DI CHUYEN LAO DONG
L A N HNGHE TRONG QUA TRINH HIEN THlTC HOA CONG DONG KINH T £ DONG NAM A: CAC HIEP DINH, RAO CAN VA GIAI PHAP
TrSn Chi Thien*
Ngaynhan: 14/12/2015 Ngay nhan ban sua: 22/12/2015 Ngay duyet dang: 26/01/2016
Tom tat:
Su tac nghen trong di chuyin cua lao dpng lanh nghi dang tr& thdnh mpt nut that ca bdn cita qud trinh Men thitc hda Cpng dong Kinh tiDdng Nam A. Nhiiu hiep dinh da dugc ky kit vd thuc Men nham gidi quyit vdn de ndy Tuy nhien, tiin bp trong hpi nhgp ve lao dpng lanh nghi van cdn rat hgn chi. Cdc thda thugn khu vuc chua dugc tich cue van dung trong lugt li cua cdc nuac thdnh viin; su khan hiim nguon nhdn luc lanh nghi; su khde biet ddng ke vi cdc chudn chdt lugng vd ky nang cua ngu&i lao dpng lanh nghi giiia cdc nu&c; sityiu kem vi trinh dp tieng Anh vd su da dgng ciia cdc ngdn ngit dia phuang; su khdng ddng diu vi chdt lugng ddo tgo cua cdc tru&ng dgt hgc vd cdc truang dgy nghi giiia cdc quoc gia dang Id nhiing rao cdn l&n. Bin cgnh nhOng gidi phdp viphdp ly, hgp tdc vi gido due dgi hgc vd dgy nghi nhdm nang cdp cdc chucmg tririh ddo
tgo theo chudn khu vuc; ndng cao trinh dp thdnh thao tieng Anh & nhiiu nu&c ASEAN cdn phdi dugc tdng cu&ng nhdm thdo ga nhitng khd khan trin.
Tir khda: Cdng ddng kifa tl ASEAN, su di chuyin lao ddng Itoh nghi, cto hiep djfa, cae rto cto, cto giai phap.
Free flow of skilled labor in the realization process of ASEAN Economic Community: agree- ments, obstacles and solutions
Abstract:
Obstruction of skilled labor flow has been being the most critical bottleneck of the ASEAN Eco- nomic Comminity realization process. Many agreements to deal with this problem have been signed and being implemented. However, the progress of skilled labor integration among ASEAN countries is still very limited. The key barriers are related to regional agreements versus the mem- ber country laws and regulations, shortage of skilled labor, significant difference in qualification and skill level, disparities in education and training quality, English proficiency and local lan- guage diversification among ASEAN countries. Besides legal measures, cooperation in higher education and vocational training, improvement of English proficiency are also useful solutions to improve the situation.
Keywords: ASEAN Economic Community; Freeflow of skilled labor, agreements; obstacles; solu- tions.
1. Ldi md dau A thafa mot co sd sto xuat va mdt thj trafag duy Nam 2007, cto faa Itoh dao ASEAN da phe chuin "hit, dto teimg bdi cto ddng di chuyin ter do ve htog mdt myc tieu diy tham vpng la thiic diy sy hifa hoa. djch vy, diu ta, vdn va lao dfag lafa nghe.
thafa Cdng dong Kifa tl Ddng Nam A (AEC) mdt Hdi nghj cto Bg tiufag Kifa tl ASEAN lin thii ctoh faafa chdng hon vto cudi nam 2015. Cdng 47, hgp ngay 22/8/2015 da fain mafa ring cto nd ddng nay dugc thilt kl faim biln vfag Ddng Nam lyc hdi faap ASEAN da gdp phin ttog cufag sy tin
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cay lln faau giiia cto nude teong khu vyc va do do da tang cufag hgp tto thfa day kifa te phat trifa.
Din nay, cd tdi 91,5% hay 463 teong sd 506 bien phap thudc K I hoach tdng thi xay dyng AEC da dugc thuc thi.
Phuong thfa tao ra sy di chuyen ty do cua ngudn fafa lyc cd ky nfag cua AEC chu yfa thdng qua viec thyc hien cto thda thufa cdng fafa Ifa faau (MRAs) dugc thiet ke dya tefa cto Khung tieu chufa chat lugng qudc gia va ASEAN va dya vto viec cap cto visa tam thdi. Cto thda thufa cdng fafa Ian faau (MRAs) hifa nay da cd hieu lyc vdi 8 nghe, chiem dudi 1,5% lyc lugng lao ddng ASEAN (ADB & ILO, 2014).
So vdi cto lifa -vyc khto, sy hdi faap ve ngudn lao ddng lafa nghe giua cto nude ASEAN dang d miic yfa faat. Cto tifa bd faam tao ra cto ddng di cu cua ngudi lao ddng lafa nghe rat cham chap va khdng ddng dfa. Mac dii viec cdng fafa Ito faau, cto tifa chuto chuyfa mdn va kifa nghiem la quan ttgng, faung vfa chua du de tao ra sy di chuyen lao ddng lafa nghe mdt ctoh ty do.
