Cac quan niem tieu bieu ve tri thuc
Le Thi Sy^
' Tmcmg Dai hpc Khoa hoc Thai Nguyen.
Email: [email protected]
Nhan ngay 30 thang 8 nam 2018. Chdp nhan dang ngay 13 thang 9 n5m 2018.
Tom tat: Hien nay, c6 nhiSu quan nipm khac nhau vd tri thiic. Cd quan nipm cho rang tri thitc la ngudi CO ti-mh dp hpc vin cao. Co quan niem khac cho ring, tri thiic la ngudi lao dpng tri 6c; tri thiic phai la nhihig nguoi c6 dao diic. Ciing co quan niem khac niia cho rang, tii thiic la nhiing ngudi CO tinh thin phan bipn xa hpi; tri thiic la ngudi lao ddng tri dc, cd trinh dp hpc van cao, tao ra nhiing san phim tinh thin va vat chit co gia tti dii vdi xa hpi. Trong cac quan niem do, quan niem coi tri thiic \k ngudi lao dpng tin 6c, co trinh dp hpc vin cao, tao ra nhung san phim tinh than vk vat chit CO gia tri ddi vdi xa hpi la quan niem hpp ly hon ca.
Tur khoa: Tri thuc, lao dpng tri 6c, hpc van.
Ph&n loai nganh: Triet hpc
Abstract: There are many different notions and definitions of intellectuals at present, one of which deems that they are the ones who possess a high level of education. Another definition holds that intellectuals are those who do the brainwork, and shall be moral people. Others define intellectuals as people with the spirit of providing social feedback, or, in other words, having critical thinking.
One more definition to be listed, which is also the most rational one, is that intellectuals are those who do the brainwork, being highly educated, creating valuable spiritual and material products for the society.
Keywords: Intellectuals, brainwork, education.
Subject classification: Philosophy 1. Gioi thieu
Tri thirc khdng phai la mgt khai niem mdi.
Cho ddn nay, ed kha nhieu dinh nghTa vd tri thiic. Mdi dinh nghTa ve tri thiic nhin mgnh mgt tieu chi nao do hoae cd each didn dgt ridng. Co thd khai quat thanh 5 loai quan nidm ea ban sau: tri thire la ngudi cd mdt
trinh dg hge van eao; tri thiic la ngudi lao ddng tri de; tri thire la ngudi cd dao diic; tri thiic la ngudi cd tinh than phan bidn; tri thiic la ngudi lao dgng tri dc, cd trinh dp hge van cao, tgo ra nhung san p h i m tinh thin va vat chat cd gia tri ddi vdi xa hgi.
Bai viet nay phan tich cu thd hon 5 quan niem dd vd tri thiie.
Le Thi Su 2. Quan niSm coi tri thirc la nguM co
trinh do hoc van cao
Mdt so tac gia cho rang tri thiic la nhiing ngudi cd mdt trinh do hgc van eao. Chang ban, ed tae gia viet: ddi ngii tri thiic cua Viet Nam ngay eang ddng dao, dugc tao thanh tir gan 70 vgn ngudi cd trinh do dai hgc va trdn dgi hgc, la luc lugng dang va se CO nhieu dong gdp to ldn vao su nghidp cdng nghidp hda, hidn dai hda dat nude; tn thiic la eac nha khoa hgc trdn tat ca eac ITnh VUC, bao gdm cac nha nghien ciru khoa hgc tu nhidn, cac nha nghien ciru khoa hgc xa hdi, cac kidn tnic su, cdng trinh su, bac sy, giao vidn [14, tr.236]. Theo mdt sd tae gia khac, dau hidu nhan biet eo ban ciia tri thiic la lao dgng tri tue, cd chuydn mdn sSu va co hgc van cao [22, tr.l3]. Co tdc gia cho ring, trong thdi dgi ngay nay, tri thiic la nhiing ngudi ed trinh dp cao dang, dai hgc trd ldn.
Quan niem nay thudng dugc thira nhan trong vide thong kd va phan loai dan cu.
