Tap chi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM SS 44 ndm 2013
BUT KI NGUYEN TUAN T f GOC NHIN TlTONG TAC THE L O ^ I
TRl/aNGHOANGVINH'
TOM T A T
Ben cgnh tiiy but Nguyin Tudn cdn cd khd nhiiu thiin biit ki dgc s^dc, gidu gid trj nghe thudt Khdo sdt tu gdc nhin tuang tdc thi logi chiing tdi nhdn thdy, but ki Nguyin Tudn la mdt chinh thi nghe thudt hit sue ndng dpng. Trong timg tdc phdm d thi ndy luon cd hiin tupng ddi thogi gida cdc yiu Id "cdng cu" vdi thi logi "chii dm ", tgo nin nhiing
"dm vang cpng hudng"; tdcphdm, vivdy, hit siic da thanh vdi ket cdu md, ludn "vdygpi"
su ddng sdng tgo cua ngudi dpc.
Tie khoa: biit ki, but ki Nguyen Tuan, tuong tac the loai.
ABSTRACT
Nguyen Tuan's notes from Ike viewpoint of the interaction of literary genres Besides essays, Nguyen Tuan also has a lot of valuable notes. From the viewpoint of the interaction literary genres, we found out that Nguyen Tuan's notes are dynamic art bodies. In each work, it always has the phenomenon of dialogues between the "tool"
elements and "mainstream " category, which created "ring resonances "; literary works, therefore, are multi-bars with open structures and always call for theco-creation of readers.
Keywords: notes, Nguyen Tuan's notes, interaction of literary genres.
I. Dat van de
La mdt nha van ludn cd y thue kham pha va cdng hien tai nang cua minh cho van chuong, Nguyin Tuan timg thu sue qua nhiiu thi loai. Ben canh tuy but, thi loai dugc xem la thanh cdng nhit, dng cdn cd kha nhiiu thien but ki dac sac, giau gia tri nghe thuat.
Trong gidi han bai viet nay, chung tdi khdng cd tham vgng kiin giai toan ven dac trung thim ml but ki Nguyin Tuan, ma chi mong mudn tir gdc nhin tuong tac the loai, ehi ra mgt sd net dac sic nghf thuat iam nen gia tri cac sang tac cua nha van d thi tai nay.
ThS, Trudng Bai hpc Ti^n Giang
2. But kf Nguyin Tuan tir gdc nhin tirgng tac the loai
2.1. Ranh gidi giiea Idy bdi vd but ki Iren phuang dien lilugn
So vdi tuy but, sd lugng tac phim but ki cua Nguyin Tuan khdng nhiiu, va gin nhu cung chua dugc ehu </ dung mue. Nguyen nhan chu yiu, theo chiing tdi, bat ngudn td chd: viec xac dinh raiih gidi thi loai giOa cae sang tac bdt ki vi tiiy but cua nha van nay, trudc nay, thudng khdng cd sy thing nhit. Van ^ ttd nen mo hd khi mdt si tac phim ciia Nguyin Tuan ra ddi vdi each ggi chung ia "ki" - trudng hgp tap Sdng Da (I960), tap Hd Ndi la ddnh Mi gidi (1972) va t?p Ki (1976). d nhOng tac pham nay, phai
chdng nhd vdn dd td ra liing tiing? Nhung Cling cd the Id dng mudn trao quyen dy Igi cho ngudi dpc, mudn gpi dd Id gi tiiy y dde gia. TCr chd dd, Idu nay trong gidi nghien ciiu cung da cd ngudi gpi nhiing tac pham dy bdng cai ten that dde biet:
"•tuy but - Id" [8, tr.108], song hdu het thudng la cd thien hudng gdp chung cac sang tdc gpi Id "ki" dy, quy hdn ve the tuy but (cd the thdy qua nhieu bdi nghien ciiu in trong cdng trinh tdng hpp Nguyen Tudn - ve tdc gid vd tdc phdm, do Tdn Thao Mien tuyen chpn [4]). Cach nhin nhan nhu vay, theo chiing tdi, khdng that thoa dang; bdi, xet ve dde trung the loai, khd nhieu tdc phdm dupe in trong cdc tap tr6n vdn dam dac trung ciia but ki - xet ve ca dgc trung npi dung ldn hinh thiic.
Chiing tdi mudn ndi den nhiing trudng hpp cu thi sau ddy:
Dpn nhd lin Dien Bien, Di md dudijg, Tdy Trang, Ddo Cdng sdn, Tinh cao su, Bdi ca trin mgt phdn dudng, Than Quynh Nhai, Sdng Dd do trong tap Song Dd (1960);
Hd Npi gidi tii Mi qua phd Hd Noi, Cho gidc bay Mi nd dn mpt cdi tit ta.