Bai viet nay faam tta ldi cac cto hdi: Mfa do hdi faap vl di chuyfa ty do lao ddng lafa nghe giiia cto nude ASEAN hifa nay fau the nao? Cto nude nay da dat dugc fatog thda thufa gi de ty do hda sy di chuyin ndi -vfag cua lao ddng lafa nghe? Tai sao ddng di chuyen lao dgng lafa nghe giiia cto nude ASEAN bi toh tic? Giai phap nto de ty do hda su di chuyfa nay?
2. Mirc do di chuyin tu- do lao dpng lanh nghe giira cac nirdc ASEAN hien nay
Theo McKinsey Global Institate, sy di chuyfa ty do lao ddng lafa nghe dang la diem yeu faat teong qua trinh hien thyc hda AEC. Cto ngafa sto xuat cdng nghiep cd mfa do hdi faap cao faat (dat 75% - 82%), cto ngtoh djch vu dat mfa thap hon (chi dat 42% - 70%). Cdng nghiep sto xuat cao su, gd, dien ta va htog tieu dfag dat mfa hdi faap cao faat (99%), teong khi chfai sdc sfa khde dat mfa thap faat (chi dat 42%) do sy ty do hda ddng di cu lao ddng Itoh nghi teong Itoh vyc nay dat mfa rat thap (10%).
Nhilu tbafa tyu da dat dugc d 4 hgp phfa dto tifa (ddng di chuyfa ty do cua hfag hda, djch vu, vdn, dto ta) cua muc tifa try cdt thii faat cua AEC (ted tbafa mdt thj trufag va co sd sfa xuat thdng faat). Tuy tfafa, mfa do hdi faap cua hgp phto thii 5 - "ddng di chuyfa ty do ciia lao ddng lafa nghe"
dang bi tyt hto rat xa so vdi ky vgng, cfa phai dugc xem xet mdt ctoh ky lufag va cd giai phap phii hgp
(MGI, 2014).
3. Nhirng hoat dong nham ty do hoa sir di chuyin cua ngudn lao dong lanh nghe
3.L Thuc hien Hiep Oinh khung ASEAN vi dich vu Hiep dinh khung ASEAN vl dich vu (AFAS) dugc ky vto ngay 15/12/1995. Nd tap tiung vto sy hgp tac vl djch vy, bao gdm ca sy di chuyfa lao ddng lafa ngbl. Hiep difa nay cd 3 muc tieu: (i) tang cufag hgp tac vl dich -vy giiia cto nuac ASEAN faim nfag cao hieu qua, tifa cafa trafa cua cto ngafa djch -vu, da dang hda nfag lyc sfa xuit, cung cip va phfa bd ciia cto djch vy; (ii) xda bd cto rto cfa thuong mai trong cto ngafa dich -vy;
(iii) til do hda thuong mai teong cto ngafa dich vu bing ctoh phat triln them ve pham vi va chieu sfa so vdi Hiep djfa chung ve Thuang mai cto ngafa djch -vy cua Td chiic Thuong mai Qudc te (GATS/WTO).
Hiep difa nay cfag cho rfag mudn cd ddng di chuyin tu do cua lao ddng lafa nghe ddi hdi phai cd sy thda thufa ve cto tifa chufa va cac hufag dfa.
"Cto nude thtoh vifa cd the cdng fato trifa do dto tao, kifa nghiem cdng tto, sy dap tog cto ddi hdi cua titog ngbl nghiep, chtog chi hay chtog fafa hafa nghi dugc cip bdi cto nude thafa vifa khto.
Sy cdng fato fau vay cd the dugc dya teen fatog thda thuto bien cd va sy dfa xep gifa cto nude thtoh vifa hoto cd the dugc tafa thu mdt ctoh triet dl fau teong cac Hiep djfa cdng fafa Ifa faau giiia cac nude thafa vifa" (ASEAN, 2011).
Vao cudi nam 2015, sy ty do hda thuong mai ddi vdi cto ngafa djch vu dugc dy kien se dat tdi trifa do khdng ban che cto faa cung cap djch -vy ASEAN teong cung tog cto djch vu va thafa lap mang ludi dich vu xuyfa bifa gidi, theo luat le cua cto qudc gia (Dee, 2009).
3.2. Thuc hien Ke hogch tdng the xdy dung AEC Nam 2007, Hdi nghj thugng difa ASEAN lln thii 13 da dua ra mdt Ke hoach tdng the xay dyng AEC (AEC Blueprint). Cto ndi dung cd lifa quan den hgp tac giiia cto nude ve ty do hda di chuyfa lao dgng lafa nghe teong Ke hoach nay gdm: (i) hd teg di cu thdng qua cap visa, giay phep lao dpng cho cto faa kinh doafa va lao ddng lafa nghe; (ii) cdng fato cto tieu chuto chat lugng chuyen mdn, xay dimg mdi va thyc hifa cto hiep djfa cdng fafa lin faau; (iii) thdng faat ntog lyc cdt ldi, tifa chuin chat lugng teong cto dich vy uu tifa; (iv) phat trifa ngudn fafa lyc teong ITfa -vyc djch vu; (v) tang cufag nfag luc cua thj trafag lao dfag (Jurje &
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Lavenex, 2015).
