NGHIEN ciru - TRAO 001
jG6PYHOANTHIENPHAN5C0ADaTHAOBdLUATDANSir(Si!rADOI) VE PHAP LUAT AP DUNG DOI Vdl QUAN HE DAN Sif CO YEU TO Nl/dC NGOAI
TRAN MINH NGOC*
Tom tit: Du thdo BLDS (sua doi) - sau day ggi tdt Id Du thdo dd ddnh Phdn 5 de quy dinh vi phdp lugt dp dung ddi vdi quan he ddn su co yiu to nudrc ngodi vdi nhieu thay doi vi kit cdu vd not dung diiu chinh. Co thi nhgn thdy, Phdn 5 Die thdo dd md rgng ddng ki phgm vi cdc quan h§ ddn su co yeu to nuac ngodi dugc diiu chinh so vdi Bg ludt ddn su (BLDS) hien hdnh ddng thdi ngi dung diiu chinh ciing chi tiet han, khd tucmg thich v&i tuphdp quoc ti tren thi giai. Bdi viit tap trung ldm ro nhiing hgn chi, bdt cdp cda mgt so quy dinh ca bdn trong Phdn ndy, tic do di xudt kiin nghi nhdm hodn thien Phdn thu 5 Du thdo vi phdp lugt dp dung ddi vai quan hi ddn sir co yeu to nuac ngodi.
Tic khod: Du thdo BLDS (sua ddi); Phdn 5 Du thdo BLDS (sua ddi); quan h§ ddn su cd yeu to nudc ngodi;
Abstract: The draft Civil Code (amended) - hereinafter called the Draft has reserved Part 5 fl}r provisions on the law applicable to civil relations involving foreign elements with many changes in terms of the structure and the content of regulation. It can be seen that in comparison with the current Civil Code, Part 5 of the Draft has significantly extended the scope of civil relations involving foreign elements and the content of regulation is also more specific and relatively compatible with private international law in the world. This paper focuses on an elaboration of inadequacies of some provisions of this Part and based on that
offers suggestions to improve Part 5 of the Draft on the law applicable to civil relations involving foreign elements.
Keywords' Draft Civil Code (amended); Part 5 of the draft Civil Code (amended); civil relations involving foreign elements.
1. Ve pham vi ap dung du'g'c quy dinh tai Dieu 689 Dy thao
Quy djnh cua Dy thao vl phgm vi cdc quan he ddn sy dugc dieu chinh bdi Phan 5 dd cd nhiing thay ddi dang kd theo hudng cu thd, ro rang hon so vdi quy dinh tuong flng tgi Dilu 758 BLDS nam 2005. Tuy nhien, cd thg thay Dieu 689 Du thao van cdn mpt sd tdn tai, ban che cdn phai khdc phuc, do la:
Thic nhdt, khoan 2 Didu 689 lidt kd cdc chii thd tham gia quan he dan sy cd yeu td
nudc ngoai chi bao gdm: Ca nhan nudc ngoai, phap nhan nudc ngoai, cdng dan Viet Nam, phdp nhan Viet Nam. Nlu so sdnh vdi cac chu the dugc phep tham gia giao dich dan su dugc quy dinh frong Dy thao thi cdn thidu cdc td chflc khdng cd tu cdch phdp nhan (quy dinh tfl Dilu 119 ddn Dilu 121 Dy thdo) va Nha nudc Vidt Nam, ca quan
* Tiln sT ludt hgc, giang vien Tmong B^i hgc Lu|t Hd N^i
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nha nudc Viet Nam (quy djnh tfl Dilu 115 den Dilu 118 Dy thdo). Bgn cgnh do, Luat ddu tu hien hdnh cflng da quy dinh trudng hgp Nha nudc, co quan nhd nudc Vi?t Nam tham gia vdo cac quan he ddu tu vdi nhd ddu tu nudc ngoai nhu hgp ddng BOT, BTO, BT. Quy djnh tgi khoan 2 Dilu 689 dan tm sy khdng thdng nhdt gifla pham vi chu thd dugc phep tham gia vdo cac quan hd dan sy tai Phdn 5 va cac phdn khdc cfla Dy thdo cung nhu ludt chuyen ngdnh.
Thic hai, khodn 2 Dilu 689 cung khdng de cap ngudi Viet Nam dinh cu d nudc ngodi, bao gdm ngudi gdc Viet Nam vd cdng dan Viet Nam djnh cu d nudc ngodi (nhu Lugt qudc tjch da quy djnh). Trdn thyc te nhung ddi tugng nay van tham gia vao quan he dan sy, quan he td tyng dan sy va khi do quan he cd ddi tugng nay tham gia se dugc xac djnh la quan he dan su cd yiu td nudc ngoai. Chdng hgn, khoan 25 Dilu 3 Ludt hdn nhan vd gia dinh nam 2014 quy djnh: "Quan he hon nhdn vd gia dinh co yeu to nuac ngodi Id quan he hon nhdn vd gia dinh md it nhdt mgl ben tham gia Id ngudi nudc ngodi, nguai Viet Nam dinh cu a nuac ngodi;..."; hay khoan 2 Dilu 405 Bd luat td tung ddn sy nam 2004 quy djnh:
"Vu viec ddn su co yeu to nudc ngodi Id vu vi$c ddn su co it nhdt mot trong cdc duang su Id nguai nuac ngodi. ngudi Viet Nam dinh cu a nuac ngodi...".
Thu ba, khoan 2 Dilu 689 cung khdng dl cap trudng hgp chu thd tham gia quan he la nhd nudc, ca quan nha nudc nudc ngoai, td chflc qudc tl. Vgy khi phdt sinh quan he dan sy giua cdng ddn, phap nhdn Viet Nam
vdi nha nudc, co quan nhd nudc nudc ngoai, td chflc qudc tl thi se dp dyng theo van bdn phdp li nao? Phai chang cdc quan he ddn sy nay khdng thupc sy didu chinh ., cfla Phdn 5 Dy thao?
Thu tu, dilm c khodn 2 Dilu 689 quy dinh trudng hgp cd ydu td nudc ngoai la: "Cdc ben tham gia deu la cong ddn Vi^t Nam hoge phdp nhdn Viet Nam nhimg ddi tugng cua quan he ddn su do Id tdi sdn a nudc ngodi".
Li ludn va thyc tidn ddu cho thdy ddi tugng cfla quan hd dan su khdng chi Id tdi san cu the ma cdn co thg Id nhiing lgi ich khac, chdng ban nhu viec thyc hien hanh vi nhdt djnh (van chuyen ngudi, dua di du ljch...).
Do vay, quy djnh trudng hgp cd yeu td nudc ngodi chi dya vao ddi tugng cfla quan hp la tdi san la chua ddy dfl.