"Co ti-)nh do cao dang, dai hgc trd ldn" la dgc diem dd nhSn dang va dd khu bidt, dd phuc vy cho viec thdng kd. Tuy nhidn, quan nidm nay lai cd didm bat cap. Bdi vi, ndu chi can cii trdn bang cap "ngudi cd trinh dp cao dang, dai hgc trd ldn" (gia sii bang cap phan anh diing trinh do hgc van) dd phan loai va nhan didn mgt ai do la trf thirc thi khdng day dii. Nhirng ngudi cd bang cao dang, dgi hgc trd len neu khong sir dung tri thiic chuyen mdn da hge do ehi lam nhiing cdng vide gian dem, thi khong phai la tri thirc. Vi dy, cac cu nhan sau khi tdt nghidp dai hge ndu khdng tim dugc vide lam dung chuyen mdn, ma phai di lam cdng viec lao dgng tay chan (nhu lam xe dm, di nia bat thud, di phat td rai, di lam phu ho hay di lam cdng nhan trong cac nha may), thi khdng thd ggi la tri thiic. Nhiing kien thiic chuydn mdn hg thu nhan dugc trong qua
trinh hge tap dan mai mdt, roi rung trong qua trinh lao ddng chan tay hang ngay. Vi du, d Viet Nam hidn nay cd ban 225 nghin ngudi cd trinh do tur dai hgc tro len dang that nghiep [28]. Nhiing ngudi nay khdng phai la tri thirc. Ngay ea nhung ngudi co bang cu nhan, thgc sT, tien sT, Iam trong cac ca quan nha nude, nhung do chi lam cac vide gian don nhu cac nhan vien khdng cd bang eu nhan, thac sT, tidn sT, ndn hg eiing khdng phai la tri thiic.
Trong xa hdi, nhidu ngudi chua dat trinh do hgc van cao, khdng cd bang eao dang, cu nhan, thac sT, tidn sT, nhung do ban ti'nh thdng minh, ham hgc hdi, ndn da sang tao ra nhiing san pham cd gia tri, cd y nghTa thiet thuc phuc vy dugc nhiing yeu cau ciia boat ddng thuc tien. Vi du, ndng dan Tran Qudc Hai da chd tgo thanh cdng may bay tryc thang vdi mong mudn cd may bay de bon phan cho ddng mgng; ndng dan Nguyen Qudc Hoa d thanh phd Thai Binh da che tao thanh cdng tau ngam vdi muc dich bao ve ehii quyen bien dao ciia To qudc; ndng dan Huynh Thai Duong da chd tao thanh cong may bdc vd, taeh hgt bap;
ndng dan Nguyen Van Diing d Chau Phii - An Giang da che tgo ra hang loat may nong ngliiep (nhu may gat lua chdng that thoat, may phun xit thudc kdt hgp gieo hat, may diet ray). Nhiing ket qua hg dat dugc dem lai nhiing thay ddi ldn, cai tien ro ret, mang lai hieu qua kinh td cao cho xa hgi. Nhirng lao ddng sang tao do can dugc nhan rdng trong cac tang Idp nhan dan. Hg khdng cd bang cao dang, dai hgc, thac sT, tien sT, nhung lai co tinh tri thiic hon nhieu ngudi ed bang cao dang, cu nhan, thac sT, tidn sT.
Nhu vay, quan niem lay bang cap lam tieu chi de nhan didn tii thiie khdng phan anh het nhiing bidu hien cy thd ciia tri thiic trong xa hgi. Tuy nhien, quan niem nay lgi
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v-hn, hnn xa hoi Viet Nam, s6 11 - 2018
dang rat ph6 bifa 6 Viet Nam ca tni6c day 3. Quan m?m coi tri thirc li nguM lao va hien nay. Mot trong nhiing can nguyen aong tn oc
sau xa dan t4i viec lay bang cap de danh gia
nguoi tri thiic chinh la tu tuong trong bang j^^^y ^^^^ ^ ^ ^g j ^ „ tri, trinh do khoa cap, tu tucmg nay da an sau trong tu duy j^^^. .^,^ ^^j^g ^gj^j j j ^^^^ ^jng cao hon rat ciia nhiiu nguai Viet Nam tvt xua tdi nay. jjjj;*^ ^^ y^i tnj^c ^jy. vi vay, m5t s6 Quan niem trong bang cip da va dang gay ^g^^j (-ho ring, tri thiic phai la ngucri lao ra nhiSu he luy tieu cue, tao ra nhihig van ^jg^g tri 6c. Ching h?n, mot so tie gia cho nan, nhu: btog gia, hoc gia bing that, tiSn si jj^^g^ viec nhSn biSt nguM tri thiic can can giiy, benh thanh tich, hoc ho thi hO, mua ^u vao tinh sdng tao cua ho trong qua ttinh di8m, chay diSm, chay thiy, chay trucmg. [JQ dgng tri 6c phiic tap, gia tri ciia nhiing Nhung b$nh nay dang ngay cang trim trpng san phim khoa hoc. Nhiing nguai co bang va dang bao dong a Viet Nam. cip chua phai la tri thiic dung nghia, neu Tri thilc phai c6 trinh do hoc vin cao trong thuc tS, lao dpng nghe nghiep ciia hp hon nguoi khong phai la tri thiic. Vay, khong co y8u 16 tri tue sang tao, ma chi la trong dieu kien ngay nay, trinh dp hpc vin mot dang lao dong tri 6c khac (lao dpng tri t6i thiSu phai 6 miic nao moi duoc coi la tri 6c gian dan, thita hanh). Doi voi tri thiic, thiic? Ngay tit nam 1947, H6 Chi Mmh da diSu quan trpng la qua trinh lao dpng sang dS cap dSn trinh dp hpc vin t8i thiju ciia tri tao, ling dung cac Iy thuyet chuyen mon thiic. Trong tic phim "Sua d6i 16i lam trong diSu kien thuc te va dupe xa hpi thia viec", H6 Chi Minh viet; "Tri thiic la gi?
