sinh Mdn, mdt tdc phim khde cua Akutagawa cd boi canh xay ra vdo thdi Heian (794-1184), cung thdi ky vd'i vg dn mgng Trong rung true.
Kurosawa la mpt trpng s6 it nhung dgp didn ydu thich va quan tam d i n thdi ky phim cdm va (Sdn anh t i l n phpng Phdp nhung nam 1920. Kurosawa (1983, tr.
182) cho rang, didn anh ihd'l ky do dd tgc ra nhung hinh anh hit sue tuypt vdi vd dng m u l n dp dgng vdo bg phim La Sinh Mdn, mpt bp phim ed kjch ban vdi c l u true dgc bidt.
Nhung t h i nghidm cua Kurpsawa da mang Igi cho dng thanh cdng trong sy
aAO l e NA - BQ PHIM LA SiNH iH6N TCf GOC NHIN..
nghiep didn anh. BQ phim La Sinh Mdn lien tilp ndm trong danh sdch nhirng phim hdng dau t h i gidi cua cdc nhd phd binh, nhy xep hang thir 5 trong 10 phim hang ddu ndm 1950, ndm trong 1.001 phim ban phai xem trydc khi chet cua nhd sdn xult, nhd phd binh Steven Jay Schneider nam 2003, nam trong 500 phim hay nhit mQj thdi dai ndm 2008 eua tap ehl Empire vd d i n nam 2010, bo phim 1^1 nam trong danh sdch 100 phim hay nhit cua t h i gidi dien dnh do t^p chi ndy b l u chpn.
Nam 1951, bp phim La Sinh Mdn dypc gui di dy thi Lidn hoan phim Venice vd gianh giai thupng Su t u Vang. Sau dd nd cung gidnh giai Oscar cua Vien Hdn lam Khpa hpe vd Nghe thudt Oien dnh iwy chp h^ing myc Phim ndi tilng nudc ngodi xult sic nhit. Tuy nhien, cd mpt dieu la Id gidi phe binh dipn anh trpng nudc Nhdt lai khdng thieh bp phim ndy.
Hp che rdng, cdc giai thudng md La Sinh Mdn cd dupe Id bdi y l u td "ngpai lai".
Kurpsawa (1983, tr. 187) ndi: "Cdc nhd phd binh Nhdt Ban nhin manh rdng hai gidi thupng ndy chf dpn gian Id sy phan dnh sy td md vd thj hilu cua ngudi phupng Tdy cho ehu nghTa ngoai lai phypng Ddng".
Nhyng phd each cua Kurosawa trong bp phim La Sinh Mdn, mde dii khiln eho gidi phe blnh Nhdt Ban "khd chju", nhyng thye sy tsp ndn mpt cude each m?ng Idn treng dipn anh. Ne phd vp t i t ed cdc nguyen t i c thypng thiy trpng dien anh, pha vd nhung quan diim thdi dd v l cai bidn, ddng thdi ne chua dyng nhilu ty tydng tham my vd nhCrng quan dilm v l gid trj xd hdi, nhdn van. VI vdy,
La Sinh Mdn xdng ddng dupe xem Id bd phim tien phpng khi spi chilu dudi dnh sdng cua ly thuylt giai kiln tae.
2. LA SINH M 6 N - NHO'NG C O N G HlfeN M&i CHO £)i$N A N H
2.1. Gidi quan nidm ve tdc phim cdi bidn Cdi bien mpt tdc phim vdn hpc thdnh tdc phim dipn anh Id mpt trong nhu'ng cdch lam phim khd phd bien. Tuy nhidn, vide cdi bien thudng gdp phai rdt nhieu y kiln khde nhau vd il kiln thudng thiy nhit Id:
tilu thuylt hay hpn phim hpde ce nhO'ng tdc phim vdn hpc khdng t h i cdi bien vl t i m vde Idn lao, c l u tmc phCre t^p vd gid tri trilt hpc cua nd. Bdi vpi mdt tdc phim vdn hpc, nhit Id t i l u thuylt, ngudi ta thupng cho phdp nhd van t y do sang t^o, t u do phd VP e l u true, t y dp tha tri tydng typng cua minh b i t chip thdi gian.
Ngydi dpc thydng khdng gdp nhilu khi khdn khi gap phdi nhu'ng tdc phim phCrc t^p nhu t h i bdi hp cd t h i dpc di dpe l^i nhilu Iln nhO'ng ehe, nhCrng dean chya hilu treng tdc p h i m .