Thu ndm, ba trudng hgp cd ydu td nudc ngodi cua quan he dan sy dugc neu tai khodn 2 Dilu 689 Dy thao chi Id nhOng trudng hgp phd bign, cdn bdn. Li lugn vd thyc tien tu phdp qudc td dd khdng gidi han ygu td nudc ngoai trong ba trudng hgp ndy. Ydu td nudc ngodi cdn cd the dugc thd hien frong cdc trudng hgp khac nhu: Chfl the tham gia quan he hgp ddng cd try sd thuang mgi d cac nudc khac nhau,' noi thudng trfl ciia mgt bgn hodc cac ben d nudc ngodi,*^' hgp dong dugc thyc hien d nudc ngodi, hdng hod la ddi tugng cua hgp ddng dugc dich chuyin qua bien gidi v.v..'^'
Tren co sd phdn tich, ddnh gia nhung han che cua Dieu 689, tac gid kidn nghj sfla ddi, bd sung Dieu 689 theo hai phuang an sau day:
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Phuang dn I: Ndu van gidi hgn cac trudng hgp cd yiu td nudc ngoai chi trong ba trudng hgp da neu tai khoan 2 Dilu 689 thi: 1) Cdn bd sung cac chfl the khdc dugc phep tham gia vdo quan he dan sy cd yeu td nudc ngoai bao gdm: Cd nhdn, td chuc nudc ngoai, nha nudc, co quan nhd nudc nudc ngodi, td chflc qudc tl; cdng dan, td chflc Viet Nam, Nha nudc, co quan nha nudc Viet Nam; 2) Thay thd thuat ngfl "ddi tugng cua quan he ddn su Id tdi sdn a nuac ngodi"
bdng thudt ngu cd ndi ham bao quat ban:
"khdch the ciia quan he ddn su a nuac ngodi" hay "ddi tugng cua quan he ddn su a nuac ngodi"; 3) Md rdng cac trudng hgp cd yeu td nudc ngoai bang vide bd sung quy djnh: "Cdc trudng hgp cd ydu td nudc ngoai khdc theo quy djnh cua phap luat dan sy".
Phuang dn 2: Khdng lipt ke cac trudng hgp cd yeu td nudc ngoai, thay vao dd la quy dinh cd tinh khdi qudt.- "Quan he dan sy cd yeu td nudc ngoai la quan he cd lien quan den hai hay nhieu qudc gia". Cach quy dinh nay se tuong ddng vdi phap luat tu phap cua mdt sd qudc gia tren the gidi.* '
2. v l lya chpn phap lu^t ap dung theo Dieu 690 Du thao
Xem xet Dieu 690 cfla Dy thao, tdc gid thdy cd mdt sd ban chd nhu sau:
Thu nhdt, Dieu 690 cung nhu cac dieu khodn khac cfla Du thdo khdng quy djnh vl trudng hop chpn luat ap dung khi cd sy quy djnh khac nhau vd cung mdt van dd gifla Du thao va didu udc qudc td cd Hen quan ma Viet Nam la thanh vien. Trong khi do, khoan 2 Dilu 759 BLDS nam 2005 lai quy djnh rdt ro vg trudng hgp nay theo hudng
uu tien dp dyng dilu udc qudc tl. Cd thd coi ddy la budc "thut lui" cfla Du thdo so vdi BLDS hipn hanh.
Thu hai, khoan 2 Dilu 690 quy dinh trudng hgp neu "phdp ludt Viet Nam khong cd quy dinh ve viec xdc dinh phdp ludt dp dung thi phdp ludt ciia nudc nai cd quan h^
gan bd nhdt vai quan he ddn su do dugc dp dung". Trudng hgp nay da khdng tinh dgn vide phdi dp dung them cac dieu udc qudc td cd lien quan ma Vipt Nam la thanh vien.
Chi khi hai ngudn la phdp ludt Viet Nam va dieu udc qudc td khdng cd quy dinh chpn lugt dp dyng thi mdi sfl dung phuong dn da dugc ndu tgi khoan 2 Dieu 690. Ben cgnh do, cung cdn phai khdng djnh rdng, ngoai trudng hgp cho phep cdc ben tham gia quan he lya chpn phdp ludt dp dung thi phdp lugt nudc ngoai chi dugc dp dung khi cd su din chidu cfla phap lugt Viet Nam va dieu udc qudc te cd lien quan.
Tfl nhiing phdn tich frgn, tdc gia kien nghi hoan thien Didu 690 theo hudng sau:
Thic nhdt, bd sung quy djnh; "Trudng hgp dieu udc qudc td ma Cgng hod xa hpi chu nghia Viet Nam la thanh vign cd quy djnh xdc dinh phap ludt dp dung khac vdi quy djnh xac dinh phdp ludt dp dyng cua Bp lugt nay thi ap dyng quy dinh cfla dieu udc qudc td do".
Thic hai, sfla khodn 2 Dieu 690 theo hudng bd sung dp dyng dilu udc qudc tl nhu sau: "Trudng hgp cdc ben khdng lua chpn phap lugt dp dung ddi vdi quan hp dan sy cd ydu td nudc ngoai theo quy djnh tai khoan 1 Dilu nay hodc phdp ludt dan sy Viet Nam,
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dieu udc qudc tl cd lien quan md Viet Nam Id thdnh vidn khdng cd quy dinh ve vide xac dinh phdp lugt dp dung thi phap luat cua nudc nai cd quan he gdn bd nhdt vdi quan he dan sy dd dugc ap dung".
3. Quy dinh vl dan chiiu tai Dieu 692 Dy thao
Mdc dfl Dieu 692 da quy djnh ro ve hien tugng dan chieu din phap luat ciia nudc thfl ba cung nhu ngu ra ngogi le cfla hai hien tugng dan chigu ngugc va dan chigu den phap ludt cfla nudc thfl ba - nhihig ndi dung chua dugc didu chinh trong Phan 7 BLDS nam 2005 song ndi dung Didu 692 van cdn nhung didm chua hgp li, chua chinh xdc, chua day dfl, can phai dugc tiep tyc hoan thien. Cy the:
Thic nhdt, he qua cua trudng hgp dan ehieu dgn phap luat cfla nudc thfl ba dugc quy dinh tgi khoan 1 Dieu 692 chua hgp li.
Bdi vi, neu phap luat Viet Nam dan chigu den phdp lugt nudc cy the, phap lugt nudc dd lgi dan chieu den phap luat cfla nudc thfl ba thi khdng thi kit luan Id se dp dyng phap luat Viet Nam nhu khoan 1 Dieu 692 quy dinh. Cd the dan ra mpt sd khd nang cho trudng hgp dan chidu ndy: 1) Nlu phap ludt cua nudc thfl ba cd quy pham xung dot chap nhdn vide dp dyng phdp lugt cfla chinh nudc nay thi se phai dp dung phdp lugt cfla nudc do; 2) NIU phdp luat cfla nudc thfl ba cd quy phgm xung dot dan chigu ngupc trd lai phdp ludt Viet Nam hodc phdp ludt cua nudc thfl hai thi se chon ludt dp dyng theo quy tdc vl dan chiiu ngugc, tflc Id dp dyng phdp ludt cua nudc dugc dan chiiu ngugc trd lgi.