Den diin phd phuang Hd Noi vui sdng han bdt cir luc ndo, Buu dien Thanh ddnh M; Ben u sung Hd Ndi mot ddm cudi phong khdng, Nd Bi-Ndm-Hai phd Kham
Thien, Sdi Gdn tdng MT, Vun B52 vd hoa Ha Ndi chiin thang, Ddt cung trdi todn cdi ta tie ddy sgch hdn bdng nd, Vdy md
^a mpt ndm chiin thdng B.52, Nha Hui trong tdp Hd Ndi ta ddnh Mi gidi (1972);
- Sudi qugng, Mdt bdi tha ducmg, Cdm ept mdc gidi tuyen, Tdy Bdc vd Ldo
Cai, Thi bai, Chd ddu cdu do - chd ba sdng do - chd biin cdt do..., Horn ndo Bdc Nam da duac quan he binh thuong.
anh se vd thdm ddu trudc het?, Ve thdm ddt lua Qudng Tri, Tie Tdn the gidi md ve. Mom Liing Cu tot Bdc, O-det-xa, Li- nin-grat tuyit ddu miia, Huang hdng Bun(gari), Vdn cdi tieng dpi Cd Mau dy, Hd Npi ta diet B52, Thdng Long cdu mai 15 «/iip trong tap A'i'(1976).
Danh rdng tren phuong dien li ludn, dudng bien giiia hai the tiiy but vd but ki rat "mong manh". Tir dien thudt ngu vdn hoc dinh nghia:
Biit ki Id "The loai thudc loai hinh ki thudng cd quy md tuong ling vdi truyen ngdn (...). Biit ki ghi lai nhung con ngudi thuc vd su viec md nhd vdn da tim hieu, nghien cuu cimg nhiing cam nghi ciia minh nhdm thi hien mdt tu tudng ndo dd" [1, tr.28];
Tiiy biit Id "Mdt the thudc loai hinh ki, rdt gdn vdi biit ki, ki sir (...). Net ndi bat d tuy biit Id qua viec ghi chep nhiing con ngudi vd su kien cy th§ cd thirc, tdc gia dde biet chii trpng din viec bdc Id cam xiic, suy tu vd nhdn thiic, danh gid cua minh vl con ngudi va cupc sdng hien tgi"[l,tr.380].
Cd tiiy biit ldn but ki, nhu vdy la, deu nhan mpt cai cd nao do de tir dd nhd van bdc Id nhiing suy nghT ciia chinh bdn thdn minh. Dd la net tuong ddng. Song vl CO bdn, but ki vdn cd phuong thuc phdn anh va gia tri riSng ciia nd, so vdi tuy biit. Chd khac biet nay tung dupe nhd nghien ciiu Nguyin Vdn Hgnh chi ra:
"But ki va tiiy but rdt gdn nhau nhung
Tap chi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM SS 44
ndm 2013
niu trong tuy but (...) phan trinh bay, suy nghi nhan xet, hen tudng cua ngudi viet chiim ti ttgng ldn va do dd, tinh chat tru tinh thudng kha dam net, thi ttong but ki, vifc ghi chep thudng kha trung thuc, sy vifc dugc coi trgng hgn" [2, tt.218-2I9].
Trong Tu dien Vdn hpc bd mdi, Nguyen Xuan Nam eung nhan manh: "Biit ki (...) khdng su dung hu cau vao vifc phan anh hifn thyc, cd nhihig nhan xet, suy nghi, hen tudng, nhung it phdng tiing ttien mien ma tap trung the hipn mpt tu tudng ehu dao nhat dinh" [3, tr.l73]. Nhu vay cd the thay, xet ve dac diem the loai, but ki tuy ed ham chua yeu td bieu cam nhung nd khdng trd thanh muc dich chinh yeu nhu d tuy but, dich hudng den cua but ki vin la nhim thdng tin su that.
Va do dd, gia tti hang dau cua but ki la gia tri nhan thuc; khac vdi tiiy but la gia trj bieu cam, gan lien vdi thdng tin tam trang. Can cu vao do, chiing tdi cho ring, ed eg sd de Nguyin Thanh Thi di din kit luan: "Sau 1945, ki Nguyin Tuan khdng bin la "tuy but" nOa ma da chu ttgng ghi chep sy kifn, su that va nga sang but ki..." [6, tr.37]. Tat nhien, sy phan dinh rach rdi nao ciing se ttd nen Idiien cudng, bdi the loai cdn cd phia bien ddng cua nd.
Tu thyc ti nghien cuu, Trin Dinh Su cung da chi ra: "Phan lugng cua cac phuong thuc, phuong tifn chiim Iinh ndi dung, td chuc van ban ttong timg bai ki ludn ludn cd sy thay ddi tiiy theo but phap cua cac nha van khac nhau, nen ranh gidi cac the but ki, ki sy, tuy but cd khi khdng that rach rdi, rit khd phan bift, nhat ia trong mpt bai ngin" [5, tt.381].
