TRUCJNG DAI HOC £ > 6 N G T H A P Tap chi Khoa hoc so 35 (12-2018)
VAN DE CAI CACH, XAY D I T N G QUAN DOI TRONG CAC PHONG TRAO DUY TAN Of CHAU A (NHAT BAN, TRUNG QUOC, THAI LAN) THOfl CAN DAI
• Le Thj Anh Dao"
Tom t i t
Ba cdng cudc duy tdn, cdi cdch d chdu A (Nhgt Bdn, Thdi Lan vd Trung Qudc) vdo niea sau thi ky XIX ddu thi ky XX da ldm thay ddi cdn bdn sue mgnh, vi tri cua cdc nude do. Dgc biit, mpt trong nhieng npi dung cdi cdch quan trpng ciia Nhgt Bdn, Thdi Lan vd Trung Qudc, dd Id cdi cdch qudn dpi da gop phdn tgo nin sue mgnh qudc gia, ldm tang khd ndng phdng thu cUng nhu ddi mat vdi cdc nude phuong Tdy. Tuy cdc bien phdp cdi cdch, xdy dung qudn dpi ciia mdi nude cd nhimg diim khdc nhau vd kit qud khdc nhau, nhung nhin chung ddy la mot su thay ddi Idn ve tdm nhin cung nhu xdc dinh rd vai tro quan trpng cua qudn dpi trong viec duy tri vd bdo vi an ninh, chu quyin cua ddn tpc. Cdi cdch vd xdy dimg qudn dpi d ba nude duac xem Id mot trong nhirng nhdn td tgo nin sue mgnh npi luc, gdp phdn dua den viec gin giu nin doc lap ciia Nhgt Bdn, Thdi Lan liic bdy gid
Tie fdioa: Cdi cdch qudn doi duy tdn, Nhdt Bdn, Thdi Lan, Trung Quoc.
1. Dal van de nude gidu, binh mgnh la muc dieh cuoi eiing ciig Lich sii chau A thdi can dai ndi len ba eugc hang loat sy cdi each, duy tan. Muon nude giau, cai each, d i ^ tan d Nhgt Bdn, Thai Lan va Trung binh manh thi phdi edi cdch, xay dyng, tang cudng Quoc vdi nhirng miie dd, kit qud khae nhau da Idm
thay doi ndi lyc, sire mgnh va vi tri eua ba nude nay. Trude su xam nhap eiia chu nghTa thyc ddn phuong Tay, ben cgnh con dudng dau tranh vu trang tiii bang ehinh saeh ngoai giao hay cdi each, duy tan eac nude Nhat Ban, Thai Lan va Tnmg Qudc da tao ra duge sire manh ndi lye, sire de khdng cd the de chong lgi eae the lue ben ngoai. Trong so hang loat bien phap cdi cdch nhu cai each kinh t l , chinh tri, van hda, xa hdi, gido d u e . thi cdi cdch, xay dung quan ddi da dugc ehinh quyln cae nude rat coi trong. Bdi le de "phu quoc cudng binh", thoat khdi anh hudng, xam nhdp eua phuong Tay, siic manh ndi lyc cua mdt quoc gia phdi duoc tao dung qua viee xay dung va phdt triln quan ddi.
2. Cai each, xay dijng quan doi qua ba phong trao duy tan if Nhat Ban, Thai Lan va Trung Quoc thoi can dai
Trudc het, phai ndi den trudng hgp Nhgt Ban.
Cong eugc duy tdn eua Nhat Bdn ma lich sir ggi laMinh Tri Duy Tan duoc tien hanh sau khi ehinh quyln Mmh Tri duge thilt lap sau eugc cdch mgng 1868. Mgt sy thay doi kha toan di?n v l moi mat tiidng qua bdng loat bien phdp edi each, doi mdi dit nude Trong dd, chinh phu Minh Tri da thiy ring.
