KINH NGHIEM Q U O C TE
MO HiNH THANH TRA QUOC HQI CUA THUY DIEN, PHAN IAN VA CAC GlA TRI THAM KHAO DOI VQ!l VllT NAM'
D6 Qui Hoang * Thai Thi Thu Trang **
'ThS. GV Khoa Luat Quoc t^. Pai hoc Luat Ha Noi.
**ThS. GV Khoa Hanh chi'nh - Nha nUdc. Pai hoc Lugt Ha Noi.
ThoDg tin b^i vilt:
Tie khoa- Thanh tra Quoc hpi, ca quan nhan quyen, kiem sodt quySn lyc. Ombudsman, NHRIs.
Lich sir bai viet:
Nhan bai: 11/06/2017 Bientap: 19/07/2017 Duygt bai: 26/07/2017
T 6 m t a t :
Bai viSt phan tich m6 hinh Thanh tra Quoc hoi (Parliamentary Ombudsman) d Thyy Diln vk Phin Lan, neu len mot so gifi tri m^
ViSt Nam c6 the tham khio.
Article Infomation:
K^nvords: Parliamentary Ombudsman, human right agency, power conlrol. Ombudsman, NHRIs.
Article History Received: 11 Jun. 2017 Edited: 19 Jul. 2017 Appproved: 26 Jul. 2017
Abstract:
The article provides analysis of the model of the Parliamentary Ombudsman in Sweden and Finland, and points out the values as reference for Vietnam.
I. M6 hinh thanh tra Quoc hoi Thuy Bi^n va Phin Lan
1.1 Md hinh thanh tra Qudc hoi Thfiy Bien
Thgy Difin la qudc gia dugc biet den
nhu la "cdi ndi" cfta md hinh Thanh tra Qudc hOi. Theo lich sft, vdo ndm 1697, khi Charles Dgi dfi XII ttd thanh Qudc vuong cua Thuy Difin, md hinh Thanh tta Ombudsman ldn diu tifin da dugc hinh thanh. Tft dd, ca sd
Bai viet dugc thuc hi?n trong khufin kho De tai edp ca sa "Vj tri, vai tto ciia Thanh tra Qu6c hoi trong co ch4 ki&n sokt quy€n luc a mpt so nhh nudc phkp quyen hien dai".
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KINH NGHIEM QUOC IE
phdp ly cho viec thanh lap vd hoat ddng cfta md hinh Thanh tra Qudc hdi cfta Thuy Dien dugc ghi nhdn tai nhieu van bdn phdp ly. Ddu tifin, md hinh ndy dugc ghi nhdn tgi Hien phdp Thuy Difin. Theo dd, Qudc hdi cd quyfin thifit lap mOt hoac nhieu Thanh tta Qaoc hOi vd quy dinh thdm quyen cho thiet che nay^. De cu thfi hda cac quy dinh cfta Hifin phap, md hinh Thanh tta Qudc hdi cdn dugc difiu chinh ttong mOt dao luat chuyen bifit: Dao luat ve Qudc hOi (The Riksdag Act). Trong dao luat rieng biet nay, tham quyen cua Thanh tta Qudc hOi da dugc de cap kha cht tiet\ Dgo lugt da lam ro them cdc nhiem vy, each thftc hogt dOng, phuong thftc td chftc va nghTa vu bao cao ciing nhu mdt logt cdc hudng ddn quan ttgng khac cho Thanh tta Qudc hOi Thyy Difin. Ngoai ra, thifit chfi Thanh tra Qudc hOi cdn dugc quy dinh tai mOt sd van bdn khdc nhu Hudng dan hdnh chinh ddnh cho Thanh tta Qudc hdi;
Dao ludt ve truy cap cdng ddi vdi cdc thdng tin va bi mat, v.v. Nhu vdy, cd thfi nhdn thay, CO sd phap ly cho su tdn tgi vd hogt dOng cfta md hinh Thanh tra Qudc hOi Thuy Difin tuang ddi toan dien va ddng bO, giup cho thifit chfi Thanh tta Quoc hoi ldm vific dftng dan, hifiu qua, tranh dugc nhimg sai sdt, lara quyfin hay cac vi pham khdng ddng cd ttong qud tiinh boat ddng.
Vai tro cua Thanh tra Quoc hpi Thanh tta Qudc hOi cfta Thuy Dien ddng vai trd nhu mOt try cOt ttong vin dfi kiem sodt quyfin lyc cua Qudc hdi cung nhu cdc ca quan khac. Kifim sodt quyen luc dugc coi la nhiem vu ldn nhdt, quan ttgng nhdt md Thanh tra Qudc hOi thuc hien. Vai ttd kifim
soat quyfin luc cua Thanh tta Qudc hdi thfi hifin d nhiing diem sau:
Thir nhdt, xem xet, danh gid lai nhung hogt dgng cfta Qudc hdi vd Chinh phft.