Thic hai, tfl ngfl dugc su dyng tgi khoan 1 vd 2 Dilu 692 chua chinh xdc. Trong khi khoan 1 sfl dyng tfl "din" trong trudng hpp phap ludt nudc ngoai dan chidu ngugc trd lai phdp ludt Viet Nam thi khodn 2 lai sfl dung cum tfl "phdp ludt ngi dung" de loai trfl dan chigu ngugc vd ddn chiiu din phdp luat cua nudc thfl ba ndu cac ben dugc lya chpn phap ludt dp dyng. CJ ddy cd thi ddt ra cau hdi la quy phgm xung dot cd thudc
"phdp ludt npi dung" khdng? Cdu tra ldi la
"cd". Do vdy khdng thd logi tru ddn chieu ngugc vd dan chieu den phap luat cua nudc thfl ba ndu coi viec lya chpn phap ludt trong trudng hgp ndy la lya chpn phap luat ndi dung (bao gdm ca quy phgm thuc chat vd quy pham xung dot).
Thic ba, trudng hgp logi tru dan chidu ngugc va ddn chigu den phap ludt cua nudc thfl ba dugc ngu tai khodn 2 Digu 692 cung chua ddy dfl. Bdi vi, ben canh trudng hgp cdc ben dugc lya chpn phap ludt dp dung cdn cd trudng hgp dp dung phdp ludt theo sy dan chidu cfla dieu udc qudc te cd lien quan ma Viet Nam la thanh vidn. Trudng hgp dan chieu cua didu udc qudc tg ciing chi la dan chieu tdi phap ludt thyc chdt chfl khdng bao gdm phap ludt xung dot.
Theo tdc gid, Dieu 692 Dy thao nen dugc hoan thidn theo hudng sau day:
Thic nhdt, sfla quy djnh tai khodn 1 Dieu 692 vd dan chieu ngugc va dan chieu dgn phap ludt cua nudc thu ba nhu sau: "Trudng hgp phap ludt nudc ngoai dugc xac djnh Id phap ludt dp dyng nhung phap lugt nudc dd dan chidu ngugc frd lai phap luat Viet Nam thi dp dung phap ludt Viet Nam. Trudng hgp
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phap lugt nudc ngodi dugc xac dinh Id phdp ludt dp dung nhung phap luat nudc do dan chidu ddn phap lugt cfla nudc thfl ba thi ap dung phap lugt cua nudc thfl ba neu phdp ludt cfla nudc thu ba quy dinh vide dp dyng phap ludt cfla chinh nudc nay".
Thu hai. bd sung trudng hgp logi tru ddn chiiu ngupc va ddn chidu den phdp ludt cua nudc thfl ba trong tinh hudng din chigu cua dilu udc qudc td cd lien quan ma Viet Nam la thdnh vidn. Cu the quy dinh nhu sau:
"Phap luat ma cac ben lya chpn, trong trudng hgp cac ben dugc lua chpn phdp ludt dp dyng, va phap lugt dugc ddn chidu tdi bdi dieu udc qudc te ma Viet Nam la thdnh vidn la phap luat thyc chat, khdng bao gdm phap ludt xung dot".
4. Ve ap dung phap luat nudc ngoai theo Dieu 695 Du- thao
Theo tac gid, quy djnh vd each thflc giai thich, dp dung phap luat nudc ngodi tgi Digu 695 Dy thao la hgp li. Ddy cung la ndi dung mdi chua dugc quy dinh frong Phdn 7 BLDS nam 2005. Tuy nhign, Dieu luat nay lai de cap "chu thg" cd trach nhiem xdc dinh va gidi thich ndi dung luat nudc ngoai dupe dp dung. Tu phap qudc te cua nhilu nudc hien nay deu quy djnh kha ro van dg ndy, theo dd trdch nhiem xac dinh va giai thich ndi dung ludt nudc ngodi thudc ve ca quan nhd nudc CO thdm quygn dang gidi quydt vu vide. Tuy nhidn, co quan nha nudc cd thi yeu cdu cac ben tham gia vu viec cimg xdc dinh va giai thich ndi dung luat nudc ngoai trong nhiing trudng hop co quan nay thdy cdn thidt (nhu trudng hgp khdng xdc djnh dugc hoac khd xdc djnh npi dung ludt nudc ngodi).*^* Theo
tac gid nen can nhdc bd sung vdo Didu 695 quy dinh vl chfl thi cd trach nhidm xdc djnh va giai thich npi dung luat nudc ngodi ma khdng "dgi" quy djnh frong cdc van bdn phdp ludt vg td tyng dan su. Cu thi nhu sau:
"Viec xac djnh va giai thich ndi dung lu^t nudc ngoai thugc frdch nhi?m cfla co quan gidi quydt vu vide. Ca quan giai quydt vy vipc cd the yeu cau sy hgp tac cua cac ben tham gia vu viec frong vide xdc dinh va gidi thich npi dung lugt nudc ngodi".
5. Ve tuyen bo m^t ngirdi mat tich ho^c chet theo Dieu 700 Dy thao
Tun hilu Didu 700 Dy thdo cd thd thdy Didu lu^t chi quy dinh ve trinh ty, thfl tyc cung nhu xac dinh ca quan co tham quyen cua Viet Nam thyc hien vide tuydn bd mpt ngudi mat tich hoge chet tgi Viet Nam. Khi do, cac hogt ddng cd tinh thu tuc ndy se dugc xdc djnh theo phap luat Viet Nam. Vl van dl nay chua cd quy djnh chpn phdp ludt dp dyng dd ket lugn mdt ngudi cd mdt tich, co chet hay khdng, tflc la chua quy djnh co sd phdp li xae djnh mpt ngudi cd mdt tich, co chdt hay khdng.
De khdc phuc tinh trang trdn, tac gia cho rang mdt mat can giu nguyen quy dinh hien cd cua Didu 700, mat khac bd sung ndi dung dieu chinh nhu tgi Digu 764 ve xdc dinh ngudi mdt tich hodc chdt tai BLDS nam 2005.