''* Tmong Bai hoc Khoa hoc Hue
sire manh quan ddi mdt cdch todn di^n, de "doi ngi CO thi tran ap bon gide ed, ddi ngogi cd du the lyc duong dau vdi ede nude"
Vdi tinh than dd, sau khi gidi tan qudn ddi eua Samurai va di khdo sat mot loat nude d chau Au, chinh phu Mmh Tri da quylt dinh tiln hdnh eai each, xay dyng lai quan ddi, thanh lap quan ddi thudng true, thi hanh nghTa vu quan su todn dan Thang 2/1871, ehinh phu eho thdnh lap quan ddi can ve hay cdn goi la "than binh" khoang 10.000 ngudi ed nhiem vy bdo ve Thien Hodng Lye luong quan ddi cua cac Phien Tdy Nam trude day ciing da dugc thay ddi d l trd thanh luc lugng quan doi eiia chinh phu mdi Nam 1873, chinh phu chinh thiic ra lenh trung binh bat tay vao xay dyng quan ddi thudng true theo kilu mdi, xoa bd hoan todn lue luong quan ddi vo sT theo kilu phong kien cii. Theo sic lertii nghTa vy quan sy eiia lyc lugng quan ddi mdi, moi thanh nien din tudi 20 khdng phan biet qiiy tgc hay binh dan diu phai d trong quan ngu 3 nam va sau do la 4 nam du bi [2, tr. 90],Cdi cdch nay da xda bd dan dae quyen liing dogn qudn sy ciia tang Idp vo sT, xda bd tap tue khdng cho phep thudng dan mang kilm.
Vdi phuong cham "hge tgp phuong Tay, bat kip phuong Tdy va vugt phuong Tay", sau khi khdo sat, qudn ddi eua Nhat Bdn da duac chinh phu mdi
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TRUCJNG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chi Khoa hoc sd 3o (12 •2018) to chiic theo md hinh eua cae nude chdu Au. Lyc
1 ugng hai quan dugc to eh ire theo md hinh cua Anh, luc quan to chirc theo md hinh cua eiia Diic Bdi vi, tir nira sau thi ky XIX trd di, Anh, Diic duoc xem la nhung nude d chau Au cd the mgnh ve hai linh vyc nay Din khoang nam 1890, rieng v l lue quan da co 7 su doan hien dieh la 53.000 ngudi, quan trii bj gom 256.000 ngudi, hdi quan eo 25 chien hgm vd 10 ngu ldi dinh [5, tr. 92]. Mae du td chirc quan dgi theo mo hinh cae nude phuong Tdy, song, chinh phu Nhat Bdn van ehu tmong xay dung tren tinh than, dgo dire cua vo sT dao, xem tinh than vo sT dgo Id ehuan muc trong hdnh ddng ciia tat ca quan nhan. Nam 1878, ehinh phu cdng bo dilu lenh quan nhan, theo dd, moi qudn nhan phai sung bai Thien Hodng vd tuyet ddi trung thanh vdi Thien Hoang Ngudi diing diu quan doi la cac sT quan xuat than tir cac lanh chiia phia Nam trudc day Day la mdt su khdn kheo cua chinh phu Minh Tri nham han che sy phdn khdng tir phia cdc tang Idp vo si khi hg bi mat eae dde quyen quan su trong bd may quan sy mdi.
Di cung cdi each, xay dyng chl do quan su, ehinh phu Minh Tn edn ehu truong cdi each che do cdnh sdt Nam 1874, chinh phii eho xdy dyng che do canh sat quoc su. Ngudi diing dau cdnh sdt xuat than tir vo sT phong kien. Chl dd canh sdt qu6e sy do trung uong thdng nhat lanh dgo
Nhu vay, budc ddu cd tbi nhan dirtii rang, cimg vdi nhihig cai each v l kinh tl, van hda, xa hdi.. thi cai cdch v l qudn ddi trong Minh Tri Duy Tan da gdp phan lam thay ddi edn bdn nude Nhgt Nhat Ban dan dan hien dai hda ti-en tmh than "khoa hge phuong Tdy, tinh thin Nhgt Ban"; sire manh ngi lyc dan dan dugc khdng dinh. Vdi chl do quan sy mdi, Nhgt Ban hodn toan viing mgnh de ed the duong dau vdi cae the lye ben ngoai eiing nhu tgo ra duge dnh hudng va the lyc cua minh tai khu vue chau A vdo eudi thi ky XDC diu the ky XX.