Nhd thyc hien K I hoach tdng thi xay dyng AEC song song vdi thyc hifa Hiep djfa khung vl djch -vu cua ASEAN, da cd fafag tiln bp fait djfa ttong ba ITnh -vyc: cip visa, cdng nhfa Ifa faau ve tifa chufa chit lugng va ky nfag va hgp tac giua cto trafag dai hgc, cac trafag day ngbl ttong khu vuc.
3.3. Hd trg cdp visa
Nam 2012, cto nude thafa vien ASEAN da ky hai hiep djfa dl hd tra cho viec cap visa nham tao dilu kifa cho sy di chuyfa cita lao ddng lafa nghe:
Hiep dinh ASEAN vi su di cu duang nhiin (MNP) faim tao ra quy tiinh thufa lgi va rd rfag cho cto vj khtoh doafa nhfa, nhtog ngudi dugc cdng ty dieu ddng ndi bd sang cdng tto va fatog faa ctmg cap cac djch vu theo hgp ddng khi hg lam thii tuc faap cu (ASEAN, 2012).
- Hiep dinh ASEAN vi ddu tu todn diin (ACTA) faam cho phep faap ctoh, cu tru va Itoi viec tam thdi va uy quyfa lam viec cho cto nha dto ta, cac cto bd dieu bafa, cto faa quto ly, va cac thfah vien cua cto tap do to dang teong qua trifa "cam ket dfa ta mdt lugng dtog ke vdn va cto ngudn lyc khto"
(ASEAN, 2012).
3.4. Cdng nhdn cdc tieu chudn chdt luffng vd ky ndng giiea cdc nu&c thdnh vien
Neu cac tieu chufa chat lugng va ky ntog dat dugc cua ngudi di cu khdng dugc cdng fafa bdi nude faap cu, hg se khdng dugc sii dyng mdt ctoh hieu qua faat dto den sy lfag phi nguon fafa lyc.
De khto phyc, Ke hoach tdng the xay dyng AEC da fato mafa rtog vto nam 2015, cto nude thtoh vifa ASEAN se lam viec de "hufag tdi cdng fafa cto tieu chuan chat lugng cua cac nghe chuyen mdn nham tao dito kifa thuto lgi cho sy di chuyin cua lao dpng lafa nghi trong khu vyc" (ASEAN 2008).
Cto nude ASEAN hifa dang thyc thi 3 sfag kiln:
Cdc hiep dinh cdng nhdn ldn nhau (MRAs) cd myc tieu tao dito kien cho sy di chuyfa teong vung, teao ddi thdng tin va ttog cufag hgp tto vl cdng fato cto tieu chuto chat lugng, thuc diy viec ap dung fafag thafa tyu tdt faat ve tieu chufa hda va tieu chuin chat lugng ngudi lao ddng Itoh ngbl; dong thdi cung cap cto CO hdi dao tao va ntog cao ntog lyc cua moi nude teong Hfa -vyc nay. Din nay, cto hiep difa MRAs da bao phu dugc 8 ngbl (eo khi chl tao, dilu dufag, kiln teiic, djch vy y tl, faa khoa, du Ijch, khto sat va kl toto). Cac ngafa ngbl khto chua nim teong dien bao phii ciia cto hiep djfa nay.
Khung tieu chudn chdt lugng ASEAN (AQF) faim do lufag trifa do gito due va dto tao cua ngudi lao ddng va tao ra he thdng thang bac nghe nghiep mot ctoh ro rtog ban. Khung nay se la diem tham chilu chung, mot ma tefa chuyfa ddi di hieu, dl so safa va de cdng faan Ifa faau giiia cto he thdng tieu chufa chat lugng nghe nghiep khto faau cua cto nude thafa vien ASEAN, Uc va Ne-w Zea- land. Khung nay rat hto ich faam tfag cufag sy di chuyin cua cto faa chuyen mdn va sifa vifa teong khu -vyc.
Khung tham chiiu tieu chudn chdt lugng ASEAN (AQRF) cho phep so safa cto tieu chufa chat lugng nghi nghiep cita lao ddng lafa nghe va dua ra mdt chuin chimg de tham chifa cheo faau giiia cto khung tieu chufa chat lugng nghe nghiep khto faau ciia cto nude thafa vien ASEAN. Mdi nude thafa vien se ty nguyen tofa theo AQRF, tay theo ntog lyc cua nude mifa va bat dfa ddi chieu vto ntoi 2016, cham faat vto nam 2018.