T h i nhung, nguyen tae ndy khd Idng dp dgng vdi tdc p h i m dipn anh, bdi ngdy trudc, tac phim dipn dnh Id sdn phim thude ve d9i ehung vd ehF dypc cdng chilu trong mpt khpang thdi gian nhit djnh. Ngydi ta khdng cd mgng dipn tCr, cung nhu khdng cd DVD d l xem di xem l?l mdt tap p h i m md minh tdm die nhu bdy gid. De dd, c l u tnJc tdc phim didn anh c i n dan gian, d l hilu hpn sp vdi c l u true mdt tde phim vdn hpc. Tuy nhidn, c l u true mdt tdc phim dipn dnh nhu t h i ndo Id dp nhOng ngudi Idm phim.
Va Kurosawa che rang, dng hpdn tpan cd t h i lam ra mdt tdc phim dipn dnh vdi b i t ky c l u trOe ndc. D i l u dng quan tdm
TAP CHl KHOA HQC X A H Q I s g n (195)2014 Id phim hiln Id y nghTa eua hlnh dnh chCr khdng phai Ipay hpay vdi vipc cau tmc ay cd phO hpp vdl truyin thdng dipn anh hay khdng.
Bp phim La Sinh Mdn dupe md ra bang cupc hdi thcai eua mpt ngudi thiy tu, mpt ngydi t i l u phu vd mpt ngypi binh ddn d La Sinh Mdn dydi trdi mya t i m td.
Ngudi binh ddn tra hdi ngudi thiy tu vd ngudi tilu phu v l edu chuypn md hp da chirng kiln t^i vudn xir dn. Dd Id edu chuypn "thyc sy khung khilp" ndn khdng al mudn k l 1^1 vi thee Idi thiy tu thi edu chuydn ndy lam dng "chdng cdn Idng tin vdo tdm hdn eon ngydi nCra".
Vg dn mang dypc dyng nen bdi bdn ldi k l khde nhau. D i u tidn Id ldi khai cua ten cudp Tajemaru. Hdn eho ring hdn dd gilt ngupi chdng sau 23 hipp d i u , dp ngudi vp xui han giet chdng thi ed ta mdl tpdn tdm tpdn y di thep han. Nhung khi hidp d i u d i l n ra ngudi vp dd bd trdn. Ldi khai thCr hai dupe k l bdi ngydi VQ, ngydi thCra nhdn da gilt chdng minh trong luc hpang Ip^n. Sau khi ten cudp eudng birc cd rdi be di, ngudi chdng dd nhin ce blng dnh m i t cdm phan d i n tpt dp. Anh m i t dp nhu thpi midn, khiln ed ddnh m i t ly tri rdi elm dao gilt ehdng.
Ldi khai thu ba Id ldi khai eiia ngudi chdng thdng qua lpi cd ddng. Ngydi ehdng eho rang minh da ty sdt vi chirng kiln s y d nhgc eua ngudi vp vd vi a dd xui tdn eypp gilt chdng minh.
Id'i k l quan trpng nhit trong phim La Sinh Mdn cd ve nhu Id cua ngudi tieu phu. Ody Id mdt sdng t^c eua Kurpsawa bdi trude dc. ngudi t i l u phu, ngudi thay tu vd mpt sai nha da dyng nen tang chirng, vdt chirng chp vg an trudc mat
vidn kilm sdt. Tuy nhidn, ngudi tieu phu dd thay ddi Idi khai cua minh khi k l Ipi eho thdy tu vd ngudi thudng ddn a La Sinh Mdn. Su thay ddi nay khiln chP vg an mang trong phim ciia Akira trd ndn phirc t9p hpn so vdi truydn ngan eua Akutagawa. D i u vdy, nh&ng hinh anh d i n giai trong phim se dem d i n nhirng chi bdo quan trpng cho khdn gia vd Idm ro t u tudng ciia dpe diln.
Trong bp phim cOa minh, Kurosawa da sir dgng t i t thay ba bdi cdnh chinh de xdy dyng cdg chuyen: mot Id La Sinh Mdn, hai Id vydn xii' dn va ba Id trong rirng triic. Khde vpi tde phim van hQC, dao dien da d l eho cac nhdn vpt k l Ipi Idi khai d La Sinh Mdn vd nhy vdy su thdt bj "tam sao thit ban' d i n hai I l n . Hon nCra, vdi cdch khai thac bdi canh nhy vdy, dpo dien mudn che khdn gia thay rang, sy thay ddi khdng chl phg thuQC vdo mgc dich rieng tu, ca nhdn eiia ngudi k l md cdn tiiy vdo hodn cdnh mdi trudng.