Ben egnh Nhat Ban, edng cudc duy tan ciia Chulalongkom d Thai Lan ciing dien ra eung thdi.
Ngudi Thai cQng da nhanh chdng nim bit tinh hinh, doi mdi, duy tan dat nude de ehdng lai sy nd dieh, tham nhap eua phuong Tay. Cimg vdi nhiing cdi each ve kinh tl, hanh chinh, van hoa, gido dye.
cdc vi vua cua Thai Lan cimg da quan tam, ehii y den edi each, xdy dung quan doi nham tao ra mdt
siic manh ndi luc cho dan tdc. Dde biet, doi vdi Thdi Lan liic biy gid, khdng chi canh tranh va duong dau vdi cdc nude phuong Tay md edn tao ra mdt sy drih hudng Idn den ben ngodi khu vyc Ddng Nam A.
Ngay tir tiidi vua Rama HI (1824- 1851), d l hoe tdp quan dgi ciia ngudi chau Au, Rama IE da mdi ehuyen gia dong tau den hudng dan ky thuat ddng tdu theo kilu phuong Tay Ngoai ra, Rama m eon mdi ehuyen gia quan su ngudi chau Au den huan luyen quan doi vd mua vii khi trang bi. Nhd do, luc luong quan ddi ngdy cdng tinh nhue, bao gom 10 ngdn ngudi gdm bd binh vd phdo binh dugc huan luyen theo kilu phuong Tay [4, tr 71 ] Lyc lyong hai quan ciing dugc xdy dung thdnh mdt lye lugng mgnh vdi bdn ehien ham va 16 tau tuan tieu. Nhd dd ma cac tuyen phdng thu dgc ven bien va cira sdng Chaophraya da duge eung eo.
Dudi thdi vua Rama IV (Mongkut' 1851 - 1868), la anh em cung cha khdc me vdi Rama IH.
Mongkut Id mdt vi vua ed kiln thiic uyen bae va la mgt trong nhiing ngudi Thai am hilu nen vdn minh phuong Tay. Ong cho rang, mudn nude Xiem trdnh khoi tai hga thyc dan xam luge nhu Mien Dien, Trung Qudc vd nhilu nude phuong Tay khac, khdng phdi ky thi, ddi dau ma la su tilp nhan vd hoe tap phuong Tay de canh tan dit nude. Mgt logt cae ehinh saeh, bien phdp da dugc ban hanh nhdm nhanh chdng Au hda dit nude trong do co edi each quan ddi Dugc sy giiip do cua eac chuyen gia ngudi Anh, lyc lugng quoc phdng dugc chia thdnh bo binh, phao binh vd thuy binh Bd binh do sy quan Anh huan luyen, phdo binh do phd vuong Chutthamani, em cua vua Mongkut chiu trach nhiem dudi su ed van cua ngudi Anh [3, tr. 285].
Sang thdi ky Chulalongkom (Rgma V 1868 - 1910), tren tinh than va co sd ciia nhiing thay ddi ma Rama III, Rama IV da dinh hirtii, Rama V da tien hanh cdi each, xay dung qudn dgi mdt each chinh quy hon. Nam 1885, Bd Chiln tranh da ra ddi ciing nhieu trudng quan dgi. Nam 1887, Bg Quoc phdng ra ddi thay eho Bd Chiln tranh.
