BUOG DAU NGHIEN GUU NHU GAU VA KHA N A N G GIAO TIEP
CUA HOG SINH TRUNG HOG GO SO DANTOGGOTU,TAOI
6 TINH THDA THIEN HUE
Dau Minh Long
Trudng Dgi hgc Suphgm - Dgi hgc Hue.
Ca tu va Ta di la hai dan tdc thilu sd d tinh Thiia Thien Hue. Do tac ddng cua nhilu yeu td khac nhau ma ngudi Ca lu va Ta di cd nhiing dac dilm rdt rieng vl van boa, giao tiep.
Ddi vdi cac em hgc sinh trung hgc eg sd (THCS) dan tdc Co tu, Ta di d tinh Thura Thien Hue, ngoai cac dac dilm chung ciia liia tudi, cac em cdn cd nhiing net khac biet vl dac dilm giao tiep, trong dd cd nhu cdu va kha nang giao tie'p. Tren nhilu binh dien khac nhau, nhiing net dac trung nay viia cd nhiing uu dilm, vura cd nhiing ban che. Dac biet la han che' trong boat ddng hgc tap, giao luu va qua trinh hoan thien nhan each ciia cac em. Vi vay, viec xac dinh diing cac dac diem giao tiep cua cac em nhu nhu cdu giao tiep, kha nang giao tie'p... la mot va'n 66 cd y nghia ca vl mat ly luan ca vl mat thuc tiln. Cac ke't qua nghien cihi vl dac dilm giao tiep cua cac em se la ca sd dl xay dung ndi dung, phuang phap day hgc va giao due phii hgp, nhdm dat dugc muc tieu giao due, gdp phdn vao viec phat triln kinh le, xa hdi, liing budc dua miln niii tie'n kip miln xudi...
Phuang phap chfnh dugc sur dung trong nghien cihi nay la: Dilu tra bdng bang hdi, trdc nghiem (trdc nghiem Nhu cdu giao tiep P.O cua Trudng dai hgc Su pham Lenin, Matxcava, trdc nghiem Kha nang giao tiep cua V.P Dakharov) va phuang phap quan sat.
Nghien ciiu dugc tien hanh tren 360 hgc sinh, 50 giao vien tai 04 trudng THCS thudc 02 huydn miln niii ciia tinh Thiia Thien Hue la Nam Ddng va A Ludi; 51 cha me hgc sinh va gia lang.
TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Sd 9 (150), 9-2011 81
Khao sat dugc tie'n hanh vao thang 3 nam 2011.
1. Thirc trang nhu c^u giao tiep cua hoc sinh THCS d^n toe Ca tu va Ta oi d tinh Thira Thien Hu6
Dc danh gia vl nhu cdu giao tie'p ciia hgc sinh THCS dan tdc Ca tu va Ta di d tinh Thiia Thien Hud, chiing tdi sir dung trdc nghiem do nhu cdu giao tie'p P.O. Ke't qua Ihl hien d bang dudi day:
Bdng 1: Ddnh gid ve nhu cdu giao tiep ciia hgc sinh THCS ddn tdc Co tu vd ' Td di d tinh Thiia Thien Hud(l < DTB < 3)
TT 1
2
3
4
5 6
7
8
Khia canh danh gid Em thdy vui mimg khi dugc tham gia cac ngky llhPi
Di dugc thoa man, em cdn phai giiip do ai mPt dilu gl dd
Trong hoan canh khd khan, em khong chi nghi nhilu vl ban than ma cdn nghi vl nhiing ngudi than ciia minh
Em thich giiip dd mgi ngudi, ngay ca khi dilu do gay cho em nhirng khd khan
Em cho rdng nilm vui co ban trong cugc sdng la giao tie'p
Em rdt thPng cam ddi vdi nhiing ngudi khong cd ban than
Em thich nhiing cau chuyen vl tinh cam hao hiep va hiru nghj
Hdi con nhd em d trong mPt nhdm gdn bd thudng xuyen
N
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Diem trung binh
2,94
2,73
2,87
2,53
2,40
2.84
2,53
2,59
Dg lech chudn
0,239
0,566
0,393
0,658
0,765
0.443
0,745
0,683
Phuong sai 0,057
0.320
0,155
0,433
0,586
0,196
0,555
0,467
Diem nho nhdt 2,00