6. Ve nang luc phap luat dan sy va dieu If cua phap nhan theo Dieu 701 Du* thao
Didu 701 Dy thao khdng cd thay ddi nao dang kl so vdi quy djnh tuong ung frong BLDS ndm 2005 (Dilu 765). Co thi'chi ra mdt sd dilm cdn tdn tai, hgn chd cua Dilu 701 nhu sau:
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Thic nhdt. khoan 1 Didu 701 dua ra tidu chi "noi phdp nhan dugc dang ki" dl xdc dinh ludt dieu chinh nang luc phdp lugt ddn sy vd dilu Id cua phap nhdn. Trong BLDS ndm 2005. Didu 765 sfl dung tieu chi "noi phdp nhdn dugc thdnh lap" dl xdc djnh luat dieu chinh nang luc phdp luat dan sy cua phdp nhdn nudc ngodi. Dg nhdn thdy, Dilu 701 Du thdo da sfl dyng thuat ngfl khac so vdi Dilu 765 BLDS ndm 2005 nhung vl y nghTa phap li Id nhu nhau ("nai phdp nhan dugc dang ki" thay cho "nai phap nhan dugc thanh lap"). Tuy nhien, nlu tim hilu kT cum tfl "noi phap nhan dugc dang ki" thi cd Ihl hieu theo hai nghTa: 1) Ld nudc noi phdp nhdn da tidn hanh cac thu tuc dang ki vdi co quan nha nudc cd thdm quydn cfla nudc do ve sy tdn tai cua minh; 2) La nudc nai mpt phdp nhan nudc ngoai (da duge thanh lap hgp phap d mpt nudc) dang ki de dugc phep hogt ddng hgp phap tai nudc do. Nhu vdy, ngu su dung tigu chi "noi phdp nhan dugc ddng kl" nhu Dy thao dg xac djnh luat dieu chinh nang lye phap luat dan sy va digu le ciia phap nhan se ddn tdi hai hudng xac djnh ludt ngu trgn. Ngodi ra, trong cac ludt cd lidn quan cua Viet Nam.'^' cac hiep djnh tucmg trg tu phdp ma Viet Nam da ki kit vdi nudc ngoai'^* va tu phap qudc tl cfla nhidu nudc tren thd gidi'^' diu sfl dung lieu chi "nai phdp nhan dugc thdnh lap" de xdc djnh luat didu chinh cac vdn dd nhan than ciia phap nhdn, trong dd cd ndng lye phdp lugt dan sy ciia phdp nhan.
Thic hai, pham vi digu chinh cua khoan 1 Dilu 701 cdn khd hep vi chi lien quan den mdt vdn dd thudc quy chd nhdn than cua
phap nhdn la nang lye phap lugt dan sy cua phdp nhan, trong khi dd, quy chd nhdn thdn cfla phdp nhan cdn nhigu van dg khac nhu:
Trinh ty thdnh lap, giai thi, chdm dflt hoat ddng, chia tach, tdn thuang mgi v.v.. Tu phap qudc tl cfla nhidu nudc frdn the gidi diu cd quy dinh xdc dinh lugt dieu chinh khd nhieu ndi dung thupc quy che nhan than cua phdp nhdn md khdng gidi ban trong van dd nang lye phap lugt dan sy cua phdp nhan.
Thic ba, khoan 2 Didu 701 cd de cap
"phdp nhan nudc ngoai" trong thidt lap va thuc hidn giao dich dan su tai Viet Nam.
Tuy nhidn, toan bd Phan 5 Dy thao Igi khdng cd quy dinh nao giai thich thd ndo Id phap nhdn nudc ngoai. Xem xet toan bd Dy thdo cho thay Dieu 96 cd quy dinh thg ndo la phap nhan Viet Nam: "Phdp nhdn dugc thdnh lap theo phdp lugt Viet Nam Id phdp nhdn Viet Nam". Neu chi cdn cfl vdo Digu 96 thi chi xdc djnh dugc mpt phap nhan cd phdi Id phdp nhan Viet Nam hay khdng md khdng the xac djnh dugc phap nhan dd Id phap nhdn eua nudc ngoai cu the nao vi khdng cd tieu chi dg xac dinh qudc tich cua phdp nhan nudc ngoai.
Tfl nhimg phan tich tren, tae gia kign nghj hodn thien Didu 701 Dy thao theo hudng sau:
Thir nhdt, thay cym tfl "noi phap nhan dugc dang ki" bdng cum tfl "noi phdp nhdn dugc thdnh lap" tai khoan 1 Dilu 701.
777H- hai. md rdng hon pham vi didu chinh cua khoan 1 Didu 701, bao gdm: Ndng luc phap ludt, trinh tu thdnh lap, giai thi, pha san, sap nhdp, chia tach, ten thuong mai, td chflc, mdi quan he ndi tai v.v. cua phap nhan.
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Thic ba. bd Dilu 96 Dy thdo ddng thdi xdy dyng quy dinh vl each xdc djnh qudc tjch cua phap nhan theo hudng sau: Phap nhdn mang qudc tich cua nudc, viing lanh thd noi phdp nhan dugc thanh lap.
7. Ve quyen sd hfru va cac vat quyen khac tai Dieu 702 Dir thao
Vide dieu chinh them cdc vdt quyen khac ma khdng gdi gpn trong quydn sd huu tai san tai Dieu 702 la diem mdi dang kd so vdi quy djnh tuong flng tai Dieu 766 BLDS nam 2005. Tuy nhien, Didu 702 Du thao van chua khac phyc dugc nhflng ndi dung cdn hgn che tgi Didu 766 BLDS nam 2005.
Cu thd la:
Thic nhdt. Dieu 702 chua quy dinh viec xdc dinh ludt dieu chinh quan he doi lgi tai san ciia chii sd hiru gdc ddi vdi tdi san bj ngudi khdc chigm hiiu khdng cd can cu hgp phdp nhung ngay tinh. Day la van de rat thudng gap trong thyc tien ddi sdng ddn sy va da dugc tu phdp qudc td cua mgt sd nudc trdn the gidi giai quygt.""* Chinh BLDS nam 2005 va Dy thdo cung deu cd quy djnh digu chinh vdn de nay dudi gdc dp Id quan h? dan sy khdng cd ydu td nudc ngoai.
Thic hai. cd the hieu khodn 3 Digu 702 ve djnh danh tai sdn (phan bigt tai san ia ddng san hay bat ddng san) chi cd y nghia phdp li vdi van dg quygn sd huu tai sdn tai Dieu 702, trong khi Digu 703 Dy thao cung de cap van de thfla ke ddi vdi ddng san va bdt dpng sdn. Ro rang Phan 5 Dy thao da khdng cd quy djnh ridng ve dinh danh tai san dugc dp dung chung cho tat ca cac quan he cd lien quan, ddn ddn vide phai "gugng ep" dp dung khoan 3 Didu 702 ve djnh danh
tai san de dinh danh tai san cho quan hp thfla ke tgi Didu 703.
Vdi nhiing ddnh gia vl Dieu 702 nhu tren, tac gid kien nghi hoan thien Dieu lugt ndy nhu sau:
Thic nhdt. cdn bd sung quy djnh xac djnh lugt dilu chinh quan hp ddi lai tdi sdn cua chfl sd hiru gdc ddi vdi tai san bj ngudi khdc chilm hiiu khdng cd can cfl hgp phap nhung ngay, tinh. Nen tidp thu kinh nghidm qudc te dl thilt kd ndi dung quy djnh nay theo hudng ap dung "luat cua nudc noi tdi san dang tdn tai vdo thdi diem ddi lai tai sdn".
Thu hai. tach khoan 3 Dilu 702 dianh dilu luat rieng vl dinh danh tai san dugc dp dung chung cho tdt cd cac quan he dan sy eo ydu td nudc ngodi cd lien quan trong Phdn 5.