3.5. Hop tdc giiea cdc nu&c ASEAN ve gido due vd ddo tgo
Hiin chuang ASEAN
Hifa chuong ASEAN khfag djfa mdt muc tieu quan tegng cua ASEAN la "phat trifa ngudn fato lyc thdng qua hgp tto chat che teong ITfa vyc gito due va hgc tap sudt ddi va teong khoa hgc - cdng nghe, vi vai ted cua ngudi dfa ASEAN va ttog cufag cho Cdng ddng ASEAN"
Tuyen ngdn vi tdng cuang hgp tdc vi gido due Nam 2009, Tuyen ngdn Cha'am Hua Hin ve hgp tac gito due ra ddi. Theo dd, faifa boat dgng ted nen cfa thiet de tdng cu&ng htyp tdc ve gido due hucmg t&i mdt Cpng ddng ASEAN dian bgc vd chia se gdp phfa hifa thyc hda Cdng ddng Ddng Nam A vao nam 2015. Cto boat ddng nay bao gdm: (i) phat trifa khung ky nfag qudc gia teong cto AMSs theo hufag tiep cfa khung cdng fafa ky nfag ASEAN;
(ii) day mafa sy di chuyen xuyfa qudc gia cua sifa vifa; (iii) xay dyng co che hgp tto giiia cto nude thafa vifa faam bto dam va hofa thien cto tieu chufa giao dye va chuyen mdn; (iv) phat trien cto tifa chufa chung ve nghe nghiep ASEAN dya teen nfag lyc faam thuc day sy cdng nhfa Ito nhau giiia cto nude (ASEAN, 2009).
Tuyin bd cua cdc nhd lanh dgo ASEAN vi phat triin ngudn nhdn luc vd ky ndng cho phuc hdi kinh te vd tang tru&ng bin vitng (10/2010) tai khfag djfa cam ket cua cac nude teong ttog cufag hgp tto ky thuat va thto day cac boat dgng nfag cao ntog lyc.
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nfag cao chat lugng, ky nfag cua lao ddng, thfa day hgc tap sudt ddi trong tit ca cto nude thafa vien.
Ki hogch cdng tdc 5 nam vi gido due ASEAN (2011-2015)
Ke hoach cdng tto 5 nam ve giao dye ASEAN (2011-2015) (ASEAN 5-year Work Plan on Educa- tion - WPE, 2011-2015) faam ttog cufag hgp tto ve giao due giira cto nude ttong ASEAN va giiia ASEAN vdi cac ddi tto khto; lam rd vai trd ciia ASEAN fau la mot ddi tac trong hgp tac gito due vdi cto qudc gia Ddng A va cac ddi tac khto.
Ke hoach nay cd 5 ttgng tam: (i) ttog cufag nhfa thitc ve ASEAN teong tat ca cto nude thafa vifa;
(ii) thiic day kha nfag tiep cfa, ntog cao chit lugng gito dye tieu hgc, trang hgc, dai hgc va day nghe;
(ui) ntog cao chat lupng ciia bd tieu chuin chit lugng gito dye, he thdng hgc tap sudt ddi va phat trifa nghe nghiep; (iv) hd teg cto chuong trifa di chuyfa sifa vifa, gito vien, gitog vien va chiln luge qudc te hda giao dye; (v) hd teg cac ca quan ASEAN quan tam phat trien giao dye fau mang ludi cac Trafag dai hgc Ddng Nam A (AUN), trang tam vimg ve Gito due Dai hgc thudc Td chirc Bd trafag Giao due cac nude Ddng Nam A (SEAMEO-RIHED) va ASEAN-H3.
4. Cac rao can dang can trd su- di chuyen tu- do ciia lao dong lanh nghe
4.1. Cdc lugt le trong nu&c chua thdng nhdt v&i cdc hiep dinh chung
Cac chifa sach lifa quan den sy di chuyen ty do cua lao ddng Itoh nghe vfa cdn bj tut bto d ca cto nude giri lao ddng va cto nude nhto lao ddng, cfa phai dugc hofa thifa de qufa ly tdt ban sy di chuyen cua lao ddng bto ve tdt ban ngudi lao dgng di cu, sit dyng tdt hon lao ddng faap cu. Ke hoach tdng the xay dyng AEC chap fafa mdi nude cd quyfa day du teong viec kiem soat tdc do thyc hifa va mite do thyc hifa ke hoach nay, va cho phep cd sy lifa boat dugc thda thufa trudc trong viec thda mfa lgi ich cua tat ca cto nude thafa vien do cd sy khto faau ve trifa do phat trien kifa te gifa cac nude trong viing.
Mto du cto Hiep difa cdng nhfa Ito nhau (MRAs) da nhfa manh rtog sy cam ket cua ASEAN ve nguyen tto hdi faap kifa te vung, phfa Ifa cac dieu khofa la chua rd rfag dudi co che "linh boat"
va mdt sd cdn chua dugc phe chufa bdi tat ca cto nude thafa vifa. Hon nua, MRA khdng dua ra nhtog quy djfa ve sy di chuyen ter do khdng bi ban chl cua cac faa chuyfa mdn nude ngoai bdi vi cac
quy difa trong nude cd lien quan van cd hieu lyc de phil hgp vdi cto difa kien ve fau cfa cua thj trafag.
0 faifa nude, ngudi lao dgng nude ngoai vfa phu thudc vao cto dieu luat, cto quy djfa bj gidi han d mfa dp cao. Cto nude thafa vien ASEAN lai cd faieu ddi hdi bat budc khi cap visa va nhieu gidi han de han che ca hdi tiep cfa thi trafag lao ddng ciia ngudi nude ngoai.