Tri thiic la hiSu biSt. Trong the gioi chi co hai thii hilu biSt: mpt la hiSu biit su tranh diu smh san. Khpa hpc tu nhien dp dp ma ra. Hai li hiiu biit tranh dau dan tpc vi tranh diu xa hpi. Khoa hpc xa hpi do do ma
nhan. ISIhiing ngucri hiy chua c6 bang cap eao nhung lao dpng bing tri tue va c6 tinh sang tao thi c6 thi duoc coi la nhOng iigucri tri thurc. Van bing chi la chiing nhan ve nrat trinh dp hpc van. Nhiing nguoi tri thiic phai duoc xa hpi kiim dinh chit lupng thong ra. Ngoai hai cai do khong c6 tri thiic nao qua lao dpng sing tao trong boat dpng thuc khic. Mpt nguoi hpc xong dai hpc, c6 the
gpi la c6 tri thiic. Song, y khong biet cay rupng, khong biet iam cong, khong biet dinh giac, khong biet lam nhieu viec khic.
N6i tom lai: cong viec thuc te y khong biet gi ca. The la y chi co tri thiic mgt nira. Tri thiic cua y la tri thiic hpc sich, chua phai tri thiic hoin toan. Y muon thatih mpt nguai tri thiic hpan toan thi phai dem cai tri thiic do ap dung vao trong thuc te" [13, tr.275].
Nhu vay, theo Ho Chi Minh, ngucri nao niu chi hpc xong dai hpc (c6 bang cu nhan), hoac c6 trinh dp hpc vin tuong xiing cii nhan (du khong e6 bang dai hpc) thi chua phai la tri thuc.
tien. Theo Mai Ha, c6 tri thiic mai chi 1 diiu kien cin, lao dpng sang tap bang tri thiic va duac xa hpi cong nhan la dieu kien dli di tro thanh nha tri thiic [6]. NhOng nguai CO tri thiic neu chi kiem song hiing nhiing each tbiic khong sang tao ra tri thiic thi khong thi goi la nha tri thiic. Ngucri tri thiic thi phai gan vai lao dpng tri 6c mang tinh sing tao. Theo Phan Thanh Khoi, hpc vin chi la mpt dieu kien can chii chua du.
Nhiing nguai co trinh dp cao dang, dai hpc, tham gia lao dpng tri 6c, c6 lao dpng sang tap khoa hpc thi mai duac coi la tri thic Nhung san pham lao dpng duac xa hpi h6a duac ling dung trong qua trinh thuc tien, th
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Le Thi Sy dd mdi thuc sy la su sang tao ciia ngudi tri
thiic. Tri thirc phai la nhiing ngudi cd thue hgc, thuc luc, thue tai, cd nang lyc tu dao tgo mdt each chu ddng, cd nhan each (ca dire va tai hoan ehinh), cd phuang phap va ban ITnh, cd sang tgo ddc lap, trgng chan 1^
va tdn trgng dgo 1;?. Ngudi nhu vay mdi la tiitiiuc[I3].
Nhiing ngudi lao ddng trf dc la ai? Lam vide gi thi dugc ggi la lao dgng tri dc, lam vide gi thi dugc ggi la lao dgng chan tay (khdng phai la lao ddng tri dc)? Cac cii nhan, ky su, thac sT, tidn sT lam vide tren ddng rudng, trong nha may la lao ddng tri de hay la lao dgng chan tay? Neu cho ring vi hg lao ddng chan tay nen hg khdng la tri thire, thi can djnh rd tidu chi phan bidt lao dgng chan tay vdi lao ddng tri dc, Dieu nay ehua cd edng trinh nghidn cihi nao tra ldi ro rang. Trong dieu kien cua khoa hge va cdng nghe nhu hien nay, dgi da sd cac cdng viee trong xa hgi chu yeu dugc thuc hien gian tiep qua may mdc, lao dgng chan tay giam xudng, lao ddng tri 6c tang len. Tuy nhien, khdng phai ai lao ddng tri de ddu la tn thiic, ma chi nhiing ngudi lao ddng tri dc mang tinh doe lap, sang tao moi la tri thiic.