8. Ve thira ke theo ph^p lu^t du'p'c quy dinh tai Dilu 703 Du thao
Vg CO bdn Didu 703 khdng thay ddi nhieu so vdi quy djnh tuang flng tai Didu 767 BLDS nam 2005. Chinh vi vdy, khdng kho nhgn ra nhung hgn chg, bdt cap cua Dilu ludt ndy. Cu thg la:
Thic nhdt. vdi each quy djnh tgi khoan 1 Digu 703 cd the hieu la nguyen tdc "ludt qudc tjch" cua ngudi de lai di san thfla ke se dugc ap dung dl giai quyet van de thua ke theo lugt frong cd hai trudng hop thfla kl ddi vdi ddng san va thfla kl ddi vdi bdt ddng san. Trong khi dd, khodn 2 Dilu 703 "ddt ngdt" quy djnh rieng vd thfla kg theo ludt ddi vdi bat dpng sdn. Digu nay ddn den viec phdi
"gugng" higu la khoan 1 Dieu nay chi giai quydt thfla ke ddi vdi ddng san, cdn khoan 2 se giai quyet thua kd ddi vdi bdt ddng san.
TAP CHf LUAT HOC S 6 3/2015
NGHIEN C O U - T R A O OOl
Thic hai, trong khi khoan 1 Dilu 703 sfl dung cum tir "viec thica ki theo phdp ludt"
(thyc chat la thua k l theo phdp luat ddi vdi ddng san) thi khoan 2 Dilu nay lgi su dung cum tfl "viec thuc hien quyen thica ki ddi vai bdt dgng sdn". Cd thd nhgn thdy, cum tfl dugc sfl dung tai khoan 2 Didu 703 cd phgm vi khdng ddy dii, khdng thyc sy phu hgp vdi quy djnh tai Phan 4 Dy thao v l thfla kd.
Chang han, ngodi cac uyin, ngudi dugc hudng di san thua kg cd thd cdn phdi thuc hien nhung nghTa vy nhdt djnh tuy theo timg tnrdng hop cu the.
Thit ba. Dieu 703 khdng cd quy djnh v l trudng hgp tai san khdng cd ngudi thua kg.
Trong khi do, Dieu 645 cua Phdn 4 quy djnh ro tai san khdng ngudi thfla kd se thupc v l Nha nudc. Tuy nhidn, Dilu 645 Igi khdng cho biet tai san khdng ngudi thfla ke se thudc vd nha nudc nao trong quan he thfla kg cd yeu td nudc ngoai? Dd co thg la nha nude noi cd tai san, cung cd the la nha nudc md ngudi Ah Iai di sdn thfla ke la cdng dan vao thdi digm chgt.
Vdi Dieu lugt nay, tac gia dua ra mdt sd kien nghj sau:
Thii- nhdt, khoan 1 Didu 703 can quy djnh ro rang Id chi didu chinh quan he thua ke theo phap lugt ddi vdi ddng san.
Thir hai, thay cum tfl "viec thuc hien quyen Ihiai ke doi vdi bdt ddng sdn" tai khoan 2 Dieu 703 bdng cum tfl "viec thfla ke ddi vdi bat ddng san".
Thic ba. bo sung quy djnh ve di sdn khdng ngudi thfla ke vdi ndi dung tuang ty nhu khoan 3, 4 Dilu 767 BLDS hien hanh.
Cy thg id: "^ Di san khdng ed ngudi thua ke
la bdt ddng sdn thudc v l nhd nudc noi cd bat ddng san do; 4. Di sdn khdng cd ngudi thfla k l la ddng sdn thupc v l nha nudc ma ngudi de lai di sdn thfla ke cd qudc tjch vdo thdi digm chet".
9. Ve hpp ddng theo Dieu 706 Dy thao Didu 706 Du thao da cd nhilu thay ddi so vdi quy dinh vd hgp ddng trong BLDS nam 2005. Trong do, nguyen tac "Lex Voluntatis" (luat do cac ben tham gia hop ddng lya chgn) da dugc AQ cao trong timg npi dung dieu chinh cua Dieu 706. Mac dfl dugc danli gia la cd nhidu ndi dung hien dgi, khd phfl hgp vdi tu phap qudc tg tren thg gidi song Dieu 706 van bpc Id mgt sd han chd, tdn tai can phai hoan thien. Dd la:
Thu nhdt, mac dfl cho phep cac ben cfla hap ddng dugc thoa thuan lua chgn phap luat dieu chinh hgp ddng song Dieu 706 lgi chua quy dinh ro ve kha nang cac ben cd quydn lya chgn luat ap dyng cho tflng phdn cua hgp ddng. Ndi each khac, Dieu ludt chua quy djnh rd vg viec cac ben trong hgp ddng cd thd thoa thuan lya chpn nhilu he thdng phap ludt de dieu chinh cac phan khac nhau cua hgp ddng. Tat nhien, moi he thdng phap luat dugc lya chpn do chi dilu chinh mdt phan hgp ddng tuong flng nham franh su chdng cheo. Vdi each quy djnh nhu vgy, cac ben trong hgp ddng thudng se chi
"dam" lua chpn luat dp" dung cho toan bd ndi dung cua hgp ddng. Dilu nay la trai vdi nguyen tac ''Lex Voluntatis" Thuc t l tu phap qudc td cua nhieu nudc trgn thd gidi da cho phep cdc ben chu thd cua hgp ddng dugc quydn lya chpn luat dp dung cho timg phdn cfla hgp ddng."''
TAP CHi LUAT H O C S 6 3/2015
NGHIEN ciru TRAO DOI
Thu ba, bd Dilu 96 Du thao ddng thdi xdy dyng quy djnh vd cdch xac dinh qudc tjch cua phdp nhan theo hudng sau: Phap nhdn mang qudc tich cua nudc, vflng lanh ihd no) phap nhan dugc thanh lap.
7. Ve quyen sd huu va cac vat quyen khac tai Dieu 702 Du thao
Viec didu chinh them cdc vgt quyen khdc ma khdng gdi gpn trong quyen sd hflu tai san lai Digu 702 Id digm mdi ddng ke so vdi quy dinh tuong ung tai Didu 766 BLDS ndm 2005. Tuy nhien, Dieu 702 Dy thao van chua khac phyc dugc nhflng ngi dung con han che tgi Dieu 766 BLDS ndm 2005.
Cu thi la:
Thir nhdt. Didu 702 chua quy dinh viec xdc dinh ludt dieu chinh quan he ddi lai tai sdn ciia chfl sd hihi gdc ddi vdi tai san bj ngudi khac chidm huu khdng cd can cfl hgp phap nhung ngay tinh. Ddy Id van dl rdt thudng g^p trong thyc tien ddi sdng dan su va da dugc tu phdp qudc te cua mdt sd nudc tren the gidi gidi quyet.""* Chinh BLDS nam 2005 va Du thdo ciing dgu cd quy djnh digu chinh van dg ndy dudi gdc dp la quan he ddn sy khdng cd yeu td nudc ngoai.