Lugt NghTa vy quan su eiing ra ddi nham huy ddng mot luc lugng can tiiiet nhat Nam 1897, quan dgi Xiem ed khodng 15 000 ngudi va nam gidi trong dd tuoi quan dieh van tham gia lao ddng sdn xuat binh thudng [1, h. 388]. Viec mdi eae chuyen gia, ed van qudn sy eua nude ngoai ve huin luyen ky
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TRUCJNG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chl Khoa hoc sd 35 (12-2018) tiiuat quan sy, ky thudt ve bdn do, ky thuat hdng
hdi. Cling duoc Chulalongkom chii trgng. Dac biet, Rama V cdn cir ngudi di ra nude ngodi tham khao, hge hdi nhung thanh tyu tien tiln ve quan su nham tang cudng kha nang, sire mgnh tdng hop eua quan dgi dat nude minh.
Cd the thay rdng, nhiing edi each ve quan ddi cua Thai Lan da cho phep nude nay tang cudng hon nua sire manh ngi lyc. Ld mdt nude ndm trong khu vye Ddng Nam A, Thai Lan ciing chiu sy xam n h ^ , can thiep cua thyc dan phuong Tdy. Tuy nhien, cd thi thiy rdng. Thai Lan la nude duy nhat, tieu bieu thdi ky nay d Ddng Nam A da ed nhiing ddi thay, chuyin bien ve moi mdt, hgi dii sire manh dl cd thi phong thu eung nhu duong diu vdi qudn dgi thue dan. Nhiing edi each v l quan dgi eiia Thai Lan da gdp phan tao nen mgt sire manh phdng thu, kha nang ty ve trudc cae nude phuong Tay ciing nhu mgt sy banh trudng, anh hudng ra ben ngoai khu vuc eua nude nay.
Ddi vdi Trung Qudc, Bien phdp Mau Tudt 1898 ehi dien ra trong mot tbdi gian ngan Song, cac nha duy tan Trung Quoc eiing da budc dau vach ra nhiing ndi dung cdi cdch tren cdc ITnh vue kinh te, chinh tri, van hda, giao due vd quan ddi. Vdi tinh than ty cudng dan tgc, muon phat triln va "cdi tioi" Trung Quoc thoat khoi tu tudng "Thien bat bien, dao diee bit biln" da kim ham Trung Quoc trong sy tri tre, bao thu; phai duy tan da tich eye van ddng mdt phong trdo eai each trong dilu kien xa hgi Trung Quoc dang bi xau xe bdi cac the lyc phuong Tay. V l quan dgi, phdi duy tan ciing ehu truong hgc tap md hinh quan ddi ciia phuong Tay, huan luyen lue lugng hdi quan, lue quan ldm eho quan doi mgnh len, Ngoai ra, phai duy tan cdn ehii tmong kilm soat chat che cdc lyc lugng vu trang d dia phuong va cho xay dung dodn liQ'Sn. Tren thue te, cd thi thdy rdng, phdi duy tan khong eo mgt ai gid mot ehire vu nao trong lyc lugng quan sy, cung it am hilu ve binh co Do dd, budc diu chi de ra mgt sd bien phdp cd tinh chit tdng thi, chug di vdo ehi tiet de cd nhiing cai each sau rgng
Trong khi do, tuong quan lue luong giiia phdi duy tdn, di diu Id Khang Hiiu Vi va Luong Khdi Sieu vdi phai "thu euu" trong trieu dinh Man Thanh qud Idn. Do do, nhieu bien phap cdi each, ddi mdi dat nude tren mgi ITnh vuc dugc phai duy tan dl
ra rit khd thue hien. Nhung eai each ve quan doi eiing khd thanh edng khi phong trdo duy tan chi tdn tai 103 ngay vd cuoi cimg that bgi
3. Mot vai nhan xet
Cae eugc cdi each, duy tan d chau A (Nhat Ban, Thai Lan va Trung Quoc) dien ra vao mia sau the ky XIX vdi kit qud vd tac dgng d mire do khde nhau Cdi each va xay dung qudn ddi la mdt trong nhirng ITnh vyc quan trgng ddi vdi cdc nude. Bdi xet trong dilu kien chdu A lue biy gid, mgi qudc gia, dan tde dang bi phuong Tay xam nhap va thdng tri. Do dd, qudn ddi mgnh se dep dugc thu trong giac ngoai va dd la eo sd eho viee thue hien nhieu bien phap cdi each khdc d trong nude.