Nhiing ngudi tuy lao dgng bang may mdc nhung lao ddng lap lgi, khong tgo ra dugc tri thiic mdi, thi khdng phai la trf thirc. Hon the niia, qua trinh lao ddng ciia mdt ngudi rat dd thay doi. Mdt ngudi lao dgng khdng nhat thiet chi dam nhan mdt cdng viec. Mgt cir nhan tuy lam nhiing cdng vide gian don, nhung cd the tim dugc cdng vide dung vdi chuyen mdn dugc dao tgo. Hogc mdt lao ddng vao thdi diem nay dang dam nhgn nhiing cdng vide ft mang tfnh sang tgo, nhung sau do dugc bd trf d mgt vi trf cdng vide mang tinh sang tgo cao. Hay mdt ngudi tuy lao dgng gian don, nhung ddn mgt liic nao do, lgi lao ddng mang tinh sang tao. Va ngugc Iai, mgt ngudi ban dau lao ddng tri
dc, sang tao cao, nhung sau do lai lao ddng gian dan, lap lgi. N h u vgy, tieu chf vd lao dgng tri 6c mang tfnh sang tgo cao la tidu chf mang tfnh dinh tfnh va tuong ddi. Ndu dua theo tieu chf nay de xac dinh ai la tri thiic va ai khdng la t n thiic thi se het siic khd khan, phiic tap. That kh6 ra soat, xdp ldp dugc ai la tri thirc thuc thy trong xa hgi.
Vi vay, quan nidm cho rang tri thiic phai la ngudi lao dgng tri 6e ciing chua hgp ly^.
4. Q u a n n i e m coi t r i thiic la ngirdi co dao dire
Theo Pham Tat Dong, mgt ngudi trf thiic thi can phai c6 tri thiic va pham chat dao dire tdt dep. Nhiing ngudi tai bam sinh nhung neu thieu nhan c£eh, khdng cdng hien trong thuc tien xa h$i thi khdng phai la trf thiic. Chi co tri thirc chSn chinh mdi dugc thira nhan, tdn trgng. Su khac nhau giira ngudi trf thuc chan chfnh va ngudi c6 hgc van hoac ngudi nam giir tri thiie khoa hgt, nghe thugt ndi chung la d chd, ngudi trf thiic chan chfnh eo nhiing pham ehat dao diic tdt dep. Ngudi trf thiic chan chfnh ludn cdng hidn bang lao dgng tri tue hoac bang tu duy sang tao. Tri thirc khdng chi la ngudi cd hgc van cao tuang xiing vdi thdi dai, ma con la ngudi bang lao ddng tii tue sang tgo cua minh, gan nghd nghidp hay su nghidp ciia minh vdi nhan dan, vdi dan tdc, vdi ly tudng ma minh theo dudi. Hay ndi each khac, ngudi tri thiic chan chfnh cd nhan each hudng thien, hudng ve nhan dan va dan tdc minh. Su kdt hgp giira hieu bidt va luong tri ehinh la dgc tinh cua ngudi tri thiic chan chfnh; dd la tidu chf can ban de phan biet giua tri thiic chan chfnh va tri thiic khdng chan chinh [3, ti'.129]. Nhu vay, theo y kidn nay, ngudi cd tri thiic la trf thiic, ngudi c6 tri thirc nhung khdng cd luong tri
Khoa hoc xa hgi Viet Nam. s6 11 - 2018 la til thuc khdng chan chinh, ngudi cd tri thiic nhung cd luong tri la tri thiic chan chinh. Theo Dimitii Likhaichev (ngudi dugc tdn vinh la "ngudi giam hg ciia nen van hda Nga", "la luong tam ciia nude Nga"), "chi nhung con ngudi tu do trong diic tin ciia minh, nhung eon ngudi khdng bi Id thudc bdi eae rang budc kmh td, dang phai, quydn chinh, khong phai tuan phye cac khd udc tu tudng mdi thudc vd gidi tri thiic" [15, tr.240]; "Luong tri khdng chi la vi than hd menh eiia nhan pham, no edn la ngudi cim lai cua ty do. Luang tri se tirdng coi dd ty do khdng bi bidn thanh su tuy tien, ma trd cho con ngudi dudng di nude bude dich xac ciia anh ta trong nhiing tinh thd hdn tap eua cudc sdng, nhat la euge sdng hidn dai" [15, tt-.241], "Nha hgc thugt se khdng la tri thirc khi anh ta qua khep ldn trong chuydn mdn cua minh ma qudn di eau hdi: nhimg thanh qua cdng vide ciia aiih ta se dugc ai sir dyng va su dung nhu thd nao?... Trudng hgp it phiic tgp nhSt la khi ngudi ta lam vide phye vy chidn ti-anh hoac tien hanh nhimg thuc nghiem gay nguy hgi
• cho con ngudi hoac gay dau ddn cho cac dgng vat" [15, tr.242]. Nhimg kidn giai nay ehiing td ring, theo Dimitri Likhaichev, ngudi ti-i thitc phai cd nhan each.