Diiu dd cang thi hifn ro hon d trudng hgp eac sang tac "ki" cua Nguyen TuSn Mat khac, nghidn cuu the loai cung khdng ehi di nh|n ra mdt tac pham thuoc loai van hpc nao, ma hon nOa chinh la
"nhan ra cai hinh thuc thi loai tao thanh hinh thuc chinh thi eua nd, quy dinh sir thdng nhit ndi dung va hinh thdc eua no"
[5, tt.249]. Do vay, chdng tdi quan nifm, vifc phan tach ra but ki va hly but is trudng hgp cac tap "ki" cua nha van nay khdng nggai muc dich nhim nhan difn thda dang hom gia tri cac sang tac biit ki (tranh trudng hgp danh ddng vdi tiiy but) va vifc iam iy phan nao mang tinh Wong
dii.
Nhu da trinh bay, ttong gidi han bai viit nay, chdng tdi khdng cd tham vpng kiin giai toan vpn cae phuong difn djc tnmg cua but ki Nguyen Tuan, ma clii mong mudn td gdc nhin tuong tac, chi ra nhOng tin hieu dac sic thim mi ttong sang tac cua dng d thi tai nay.
Qua khao sat, chiing tdi nhan thay, but ki cua Nguyin Tuan cd bieu hifn dung nap vdo chiing dac trung cua cae the khac nhu: tuy but, du ki, truyfn. Hifn tugng nay mang lai nhieu hif u img thim ml dpc dao trong tac phim.
2.2. Bpc Irirng lily bdt, du kl Irong bit ki Nguyin Tudn
Diim ndi bat d nhiiu but ki cua nha van nay la thien hudng "nhin sang" tiiy but. Hifn tugng nay di lai diu in tuong ddi rd net d chd: mach but ki Nguyjn Tuan hiim khi dugc ttinh bay theo ttinh ty tuyin tinh cua su vifc, ma thudng la chay trdi theo ddng cam nghi hit siic
thoai mai cua tac gia, ehuyfn np goi ehuyfn kia, chdng cheo 16n nhau, khdng flieo mgt ttinh tu nao, va eiing khdng bj hjn chi bdi khdng gian, thdi gian. Ranh gidi giua but ki vaftuy bdt vi thi, nhiiu luc ttd nen "nhde md", khd phan. Cd the ndi, vin la njng vi "ghi chep" chan thuc hifn thyc cu^c sdng nhung ttong but ki Nguyin Tuan, yeu to cam xuc ehu quan cua nha van da di trudc mdt budc. Ong thudng di cam xiie din djt din nhOng nga khac nhau di tu dd phdng chieu nhilng suy nghi ciia minh. Tac pham, do vay, gan nhu khdng hi cau thuc bdi nhiing sy vifc dugc de cap den ma ndi bat nhat van la ddng cam xiic cua tac gia ludn chay ttan ben lugng thdng tin diy ip. va neu tinh y, dfc gia se nhan ra, tinh md nhde vi dac diim thi loai cdn ttd thanh "mdi trudng" thuan igi de nha van tha ho tung hoanh trong bien do rdng.
Tac gia but ki cir the tao ra nhimg budc dft pha ttong vifc phan anh hifn thyc vd bfc ip nhirng suy nghifm cua ban than.
Vi the, cd khi nha van nhu de cau van chay tudn theo ddng xuc cam: "Tdi cam thay giiia quang Ididng gian nga ba Tay' Bac nay, minh dich thi la mot ngudi bd hanh hanh phdc. Cai hanh phuc cua ngudi thiy dugc ca cai qua ttinh cua mgt su vifc ldn - eua mdt con dudng cai quan. Cai hanh phuc cua mdt ngudi Idiach qua dudng da may min cd dugc co hf i di nhm thiy con dudng nay td liic nd con chua tit chua dpp nhu bay gid..."
W ( bdi tha dudng); luc thi dimg Iji Ishac hpa mpt vai nhan vat, hay ke Iji chi tiet nhOng sy kifn d hifn tai hoac qua
khii:."Trdi, tdi eu nhd mai cai hinh anh cua anh Nam ndi each day ba bdn nam, d mdt Idp chinh tri, khi nhan dinh vi dac diem tinh hinh hai mien. Anh Nam nhan manh vao chd cat ddi eua Td qudc, khdng cat ngang ma lai cit theo mft chiiu dgc.