Cd ba cuoe edi each d Nhdt Ban, Thai Lan, Trung Quoc deu tgp tnmg chii y den cdi cdch quan ddi mdt each chinh quy vdi day du eac lyc lugng.
Diem giong nhau d ba nude Id deu ehu truong hge tap md hinh quan dgi cua phuong Tay. Rieng d Nhdt Ban va Thdi Lan cdn mdi chi^en gia quan su eiia nude ngoai v l ed van cho nhirng cdi each, xay dyng qudn doi trong nude. Day Id mot su tien bd trong tu duy, tam nhin cua chinh quyen duong thdi d ede nude. Bdi, ho da nhan thirc duoc rang, mudn phii quoc cudng binh de danh duoi phuong Tay thi trude hit phdi hoe phuong Tay, bat kip phuong Tay.
Ba cudc cdi cdch da d l lgi ba he qud khac nhau Cai each Minh Tri rit thanh cdng. Quan ddi Nhgt Ban ngay edng himg manh, nude Nhdt khdng chi khdng bi phuong Tay thong tri ma cdn cd the thyc hien cdc cudc ehiln tranh thing loi vdi mdt sd nude trong khu vuc (chien tranh vdi Trung Quoc 1894-1895;chientranhvdiNga 1904-1905 ..).
Nhd ed quan doi manh, Nhat Ban ciing nhanh chdng sanh vai, diing vao hang ngu cae nude tu ban ehii nghTa vao nhirng nam cuoi thi ky XDC dau the ky XX. Cdi cdch d Thai Lan ciing kha thdnh cdng ve mgi mat. Quan ddi Thai Lan tuy khdng himg hau va chinh quy nhu Nhat Ban nhung ciing da gdp mdt phan nhd dl tao nen siic manh cho Thdi Lan trude siie ep cua cae nude phuong Tay, dae biet la Anh, Phap nua sau the ky XIX Cimg vdi nhieu cai cdch khac nhu chinh tri, kmh tl, van hod, xa hdi, edi each quan dgi da dua den nhimg thanh cdng nhat dinh cho Thai Lan trong giai doan nay. Dd la nen tdng can bdn cho phep Thdi Lan giii dugc doe lap v l ehinh tri duy nhat d Ddng Nam A. Doi vdi
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TRUONG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chl Khoa hocs635(l2-2018) Trung Qudc, phong trdo duy tan that bai. Nhimg
cdi each ve qudn ddi mdi manh nhg chua thi thue hien duge Khd nang phdng thu ciia Trung Qudc rit yeu dt trudc su xdu xe cua cac nude phuong Tay vdo cuoi thi ky XDC diu tiie ky XX Mac du khdng thanh eong, nhung cae nho sT duong thdi d Trung Quoc da he md tam nhin, nhgn thire sau sac hon su cin thiet phdi ddi mdi ve moi mat, trong dd.
thuc. Nhan thire dimg din vd su cin thiet cua van dl do, cac nude Nhat Bdn, Thdi Lan, Trung Quoc da dua ra muc tieu "phii qudc, cudng binh", xay dung dat nude vd phat tnIn qudn ddi hung mgnh. Tuy nhien, do nhimg dilu kien ljch sir ndi tgi ciig moi nude chl phoi eiing nhu su xam nhap manh me ciia chii nghTa tiiyc ddn phuong Tay ma mue tieu "phii quoc, cudng binh" dat dugc d nhijng miie do nhat li each quan ddi la mgt trong nhirng yeu to de dat dinh. Nhat Ban vdThai Lan da khd thanh cdng tiong nude Trung Hoa "ty cudng"
Tdm lai, cd thi nhan tiiay rdng, bat cii thai dgi nao trong ljch su, sire manh tong hgp cua mot qudc gia, dan tdc dugc xde dinh bdi nhieu yeu to, trong dd sire mgnh quan su duoc xem la mgt trong nhirng nhdn td quan trgng hang dau. Thdi ky thyc dan cung nhu thdi dgi ngdy nay, mdt nude cd nen quan su manh la mgt nude manh Bdi vay, nhiing cdi each, xay dung quan ddi d Nhat Bdn, Thdi Lan, Trung Qudc trong thdi ky thyc dan Id bdi hoe van edn nguyen gid tri cho den ngay nay...