Mpt van de khd quan trpng khi nghidn cCru tac phim cai bien ma mai che den cudi t h i ky XX, cac nha phe binh v l n edn nhde d i n , dd Id tinh trung thdnh (Mirela Aragay, tr. 35). Nhilu nhd nghien euu dd so sdnh tdc phim cai bidn vpi tdc pham vdn chupng d l xem xet chiing gidng nhau bao nhidu phin trdm, tac phim eai bien trung thdnh vdi tdc phim vdn chupng bae nhidu phin trdm d l rdi danh gid chit lupng tdc phim eai bien dya tren tinh trung thdnh l y . Day re rang Id sy bat cdng cho tdc phim eai bien, bdi theo nhd nghidn ciru Nguyin Nam (2006, tr. 33, 34): "'Tinh t h i n ' hay 'cdt tuy' ciia mpt ban van chang qua eung eh! Id sy
BAO {£ NA - BO PHIM LA SINH M6N TCf GOC NHIN. . nhit tri trong 'cong ddng dien gidi' cua
mpt sd nhd phe binh ve y nghTa cua ban vdn l y md thoi. Hon nu'a, ndi trung thdnh vdi nguydn tdc. thi trung thanh vdi cdi gi trong nguyen tac?".
Vdi quan dilm nghien ciJu cirng nhac v l tinh trung thdnh, cdc nhd phd blnh didn dnh Nhdt Ban td ra thilu thipn cam ddi vdi bd phim La Sinh Mdn eua Kurosawa bdi: "sy thyc hdnh khong d i y du khi hiln thi hda tinh t h i n cua cdu chuydn gdc"
(Donald Richie, 1999, tr. 80). Rd rdng, Kurosawa chang d l tam d i n vipc tmng thanh hay khong tmng thanh trong tdc phim La Sinh Mdn ciia minh. Thdm chi.
dng edn cd y lam khde di tdc phim van chupng bdng cdch thay ddi bdi canh, xdo trdn ldi k l vd them vap mpt cdu chuyen mdi vd liy thdm y tudng tir mpt truydn ngin khdo ciia Akutagawa d l diy v l n d l dt xa hpn. Theo nha nghien cuu Donald Richie, tinh tilt dupe thdm vap quan trpng nhit chinh Id nhdn vdt ngupl binh ddn trong bo phim ciia Kurosawa.
Anh ta Id ngudi duy nhat trong phim khdng cd cdu chuydn nao d l k l , ngudi duy nhit ching dinh liu gi tdi vu dn nhung lpi la ngudi nghe duQC tat ca nhirng cdu chuydn lien quan tdi vg an vd dua ra nhCrng phan bipn v l nhu'ng bai hoc dpe dii'c tir thdy tu, nhung chinh anh ta Ipi hdnh xCr nhu mQt ke vd dpo dire vdo cudi phim. Ngudi blnh ddn trnng bd phim cua Kurosawa cd t h i Id bit ky ai trong xa hpi thdi bdy gid, xd hdi ciia loan lpc, cudp bdc, gilt chdc, chiln tranh, ddi khd... Vpi nhdn vpt ngupi binh ddn va sy sang tpe them cho doan cudi truyen, Kurosawa da giai di quan niem v l tinh trung thdnh, buQc cae nha nghidn eiru
eai bien phai xem xet lpi v l edi gpi Id tinh trung thdnh l y .
2.2. Phi tdm hda
Vide La Sinh Mdn Sat nhieu giai thydng cao ciia dipn anh qgdc t l khiln nhilu ngydi Nhdt Ban cam t h i y sde bdi hp cho ring ngudi phuong Tdy khdng the ndo cam nhdn dupe edi hdn Nhdt Ban vd nhCrng giai thudng ay dupe trae ehl vi ngudi ta to md v l dipn anh ciia mdt nude phypng Bdng ehu khdng phai vl gid tri, vi nhCrng ddng gdp eua bo phim l y . Tuy nhidn tren thyc te thi La Sinh Mdn Ipi Id bd phim giao hda ca van hda Nhdt Ban vd vdn hda phupng Tdy.
Ngudi phuang Tdy cd t h i hilu duQC vdn hda Nhdt Ban qua bp phim ndy nhyng ddng thdi ngudi Nhdt Ban lai tiep can vdi mdt kilu t u duy dien dnh mdl Ip ma hp khdng t h i tim t h i y trudc dd. Ca Nhdt Ban vd phupng Tdy deu cd mpt trong bd phim nay nhung deu bi hda ldn, khdng cdi ndo vupt trdi hpn cdi ndo, mpt bd phim dam chdt toan c l u hda, phi tdm hda, giai thidng di ddn tde tinh md nhilu nhd phe binh dd lam tupng trudc dd.