AsemconnectVietaam (2015) bto cto rfag d Indonesia, ngudi nude ngoai chi dugc giir cac vi tri cdng tto ma ngudi lao ddng trong nude khdng dam fafa dugc. O Thailand, Cambodia, Lao DPR va Myanmar, ngudi lao ddng nude ngoai bat budc phai chuyfa giao kifa thfa cho ngudi teong nude, va cudi cfag bj thay the bdi ngudi lao ddng teong nude. Katigbak (2015) cho biet d Philippines, hifa phap ban che ngudi lao ddng nude ngoai tham gia mdt sd ngafa quan trgng bao gdm ke tofa, y te va ca khi che tao. Sy ndi Idng cto dieu khofa nay phy thudc vao ket qua thuong thto vdi ttog ddi tto nude ngoai. Nhu vay, Hiep djfa cdng nhto Ifa faau dugc thuc hien dfa mfa nto de tao thufa lgi cho sy di chuyfa cua lao ddng Ifah nghe cdn phy thudc vto cac thda thufa tay ddi gifa mdt nude thafa vifa vdi cac ddi tac nude ngoai.
Do dd, ddng di chuyfa ngudi lao ddng lafa nghe trong ngi bd ASEAN phy thudc nhieu vto cac luat le, quy djnb ciia mdi nude va vto cac hiep djfa song phuong. Ben canh dd, ddng di chuyen lao ddng lafa nghe cdn phy thudc vao co che thj trufag va bi chi phdi bdi sy khac nhau giiia cto nude ve cung cto lao ddng, sy khac biet ve tien luong va cto so hd trong quto ly bien gidi.
Ngay ca vdi 8 ngafa nghe dugc ke tren, trir ngbl du Ijch, cto MRA cdn ddi hdi sd nam kifa nghiem tdi thieu. Chtog ban, bac sT faa khoa va cac bto si thyc htoh khac dugc yeu cto phai cd kinh nghiem lam viec it faat 5 nam trong nude mdi du tieu chuin de xin giay phep lam viec d nude tilp fafa lao ddng. Nhtog ban che nhu vay tao them cac rao cfa ve nhap canh cho ngudi lao dgng.
4.2. Sir khan hiim nguon lao ddng lanh nghi &
mdi nu&c thdnh viin
Sd lugng sifa vien tdt nghiep dugc dto tao cd chat lugng cao d cto trafag dai hgc, trafag day nghe d faifa nude la cd ban, dto biet la d cto nude CLMV (Cambodia, Lao, Myanmar, Viet Nam), dilu dd gidi ban sd lugng ngudi di cu cd ky nang tdi nude khac trong khdi ASEAN.
Chtog han, theo Dezan Shira & cdng sy (2015),
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fau ciu lao ddng lafa ngbl d Viet Nam dang tang Ifa mafa me. Nhung, cung khdng dap fag ndi cto.
Nhu ciu Ifa fait cita thj trafag ve lao dfag lafa ngbl la fau ciu vl lafa dao fadm, cd vto, qufa ly va giam ddc cd kifa nghiem. Sy khan hilm vl lao ddng lafa ngbl dac biet la qufa ddc va ky su cd the thiy d hiu hit cto ngafa cua Viet Nam. Nhilu cdng ty khdng thi de dtog toyin dyng fafag can bd trang, cao cip do sy khan hilm ngudn cung tefa thi trufag lao ddng.
Thu faap cao ban va dilu kien lam -viec tdt ban d cto nude phat tiiln ban (ASEAN-6: Singapore, Bruney, Malaysia. Thailand, Indonesia va Philippines) dang hip din lao ddng cd nghe d cac nude CLMV cd teifa do phat triln thap hon trong khdi ASEAN.
Hien tagng chay mto chat xam cd the lam cho sy khan hilm vl lao ddng lafa nghe d cto nude nay ctog them nghiem tepng.
Katigbak (2015) cho ring dang cd fafag khd khto vl luat le va thit tuc hafa chifa teong viec xin visa va gily phep lao ddng d cto nude ASEAN.
Nhieu nude ASEAN vto yfa cto nop phi cap visa vdi quy trifa thu tuc phfa tap va thdi gian xit ly dai.
Theo Susantono (2015), xu hufag hifa nay cho thay vto nam 2025 hon mdt nfa sd viec lam ddi hdi tay nghe cao d cto nude Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Philippines, Thailand, va Viet Nam cd the se phai dugc giao cho lao ddng khdng dit tieu chuto chat lugng. Dieu nay se khdng xay ra vdi ngafa du Ijch fad MRA teong du Ijch da khoi thdng qua truth thue mufa fafa cdng teong tofa ASEAN va loai bd sy cto thiet phai dafa gia sy dap tog tifa chuto chit lugng cho ttog lao ddng. Ngudi lao ddng teong Itfa
•vyc nay se chuto bj cto ky nfag cua mifa theo cto chuto chung va do dd, cto cdng ty cd su mem deo Ifa hon teong viec dieu dgng fatog fafa sy tdt fait cua mifa faam dap fag cto dieu kien cua thj trafag.
Nhtog no lyc fau vay cfag da dugc tiln htoh ddi vdi nghe ky su va kifa teiic. Cto phai cd them failu nd lyc taong ty cho cto ngafa ngbl khto.