Thyc ra cat ngang hay cat dgc cQng diu la khd ca, da cat thi bao gid eung dau, bao gid cQng ia mau chay. Cho din nay, vet thuong van ehua cat chi thay bang"
(Cdm cot mdc gidi tuyen); va nhieu luc lai nhu mai me vdi nhung cam tudng ve vien anh tucmg lai: "Con sudi nhd thuong mdt each dn ao, ma tdi thi dang tuong tu den mpt viln anh tucmg lai gin nap d quanh bd nay. Biet dau tai day rdi lai cha mgc len mft cai gi cd quy md ldn cua ban tay xa hgi ehu nghia chiing ta? Biet dau ndi nhd dO dgi dem nay cua ddng suii, lai khdng la cai tieng reo vui khde manh sap tdi cua nhung ong tuyee-bin chay difn tring cda mdt nha may igc quang kim nao tten dit Ha Giang nhiiu sudi nay?" (Sudi qudng)... Mach van nhin chung hit sue linh boat do biin dg thi loai dupe ndi ldng. NhQng ddng lien tudng bit ehgt, nhihig phat biiu, suy cam tiiy hiing, mpt mat, tuy cd din din nhiiu doan ttong but ki kha lan man, dai ddng nhung mat khac, ciing nhd do ma sang tac cua Nguyin Tuan them nhiiu mau - ve, vua giau sue thuyit phye vdi nhung chi tiit, thdng tin cy thi, lai vira nang tmh cam, tu tudng eua ngudi dgc ISn vdi nhQng trang viit mang dam cam hiing hit tinh.
But ki Nguyin Tuan cdn duge tiip them nhiiu dudng chit tit ngudi "anh
Tap chi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM S3 44 ndm 2013
em" du ki. Hau hit cae sang tac eua nha van d thi nay diu ra dcri sau 1960.
Nguyin Tuan lue nay tuy tudi tac da ngoai ngii tuin nhung vin tiep tyc di nhiiu va viit nhiiu. Ong cd luc da len tan dinh Hoang Lien Son, tdi tan Lung Cu tot Bic; rdi lai xe dich vi phia Ddng Bac tham Quang Ninh, tdi huyen dao Cam Pha, bai cat Sa Vi, Tra Cd, ra tan dao Cd Td. Ong Cling di nhiiu vi phia Nam, men theo bd sdng Tuyen, tu Cua Tung din ciu Hiin Luang, cam nghT nhieu vi ndi dau chia cat dat nude... Dac bift nha van cdn nhiiu lan ra nude ngoai, din Bun-ga- ri. Lien Xd, tham Mac Tu Khoa, Le-nin- grat, 6-det-xa... Cac sang tac cua dng, do vay, tu tuy but cho den but ki, deu mang dam dau an cua du ki. Chung thugng iam giau them nhan thuc, kinh nghifm, tinh cam eua ngudi dge bdi lugng thdng tin phong phu, cimg nhQng cam xuc da dang, tugi mdi ve nhiing thang canh, phong tuc, dan tinh... d nhieu vung que cua Td qudc, va ca d nhiing xii sd xa la, nhiing noi ma tac gia timg dat chan den.
Song, iam nen nghf thuat dac sic lan sue hip dan thyc thu cua but ki Nguyin Tuan, cd le, la d cdi nhin. Ndi nhu Vii Diie Phuc, biit ki Nguyin Tuan lam cho ta "biit nhin" [4]. Chung tdi mudn ndi den Men tugng "edng hudng the loai" va sy md rdng kha nang nghf thuat trong cac sang tac cua nha van d thi nay. Cy the la: trong but ki Nguyin Tuan, trudng quay cua du ki vdn ludn dugc nang do bdi tu duy linh boat cua tuy but da tao nen mdt kiiu nhin dde dao cd mat
d hiu khip eac sang tac - mdt kieu nhin xe dich day an tugng!
Khac vdi cai nhin xe djch trong tiiy but, do thudng xuySn chju sy chi phdi bdi dac trung ki sy, phdng sy da dan den cai nhin thudng dan tuyin, xudi chieu. Trong but ki, cai nhin cua Ngu;fen Tuan td ra ciu ki, "phuc tap" hem. Nha van thudng til mgt diim nhu d giOa hinh cau ma phdng chiiu tim mit ra bdn phuong, tam hudng. cai nhin iy, khi thi ludt nhanh, khi thi dimg lai xoay sau vao timg diem;
cd khi la chiem nguong tir mdt diim ci dinh, nhung thudng la khdng co djnh mpt chd ma cd xe djch: khi thi xe di djch lai, khi thi di timg budc, khi thi xe djch theo d td, may bay, ghe thuyin... Va vi xe djch thudng xuyen nhu the nen cai nhin ay vua quay theo minh lai vQa di tdi, cai nhin trong khdng gian cQng hda lan vdi thdi gian. Khdng gian khdng ehi dupe Nguyen Tuan md ta d mgt phia, ma thdi gian eiing Ididng chi theo mdt dong thang. Sy vat ttong thdi gian: qua khii, hifn tai, tuong lai vi vay, eiing thudng quay trdn theo tam diim cua trudng nhin chu thi. Mat khac, khdng chi nhin ben ngoai, nha van cdn nhin ben trong, tam tinh ben ttong gin liin vdi khdng gian, thdi gian van hanh xe djch, thdi gian di chuyin, do dd, thudng khi xudi, khi ngugc, khi nhanh, khi cham, khdng theo mpt quy luat nhat djnh nao.