La Smh Mdn rd rang Id bd phim mang nhilu d i u an cua van hda Nhdt Ban. Bd phim l i y bdi canh Nhdt Ban thdi Haian vdi kiln triic Nhpt, nhCrng bd trang phgc truyen thdng cua Nhpt, edeh d i u kilm phd biln eua Nhpt vd hlnh anh vd sl Samurai. Phim eung cd nhu'ng quan dilm dao dCre t m y I n thdng Nhpt Ban ma khi cai bidn, Akira v l n ed J giCr Ipi. Dd Id vide ngudi vp sau khi da thit tilt (dCi Id bl cudng bCrc hay t u nguyen) thi khdng t h i sdng vdi ngudi ehdng dupe nCra Chinh vi vdy trpng cdu chuypn cua hp, ngudi VQ ludn mpt mye ddi ten cudp
TAP CHi KHOA HQC XA HQI so 11 (195) 2014 phai gilt c h i t ching minh rdi md'i chju bd trdn vd'i han.
Mgc du ehua dyng trong minh nhung hinh anh cua vdn hda phuang Ddng nhung La Sinh Mdn khdng phai Id bp phim tieu bilu cho nilm kidu hdnh cua van hda Nhgt Ban. N i u chi vi nhung y l u t l ngogi lgi, n i u chi bi h i p ddn bd'i van hda Nhgt Ban d l r l i ca gidi Su tCp vdng lan Oscar d i u trao cho bp phim ndy thi han day Id mpt sai l i m dang tllc. Mpt trong nhung dilm n i i bgt nhat eua phim La Sinh Mdn ehinh Id t u duy phucng Tdy vd phong each Idm phim phuo'ng Tdy, d i l u md dudng nhu ehua ed tdc phim dipn anh Nh0t Ban ndo tnjx^'c dd Idm dup'c.
T u duy phucng Tay t h i hidn trudc hit d cdch lya chpn tdc pham cai bidn, thu hai Id phong each Idm phim den gidn hda, thu ba Id tu duy phdn tich, logic, mgeh Ige, thu t u Id su mgnh me eua ngud'i phg nu.
6" Nhgt Ban, Akutagawa dup'c vi nhu hipn tup'ng Poe eua My hay Maupassant cua Phdp nhung chua bao gid dup'c xem Id "chinh thong" trong van hpe Nhgt Ban (Dpnald Richie, 1999, tr. 70). Phong each sang tde cua nha vdn ndy r i t Tdy vd t u duy cua dng cung vdy ndn day Id dilu md Kurosawa dd hpc hdi.
Akutagawa xem xdt mpi sy vgt hipn tup'ng, dgc bidt Id sy thgt bang con m i t khaeh quan nhat. Khde vd'i truyen thong sang tae eua Nhgt Ban, dng khdng dung bat ky bdi hpc dao di>c ndo de bidn giai.
dng xem xdt ban chit eua van d l nhu Id chinh nd. Ngud'i nghe, ngud'i dpe md'i Id nhung ngudi cd t h i m quyln danh gid su thdt, ehdn ly. Nhu vdy, lya ehpn eai bidn tae p h i m cOa Akutagawa chung td dgo dien phim La Sinh Mdn da thiu thj dup'c
tinh than cua nha van xuat sdc eua Nhgt Ban vd ngay t u dau, tdc phim cua dng cung da mang tinh phuang Tdy t u trdn kjch ban cai bidn.
Mdt dgc dilm khae khien cho phim Kurosawa trd' ndn khde bipt vdl cde phim cua (^pn anh Nhgt Bdn luc b i y gid' ehinh la sy t h i nghidm phong cdch sang tae cua thd'j ky phim cdm k i t hp'p vdl phong cdch sang tac eua nghp thugt hipn dgi.
Ong ndi: "Tdi thieh nhO'ng bd phim edm va ludn ludn la nhu vgy. Cd le ehung phai dup'c nhu vgy. 6* bat ky Ipgi nao, tdi cung muln khdi phge lgi ve dpp nay. Tdi nghT v l nd, tdi nhd, theo each ndy: mpt trpng nhOng ky thugt cua nghp thugt hipn dgi la dan gian hda, vd vi t h i , tdi phai dan gian hda bp phim ndy" (Dpnald Richie, 1999, tr. 79). Re rang, trpng bd phim La Sinh Mdn, Kurosawa da phat huy toi da no lyc dan gian hda cua minh 6k tgo ra nhung hinh anh dpp nhit.