4.3. Su khde nhau vi chdt luffng ngu&i lao ddng giiea cdc nu&c thdnh viin
Cto btog cap dto tao cua gito due dai hgc cua mdt nude cd the chua dugc cdng fafa bdi cto co sd gito dye dai hgc d nude khto. Cto tin chi mdt smh vien fato dugc d teufag dai hgc nude nay cd thi khdng dugc cdng bdi bdi cto trafag dai hgc d nude khto. Sy khto faau trong he thong tieu chuin chit lugng va ky nfag giiia cto nude thafa vien ASEAN la mdt cto ted chit ylu ngfa cfa cac ddng di chuyin
lao ddng lafa nghi tir nude nay sang nude khto.
Hai hda hda va tieu chufa hda cto ntog lyc va tieu chuin chit lugng cdt loi giiia cto nude ASEAN vln la mot vln de nan giai. Khung tham chieu tieu chuin chit lugng ASEAN (AQRF) cho phep so safa cto tieu chufa chit lugng giiia cto nude thafa vien. Viec ap dung nd la ty nguyen. Qua truth tham chilu se bit diu vto nam 2016 ket thfa nam 2018.
Nhung, cac nude thafa vifa ASEAN vfa cd sy khto faau vl truih do nfag lyc cua ngudi lao ddng lafa nghi do sy khto faau ve chuang trifa gifag day. Sy thfa diy cua ASEAN ddi vdi qua trifa hai hda hda nfag lyc va tieu chufa chat lugng gap khd khfa do ntog lyc ciia ngudi lao ddng khdng ddng deu giiia cto nude (Katigbak, 2015).
Ntog suit lao ddng thip d cto nude CLMV la mot khd khfa Ifa cho lao dfag cua fatog nude nay cd thi dugc toyfa dung d cto nude phat trifa hon (ASEAN-6). Chtog ban, theo ILO, nfag suat lao ddng d Viet Nam chi toong tog bing 2/5, 1/5 va 1/15 nfag suat lao ddng ciia Thailand, Malaysia, va Singapore (Hdng Kifa, 2014). Ngudi lao ddng Viet Nam cd xu hufag thifa cto ky nfag cto thiet fau ngdn ngii, fafa thfa, tog xu va ky nfag chuyen mdn. Ngudi lao ddng cua Singapore, Malaysia va Thailand thufag dugc dafa gia cao hon faieu bdi cto cdng ty nude ngoai (Dezan Shira & cdng sy, 2015). Cto ddi hdi cao hon ve ntog lyc, pham chat va ky nfag d cto nude phat trien hem ctog la mdt rto cfa ddi voi cto ddng chay lao dgng lafa nghe dfa ta cto nude kem phat trifa hon. Rto cfa nay khdng afa hufag gi lam dfa lao ddng phd thdng do fatog ngudi lao ddng nay chl cfa fatog pham chat va ky nfag tdi thieu de cd the fafa dugc giay phep lao ddng d cto nude fafa lao ddng. Vi the, ddng chay cua cto lao ddng phd thdng thufag mafa hon rat faieu so vdi ddng chay cua cto lao dfag lafa nghe, chiem tdi 87% tdng sd lao ddng di cu giiia cto nude ASEAN (Sugiyarto & Mendoza, 2014).
4.4. Trinh dp tieng Anh yeu vd su da dgng ve ngdn ngii giiea cdc qudc gia
Ngdn ngii la mdt fafa td quan trgng afa hufag tdi sy di chuyen ciia ngudi lao dgng lafa nghe.
Trifa do tieng Afa han che va sy da dang ve ngdn ngii dja phuong la nguyfa fafa chifa khien ddng di chuyen lao ddng giiia cto nude ASEAN tap trang chu yeu vto mdt sd hafa lang: tit Myanmar den Thailand, ta Indonesia din Malaysia, ta Malaysia dfa Singapore, tir Lto va Cambodia dfa Thailand, to Philippines den Singapore va Malaysia - chiem tdi 88% tdng sd ngudi di cu giiia cto nude ASEAN
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(Sugiyarto & Mendoza, 2014).
Theo Shira & cdng sy (2015), "d Ha Ndi dudi 15% lyc lugng lao ddng cd dii nfag lyc tifag Afa va ky nfag tin hgc"
De do lufag trifa do tieng Afa qudc gia, chi sd thafa thao tieng Afa la thudc do chifa cua the gidi, tifa ra cho Indonesia, Viet Nam va Thailand taong fag la 44,78; 44,43; va 39,41 - xip loai "mfa thafa thao rit thap". Vdi 60 nude Chto A dugc xep hang, teong khi Malaysia nam teong top 9 thi Indonesia, Viet Nam va Thailand dugc xep d vj tri kha thap, taong tog la 34; 39; va 42. Sd tieu cita Lto, Cam- bodia va Myanmar la khdng cd sto (Sullivan, 2015).
5. Giai phap de tu- do hda su* di chuyen lao ddng lanh nghe
Cd faieu giai phap faam ty do hda ddng di chuyen lao dfag lafa nghe giiia cto nude ASEAN.
Sau day la mdt sd giai phap quan tegng:
(i) Su cam kit mgnh me vd thuc Men tich cue cua cdc chinh phii teong hoach djfa va thyc thi chifa stoh ty do hda ddng lao ddng lafa nghe xuyfa bifa gidi cto nude ASEAN.