5. Quan niem coi t r i thirc la ngirM cd tinh than phan bien xa hoi
Mgt sd tac gia cho rang ngudi tri thitc phai cd tinh thin phan bien xa hdi. Ching han, theo Dang Huu, ngudi tri thirc khdng ehi cd trinh do hgc van cao, cd nang luc sang tgo, ma quan ti-gng hon, phai ed ban ITnh, phdm ehat tdt dep, ludn dem tri thuc phue vy nhan dan, dlu tranh cho tidn bd xa hgi, hanh phiic cua nhan loai. Ngudi tri thiic ban hdt phai la ngudi quan tam va cd chinh kidn
trudc nhftng vkn dd chinh tii, xa hdi ndng bdng cua thdi euge. Bdn phan cua ngudi tri thiJC la trung thue vdi luong tam minh, kien tri ly tudng dugc cdng hidn eho xa hgi, phue vu Td qudc va ca nhan Ioai [11]. Theo Vo Van Thang, bang c i p cao chi la mdt dau hidu, han nira khdng phai la dau hi?u ban chit ciia tri thiic. Tren thuc te, cd nhung ngudi khdng cd bang cap cao, nhung do tu ehit thdng minh, lgi chiu khd hgc hdi, nen cd vdn kidn thiic sau rdng, cd nhieu sang tao va dugc cgng ddng ghi nhgn trong nhung ITnh vuc chuyen mdn nhat dinh nhu la mgt tri thire. V a do vay, ngudi tuy cd hgc v i n hay chuyen mdn cao (kd ea giao sir, tidn sT) nhung v l n khdng phai la nha tri thiic ndu hg la nhiing ke thy dgng tinh than, chip nhgn mdt each de dai nhftng gi dugc dgy, khdng ehiu nd lyc suy nghT chin chan ve nhiing van de xa hgi, khdng ed y kien ddc lap vdi nhung gi dugc nhidu ngudi cdng nhan; cai can cudc ciia tri thiic khdng phai la vi tri cdng vide, ma la thai do, hanh dgng va nhung gia tri ma hg tao ra hoac giu gin, dan than cho nhiing muc tidu cao ca eiia cdng ddng [19]. Tucmg ty nhu vSy, Aristotle ndi; "Ke nao khong tham gia vao vide cong thi phai la siic vat hay than thanh!"; Gian T u Trung ndi: "Tri thiic la nhung ngudi cd sy: hidu bidt va bidt thiic tinh xa hgi"; Cao Huy T h u i n ndi: "Ngudi ti-i thiie la ngudi khdng dd eho xa hgi ngu";
Nguydn Hue Chi ndi: "Da la tri thiic thi phai la ngudi cd tim, cd ti-ach nhiem va nghTa vy xa hdi" [27]. Nhiing tae gia nay deu coi trach nhiem xa hgi, tinh phan bien la dac didm eiia tri thiic, theo hg, mdt ngucri tuy cd hieu biet ma khdng cd dae trung nay thi khdng dugc eoi la ti-i thiic. Phan Dhih Didu cho ring, dii CT phuang TSy hay d phuang Ddng, ngudi tri thiic d dau va bao gid cung la ngudi cd hgc v i n cao va cd y thiic trach nhidm sau s i c doi vdi su tidn bo
ciia xa hdi ma minh dang sdng. Tri thiic la nhirng ngudi xuat than Dr tirong ting ldp lao dgng tri 6c, nhung khdng phai mgi ngudi lao ddng tri 6c deu la tri thiic. Dac didm ciia ngudi tri thiic la cai y thirc "vii try giai ngd phan su" (xem mgi vide trong "trdi dat", trong xa hdi cung la viec cua chfnh minh), cai y thiic ludn "xd rd" vao nhung chuydn tudng chimg nhu khdng lien quan gi ddn hg ma xem do chfnh la chuydn cua minh, chfnh cai y thiic dd lam eho hg trd thanh tri thuc [24]. Theo Chu Hao: "Khai nidm vd trf thiic d day eon rat chung chung. Didu nay khidn ngudi ta hidu trf thirc don gian chu ydu chi la ngudi cd trinh dg hge van duge do bing cac loai bang cap. Thuc ra, bing cip chi la dieu kidn can chir chua du"; dieu kidn dii de mgt ngudi cd trinh do hgc van cao dugc coi la tri thiic la d ehd, ngudi d6 phai "quan tam den nhiing van dd ndng bdng ciia ddi sdng xa hgi va phai c6 chfnh kidn trude eae van dd do", "tri thiic phai la ngudi c6 nang luc phe phan va hudng dSn du luan" [25].