Thic hai. cd thd higu khodn 3 Dilu 702 ve dinh danh tai san (phan biet tai san la ddng san hay bdt dgng sdn) chi cd y nghia phap li vdi vdn dd quygn sd hiru tai san tai Digu 702, frong khi Digu 703 Dy thdo cflng dg cap van dd thfla ke ddi vdi ddng san vd bdt ddng san. Rd rang Phdn 5 Dy thdo da khdng cd quy djnh ridng vl djnh danh tai san dugc dp dung chung cho tat ca cac quan he cd lien quan, ddn den vide phai "gugng dp" dp dung khoan 3 Dieu 702 vl djnh danh
tai san dc dinh danh tai san cho quan he thfla kg tai Dieu 703.
Vdi nhiing danh gid vd Dilu 702 nhu tren, tac gid kien nghi hoan thien Didu luat ndy nhu sau:
Thu nhdt. cdn bd sung quy djnh xac djnh luat didu chinh quan he ddi lgi tai sdn cfla chfl sd huu gdc ddi vdi tdi san bi ngudi khac chilm hflu khdng cd can cfl hgp phap nhung ngay, tinh. Nen tiep thu kinh nghidm qudc tg de thidt kg ndi dung quy djnh nay theo hudng dp dung "luat cua nudc noi tai san dang tdn tai vao thdi diem ddi lai tdi sdn".
Thic hai, tdch khodn 3 Didu 702 thanh dilu ludt ridng vg djnh danh tai sdn dugc dp dung chung cho tdt ca cdc quan he dan sy cd yeu td nudc ngoai cd lidn quan trong Phan 5.
8. Ve thira ke theo phap luat du^c quy dinh tai Dieu 703 Du thao
Ve CO bdn Didu 703 khdng thay ddi nhilu so vdi quy djnh tuang flng tai Dilu 767 BLDS nam 2005. Chinh vi vdy, khdng kho nhdn ra nhflng ban chd, bdt cap cua Dilu luat nay. Cu thd la:
Thu nhdt. vdi each quy djnh tai khodn 1 Dieu 703 cd thd hieu la nguyen tde "ludt qudc tjch" cfla ngudi dd lai di san thfla kd se dugc ap dung dl giai quydt vin dl thfla kl theo ludt trong cd hai trudng hgp thfla kl ddi vdi ddng san vd thfla kl ddi vdi bdt ddng san. Trong khi dd, khodn 2 Dilu 703 "dot nggt" quy dinh rieng vd thfla ke theo luat ddi vdi bat ddng san. Didu ndy ddn den viec phai
"gugng" hidu la khoan 1 Didu nay chi gidi quydt thfla ke ddi vdi ddng sdn, cdn khoan 2 se giai quyet thua kg ddi vdi bat ddng san.
TAP CHi LUAT HOC S6 3/2015
NGHIEN c i r u - TRAO 001
Thu hai, trong khi khoan 1 Dilu 703 su dung cum tu "viec thica ki theo phdp ludt"
(thuc chdt la thfla k l theo phdp lugt ddi vdi ddng san) thi khoan 2 Dilu nay lgi su dung cum tfl "viic thuc hien quyin thica ke doi vai bdt dong sdn". Cd t h i nhgn thdy, cym tfl dugc su dung tai khoan 2 Dilu 703 cd pham vi khdng ddy du, khdng thyc su phu hgp vdi quy djnh tai Phdn 4 Dy thao v l thfla k l . Chang han, ngodi cdc uyen, ngudi dugc hudng di san thfla kd cd t h i cdn phai thyc hidn nhung nghTa vu nhdt dinh tuy theo timg trudng hgp cu the.
Thir ha. Dieu 703 khdng cd quy djnh ve trudng hgp tai san khdng cd ngudi thfla kd.
Trong khi do, Didu 645 cfla Phan 4 quy dinh rd tai san khdng ngudi thfla kg se thugc ve Nha nudc. Tuy nhien, Didu 645 Iai khdng cho biet tai san khdng ngudi thfla ke se thudc vg nha nudc nao trong quan he thfla ke CO yeu td nudc ngoai? Dd cd the la nha nudc noi CO tai san, cung cd the la nha nudc ma ngudi de lgi di san thfla kd la cdng dan vao thdi diem chet.
Vdi Digu luat nay. tdc gia dua ra mdt sd kien nghj sau:
Thir nhdt, khoan 1 Dieu 703 can quy dinh rd rang la chi digu chinh quan he thfla ke theo phap luat ddi vdi ddng san.
Thir hai, thay cum tfl "viic thuc hien quyen thira ke doi vai hdt dong sdn" tai khoan 2 Dieu 703 bang cum tfl "vide thua ke ddi vdi bat dgng sdn".
Thic ba, bd sung quy dinh v l di san khdng ngudi thfla kg vdi ndi dung tuong ty nhu khoan 3, 4 Dilu 767 BLDS hidn hdnh.
Cu thi la- "3 Di san khdng cd ngudi thfla k l
la bat ddng sdn thudc vg nha nudc noi cd bdt ddng san do; 4. Di san khdng cd ngudi thua ke la ddng san thudc ve nha nudc ma ngudi de lai di san thua ke cd qudc tjch vao thdi didm chdt".
9. V6 hgp ddng theo Dilu 706 Du thao Digu 706 Du thao da cd nhigu thay ddi so ydi quy djnh v l hgp ddng trong BLDS nam 2005. Trong do, nguyen tac "Lex Voluntatis" (lugt do cac ben tham gia hgp ddng lya chpn) da dugc dg cao frong timg ndi dung dieu chinh cfla Digu 706. Mac dfl dugc danh gid la co nhidu npi dung hien dai, kha phu hgp vdi tu phap qudc te tren the gidi song Digu 706 van bpc Id mgt sd hgn che, tdn tai cdn phai hoan thien. Dd la:
Thic nhdt. mac dfl cho phep cac ben cua hgp ddng dugc thoa thudn lya ehgn phap lugt dieu chinh hgp ddng song Digu 706 lai chua quy dinh ro ve kha nang cac bgn cd quyen lua chpn ludt dp dung cho timg phan cua hgp ddng. Noi each khac, Dieu lugt chua quy djnh ro vd viec cac ben trong hgp ddng cd the thoa thuan lua chpn nhigu he thdng phap luat de dieu chinh cac phdn khac nhau cua hgp ddng. Tdt nhien, moi he thdng phap ludt dugc lya chgn do chi dilu chinh mdt phdn hgp ddng tuang ung nhlm tranh su chdng cheo. Vdi each quy djnh nhu vdy, cac ben trong hgp ddng thudng se chi
"dam" lua chgn luat ap dung cho toan bp ngi dung ciia hgp dong. Didu nay la trai vdi nguyen tac ''Lex Voluntatis". Thyc t l tu phap qudc tg cua nhieu nudc tren t h i gidi da cho phep cac ben chu t h i cua hgp ddng dugc quydn lya chgn luat ap dung cho tflng phdn cua hgp d d n g . " ' '
TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 3/2015
NGHIEN ciru - TRAO DOI