(ii) Mdi nu&c cdn tu nguyin vd nghiim chinh thuc Men cdc Hiep dinh vi cdng nhdn ldn nhau vd Khung tham chiiu Tiiu chuan chdt lugng ASEAN.
Cto CO sd gito due dai hgc va day nghe cfa nfag cao nfag lyc va chat lugng dto tao btog ctoh ap dyng chifa luge qudc te hda/khu -vyc hda, bao gdm:
thyc hien cto chuong teifa hgp tto dto tao mdt bfa cap bing hoto hai bfa cfag d p bing; teao ddi gifag vien va sifa vien; sit dyng chuong teinh dao tao thdng faat; hgp tto ve nghifa cto khoa hgc va ddng td chfa cto hdi thto qudc te; sit dyng tifag Afa teong gitog day va hgc tap...
Can md rdng viec gifag day va ntog cao teifa do tifag Afa; md rdng gitog day cto ngdn ngii chu yfa khto cua khu -vyc ASEAN (cac tifag: Babasa, Viet- namese, Thai, Cambodian, Laotian);
Cac ca quan hdn hgp cua ASEAN fau mang ludi cto tmimg dai hgc Ddng Nam A (AUN) va Trang tam Gito due va Phat trifa tryc thudc Td chfa Bd trudng Giao due cac nude Ddng Nam A (SEAMEO-RIHED) va ASEAN +3 (ASEAN, China, Japan, Korea) hd teg cho cto boat ddng hgp tto khu -vyc faam: a) tfag cufag mang ludi hgp tto giila cto trufag dai bgc ASEAN va qudc te; b) thto day hgp tto nghien cto va hgp tto dto tao trong cto ITfa -vyc uu tien; c) day mafa hgp tto dofa ket giiia cto hgc gia, cto faa gito, cto faa nghifa cto khoa hgc giiia cto nude ASEAN; d) djfa hufag chifa
stoh gito due dai hgc teong -viing ASEAN.
(iii) Ddo tgo lgi luc lugng lao dpng bai cdc cong ty tuyin dung
Do chit lugng dfa tao dai hgc va day nghe a nhilu nude (fait la CLMV) hien nay cdn thap, dfa tao bd sung hay dto tao lao dgng sau toyfa dung la d n thiet ddi vdi cac cdng ty sit dung lao dgng.
Ching han, cto cdng ty nude ngoai d Viet Nam phai dto tao lai 40-50% lao ddng Viet Nam sau tayfa dung; lao ddng dia phuong cd ntog lyc tdt, cd the trd nen rat hieu qua sau khi ket thiic cto khda dto tao cua cdng ty (Dezan Shira & cfag sy, 2015).
Tuong til, cto khda dto tao bd sung cho ngudi faap cu cd ky nfag cfag cd the cfa thiet cho cto cdng ty cua cac nude fafa lao ddng.
6. Ket luan
Sy ach tic ciia ddng di chuyen ty do vl lao ddng lafa nghe hifa dang la diem tto nghfa ca bfa cua qua trifa bifa thyc hda AEC. Nhilu hiep djfa, thda thufa, sfag kien da dugc ky ket faam hd trg cho ddng chay ty do ve lao ddng lafa nghe giiia cac nude ASEAN. Hiep djfa khung ASEAN ve Dich -vu (AFAS), K I hoach tdng the xay dyng AEC da cung cip fatog dufag hufag chung. Hiep difa ASEAN ve sy di chuyen cua cto fafa sy duong faien (MNP), Hiep difa diu to tofa difa ASEAN (ACIA) dugc ky ket va thyc hifa faam bd trg cho viec cap visa. Cto Hiep djfa cdng fafa Ifa faau (MRAs), Khung tieu chuto chat lugng ASEAN (AQF) va Khung tham chifa tieu chuto chat lugng ASEAN (AQRF) dugc ky ket faam cdng fafa Ifa faau giiia cto nude tbafa vien ASEAN ve tieu chuto chat lupng va ky ntog nghe nghiep.
Cto difa luat va quy dinh trong nude chua thdng faat vdi cto hiep djnh chung; thifa lao ddng lafa nghe d mdi nude thafa vien; sy khto faau giira cto tieu chufa chat lupng va ky nfag nghe nghiep giiia cto nude thafa vifa; sy khto biet ve chat lugng gito dye cua cto co sd dto tao giiia cac nude thafa vifa;
sy yeu kem ve mfa do thafa thao tifag Afa va sy da dang cua cac ngdn ngii dja phuong giira cac nude la fatog rto cto chifa dang cto trd ddng chay ty do ve lao ddng Itoh nghe giiia cac nude trong viing.