1.00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
Diem Idfn nh^t
3,00
3,00
3,00
3,00
3,00
3,00
3,00
3,00
82 TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 9 (150), 9 - 2011
Ket qua nghien ciiu cho tha'y, nhu cdu giao tiep ciia hoc sinh THCS dan tgc Co tu va Ta di d tinh Thiia Thien Hue d miic tuang dd'i'cao. Cac em diu thay vui mtog khi dugc tham gia cac ngay ll hdi (DTB = 2,94). Dl duoc thda man nhu cdu giao tiep, cac em diu mong mud'n giiip da ai mdt dilu gl dd (DTB
= 2,73), ngay ca khi dilu dd gay cho cac em nhiing khd khan nha't dinh (DTB = 2,53). Trong hoan canh khd khan, cac em khdng chi biet nghi nhilu vl ban than ma cdn biet nghi vl nhiing ngudi than ciia minh (DTB = 2,87) dl ciing chia se nhiing khd khan trong cudc sdng. Cac em sdng gdn bd vdi nhau (DTB = 2,59), cam thdng chia se vdi nhung ngudi khdng cd ban than (DTB = 2,84) va ciing thfch nhiing cau chuyen vl tinh cam hao hiep va hiiu nghj (DTB = 2,53).
Dac biet, phdn ddng cac em diu cho rdng, nilm vui co ban trong cudc sd'ng la giao tiep (DTB = 2,40), thi hien su lac quan yeu ddi trong cac mdi quan he.
Nhu vay, nhu cdu giao tie'p ciia hgc sinh THCS dan tdc Co tu va Ta di d tinh Thiia Thien Hud d miic tuong ddi cao, cd xu hudng dugc phat triln trong ca 3 mdi trudng gia dinh, nha trudng va xa bdi. Nghia la cac em cd xu hudng mong mudn dugc giao tiep vdi nhilu ddi tugng. Tuy vay, miic do hay tdn sudt giao tiep ciia cac em vdi turng ddi tugng la khdng gid'ng nhau. Vf du, d nha trudng, cac em thudng giao tiep vdi ban be nhilu ban vdi thdy cd giao. Tham chi, trong giao tiep vdi thdy cd giao, cac em cdn rut re va cd bilu hien ciia nhirng trd ngai tam Iy trong giao tiep. Ngoai ra, bdng phuang phap quan sat, chiing tdi nhan tha'y rdng, d mdi trudng nha trudng, cac em hgc sinh THCS dan tdc Co tu va Ta di d tinh Thura Thien Hue thudng xuyen cd su tie'p xiic, trao ddi vdi nhau. Khi vl nha, cac em thudng xuyen cd mong mud'n dugc trao ddi, hdi han vdi cha me, anh chj, va tham chf la bay ve, giang giai cho cac em nhd...
Dilu nay phii hgp vdi dac dilm liia tudi ciia cac em. Hgc sinh THCS, vdi vdn sdng, vdn bilu biet cdn ban che, rdt khat khao dugc giao luu vdi the' gidi ben ngoai, dac biet la vdi nhiing gi mdi la, hien dai, hap ddn...
2. Thuc trang cac bieu hien ve kha nang giao tie'p cua hgc sinh THCS dan toe Co tu va Ta oi d tinh Thira Thien Hue
D l danh gia cac bilu hien vl kha nang giao tiep ciia hgc sinh THCS dan tdc Co tu va Ta di d tinh Thiia Thien Hue, chiing tdi sii dung trac nghiem do kha nang giao tiep ciia V.P. Dakharov. Ket qua nghien ciiu dugc thi hien d bang 2.
Ke't qua nghien cuu cho thdy, nhin chung cac em hgc sinh THCS dan tdc Ca tu va Ta di d tinh Thiia Thidn Hue' cd cac bilu hien giao tie'p binh thudng so vdi dd tudi. Cu the la, cac em giao tie'p vdi mgi ngudi dl dang, tu nhien. Khi giao tie'p, cac em bie't ke't hop hai hda giiia nhu cdu, sd thfch cua minh vdi mgi ngudi (DTB = 2,36). Trong qua trinh giao tiep, cac em ludn hgc each ndi ggn gang, sang siia, d l hieu (DTB = 2,56).
TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 9 (150), 9 - 2011 83
Bdng 2: Ddnh gid cdc bii'u hien vi khd ndng giao tiep ciia hgc sinh THCS ddn tdc Co tu vd Td di & tinh Thifa Thien Hue(l < DTB < 3)
TT 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Khfa canh danh gia Em lilp xiic quan he vdi mgi ngudi dl dang va lir nhien
Khi giao tie'p em bill kit hgp hai hda nhu cdu sd thich cua minh vdi mpi ngudi
Em thudng ciii ddu hoac quay mat hudng khac khi lilp xiic vdi ngudi la
Em chua hpc dugc each thuylt phuc cd hieu qua ngudi khac
Trong giao tiep, md ddu cau chuyen ddi vdi em rdt khd khan
Em luPn hgc each ndi ggn gang, sang siia, dl hieu Em cdn nhilu thdi gian dl thich nghi vdi ldp hgc mdi Em gap phai khd khan khi thay ddi quan diem trong tinh the cau chuyen da theo hudng khac
N
103
103
103 103
103 103 103 103
Diem trung binh 2,21
2,36
1,94 2,27
2,17 2,56 2,43 2,20
Dd lech chudn
0,59
0,61
0,76 0,61
0.60 0.54 0.72
0.63
Phuong sai 0.35
0,37
0,58 0,38
0.36 0.29 0.52
0.40
Dilm nho nhdt
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00 1,00 1,00
1,00
Diem Idn nhdt
3,00
3,00
3.00 3,00
3,00 3,00 3,00
3,00
Tuy nhien, mdt sd cac em vdn gap khd khan khi bdt ddu qua trinh giao tie'p, nha't la, viec md ddu cau chuyen nhu the nao dl giao tie'p tdt (DTB = 2,17).
Trong diln bie'n ciia qua trinh giao tie'p, cac em chua hgc dugc each thuylt phuc cd hieu qua ngudi khac (DTB = 2,27), mdt sd em gap khd khan khi thay ddi quan dilm trong tinh the cau chuyen da theo hudng khac (DTB = 2,20).
Trong mdi trudng nha trudng, cac em cdn cdn nhilu thdi gian de thfch nghi vdi ldp hgc mdi (DTB = 2,43).
Dilu ndy cd thi dugc ly giai mdt phdn Id do tfnh each dan tdc ciia ngudi Ca tu va Ta 6i tao nen. Nhin chung, ngudi Ca tu va Ta 6i sdng tuang ddi khep kin, ngai tie'p xiic, dac biet la tie'p xiic vdi ngudi la...
84 TAPCHfTAM LyH0C,Sd9 (150), 9 2011
Vi vay, ngudi giao vien cdn tao mdi trudng cdi md, than thien trong ldp hgc dl cac em hda nhap tdt ban. Day la ket luan su pham cdn thiet dd'i vdi ngudi lam cdng tac giao due d viing sau viing xa cd nhilu hgc sinh dan tdc thieu sd.
3. Thuc trang kha nang giao tiep ciia hoc sinh THCS d^n toe Ca tu va Ta oi d tinh Thiia Thien Hue
3.1. Khd ndng giao tiep cua hgc sinh THCS ddn tgc Co tu vd Td oi qua tu ddnh gid cua hgc sinh
Bdng 3: Tuddnh gid ve khd ndng giao tiep cua bdn thdn cua hgc sinh THCS Co tu vd Td di & tinh Thiia Thien Hiie(l < DTB < 3)
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Khia canh danh gia Kha nang thill lap mdi quan he trong giao tie'p
Kha nang chii y Idng nghe ddi tugng giao tiep
Kha nang tu chii cam xiic hanh vi trong giao tiep
Kha nang diln dat dl hieu trong giao tie'p
Kha nang linh hoat trong giao tie'p
Kha nang thuyet phuc ddi tugng giao tiep
Kha nang chu ddng dilu khien qua trinh giao tiep
Kha nang nhay cam trong giao tiep
N 360 360 360 360 360 360 360 360
Diem trung binh 2,01 2,16 1,86 2,14 2,12 2,09 2,08 2,31
Do lech chudn
0,39 0,32 0,30 0,36 0,30 0,49 0,43 0,35
Phuong sai 0,15 0.10 0,09 0.13 0,09 0,24 0,19 0,12
Diem nho nhdt 1,00 1,67 1,33 1,00 1,33 1,00 1,00 1,33.