Thu hai, Didu 706 chi quy djnh cho phep cac ben trong hgp ddng dugc lua chgn ludt dieu chinh "ddi vai hgp ddng" ma khdng gidi thich rd phgm vi nhung van de thudc hop ddng se chiu sy dieu chinh cua lugt do cdc ben trong hgp ddng lua chpn. Khidm khuydt ndy cua Dilu 706 cd thd gdy tranh cai gifla cac ben trong hgp ddng trong viec xdc dinh ndi dung cdc van dg cfla hgp ddng se chju sy chi phdi ciia ludt do cdc ben da thoa thudn lya chpn. Tham khao tu phap qudc td trdn the gidi cho thay, vdn dd xdc djnh pham vi dieu chinh cua luat dp dyng do cdc bdn frong hgp ddng thoa thudn lya chpn dugc quy djnh khacuthl."^*
Thir ba. Dieu 706 khdng cho bidt lieu cac ben trong hgp ddng cd quydn thoa thugn ve thdi diem chpn luat va thay ddi ludt dp dung cho hgp ddng hay khdng? Dieu dd lam cho cac bgn chii thd cua hgp ddng khdng chdc chan ve viec lieu thdi diem thidt lap thod thuan chpn lugt dp dung, cung nhu thay ddi vg ludt dp dung ddi vdi hgp ddng cua hp da phii hgp vdi phdp ludt hay chua? Tren binh dien qudc te, day lai la ndi dung khd quan trgng dupe ghi nhdn rdt rd rdng frong Nghj djnh Rome 1 nam 2008 vd ludt dp dyng ddi vdi nghTa vu hgp ddng (sau day gpi tdt la Nghi djnh Rome 1)."^'
Thir lu, khoa hpc tu phdp qudc tl thudng giai thich "Lex Voluntatis" theo hai cdch:
Mdt Id vide lya chpn lugt dilu chinh ndi dung hgp ddng dugc cac ben thi hien mdt each rd rdng ra ben ngoai, chdng hgn nhu bang each quy djnh ro vg ludt dp dung ddi vdi ndi dung hgp ddng trong mot dilu khoan ciia hgp ddng (hoac trong phu luc
cua hgp ddng hoac bdng van ban ridng cd lign quan v.v.); hai Id viec xac djnh ludt dp dyng ddi vdi nOi dung hgp ddng dugc suy ra chac chan tu ndi dung hgp ddng hoac cdc sy kidn, tinh tiet cd lien quan tdi hgp ddng.
Cd nghTa Id y chi lya chpn ludt dp dung cua cac ben frong trudng hgp nay d "dang dn"
chfl khdng thd hidn rd rang ra bdn ngoai song ndu dua vao cac quy dinh ciia hgp ddng cung nhu cdc tinh tiet cd lien quan thi chdc chan sd suy ra dugc ludt ndo la lugt dugc cdc ben mong mudn ap dyng. Tu phdp qudc tg ciia nhigu nudc trgn thg gidi da ung hg hai each gidi thich ve "^Lex Voluntatis"
nhu tren.""*' Trong khi do, Dieu 706 lai chua quy djnh vg trudng hgp hdy.
Tac gid kign nghi hodn thien Didu lugt nay nhu sau:
Thu nhdt, bd sung quy djnh cho phep cac bgn chfl thg hgp ddng dugc quydn lua chpn nhidu he thdng phap ludt dd didu chinh nhflng phdn khac nhau cua hgp ddng. Nen xdy dyng quy djnh nay theo each quy djnh tai khodn 1 Didu 3 Nghi djnh Rome 1. Cu the nhu sau: "Cac bgn chfl thg hgp ddng eo thd chgn ludt dp dyng cho toan bp hodc ehi mdt phdn ndi dung cfla hgp ddng".
Thic hai, bd sung quy djnh xdc dinh rd phgm vi didu chinh cua luat dp dyng ddi vdi ndi dung hgp ddng do cdc ben chu thg hgp ddng lya chpn. Cd the tham khdo each quy djnh tai Dilu 12 Nghj djnh Rome 1 dk thilt kd didu khoan nay.
Thic ba. bd sung quy djnh vd thdi didm cac bdn chfl the hgp ddng dugc lua chpn ludt ap dyng cho hgp ddng. Cd thi tham khdo khoan 2 Dilu 3 Nghi djnh Rome 1 dl
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xdy dyng didu khoan nay. Cy thg nhu sau:
Cdc ben chu the hgp ddng dugc thoa thuan vd luat dp dung cung nhu thay ddi ve ludt dp dung ddi vdi hgp ddng vao bdt ki thdi diem nao".
Thic tu, bd sung quy dinh cho phep cac bdn chu thg hgp ddng dugc thd hien quyin lya chpn lugt dp dyng ddi vdi hgp ddng d ca hai dgng "dn" va "ro rang". Ndn tham khao khoan 1 Didu 3 Nghj dinh Rome I dl xay dyng dilu khodn nay. Cy thd nhu sau: "Hgp ddng se dugc didu chinh bdi lugt do cac bgn chu thi hgp ddng lya chpn. Su lua chgn dy dugc thg hien mgt each rd rang thdng qua nhflng dieu khodn ciia hgp ddng hodc nhflng hoan canh cua vu viee cd lien quan dgn hgp ddng".
10. Ve boi thu'ong thiet hai ngoai hpp dong theo Dieu 710 Du thao
Digu 710 hien chua cd quy djnh dg digu chinh quan he bdi thudng thidt hai ngodi hgp ddng cd ydu td nudc ngoai trong mgt sd trudng hgp dac biet nhung thudng xdy ra trong thyc td, ddi hdi phdi cd nguyen tac gidi quyet rieng nhu: Bdi thudng thidt hai do ldi ciia san pham hoac khidm khuydt cua sdn pham gdy ra, bdi thudng thiet hgi do hanh vi canh tranh khdng ldnh manh gay ra, bdi thudng thiet hai do vide gdy tai nan giao thdng, bdi thudng thiet hgi do gdy tdn hgi danh dy hoac xdm hgi tdi quyen rigng tu hoac quygn nhan than. Tu phap qudc tg trgn thi gidi da quy djnh tfl lau va rdt cy the vg nhflng trudng hop dgc bigt nay. Theo do, se cd nhflng nguyen tdc didu chinh dgc thii, phii hgp vdi tflng loai quan he nhdm bao ve
triet dl quydn, lgi ich hgp phap cfla cac ben trong quan he."^'
Dilu 710 cdn bd sung quy dinh dieu chinh quan he bdi thudng thiet hai ngoai hgp ddng cd ydu td nudc ngoai frong mdt sd trudng hgp dac bidt nhu dd de cap d trdn. Cy the nhu sau:
Thic nhdt, ddi vdi bdi thudng thiet hai do ldi cua sdn phdm hodc khidm khuyet cua sdn pham gdy ra, cd thd tham khao Digu 135 Bd luat tu phdp qudc tl Thuy ST nam 1987 quy djnh vd trach nhiem ddi vdi san phdm cfla nha sdn xudt dg xdy dyng quy dinh ndy.
Theo dd, viec bdi thudng thidt hgi do ldi cfla sdn phdm hoac khidm khuydt cfla sdn phdm se dugc dieu chinh theo sy lya chpn ciia ben hi thiet hgi bdi ludt ciia nudc noi ngudi gay thiet hgi ddng ki ddi vdi phdp nhan hoac luat cua nudc noi thudng tni ddi vdi cd nhdn hoac ludt cua nudc nai san phdm da dugc mua.