Mpt bdi tha dudng, kit qua tit mot chuyin len Tay Bic cua nha van, tieu bieu eho cdi nhin ay. Ta dl dang nhan ra chu di chinh cua but ki nay la ca nggi vifc bac ciu, lam dudng eua chu nghia xa
hdi len mien nui Tay Bac. Dd eung la ttuc chinh eiia tac pham. Xoay quanh cai Uyc iy, nha van da ddn ep ttong thi^n ki ngin nay hdi uc ve cac chuyen len Tay Bic, vdi nhieu kieu di: tQ di bd, di d td, din bay theo cac quang dudng ttdi... va nhieu kiSu dudng, cae ki6u dudng ay lai thay ddi qua nhieu thdi ki: dudng bp vdi nhiiu khde quanh co hoJc bing phing, vdi sdng sudi, vdi Id iyt rdi vdi cau;
dudng ttdi vdi nhieu kieu khdng Idii...
Nha van cdn ddn ep ki uc vi nhiing khi dimg lai, nhiing noi da den, da d hai ba Ian, ke ehuyfn ban dem, ban ngay, nhiing chuyen len an d vdi cdng nhan iam ciu dudng, dugc chimg kiin nhiiu canh sinh hoat cua hp... Ong lai "lui ve hai mugi nam ttudc day, mudi nam trudc day" dd ke lai nhiing ki niem vi canh v|t va con ngudi, ve ta ve djch, vdi nhieu cau ehuyfn: nao la bac tai xi vugt Iu, dng lai do vugt thac, cdrig nhan lam dudng ching iyt, chQa chay, ca vdi nhQng eanh 6m dau, hoan nan, canh hanh phuc, cudi xin...; de rdi ttd ve thyc tai, lai lien tudng nhiiu vi sy tiin len cua dat nude.
Do la cai nhin toan canh. Kieu nhin ludt nhanh, ddn ep khdng gian - thdi gian nhu the cdn xuit hifn ngay trong nhOng doan ngan, ggi nhieu an tugng d ngudi dpc.
Quan sat doan ttich dudi day, ta cd the thay rd cai nhin dac thu iy:
"Cai xe cd hon hon ma chay, ma qua hit eau nay cau khae (I). Nha cda, leu, lan, kho, trai, san, cdng, vudn, bin, cpt cd, chdi phat thanh, dau hit ca rdi?
(2). Chi cdn rimg xanh mpt dai va dudng ting cung mpt dai (3). Thiy tenh benh
ma tan qt^inb ea di nhu nguiri va liu hiiu ttai sau tiing ga gay sang (4). Ndi cho ddng ban thi nd nhu ia ttd lai mdt cai phd ttong rimg Viet Bic nhimg nam tan cu khang chien hang quan tap nap la thd, ma nay tim hdi thi trudc sau chi cdn thay cd gipt nang gieo tten la cu (5). Cude sing th$t la ludn ludn chuyin len va ddi mdi.
Hg nit di khdi noi day di hda tan vao nhiing cai mdi ban dang hinh thanh d mpi noi khac chung quanh vimg (6)."
(Mdt bdi tho Budng) [12].
(1) Kieu nhin ludt nhanh, xe dich bang d td -^ (2) Thoang hifn ve trong tti nhd canh vat chung quanh khi doan cdng nhan iam dudng tap ttung d quang ducmg iy -> (3) canh vat trudc mit ludt thang, tam su hoi ngam ngdi -> (4) So sanh sy ddi thay huyen ao, ndi niem bang khuang, budn, nhd -> (5) So sanh thyc hon, canh ddi thay ggi len tam ttang kieu bai tho ciia Thdi Hd -> (6) Tu bang khuang din tinh tao, vdi cai nhin lac quan vi hifn tai va tuong lai ttong cufc dii mdi dit nude, nha van lai nghi tiep ve hgp tac xa d thdn quS va thanh thj hifn nay...
Kiiu nhin xe djch, ddn nen khdng gian, thdi gian, tam tinh, tda ra rdi dimg lai d mdt diim, rdi di sau vao chd ehi li cua diim iy, xoay quanh mdt chu de nhat dinh cung la ciu tnic chung ciia nhieu but ki Nguyin Tuan. Tren day la kieu ludt nhanh nen doan van thudng ngin. Nhung khi dimg lai d mdt diim thi but phap eua nha van thudng cbjm khic mgi thd hit sdc ti mi:
T?ip chi KHOA HQC OHSP TPHCM Sd 44 ndm 2013
"Tdi nhin cai cau be tdng vita mdi hoan thanh, tten mat eiu cdn phd ia phu dit va cdn ea cai ngang tte d chd mdi dudng vao ciu. Md ciu ca phia Difn Biin, ca phia Tuin Giao diu chua cd ti ngin nude 10 mua thu nao. Mdi qua."