Nhung can mua nhu tnit nudc d d i u phim vd tgnh d i n vao culi phim nhy Id mdt nhdn vgt vd'i nhilu cung bgc cam xuc: luc thi gian d u g l m Idn, ICic thi nhp nhdng xoa dju, sau cCjng Id tilng thd dai cho cau chuydn md nd dup'c ehung kiln.
Hinh anh ngud'i t i l u phu dl vdo rung khi k l Igi cau ehuydn cua minh vd'i anh sdng loang lo tren ngud'i, trdn khudn mgt nhu mpt hoal nghi v l tinh chdn thuc trong ldi ke cua ngudi dan dng ndy. Ddi mat sac Ignh cua nguai ehong nhin vp' va ddi mat hit hoang cua ngud'i vp' khiln ngudi ta lidn tuo'ng d i n hinh anh cua hai vg- ching trong bp phim cam Sunrise do Murnau lam dgo diln, bp phim dpgt giai Oscar d i u tien... Kurosawa dd hgn c h l toi da Idi thogi mdc du kjch bdn dng xdy
OAO Lt NA - BQ PHIM M SiNH MON Ttf GOC NHIN. ..
dyng chu yeu tir cdu ehuyen eua eac CUQC ddi thopi.
Mdt ddc dilm khae khiln bo phim La Sinh Mdn mang dpm t y tydng phypng Tdy chinh la t y duy phdn tich dpt trong Idi ke cua cdc nhdn vdt. Mdi nhdn vdt d i u dya ra nhu'ng ly Id ddy thuylt phge d l cho rang cdg chuyen cua minh Id diing sy thyc. Tdn eypp dya ra nguyen nhan h i n gilt ngudi chdng Id vi ngudi VQ ydu c l u . Tuy nhidn, khdng phai ngay ldp tire hdn gilt ngudi md phai td ra anh hiing qua 23 hiep ddu. Han gilt chit ngydi chdng blng tinh thdn thyQng vd, tinh thin ehien d i u eCa Samurai chir khdng phai ddm gilt ldn lilt. Ngudi VQ dua ra nguyen nhdn gilt chdng Id bdi anh m i t ciia ngudi chdng khiln cd ghe sp d i n hoang lopn chir khdng phai vl hdnh dong dang khinh tdm eua mpt ddm phg nhy tdn cydp hay ngydi chdng ke lpi. Ngypi chdng thdng qua Idi cd ddng cho rang, chinh dng da t y tir chir chang phai ai gilt Se the hidn Idng t y trpng eua mpt vd Sl Samurai vd de bao vp danh dy ehe ehinh minh, chang phai vl thit bpi tm'dc mpt tdn pypp hay dudi tay mpt ngudi dan ba. Cd t h i thay, mdl nhdn vpt d i u cd ldp ludn s i c ben d l bao ve ban thdn minh trong danh du. Vd rd rang, each bidn ludn nay hodn toan khde xa vdi nhu'ng gl thudng thiy trong tmyIn thdng Nhdt Ban. Day Id tu duy ma Akira da tilp thu tir Akutagawa qua tac phim vdn chypng.
Mpt ldi k l quan trpng dypc sang tac thdm bdi Kurosawa chinh la Idi k l thir t y do ngydi tilu phu thii nhdn luc a cdng La Sinh. Treng Idi k l nay, nhdn vpt ngydi phg nil' dd t h i hipn tinh cdch vd
cung mpnh me, d i l u khd tim thiy dypc trong eae tde phim dien dnh trudc dd.
Khi ten cudp qg;/ xgdng ndn ni ngydi vp di theo minh, ed dpt nhidn thdp ddy trdi cho chdng d l nhO'ng ngudi ddn dng ty qgylt djnh. Tuy nhidn, ngypi chdng lpi bdo rang minh khdng e i n d i n ngydi dan bd nay nu'a. Ong ta gipn du' thdt Idn: "Cd da cCing hai ngydi dan dng rdi, sao khdng ty k i t lieu ddi minh di" vd quay sang ndi vdi tdn cudp: "Ta khdng mudn con ddn bd vd lidm si ndy, nguQi cir giO lay di". Cdu ndi eOa ngudi chdng ddt nhien khiln tdn cudp eung thiy ghd tdm ngudi ddn bd vd che ring "ddn bd vdn y l u dudi tir trong trCrng rdi". T h i nhung ngydi VQ l y da thdt Idn nhCrng ldi khiln cd hai ngydi dan dng phdi ddnh nhau:
"Cac ngypi mdi Id lu y l u dudi". Cd ndi VPI ngupi ehdng: " N i u anh Id ehdng tdi, sao khdng gilt gd nay di. Khi do hdy bao tdi k i t thiie cupc dpi minh, the mdi ddng mpt ddn dng". Rdi cd ehi trich tdn cudp:
"Anh cung chang dang Idm ddn dng. Khi tdi nghe anh bao anh Id Tajpmam, tdi dd thdi khde. Tdi eung da phat bpnh vdi chudi ngdy lam he nham chdn ndy rdi.