Diem Idn nha't 2,67 3,00 2,67 3,00 2,67 3,00 3,00 3,00
De danh gia vl kha nang giao tiep ciia hgc sinh THCS dan tdc Co tu va Ta di d tinh Thura Thien Hue, chiing tdi sir dung trdc nghiem do kha nang giao tie'p ciia V.P. Dakharov, rdi tdng hop lai theo mdt qui trinh thdng nhdt di tii: (1) Kha nang thiet lap mdi quan he trong giao tiep; (2) Kha nang chii y Idng nghe ddi tuang giao tie'p; (3) Kha nang tu chu cam xiic hanh vi trong giao tiep; (4) Kha nang diln dat d l bilu trong giao tiep; (5) Kha nang linh boat trong giao tie'p; (6) Kha nang thuye't phuc ddi tugng giao tie'p; (7) Kha nang chii ddng dieu
TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Sd 9 (150), 9 2011 85
khiln qua trinh giao tie'p; (8) Kha nang nhay cam trong giao tie'p. Ke't qua thi hien d bang 3.
Sd lieu bang 3 cho tha'y, da sd cac em hgc sinh THCS dan tdc Ca tu vd Ta di d tinh Thira Thien Hud diu cd kha nang giao tie'p tuang ddi tdt. Dilm sd cao nhdt vl kha nang giao tiep ciia hgc sinh THCS dan tdc Ca tu va Ta di d tinh Thira Thien Hud Id kha nang nhay cam irong giao tie'p (DTB = 2,31). Cung vi nhay cam trong giao ticp nen kha nang tu chii cam xiic hanh vi ciia cac em khdng cao (DTB = 1,86). Cd Ihl ly giai vdn d l nay nhu sau:
- Mot Irong nhiing dac dilm ndi bat trong linh each ciia ngudi Ca tu vd Ta di la nhay cam Uong giao liep. Thdng thudng, khi giao tiep vdi ngudi la, ngudi khac dan ldc va dac biet la ngudi Kinh, ngudi Ca tu, Ta di hay dl y quan sat thai dd ciia dd'i tugng giao ticp. Ne'u ddi tugng giao tie'p Id ldi hoac cd hdnh vi. cu chi khdng phu hgp thi ngudi Co tu, Ta di dl tu ai va dl cd nhirng phan ling.
Bdn canh dd, tam ly tu ti vl dan tdc ciia minh, dac biet la vl mau da, dilu kien sdng... cung thi hien tuong ddi ro d ngudi Co tu va Ta di.
Nhu vay, trong qua trinh day hgc va giao due, ngudi giao vien nen dilu chinh mdi quan he giiia hai kha nang nay dl giup cac em giao tidp tdt ban.
NghTa la, trong qua trinh day hgc va giao due, ngudi giao vien phai giiip cac em hgc sinh THCS dan tgc Co tu, Ta di nhan thiic dugc su binh dang giiia cac dan tgc, giiip cac em xoa bd nhiing mac cam, tu ti cd hiiu ciia ngudi Ca tu, Ta di.
Ddng thdi giiip cac em cd kha nang kilm che' va dilu chinh cam xiic. Tur 66 giiip cac em nang cao hieu qua giao tiep ciia ban than.
3.2. Khd ndng giao tiep cua hgc sinh THCS ddn tgc Co tu vd Td oi qua ddnh gid cua gido vien
Ket qua bang 4 cho thdy, giao vien danh gia kha nang giao tie'p ciia hgc sinh d miic tuong ddi cao, d hdu he't cac khia canh. Tuy nhien, ndu so sanh vdi sur tu danh gia kha nang giao tie'p ciia hgc sinh thi danh gia cua giao vien la cd sir khac biet. Vf du, giao vien danh gia kha nang chii y Idng nghe cua hgc sinh THCS dan tdc Co tu va Ta di tuang ddi cao (DTB = 2,46) trong khi hgc sinh dan tgc tur danh gia ban than thdp ban.