(Mdt bdi tha Budng)
Cd thi thiy d doan tren, cai nhin ciia nha van gan nhu da thu ban ve mgt ddi tugng, tir do, dng di vao timg diem, timg diim cy thi, va kham pha timg binh dien cua sy vat. Trong nhieu trucmg hgp,
"dng kinh quay cham" cua Nguyen Tuan edn td ra kha ehi Ii:
"Nang rimg rgi xudng, xuyen qua tim kinh mat sudi bang sdi, da eudi, da lan, da diu su, da hoc, da gdc hifn len bang het. Bdng thay nai dau hdn nay, noi dau hdn kia an an hifn hifn, nhiing vet silt rat mdi. Toan than vien da mdn deu mdt chat reu luu eiiu, ehi rieng chd vet thuong mdi la khdng cd reu, va Id ra nhQng hai ciu true cua da. Dan ngua thd nao qua day, chic la tai hang nang lim, mdi con chd tdi bdn thimg diu hda la diing 80 can. Thd nang, trugt chan tten ttan da, ngya vip manh mdng sit vao, lam sut seo iu da ldng nude chu gi! Tdi tim ki nhOng cai seo da ldng lanh cat bac cat vang li ti ndi van xanh dd. Chi cd danh bua vao thi mdi vd to vd ggn nhu the. Thdi, dung la quanh viing day ed mpt dja chit nao dang di tim hiiu them dit nude, va phat hifn them cua chim cua ndi cho Td qudc day!" (Sudi qudng)
Nha van khdng chi nhin thiy eac thu da, ea vit sut cua hdn da nim trong ldng sudi, ma cdn tim hiiu ca nguyen
nhan tao ra vet sut iy. Nghe thuat dac ta cua Nguyin Tuan d doan van tten cd the ndi, da dat din ki thuat tai tinh cua ngudi cham nggc. Ndi chinh theo kieu cua dng thi, "kl thuat rat chi la xuya"!
Vdi mdt kiiu nhin dac thu diy in tugng nhu vay, but ki Nguyen Tuan nhin ehung, thugng dem den cho ngudi doc nhiiu kham pha thii vj, bat ngd. Chinh cai nhin diy biin hda ay da khien cho nhieu tac phim cua dng tuy cd dung lugng nho ma ngdn ngdn cam xuc, triing triing bieu tugng. Trong dd, tat ca niem vui, ndi budn; qua khu, hifn tai, tugng lai; thien nhien, eon nguiri; dQ dpi, tugi dep; ngpt ngao, cay ding; ndng nan, sau lang...
thudng hoa quyfn vao nhau, dft nen nhOng kheu ggi lap lanh, huyen ao. Va do cung ia dac sac nghf thuat cua but ki NguySn Tuan.
2.3. Yeu td truyen Irong but ki Nguyin Tudn
Cac sang tac cua nha van d the nay cdn cd bieu hifn dung ngp vdo chung cdc yeu td ciia nghe thudt truyen. Hifn tugng nay ta cung thiy d tuy but. Song, khac vdi tuy but d chd, trong but ki, Nguyin Tuan thudng khdng cd thien hudng tao dung cdt truyen, xay dyng tinh each nhan vat ma chu yiu hap din ngudi dgc bing nhiing mdu chuyen, nhiing "giai thoai"
dugc dan Idng trong ciu tnic tac phim, cung vdi nghe thudt hu cdu.
Cd the ndi, Iam nen sue hip din eiia but ki Nguyin Tuan, ttudc hit ia d nghf thuat din ehuyfn rit tai tinh eua nha van.
Tac gia thucmg ldng vao mdi but ki ciia minh mpt hoac vai ba miu chuyen dugc
ki mdt each ngan gon, thdng minh, vdi mdt gipng "rit hdm" (tO dung cua Nguyin Dang Manh). Ching ban, ttong Cdm cot mdc gidi tuyen, ed cau ehuyfn vi doan Lien hgp quan sy di cim bien vach dudng gidi tuyin nam 1954; sdc hip din cua miu ehuyfn nay gin liin vdi hai tinh tiet: quan ba Betxina "nga nhieu lin va trupt chan thi khdng nhd la bao nhieu lin", va nhiing tim biin thi duge ddng len nhOng cay bdn, cay ttd (1).
Trong Thi bai la ehuyfn vi bgn ngyy td chuc thi boi sai, nhan ngay "Qudc khanh cpng hda Difm", vdi hinh anh "ba gia quan trudng cam dui ttdng gd ba hdi", va
"ket qua cupc dua la cd hai thuyen chim"
(!). Trong Chd ddu cdu do, chd bd sdng do, chd bien cdt dd... cdn cd giai thoai het sire thii vj giOa bp d^i mien Bic dau li vdi hpn linh ngyy d bd Nam cimg gac ciu... Diy la ndi vi phia djch. Vi ben ta, nha van cung cd nhQng mlu ehuyfn kha di ddm. Trong Sudi qudng la ehuyfn vi mpt anh can bf dja chit, do nghe nghifp nen cd thdi quen di nhanh va di bd deo dai, khi vi Ha Ndi tim hieu "ddi tugng", lai kem vi "khoa tam 11": "Hai anh ehi iy ciing di bach bg trong vucm Thdng Nhit.