Ben canh nhirng quan niem cho rang ngudi tri thiic phai c6 tinh than phan bidn xa hdi, cung cd quan niem cho ring ngudi tri thiic khdng nhit thiet phai c6 tinh thin phan bien xa hdi. Chang hgn, Ngd Bao Chau vidt: "Tdi khdng ddng y vdi viec coi phan bien xa hgi nhu chi tieu dd dugc phong ham tri thiic. Ddn bao gid chiing ta mdi thdi thi dua dd dugc phong ham tri thiic? Doi vdi tdi, tri thirc la ngudi lao dgng tii 6c. Ciing nhu nhirng ngudi lao dgng khac, anh ta can dugc danh gia trudc hdt tren ket qua lao dgng eiia minh. Theo quan nidm cua tdi, gia tri eiia tri thiic la gia tri cua san phim ma anh ta Iam ra, khdng lien quan gi ddn vai tiro phan bidn xa hdi" [26].
Nhu vay, theo Ngd Bao Chau, ngudi tri thiic la ngudi lao dgng tri dc, khdng nhit thiet phai la ngudi cd trach nhiem xa hdi.
6. Quan niem coi tri thirc la ngirdi lao dgng tri 6c, co trinh do hgc van cao, tao ra nhung san pham tinh than va vat chat CO gia tri doi voi xa hoi
Theo Nguyen Thanh Tuan, khdng ndn xac dinh ve tri thiic gan lidn vdi mgl tidu chf cy the nao dd. Vi du, khdng thd dgt diu bing giiia tri thuc va lao dgng tri dc. Lao dgng Clia cae vien chiic la lao dgng tri 6c, nhung khdng phai tit ca vidn chiic ddu la tri thiic.
Tri thirc chi la nhirng dgi bidu cua nhirng nghe ty do noi chung, cac dai bidu cua lao ddng trf dc chii khdng phai tit ca nhftng ngudi lao ddng tri 6c. Trinh do dai hgc, hoae tieu chf vd hgc van khdng phai la tieu ehuan quydt dinh ban chit dae thu eua trf thiic. Va ciing khdng thd quan niem ring, chi cd nhirng kd sT c6 siic sang tao va c6 cdng hidn cho xa hgi mdi la tri thire. Dac trung quydt dinh nhat ting ldp tri thiic la sang tgo khoa hgc va nghe thuat trdn ca sd quan nidm tridt hgc rieng, kien diiic he thdng va phuang phap lao ddng khoa hgc [21, ti-.8- 9]. Theo Phan Trgng Thudng, dd nhgn didn tri thirc, can e6 nhidu tieu chi va phai kdt hgp nliieu tidu chf. Co the ke ddn cac tidu chf nhu: trf thiic la ngudi lao ddng lao ddng tri dc, sang tao, cd trinh do hgc van nhat dinh; c6 tu duy lao ddng sang tao, cd hoai nghi khoa hgc, ft co kha nang ty vd do tfnh chat ca nhan ti-ong lao dgng [20, tr.9]. Theo Dam Diic Vugng, tri thirc cd nhidu tieu chf.
Trf thiic la mgt luc lugng xa hdi, gdm nhung ngudi lao dgng tri dc, cd hgc vin chuyen mdn can thiet cho nganh ciia minh, c6 trinh do phat tridn vd tri tue, nhay ben vdi cai mdi va quan tam den doi mdi va phat trien; c6 trinh dg dai hgc va tucmg duong ti-d len [23, tr.22]. Theo Dang Quang Dinh, tri thiie la mgt ting ldp xa hgi co
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Khoa hgc xa hpi Vigt Nam, s6 II - 2018 tiinh do hge vin cao, lao ddng san xuat tinh thin la chu ydu, nhim sang tao tri thiic khoa hge mdi, truyen ba va thye nghidm khoa hgc, gdp phin diy nhanh sy phat trien cua xa hdi [5].