Dilu nay, trong mdt chumg muc nha't djnh cung la hgp ly. Ban than cac' em hgc sinh cdn nhilu han chd vl nhan thiic, bilu bie't. Dac biet, nhu phdn tren da trinh bay, cac em hgc sinh dan tdc, vdn mang nang tam ly tu ti nen thudng danh gia chua diing kha nang cua minh.
86 TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 9 (150), 9-2011
Bdng 4: Gido vien ddnh gid vi khd ndng giao tiep ciia hgc sinh THCS ddn tdc Co tu vd Td di d tinh Thifa Thien Hue (I < DTB < 3)
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Khia canh danh gia Kha nang thie't lap mdi quan he trong giao lilp
Kha nang chii y Idng nghe ddi lugng giao tie'p
Kha nang tu chu cam xiic hanh \'i trong giao tie'p
Kha nang diln dat dl bilu trong giao tie'p
Kha nang linh hoat trong giao tie'p
Kha nang thuye't phuc ddi tuong trong giao tie'p
Kha nang chd dgng dilu khiln qua trinh giao tie'p Kha nang nhay cam trong giao tie'p
N
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
Diem trung binh
2,07 2,46 1,99 2.10 2,20 2,01 2,05 2,27
Do lech chudn
0,32 0.42 0.34 0,45 0,33 0,49 0,39 0,33
Phuong .sai 0,10 0,18 0,12 0,20 0.11 0,24 0.15 0,11
Diem nho nhat 1,33 1,67 1,33 1,33 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,33
Diem Idn nhat
2,67 3,00 2,67 3,00 2,67 3,00 3,00 3,00
3.3. Khd ndng giao tiep cua hgc sinh THCS ddn tgc Co tu vd Td oi qua ddnh gid cua cha me vd gid lang
Cha me va gia lang la nhiing ngudi gdn gui vdi cac em. Cd ihl ndi rdng, dac dilm giao tiep cua hgc sinh THCS dan tdc Co tu, Ta di d tinh Thiia Thien Hul chiu anh hudng sau sdc ciia cha me va gia lang. Khi danh gia vl kha nang giao tidp ciia hgc sinh THCS dan tdc Co tu, Ta di d tinh Thiia Thien Hue, hdu he't cha me va gia lang diu cho rdng kha nang giao tiep ciia cac em la tuong dd'i tdt. Tuy nhien, cung phai thdy rdng, viec danh gia cao kha nang giao tiep ciia hoc sinh THCS dan tdc Co tu, Ta di d tinh Thura Thien Hue ciia cha me va gia lang la mang tfnh chii quan, theo kilu "con hdt, me khen hay" Bdi vi, qua quan sat, chiing tdi nhan thay, kha nang giao tiep ciia hgc sinh THCS dan tgc Co tu va Ta di d tinh Thira Thien Hue la cdn nhilu ban che. Cac em thudng de dang giao tie'p vdi ngudi trong gia dinh, nhiing ngudi cung dan tgc hoac vdi ban ciing
TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 9 (150), 9 2011 87
ldp... Cdn lai, phdn ddng cac em gap nhilu khd khan khi giao tie'p vdi ngudi khac dan tdc, thdy cd giao, ngudi la hay ban khdc ldp...
Bdng 5: Cha me vd gid Idng ddnh gid ve khd ndng giao tiep cua hgc sinh ddn tdc Co tu vd Td di & tinh Thifa Thien Hud (I < DTB < 3)
STT 1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8
Khia canh danh gia Kha nang thiet lap mdi quan hii trong giao tilp
Kha nang chii y Idng nghe ddi tugng giao tie'p
Kha nang lu chu cam xiic hanh vi Irong giao tilp
Kha nang diln dat dl bilu trong giao tie'p
Kha nang linh boat trong giao tiep
Kha nang thuye't phuc ddi tugng giao liep
Kha nang chii dgng dilu khien qua trinh giao liep Kha nang nhay cam trong giao tie'p
N
51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51
Diem trung binh
2,19 2,19
2,00 2,20 2,22 2,34 2,20 2,36
Do lech chudn
0.30 0.49
0.49 0.59 0,44 0.59 0,46 0,43
Phuong sai 0,09 0,24 0.24
0.35 0.19 0.35 0,21 0,18
Diem nho nhdt
1,33 1.33 1,00
1,00 1.00 1,00 1,33 1.33
Diem Idn nhat 2.67 3.00 3,00 3.00 3.00 3,00 3,00 3,00
Nhu vay, qua viec phan tfch cac ket qua nghien ciiu thuc trang vl nhu cdu giao tiep va kha nang giao tiep ciia hgc sinh THCS dan tgc Ca tu va Ta di d tinh Thira Thien Hue, chiing tdi riit ra mot sd ke't luan sau day:
Nhu cdu giao tiep ciia hgc sinh THCS dan tgc Ca tu va Ta oi d tinh Thura Thien Hue' tuong ddi cao.