Tdi dd nghi Tajomaru cd khi Ipi dua dupe minh ra khdi dd. N i g anh ta curu minh, minh se lam mpi thir vi anh l y . . Nhung anh cung nhd nhen khde gi chdng tdi ddu. Hay nhd liy: ddn ba phai Idng dan dng bilt ydu duong ndng nhiet.
Cdn dan dng phai cd dupe dan bd bdng thanh kilm eua minh". Vd cd dd cudi vdo mpt hai ngudi ddn dng dd d l bude ho ddu kilm vdi nhau. il ddy, cdi cdch md nhu'ng ngudi dan ong d i u kilm vi mdt ngudi phg nO' kha gidng vdi d i u simg vi phg nil' a phupng Tay. Khdng nhCrng thi,
TAP C H l KHOA HQC XA HQI so 11 (195) 2014 35 qga dopn thppi ma ngudi t i l g phu k l ,
ngudi phg nO' trong phim Kgrosawa da t h i hipn ban Tnh d i y mpnh me eua minh, blln nhCrng ngudi dan dng dii Id ten cudp hay vd sT Samurai thdnh nhung con ngudi hodn todn y l u dudi, trd thdnh cong eg bao ve ehe minh. Khdng mpt bp phim tmyen thdng Nhdt Ban nap ed dypc ngypi phy nO' manh me vdi nhCrng ldi ndi danh thdp nhu t h i .
2.3. Giai chdn tinh
Giai chdn tinh la v l n d l dupe quan tdm nhilu nhit treng nhCrng nghidn ciru v l phim La Sinh Mdn ciia dao diln Akira.
Tir bd phim nay, tir nhCrng quan dilm ve ehdn tinh, v l sy thyc, mdt thgdt ngCr mdi dd dypc ra ddi, dd la hipg irng La Sinh Mdn. Hipg Crng La Sinh Mdn hodn todn dupe tpo ra tir phim eiia Kurosawa chir khdng phai tir tdc pham van hpc cua Akutagawa vi n i u Id tac phim vdn hpc phai Id hipu irng "Trong rirng true" hay
"Bdn be bd bgi" bdi tmyen ngan La Sinh Mdn ban tdi mpt v l n de khde.
Theo nha nghidn ciru Nguydn Nam (2013, tr. 555), "Hidu irng Rashempn (Rashomon effect) la mdt khdi nipm dupe nhd nhdn hpc Karl G. Heider d l xult. Dp Id hieu irng cua tinh ehu quan cda nhpn thirc v l hdi ire, bdi ngupi quan sat eiia mpt sy kipn ed the tpo ra nhirng thudt su rat khde nhau nhung deu ed t h i thira nhdn dupe. Dd cung Id xult phdt dilm eho nhCrng tiep edn, phdn tich, bien minh ddu Id 'sy thye' trypc mpt Ippt nhu'ng thudt sy khde bidt, thpm chl Id mdu thuin vdi nhau ve cung mpt sy vide". Bd phim La Sinh Men dd tpo tiln d l eho nhCrng tdc phim nghp thudt khae
l i y sy that Idm del tupng vd tCr dd, cDng met sy kien cd t h i ve ra, thdu dpt nhu'ng cdu chuydn khde nhau. 0 Viet Nam, vd cai lupng Siu len ngQn eo hay bp phim Hat mwa rai bao liu cua dpc diln Dodn Minh Phupng cung Id mdt each xdy dyng tCr hipu irng nhy vdy.
Cd t h i ndi, chdn tinh vd glai ehdn tinh la v l n d l cdt 161 cua bp phim La Sinh Mdn.
Bao diln Kurpsawa (1983, tr. 183) khdng ngin ngai bpc bach: 'Con ngudi khdng the thdnh thdt vdi bdn thdn v l minh. Hp khdng t h i ndi v l ban thdn minh md khdng tdn tpo. Kieh ban ndy mieu ta nhu'ng ngudi nhu the, nhO'ng ngudi khdng t h i tdn tpi ma khdng ein nhCrng Idi ndi ddi d l lam cho ho cam thiy hp tdt hpn so vdi con ngudi thyc sy cua hp.