Dang Cdng san Viet Nam eho ring: "Tri thiie la nhiing ngudi lao ddng tri 6c, co tiinh do hgc vin cao vd ITnh vye chuydn mdn nhit djnh, ed nang lyc tu duy dgc lap, sang tao, tiruydn ba va iam giau tri thiie, tgo ra nhftng san phim tinh than va vat chat ed gia tri ddi vdi xa hdi" [10, ti-.82]. Nhu vay, theo quan nidm ciia Dang Cdng san Viet Nam, tri thirc cd nhidu dac diem, trong dd, tri thiic phai la ngudi lao ddng tri de, cd trinh do hgc van eao, tgo ra nhftng san phim tinh than va vat chat cd gia tri ddi vdi xa hgi. Day la quan nidm hgp ly ban ca.
7. Kit luan
Tri thirc la mgt chii de da va dang duge quan tam nghidn cim. Cho ddn nay, khai nidm "tri thiic" chua duge dinh nghia thdng nhat. Hidn dang cd nhidu quan nidm khac nhau ve tii thuc. Mdi quan nidm ddu cd tinh hgp ly nhat dinh. Tren day, chiing tdi phan loai tuang ddi thanh 5 quan nidm vd ti-i thirc. Trong do, quan niem thu nam ed nhidu ydu td hgp ly han.
Chu thich
^Alvin Toffler va Heidi Tofflcr dS phac hoa rao hmh nguai lao dgng tri thiJC trong thcri dai hau cong nghiep hien nay. Trong nen van minh hau cong nghi?p nay, thay vi dit dai, lao dgng gian don, nguyen li?u va v6n la nhung nhan t6 chu y6u nhu trong hai lan song qua khii, thi tri thuc, bao gom du
li$u, thong tin, hinh anh, ky hi?u vSn hoa, h? tu tudng va gia tri, mcfi la ngu5n l\rc trung tara cua nen kinh tS. Ong viet: "Tri thiic xet vh mgi phuong dien d^ukh6ng the khai thic cankiet dugc" [l,tr.83]; gid tri cua cac hSng trong lan song van minh thur ba "the hi?n nhiSu hem trong nang lyc ma cac hang nay thu thip, sdng tao, phan phoi va ung dyng cac tri thiic, ca vk mat chien luge ciing nhu ve dieu hanh" [1, tr.84]; "cac n&i kinh t£ lan song thii ba se yeu cSu (vk khich ie, c6 vu) mpt loai hinh again lao d0ng dugc d4o tgo hki ban va khong ngimg dugc / tu dao tao lai, ham thich suy nghT, dS ra cau hoi, tim toi cai mdi va dam chiu nii ro trong kinh doanh, mgt ngucri lao dgng khong dl thay th6. Noi each khae, lan song thii ba se uu dai cac c4 tinh, nhung ca tinh nay khong nhSt thi6t tuong tu nhu chii nghia ca nhSn" [1, tr.l77]. M5c dii khong true tiap ban vh tri thiic nhung vcri nhung luan diem viia neu tren, co the suy doan riing, theo hai tac gia nay, dac namg ban chat Clia ngudi tri thiic la lao dgng tri dc raang tinh sing tao, tu duy dgc lap. Dau hieu ban chat eua tri thiic khong phai li bing cap. Ngudi co bang c3p cao nhung chi lao dgng giin dem, lao dong co tinh I3p lai, bit ehudc, thiiu tinh sang tao, thi khong the la tri thiic. Cac tri thiic trong xa hpi la ngudi y thiic dugc vi tri, trach nhi?m cua minh doi vdi xS hgi.
Tai lieu tham khao
[1] Alvin Toffler (2002), Ldn sdng vdn minh thu ba, Nxb Thanh nien. Hi Ngi.
[2] Nguyin Qudc Bao va Doan Thi Lich (1998), Tri thuc trong cdng cugc doi mai ddt nude, Nxb Lao d^ng. Hi Npi.
[3] Ph^m Tit Dong (2001), Dinh hudng phdt tnin dpi ngS tri thdc Viet Nam trong cdng nghi?p hoa. hi?n dgi hoa, Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia.
Hi Ngi.
[4] Dang Cgng san Vi?t Nam (2008), Van ki$n Hgi nghf ldn thu bdy. Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uang khda X, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia. Hi Ndi
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[5] Dang Quang Dinh (2010). Quan he lgi ich kinh le giua cdng nhdn, ndng ddn vd tri thuc d Viet Nam hien nay. Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia. Ha Ngi.