Thic hai, ddi vdi bdi thudng thiet hgi do hanh vi canh tranh khdng lanh manh gay ra, cd thd tham khao Digu 136 Bp ludt tu phap qudc tg Thuy ST nam 1987 quy dinh vl bdi thudng thidt hai do hanh vi canh tranh khdng lanh manh gay ra dd xay dyng quy djnh nay.
Theo dd, vide bdi thudng thiet hai do hdnh vi canh tranh khdng lanh manh gdy ra dugc dieu chinh theo phap ludt cua nudc noi thj trudng bj anh hudng.
Thu ba, ddi vdi bdi thudng thiet hgi do viec gay tai ngn giao thdng, cd thi tham khao each quy djnh tai Dilu 3 Cdng udc La Hay dugc ki ngay 04/5/1971 vl luat dp dung ddi vdi tai nan giao thdng dudng bg (The Hague convention on the Law Applicable to Traffic Accidents) de thilt kd quy djnh nay. Theo
TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 3/2015
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NGHIEN ciru - TRAO DOI
do, ludt dp dyng Id ludt cua nudc noi xdy ra tai ngn. Tnrdng hgp phuong tien van tai cd lign quan din tai nan dugc dang ki d mdt nudc khac vdi nudc xdy ra tai nan thi luat cfla nudc noi dang ki phucmg tidn dugc dp dyng dg xac dinh trdch nhiem bdi thudng thidt hai.
Thir tu. ddi vdi bdi thudng thiet hai do gay tdn hai danh dy hodc xam hai tdi quydn rieng tu hodc quyen nhan than, cd the tham khdo each quy djnh tai Dilu 99 Bd ludt tu phap qudc tl Vuong qudc Bi ndm 2004 dd xay dyng quy djnh nay. Theo dd, bdi thudng thiet hai do gay tdn hai danh dy hodc xam hai tdi quydn rieng tu hodc quyen nhdn than dugc dilu chinh bdi ludt ctia nudc noi xay ra hanh vi gdy thiet hgi hodc noi phdt sinh hdu qud thyc tl cua hdnh vi gay thidt hgi theo sy lya chpn cua nguydn don./.
(I). Di6u 1 Cong udrc ViSn ndm 1980 cua Lien hgp quflc v^ hgp d6ng mua ban hang hoa quoc te quy dinh: ""Cdng udc ndy dp dyng cho cdc hgp ddng mua bdn hdng hod giUa cdc ben cd irii sd thuang mai tgi cdc quoc gia khdc nhau..
(2).Xem: Huong din ciia Toa Sn nhan dan toi cao nuoc Cgng hoa dan chu nhan dan Trung Hoa ve mot so vSn d^ Win quan dfin lu^t ap dyng d6i voi quan he dan sir CO yeu t6 nuoc ngoai, ngudn: http://www.hg.org/article.
asp''id=30849, truy cap ngay 24/3/2015.
(3).Xe!ii: Alan Redfern and Martin Hunter, Law and practice of international commercial arbitration. Sweet and Maxwell, 1999, tr 15; ICC publication No,301 (1977), the inlernalional solution io international business disputes-lCC arbitration, copyright ICC 1983.
(4) Xem: Dieu I Lu^t tu phap quoc te ciia Ba Lan nam 2011; khoan 2 Dieu I Bg luat lu phap quoc te cua Bungari nSm 2005.
(5). Vi du- Khoan 2 Dieu 15 Bo luat tu phap qu6c te Vuong quflc Bi nSm 2004; khoan I Dieu 16 B6 luSt tu phap qu6c t^ Thuy ST n3m 1987.
C6).Xem: Kho4n 20 DiSu 4 Luat doanh nghidp n5m 2005; khoan 4 DiSu 16 Luat thuong mai nSm 2005.
(7).Xem: Kho^n 2 Diau 21 Hiep djnh tuong trg tu phap v4 phfip H vh cdc v§n d6 dan s\r va hinh sy giCl^
Vi?t Nam vd Ucraina nSm 2000; k h o ^ 2 Dilu 18 Hi§p djnh tuong trg tu phap va cdc vSn dS dSn sg, gia dinh, lao dOng va hinh sir gi&a Vi^t Nam vk Cu Ba nam 1984.
(8).Xem: Diau 154 Bg luat tu phdp qu6c te Thuy ST nam 1987; Di^u 110 vd D i l u 111 8 6 ludt tir phdp qu6c ta Vuong qu6c Bi nSm 2004.
(9).Xem: Dilu 17 Dao luat t u phdp qu6c te Ba Lan nam 2011; Dilu 110 va Dilu 111 B§ luat tu phdp qu6c t l Vuong qu6c Bi n5m 2004; Dilu 155 BO lugt tu phdp qu6c t^ Thuy ST nam 1987.
{10).Xem: Dilu 92 Bg luat tir phdp quoc t l Vuong Qu6c Bi nSm 2004. Jean Derruppe, Droit international prive (Tu phdp qu6c t l ) , Nxb. Chinh trj quoc gia. Ha Ngi, 2005, tr. 228; Clarkson & Jonathan Hill, Jaffey on the conflict of law, second edition, Lexisnexis UK, 2002, p. 484.
(11). Khodn I Dieu 3 Nghj djnh Rome I quy djnh:
".. Bdng sif lira chon cua hp. cdc ben cd the chpn ludt dp dyng cho loan bp hoac chi mpt phdn cua hgp ddng ".
(12).Xem: Dilu 12 Nghj dinh Rome 1 vl "pham vi ciia ludt dp dung".
(13).Xem: Khoan 2 Dilu 3 Nghi djnh Rome 1.
{14).Xem: Khoan 1 Dilu 3 Nghi dinh Rome 1; khoan 2 Dieu 116 Bg luat tu phap qu6c t l ciia Thuy ST ndm 1987.
(15). Tir phdp qu6c t l cua nhilu nu6c tran the gidi cl3ng nhu dieu u6c quQc t l co lien quan deu quy djnh cdc truimg hgp boi thuang thiet hai ngodi hgp ding c6 yiu t6 nudfc ngoai dSc biet c6 cdch giai quyit riarg bift. K( du: Khodn 1 Dilu 135, Dilu 136 Bg ludt tu phdp qu6c t l Thuy ST nam 1987; Dilu 99 BO lugt tu phdp qu6c t l Vuong qu6c Bi nam 2004; Dieu 3, 4 Cong udfc La Hay dugc ki ngdy 04/5/1971 vl luat dp dung dfli vdi tai nan giao thong duong bg (The Hague convention on the Law Applicable to Traffic Accidents);
cac dilu 4, 5, 6 Cong uoc La Hay dugc ki ngdy 02/10/1973 v l ludt ap dung dfli voi trdch nhiem san phim (The Hague convention on the Law Applicable to products liability).
TAP CHl LUAT H O C S 6 3/2015