Nd thdm chi cdn cho thiy nhu c l u ban nang ddi vdi ldi ndi ddi mang tinh tdn vinh nay se di ra khdi n i m md, ngay ca nhCrng nhdn vdt chit cOng khdng t h i tir bd nhCrng Idi ndi ddi cua minh khi anh ta ndi v l cudc sdng thdng qua ngydi len ddng. (ch ky Id mpt ban ndng ma ccn ngypi mang theo ngydi tCr khi sinh ra; dd la dieu khd khdn nhat de chuQC lai. Bd phim ndy cung gidng nhu mdt birc tranh cupn ky la khdng dupe trai ra vd hiln thj bdi ban nga. Ban ndi ring bpn khdng the hilu k|eh ban nay chut nao, nhung dd Id bpi vi chinh trdi tim con ngudi Id khdng t h i hieu". Chinh bdi quan dilm nay md Kurosawa da tap tmng khai thae sdu vde van d l sy thyc va thuc te thdng qua lpi ke eua cde nhdn vpt. Chp d i n khi bp phim k i t thuc, ngudi ta cung khdng t h i bilt ai Id ngydi gilt ngydi ehdng, ai id ke ndi ddi. Mpe dii ldi khai eua nhdn vpt la ldi khai trudc tda nhung bd phim khdng
BAO It NA - BQ PHIM LA SiNH MON Tif GQC NHIN...
Cd quan tda, thim phan, kilm sat. Mdl nhdn vpt ngdi ddi dien vdi chiing ta tryde man hlnh d l k l cho chiing ta nghe sy thdt vg dn mpng theo each ciia ridng hQ va chinh ngudi xem Id ngudi tiep nhdn sy that l y .
Lag nay ngydi ta hay ndi v l sy thpt tuydt ddi, v l Chan tinh trong ty sy. T h i nhyng ngydi ta dd quen mit rdng cho dCi sy vdt hipn typng khach quan nhy t h i nde di chdng nO'a, khi k l lai cung se mang tinh chu quan. Cdc nhdn vdt k l nhu'ng edu ehuydn khde nhau de ndi v l sy thyc nhyng Id sy thyc ma hp nghT, hp tin.
Dilg thu vj trong tdc phim ciia Kurosawa la khdng al ndi ddi d l chay tdi gilt ngydi, ai cung gidnh ve minh hdnh vi gilt ngudi nhung mdi ngudi Ipi cd ly do rieng d l bdo chira cho hanh vi dd. Vdi hp, tpi gilt ngudi khdng quan trpng blng danh dy cua ban thdn hp. Trpng tae phdm cai bidn, Kurosawa dd khie sau quan dilm cua dng v l sy thdt thdng qua cdu chuydn k l cua ngudi tilu phu. Ngudi tilu phu da thdt len mdt cdch d i y bit binh khi nghe ngudi ddng edt ndi ring ngudi chdng t y tir bdng dao gdm,
"Khdng diing sy that. Khdng cd con dao gam ndo ea, anh ta bi gilt bang kilm".
Vd ngydi tilu phu lpi bat d i u cdu chuydn thir t u v l vg cudng birc vd an mpng nhung hodn todn blng gdc nhin nghieng chii' khdng nhin thing vdo khdn gia nhy liic tai tda. Anh ta phii nhan cdu chuydn minh k l tpi tda la sai sy thue vi SQ bj lidn Igy. Cdu ehuyen thir t u ndy mpi la cdg ehuyen ed ve khdch quan nhdt bpi anh ta khdng tham gia vdo vu an mang. Tdi ddy, khan gia theo ddi vg dn thd phde khi dudng nhu da tim ra dupe sy thyc. T h i
nhyng cdu chuypn lpi k i t thiic blng d ^ | cudi d i y hodi nghi ciia ngudi ddn thudng dii ngudi t i l u phu cd qua quylt ring cdu chuypn l y cd thuc tdi ddu di Chang nira. Sy hodi nghi cua ngypi blnh ddn dypc the hien qua cdnh cudi eimg, dd Id khi anh ta phdt hidn dira tre bj bd rpj vd lay di chile do ehoang cua nd.
Canh ndy khien ngudi xem lien tudng den gd nd bdc da t r i n lot chile do eua bd gid tren cdng La Sinh trong truyen ciia Akutagawa. Ngudi t i l u phu va ngudi ddn thudng gidng eo nhau. Ngudi ddn thydng khdng dinh, chinh ngudi t i l u phu da liy di con dao gam cd kham ngoc vd cdu chuyen ve vg dn mpng cda anh ta cung khdng phai la su thpt, anh ta khdng ed quyln ldn mat dpe dire khi ngudi ddn thudng liy di chile do ehoang eiia dira be. Nhy vdy, Idi k l cua ngudi tilu phu treng cdu chuyen thir t u cung bj nghi ngd.