Nhieu giai phap faam ty do hda sy di chuyin cua lao ddng lafa nghe cto phai dugc ap dung dl dd bd cto rto cto neu teen. Ben cafa cto giai phap ve thto go cto rto cto phap ly, qudc te hda/ khu -vyc hda vl gito dye dai hgc va day nghe ddng mdt vai trd quan trgng. Cac trafag dai hgc va cto trufag day ngbl, faat la cac trafag thudc cto nude CLMV cin phai
S6 224 thdng 02/2016
cap faat chuong teinh d t o tao dya tren cac tieu RIHED, ASEAN-i-3) cfa tiep tiic hd ttg faieu hon chuto chat lugng va ky nfag theo chufa ASEAN; niia cho cto hoat ddng hgp tto v l giao due giua cto phat teiln cto chuong trifa lifa kit d t o tao qudc_te; ^ ^ ^ ^ ,ijafa vifa. Cto cdng ty toyIn dyng lao ddng sit dune tifag Anh lam cdng cu gifag day,... faam ,, , , i . . - rsT\nr » ^-^ ^
• ^ ^ , * , . . J lafa nghe cua cac nuoc CLMV can tiep tac cung
dto tao ra mdt sd luong Ifa hon cac sifa vien tot , , , .,, , • „• . • • , . / . * . ' • - I.'-; u-^^ 1 „., .*-IA™ ,;S„ ,,A cap cac khoa dao tao bo sung de dam bao chto chto nghiep CO du tieu chuan chat lugng de lam viec va ^ . &
cafa trafa tefa thj trafag lao ddng ASEAN. Cto co nang Ifa ctia ngudi lao ddng du dap tog fau d u quan hdn hgp cua ASEAN (AUN, SEAMEO- ciia cdng v i e c . n
Ldi cam on: Toi xin teto tepng ctoi an GS.TSKH. Nguyto Quang Thai- Phd Chu tich Hpi Khoa hpc Kinh tl Viet nam, GS. TS. Bdi Mifa Vii- Chti tich Hdi Khoa hpc Kinh te Ndng Lam nghiep Viet Nam da khuyin khich toi thyc hien bai viet nay.
Tai lieu tham khao
ADB & ILO (2014), ASEAN community 2015: Managing Integration for Better Jobs and Shared Prosperity, Bang- kok, Thailand.
ASEAN (2008), ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint, ASEAN Secretariat, Jakarta, Indonesia.
ASEAN (2009), 2009 Cha 'am Hua Hin Declaration on Strengthening Cooperation to Achieve an ASEAN Caring and Sharing Community, ASEAN Secretariat, Jakarta, Indonesia.
ASEAN (2011), ASEAN Economic Community Factbook, ASEAN Secretariat, Jakarta, Indonesia.
ASEAN (2012),^5£'^/V^5->'ear Work Plan on Education, ASEAN Secretariat, Jakarta, Indonesia.
AsemconnectVietaam (2015), How AEC Will Impact Hiring Skilled Labor in the Region, Including Indonesia, retrieved on September 02, 2015 from http://www.asemcoimectvietaam.gov.vn.
Dee P. (2009), Services Liberalization Toward the ASEAN Economic Community, reteieved on September 01, 2015 from http://vifww.eria.org/publications.
Dezan Shira & Associates (2014), Foreign Companies Report Labor and Skills Shortage in Vietnam, retrieved on July 30, 2014, from http://-www.vietnam-briefing.com.
Hong Kieu (2014), ILO Ly gidi ndng sudt lao dpng Viet Nam a nhdm kem nhdt khu vuc, tray cap lin culi ngay 4/12/2015, tit http://www.vietnampIus.vn/ilo-ly-giai-nang-suat-lao-dong-viet-nam-o-nhom-kem-nhat-khu- vuc/282891.vnp.
Jurje. F & Lavennes S. (2015), ASEAN Economic Community: What Model for Labour Mobility, retrieved on Decem- ber 01, 2015, from http://-www.wti.org/fileadmin/user_upload/nccr-trade.ch. NCCR working paper No.2015/2.
Katigbak J. J. (2015), Why the Delay in the Free(r) Flow of Skilled Labor in ASEAN? Vol.11, No.21, Luly 2015, retrieved on September 12, 2015, from http://www.fsi.gov.ph.
MGI [McKinsaey Global Institate] (2014), Southeast Asia at the Crossroads: Three Paths to Prosperity, retrieved on September 30, 2015, from http:/www.mckinsey.com.
Sugiyarto G. & Mendoza D.R. (2014), A Freer Flow of Skilled Labour within ASEAN: Aspiraton, Opportunities and Challenges in 2015 and beyond. Issues in brief, reteieved on December 02, 2015, from http://www.org/research.
Sulhvan B. (2015), Thai Laborforce Needs Further Improvement to Prepare for AEC, reteieved on November 12, 2015, from http://thailand-business-news.com.
Susantono B. (2015), Stopping ASEAN's Brain Drain, retrieved on September 29, 2015, from http://www.adb.org/news/op-ed.
Thdng tin tac gia:
*Trdn Chi Thien, Phd gido su, Tiin sy
- To chitc tdc gid cdng tdc: Truang Dgi hgc Kinh ti vd Qudn tri Kinh doanh, Dgi hgc Thdi Nguyin - Linh vifc nghiin citu chinh; sinh ki ndng thdn, gidm ngheo, ddu tu nu&c ngodi, kinh ti quoc ti -Mpt so tgpcM tiiu bieu tdc gid da dang tdi cdng trinh nghiin cim: Logos Management Review, Korea;
Kinh te va Phat trien; Kinh ti vd Chinh tri The gi&i; Nghien citu Kinh ti -Dia chi Email [email protected]
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