Kha nang giao tiep ciia hgc sinh THCS dan tgc Ca tu va Ta di d tinh Thira Thien Hue d miic do trung binh. Cac em vdn cdn gap khd khan trong nhiing tinh hudng giao tiep cu thi.
88 TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Sd 9 (150), 9 - 2011
Cd su khac nhau trong viec danh gia vl kha nang giao tie'p ciia ban than hgc sinh THCS dan tdc Co tu va Ta di d tinh Thira Thien Hue vdi danh gia ciia giao vien, cha me bgc sinh va gia lang.
Tii ke't qua nghien ciiu tren, cd ihl dua ra mdt sd kien nghj sau day:
Ddi vdi cac cdp chfnh quyIn, dac biet la ddi vdi nganh giao due va dao tao tinh Thura Thien Hue cdn quan tam va cd sir ddu tu thich dang ddi vdi cdng tac giao due va dao tao d viing sau vung xa, dl lirng budc nang cao chat lugng giao due d 2 huyen Nam Ddng va A Ludi.
Ddi vdi lanh dao phdng giao due va dao tao 2 huyen Nam Ddng va A- Ludi cung nhu lanh dao cac trudng THCS tren dja ban cdn td chiic nhilu boat ddng ngoai gid len ldp, cac boat ddng van boa van nghe... cho cac em hgc sinh. Dilu nay la rdt qUan trgng va phii hgp vdi nhu cdu giao tiep tuang ddi cao cua cac em.
Kha nang giao tiep ciia cac em hgc sinh THCS dan tdc Co tu va Ta di d tinh Thura Thien Hud, nhin chung la cdn nhilu ban che'. Vi vay, thdy cd giao, cha me hgc sinh va ngudi ldn cdn tao dilu kien giiip 6a, hudng ddn va ddng vien cac em, giiip cac em khdc phuc cac ban che, nang cao kha nang giao tiep cua ban than. Cu thi la phai trang bj cho cac em cac kien thiic, ky nang vl giao tie'p, tao dilu kien dl cac em dugc tham gia cac boat ddng giao luu, md rdng pham vi va ddi tugng giao tiep...
Kha nang giao tiep, xet cho ciing la mot van dl tu than. Do vay, dl nang cao kha nang ciing nhu hieu qua ciia qua trinh giao tiep, ddi hdi ban than mdi em hgc sinh phai bet siic tfch cue trong boat ddng va giao tiep. Cac em phai tu hgc hdi, trang bj cho minh cac kien thiic va ky nang giao tiep. Ngoai ra, cac em phai tfch cue tham gia cac boat ddng hgc tap tren ldp, cac boat ddng ngoai khoa, cac boat ddng cua Ddi thieu nien...
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Phan Ke Binh, Viet Nam phong tuc, NXB Tong hgp Dong Thap, 1990.
2. Hoang Chiing, Phuang phdp thdng ke todn hgc trong khoa hgc gido due, NXB Giao due, Ha Ngi, 1983.
3. Vu Dung, Tdm ly hgc ddn tgc, NXB Tir Diln Bach Khoa, Ha Ndi, 2009.
4. Pham Minh Hac, Nguyln Ke Hao, Nguyln Quang Udn, Tdm ly hgc, NXB Giao due. Ha Ngi, 1996.
5. Dao Thi Ganh, Nhu cdu giao tiep ciia hgc sinh cudi bdc tieu hgc (khu vitc Hd Ngi), Tap chf Tam ly hgc, sd 10, 2003.
6. Tran Ngoc Them, Ca sd vdn hod Viet Nam, Dai hoc KHXH Qudc gia IT. HCM, 1997.
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