4. Ket l u ^
Cai cdch, xay dung vaphdt trien quan ddi la mdt tiong nhung van de quan trgng cua moi quoc gia, dan tdc trong lieh su ciing nhu hien tai Trong thdi ky thyc dan, de phong thu va duong dau vdi sue manh cua phuong Tay, rit nhilu nude d phuong Ddng da ehii trgng din phdt tnen qudn dgi dudi nhieu hinh
viec edi each vaxay dung quan dgi chinh quy, viing mgnh, ddm bdo dugc lgi ich ve gn runh, ehu quyen dan tgc. Tnmg Quoc tuy ehua cd nhiing thanh cong nhat dinh, nhung nhung manh nha eho sy cai cdch, xay dung quan dgi thdi ky thyc dan ciing cho thay mdt thay ddi Idn v l tu tudng thdi bay gid
Cd the thiy, ba cdng eugc duy tan d chau A thdi can dai (Nhat Bdn, Thdi Lan, Trung Quoc) duge xem la mdt su dot phd mdi ve tu tudng, dudng ldi trong vige dua dat nude thodt khdi sy dp biic, thong tri cua phuong Tay. Mgt sy "cdi hdi" thuc su d l cae quoc gia, dan tdc d phuong Dong thoat khdi bdn biic tudng eung cam A Ddng, thodt khoi xieng xich nd le. Tir bai hgc lich sii eho thay, su Idn mgnh ciig luc lugng qudn ddi, sy phat triln ciia mot nen quan sy tien tien se gdp phin tgo nen nhiing thanh cdng vd vi thi qudc te cua cac quoc gia, dan tgc trong giai doan hien nay /
Tai li^u tham khao
[1]. Iran Khdnh (cb), Lich sieDongNam A, Tap IV, NXB Khoa hoc Xa hoi, HaNgi.
[2]. Phan Ngoc Lien (cb) (1997), Lich sir Nhgt Bdn, NXB Van hda - Thong tm. Ha Ngi.
[3]. Pham Nguyen Long, Nguyen Tuong Lai (1998), Lwh sir Thai Lan, NXB Khoa hoc Xa hpi. Ha Noi.
[4]. Vu Dirong Nmh (1990), Vucmg qudc Thai Lan - hch sievd hen tai, Tnrdng Dai hoc T6ng hgp Ha Noi, HaNoi.
[5]. Liru To Xuong, Quang Nhan Hong, Han Thira Van, Ngai Chau Xircmg (2002), Lich sir Thi gi&i thai can dgi. Tap 4, NXB Thanh phi H6 Chi Mmh.
REFORMING AND MILITARY BUILDING DURING INNOVATION MOVEMENTS IN ASU (JAPAN, CHINA, THAILAND), EARLY MODERN TIMES
Summary
Three reforms m Asia (Japan, Thailand and China) in the second half of the runeteenth and early twentieth centimes fundamentally changed the strength and position of these comitnes. One of their major reforms was in particular that of the military helping increase their national strength, defense and abiHty to confront Western countries Although the reforms, the military development in each of the three countries were different in formats and results, they shared a significant change m vision as well as a clear definition of the military's important role in maintammg and protectmg the security and sovereignt>' of the nation. The reform and building of the military' in the tiuee countries is considered to be one of the factors conbibutmg to tiie internal strength, leadmg to having preserved Japan's and Thailand's independence at that time
Keywords' Military reform, revolution, Japan, Thailand, Chma
Ngdy nhgn bai: 16/10/2018. Ngdy nhgn lai: 24/12/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng: 28/12/2018 120