Vipc them cdu chuypn thir t u khdng chi d l Idm cho bd phim cd du dp ddi ciia mpt phim truyen md tdc gia cdn mudn d l cdp mpt khia cpnh khde ve su thpt. Sy thpt khdng chi la chu quan bdi nhu'ng ngydi cd mpt trong edu chuypn, ma edn bj bdp meo bdi nhirng ngypi chirng kien vi mpt quyln lpi ndo d i y cua ban thdn hp. Bd phim La Sinh Mdn khdng he tim kilm edu tra Ipi cho su thye eua vg dn md chi la midu ta lai su kidn. Ddy cung la ly do ma Kurosawa da tra Idi mpt cdch dpn gian trong mdt cupc phdng v l n ring phim cua dng la bd phim ve vg cypng birc: "Bp phim ve mdt vg eudng buc vd hpn nira, dd Id ve thyc t l cila nhO'ng sy kidn nay... Nam ngydi diln giai mdt hdnh ddng vd mdi didn giai la khde nhau
TAP CHi KHOA HQC XA HQI s6 11 (195) 2014 37 bd'i vi trong khi k l vd k l Igi, ngudi ta
khdng tiet Ip hdnh dpng md Id chinh hp"
(Donald Richie, 1999, tr. 75). Rd rang, khdng ai trong s l ngud'i chdng, ngudi vp', ten eud'p, ngudi tilu phu vd k l ca thiy tu ndi chinh xdc v l vipc gilt ngudi chong ma Id ve Crng xu cua ban than hp trong vg an do. Vdi nhOng quan diem nhu vay, bp phim cua Kurosawa da dem d i n mdt cdch nhin khde v l su thye, phu nhgn dl cai gpi Id ehdn ly, ehan tinh.
Mpt s l nhd phe binh cho rang cai bidn la mpt phuang thuc Idm phim dup'c lya chpn khd p h i blln nhyng khdng phdi tde pham van hpe ndc cung cd t h i quay thdnh phim, nhat Id nhung tac phim ed e l u true phuc tgp, nhilu yeu t l trilt hpc, tdn gido vd nhung dpc thogi tam ly... Tuy
nhidn, t u nhung ndm 1950, dgo dien Kurosawa Akira vd'i bp phim La Sinh Mdn cua minh da chung minh "khdng gi Id khdng thi". Tdc phim cai bien cua dgo didn tdi hoa xu so* hoa anh dao ndy khdng nh&ng tiep thu nhO-ng tinh tuy iir tdc phim goc md cdn sdng tgo them nhO'ng cau chuypn d l Idm tdng tien y tuo'ng, t u tuo'ng, de tdi ma dgo diln tilp thu dup'c t u tdc phim van hpc. La Sinh Mdn dudi gdc nhin cua ly thuylt glai kiln tao khdng chi giai quan nipm v l tac pham cai bidn, giai t u duy npi dia, gidi chdn tinh ma cdn la tde pham dien anh cd su cd dpng tuypt vd'i cua hinh anh, khai gp'i sy dong sdng tao cua cdc t h i he khan gia vd md ra hipu ung La Sinh Mdn cho cde tac pham nghp thudt v l sau. u
C H O T H I C H
*"httpVAvww.erct.com/2-ThoVan/QuynhChi/LaSinhMon.htm.
TAI u e u TRiCH DAN
1. Akira Kurosawa. 1983. Something Like an Autobiography. Vintage Books, ISBN 0-394- 2. Donald Richie.1999. NhCrng bd phim cua Kurosawa Akira. University of California Press, ISBN-10: 0520220374 ISBN-13: 978-0520220379.
3. IWireia Aragay. 2005. Books In Motion - Adaptation, tntertextuality, Authorship, Amsterdam - New York, NY. ISBN: 90-420-1957-3.
4. Nguyin Nam. 2006. Tw Chua Ddn din IVId Thao - Llin vSn biin trong v§n chwong vd di$n Anh. Tgp chi Nghidn cuu Vdn hpc. thdng 12/2006
5. Nguyin Nam. 2013. "Si/ th$t" tuyet dil trong ti/ si/: Tiip nh$n vd cai bien Rashomon & Viet Nam. Trong Dodn Le Giang (chu bien). Vdn hpc Viet Nam vii Nh$t Ban trong bit cinh Ddng A (2013). Ha Ndi: Nxb. Van hda Vdn nghd.