Chj di thong tha, edn anh thi quen chan, cii tranh thu ma di, tudng dau nhu con dudng sdi cudi hoa vien van edn la tuydn ip trinh tten ay. Chj ddi tugng cd ve mdi lien ggi y: "Anh da di lau rdi, nin ngdi xudng mpt lue d ghi da trudc mat kia nhel". Tinh anh ban tdi ciing don gian, khong chu ttpng din nhiing y tii minh chua quen, liin tta ldi mgt each thang than: "Di bg thi nay thim gi. Tdi thucmg
di ca ngay, tu sdm din xim tdi khdng nghi gi ca...". cau ehuyfn tim hieu ay hinh nhu chua tien len dugc miy...".
Trong bdt ki Ben v sung Hd Npi mdt ddm cudi phdng khdng lai cd mdt giai thoai vui khac ve hai anh chi edng nhan, vdn la ty vf ban cao xa lay nhau; ttong dam cudi, ehu re hdi y chdp nhoang vdi cd dau xong, liin ndi: "Sang nam 1973, chiing tdi bao dam X giay mft phat".
Thyc ra, ngam y anh ta mudn ndi la thi dua "ban nhanh" may bay dich!. Ngoai ra cdn nhieu mau ehuyfn thu vj khac nOa, nhu ehuyfn dng Dai, ngudi son ttang, cd vd nghf cao cudng, say rugu danh ehet hd; ehuyfn dng Hung 71 tudi, giit ea sau tten sdng Bd Dude ttong Vdn cdi tiing dpi Cd Mau dy; cau ehuyfn ve "sudi ca hop" ttong Mpt bdi tha dudng... Cu the, hiu nhu d but ki nao ciia Nguyin Tuan ciing thiy ed diim xuyit mdt hay dam ba cau ehuyfn ngi ngf, vui vui, hoac cd y vi ttao phung, hoae cam ddng. NhQng mau giai thoai iy, den lugt chung, khdng chi lam tang them sinh khi cho tac phim ma cdn gdp phin lam thay ddi gipng dieu ki ehuyfn; each trin thuat eua nha van nhd do trd ndn linh boat, smh ddng hon, thay vi chi thuin tuy ghi nhan va phat biiu cam xuc.
Nghf thuat hu ciu cung la mdt net rieng, lam tang sue hip din va pham gia eua but ki Nguyin Tuan. Phai chang ttong qua trinh kien tao cae tac pham d thi tai nay, "ki uc thi loai" da tim vi vdi Nguyin? Rit cd thi ia vay. Song chung tdi cho ring, cdi ngudn sau xa cua hifn tugng nay cd le cdn xuit phat tQ chinh y
Tap chi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM SS 44 ndm 2013
.thdc nghf thuat cua nha van - Nguyen Tuan la ngudi hit sdc di cao vai ttd cua hu ciu trong sang tao nghf thuat, va dng cung }/ thiie rd: "Hu cdu khdng khi ndo tach rdi thuc ti su sdng" [12, tt.973].
Trong tiiy but, ta thiy dac tinh nay da dugc nha van khai thac trift di dS dyng canh va khic hga ndi tam nhan vat. Den but ki, ehung lai duge su dyng de dung chuyen. Dpc doan van tac gia viit ve ten nguy gac ciu Hiin Luong diu khiu vdi quan ta bj thua:
"Dem dd vi ddn canh sat diu eiu Nam, thuat lai mau ehuyfn bin d td qua eiu dd, anh linh miin Nam kia liin bj ea tdp ddng ngu nd nhiic la hen kem eho nen mdi bj an cai "ddn hda bmh" vQa rdi noi dau ciu. Va ttong bgn cd thing cha ra ve du cdn hung hang tuyen bd: "Dugc, ba diia bay di dd cho tau. BQa md tau qua ciu dau li vdi bgn hda binh ban cho tui bay coi." (Chd ddu cdu do, chd bd sdng do, chd biin cdt dd...)
Hay doan nha van mieu ta quan ba Betxina tten thuyen dgc cudn Bipn Bien Phil eua Lueien Bomert trong Cdm cdt mdc gidi tuyen:
"Quan ba Phap Betxina dang dge cudn Bien Bien Phu a Phap vua gui qua cho dng. Cudn Difn Bien Phu cua Lueien Bomert dd vua in xong ngay 25-5-1954 (tiie la 18 ngay sau khi mit Difn Bien Phu, quan ba Betxina nghT thi) (...) Va ngimg lai d cai doan tau bay bin pha tten cac ducmg true Tay Bac, nem bom ta, bom budm xudng nhirng trpng diem giao thdng. Nhung ma tau bay dd ciing bat lye khdng thi ngan lai dugc "hai van eu li
ganh hang trong long nmg cd nhQng iii di hoc hiim". Va rimg day Tay Bac da pha dugc tau bay Mi, bao vf cho nhung ngudi "cu li nguy hiim" dd. Den cii cau
"Difn Bidn Phu tiic la cai chiin thang cua dam cu li" thi, khdng cdn nghi ngd gi nOa, vien quan ba nay biet ngay tac gia sach dang dgc la mdt thang cha tac gia bo lao viit bay" (!) [12]
Ngudi dge diu hiiu rd ring tac gia dang ki, dang ta nhQng vifc ma dng khdng tan mit trdng thiy, hoac chin phan mudi la khdng nghe ai ndi, nhung lai khdng cam thiy hoai nghi vi tinh xac thyc eua nhiing sy vifc dugc nha van de cap din. Vay la, ehuyfn do nha van "bja"
ra diy nhung cung la rat "thyc"! Cd the ndi nhu vjy, bdi ai trong chung ta ciing diu nhan ra ring, chinh logic eudc sdng da eho phep nha van suy lufn nhu the.