[6] Mai Ha (2008), "Tri thiic trong phat tiihn kinh te - xa hpi va hgi nhap quoc te". Tap chi Khoa hpc & Td quoc, so 5.
[7] Tham Vinh Hoa, Ngo Quoc Dieu (chii bien) (1996), Tdn trong tri thuc, tdn trpng nhdn tdi:
ke lan tram nam chdn hung ddt nuac, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia. Ha Noi.
[8] Nguyin D i e Hung (2005), Tri thirc Vi^t Nam truac yeu cdu phdt trien ddt nu&c, Nxb Chinh tri qude gia. H i Ngi.
[9] Nguyin D i e Hung (2008), Tri thuc Vi^t Nam tien ciing thai dgi. Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia.
H i Ngi.
[10] Nguyin D i e Hung (2009), Tri thuc Viet Nam budc vdo thdi ky hpi nhdp, Nxb Dai hpc Quoc gia. Ha Noi.
[11] D i n g Huu (2008), "Dpi ngu tri thiic trong thdi ky eong nghi?p hda, hien dai hoa v i phat liien kinh tS tri thiic". Tap chi Ly ludn Chinh tri, s6 7.
[12] Phan Thanh Khoi (2003), Phdt huy vai trd cda ngudn luc tri thuc khoa hoc xa hpi vd nhdn van trong Qudn dgi nhdn ddn Viet Nam hien nay.
Nxb Chinh trj qudc gia. H i Npi.
[13] H6 Chi Minh (2011), Todn tap. t.5, Nxb Chinh trj quoc gia. Ha Ngi.
[14] Do Mudi (1995), Tri thirc Viet Nam trong su nghiep doi mdi, xdy dung ddt nude. Nxb Chinh t n quoc gia. Ha Ngi.
[15] Nhiau tac gia (2009), Vi tri thuc Nga. Nxb Tri thiic. H i Npi.
[16] NhiSu t i c gia (2013), Nhdn tdi - Ngudn ldi nguyen so 1, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, H i Npi.
[17] Peter F. Dmcker (2003), Tinh hoa qudn Ui cua Dnicker. Nxb Tre, Tp. H6 Chi Minh.
[18] N g u y i n Van San (2002), Tri thirc gido due dgi hoc Viet Nam thai ky day mgnh cdng nghiep hda. hien dgi hda, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha Ngi.
[19] Vd Y i n T h i n g (2013), "Phit huy vai tro ciia ddi ngu tri thiic trong thdi ky eong nghiep hoa, hien d^i hoa v i hpi nhap quoc te". Tap chi
Triet hgc, sd 2 (261).
[20] Phan Trgng Thudng (2008), "Nhan dien tri thiic v i ragt so de xuat xung quanh de an xay dung dpi ngii tri thiic", Tap ehi Khoa hpc vd Td quoc, sd 6.
[21] Nguyen Thanh Tuan (1998), Mpt sd vdn de ve tri Ihuc Viet Nam, Nxb Chinh trj quoc gia.
Ha Npi.
[22] Vien Khoa hpc G i i o due Viet Nara (2010), Kinh nghiem cua mgl sd nude ve phdt trien gido due vd ddo tgo, khoa hgc vd cdng nghi gdn vdi xdy dung dgi ngii tri thdc, Nxb Chinh Iri quoc gia. Ha Ngi.
[23] D i m Diic Vugng (2010), Bdo cdo tdng hgp ket qud nghien cuu de tdi xdy dung ddi ngu tri thuc Viel Nam giai dogn 2011 - 2020, Ha Ngi.
[24] htlp://tiasang.com.vn/-dien-dan/lam-ban-ve-tri- thuc-32, truy cap ngay 17/6/2008 [25] https://dantri.com.vn/xa-hoi/khong-co-tu-duy-
phan-bien-khong-phai-la-tii-thuc- 1220207960.htm, truy cap ngiy 30/8/2008.
[26] https://thanhnien.vn/gioi-tre/the-nao-la-tri- thuc^37024.btml, truy cap ngay 27/01/2012.
[27] https://baomoi.com/nghia-hien-nay-cua-tu-tri- thuc/c/7802476 epi,_tmy cap ngiy 02/02/2012 [28] http://www.khoahocvacongngheviemam.com.
vn/khcn-trung-uong/11709-dao-tao-boi-duong- nhan-Iuc-khacn-doi-moi-tu-each-lam.htral, truy cap ngay 08/4/2016.
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