Qua dd cd thi thiy, the manh vdn thugc vi ldi tu duy cua truyfn da dirge nha van ki thda hit sire sang tao. Sy tham gia ciia yiu td hu eau khdng nhiing khdng pha v&
di tinh chit "tdn ttgng su thuc" - dJc tinh hang diu cua but ki, ma ngugc lai, con lam tang them sue thuyet phye nghf thuat cho eac yeu td dugc thuc ta; tac pham vl thi, cang them phin sinh ddng. Dac bift, su hda hgp giOa hai yiu td nay (hu cau vii phi hu can) ddng thdi cdn md ra d nguiri dgc mdt tam nhin vira bao quat, toan difn, vua khai quat, khi tiip can hien thyc dugc phan anh ttong tac pham.
3. Ket lu^n
La mdt bd phan sang tac ehua danh dugc nhiiu sy quan tam thda dang tir giii nghien ciru, but ki Nguyin Tuan vi v|y,
CO ban vin cdn tiem an nhiiu gia trj, cd thi va cin dugc tiip tuc quan tam khai thac di bd sung mft cai nhin toan ven hon vi difn mao van xudi cua Nguyin Tuan.
Tit gdc nhin tuong tac thi loai, chdng tdi nhfn thiy but ki cua Nguyin Tuan la mgt chinh thi nghf thuat hit siic nang dfng vdi nhieu net dac sic nhu: cd hifn tugng ddi tho^ giOa cac yiu ti "cpng cu" vdi thi loai "chu am", tao nen nhirng "am vang cpng hudng"; tac
phim da thanh vdi ket cau md, ludn "vay gpi" sy ding sang t^o cda ngudi dgc.
Dac diim ndi bat trdn eua but ki Nguyin Tuan cOng da chimg minh mdt diiu: But ki khdng phai la thi loai it gia trj van hgc nhu nhiiu ngudi trudc nay vin quan nifm, ma diing nhu Nguydn Tuan timg tam die: "Dimg trudc vdn hpc, cdc the logi diu binh ddng. Viet cho diing, hay, gidi, sdu sdc thi the logi ndo cung cd gid trf [7, tt.203-204].
TAI LIf U THAM KHAO
L6 Ba Han, Trin Dinh SO, Nguyin KhSc Phi (chu bi6n) (1992), Tu diin thugt ngu vdn hpc, Nxb Giao due. Ha Ngi.
Nguyin Van Hanh (2001), Chuypn vdn chuyen ddi, Nxb Giao dye. Ha Npi.
Do Due Hiiu (chu biSn) (2005), Tic diin vdn hpc bp mdi, Nxb Thi gicSd, Ha Nf i.
Ton Thao Miin (tuyin chpn va gidi thifu) (1999), Nguyin Tudn - vi tdc gia vd tdc phdm, Nxb (jiao dye. Ha Npi.
Trin Dinh SO (chu biin) (2010), Li lugn vdn hpc, tdp 2: Tdcphdm vd thi logi vdn hpc, Nxb Dai hpc: Su pham. Ha Npi.
Nguyin Thanh Thi (2010), Vdn hpc - Thi gidi md, Nxb Tre, TP Hi Chi Minh.
Nguyin Tuan (1985), "Vi thi ki", Nghi thudt viit truypn ngdn vd ki, Nxb Thanh nien,HaNgi,tt.203-219.
Nguyin Tuan (2000), Nguyin Tudn todn tap, tjp I, Nxb Van hpc. Ha Nf i.
Nguyin Tuan (2000), Nguyin Tudn todn tdp, tap H, Nxb Van hpc. Ha Npi.
Nguyen Tuan (2000), Nguyin Tudn todn tgp, tap III, Nxb Van hpc. Ha Nfi.
Nguyin Tuan (2000), Nguyin Tudn todn tap, tap IV, Nxb Van hpc. Ha Npi.
Nguyen Tuan (2000), Nguyin Tudn todn tgp, tfp V, Nxb Van hpc. Ha Ngi.
(Ngiy Tda sopn nh$n dupe bii: 07-12-2012: ngiy phin bi$n dinh gii: 07-3-2013:
ngiy chip nh$n ding: 1S-3-2013)