Theo dd, Thanh tra Qudc hOi cd quyfin dgt ra nhiing cau hdi chat van ddi vdi todn the Chinh phft, Uy ban Hifin phdp cfta Qudc hdi...; kifim tra lgi nhiing vific ldm cfta cdc BO trudng cung nhu cdc quyfit dinh xu ly cdng vific cfta Chinh phft...; thdm chi, ttong nhifiu trudng hgp, Thanh tta Qudc hdi cdn cd thfi tifin hdnh mOt cuOc bd phifiu bat tin nhifim ddi vdi cdc BO trudng ttong Ndi cac;
Thu hai, Thanh tta CJudc hdi cd quyen kifim scat cdc boat dOng tu phdp nhim ddm bdo ring cdc ca quan cfta Chinh phft ndi chung vd cdc ca quan tu phdp ndi rieng ddi xft binh ddng vdi cdng ddn theo dftng cdc quy dinh cua phdp ludt;
Thu ba, kifim todn cdc boat ddng tdi chinh cfta Nha nudc. Nhifim vy ndy dugc tifin hdnh bdi mOt Van phdng Kifim toan qudc gia rifing bifit cd su tham gia cfta cdc Thanh tta vifin vdi chftc nang danh gid hifiu qud nhftng ngudn vdn md Chinh phft da su dyng Cling nhu cdch thftc chftng dugc sft dyng nhu the nao... Cd thfi thiy, thim quyen cua cdc Thanh tta Qudc hdi cua Thuy Difin tuong ddi rdng, bao triim Ifin cd ba nhanh lap phdp, hanh phdp va tu phap cung nhu ttfin toan bO he thdng chinh quyfin d cd trung uang va dia phuang. Han nua, chinh vi cdc Thanh tta dugc chi dinh true tifip bdi Qufic hdi nen hg hodn todn dOc lap ttong cdc quyfit dinh cfta minh vd chi phdi bdo cdo, chiu trach nhifim true tiep trudc Qudc hgi.
2 Chuong 13, Dieu 6, Muc KiSm soat Nghi vien, Hi6n ph^p Thuy Di&i.
3 Chuong 8 Dik 11, Chuong 9 DiSu 8 ciia Dao luat vh N ^ vi^n.
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l HOHIEN CUU . I LAP P H A P ^ S o 16(344) T8/2017KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE
Nhifm vu, quyin h^n cua Thanh tra Qudc hpi
Thie nhdt, Thanh tra Qudc hOi Thuy Dien tifip nhdn va gidi quyfit cdc don thu khifiu ngi, phdn nan vh nhftng vdn dfi, nhiing quyet dinh khdng edng hlng cua cac ca quan cdng quyfin tft trung uong dfin dja phuang.
Bdt eft cd nhdn cdng dan ndo cdm thay ring minh bi xft ly sai hay hi ddi xft bat binh ding dfiu cd thfi dfi trinh dan khieu nai tdi Thanh tta Qudc hOi (Complaint Letter - Thu phan nan). Difim thft vi la bat eft ai cung cd quyfin khieu nai tdi Thanh tta Qudc hdi ma khdng nhdt thifit phdi la cdng dan cua Thyy Dien.
Day Id mOt quy dinh rat tien bO va hifiu qua, gdp phan ngan chan va xft ly trifit de tat ca nhftng sai sdt, vi phgm phdt sinh trfin thirc tfi. Bfin cgnh vific tiep nhgn thu ddng cdc dan thu khieu ngi, Thanh tta Qudc hOi cung cd thfi chft dOng khdi xudng mOt thft tyc difiu tta khi thdy cd van dfi phdt sinh.
Thu hai, Thanh tta Qudc hgi cd quyfin khdi td nhiing vy an vi pham thft tyc truy cuu trdeh nhifim ddi vdi cdc quan chftc ve mOt tOi khdng nghifim trgng. Tuy nhien, cdc kfit lugn, y kifin tu vin cfta Thanh tra Quoc hdi khdng mang tinh rang buOc vfi mat phdp ly md chi cd tinh khuyfin nghi. Thanh tta Qudc hdi edn cd quyfin lap bdo cdo ve hdnh vi hay quyfit dinh cfta cac co quan cdng quyfin khdng phft hgp hoge trdi vdi phdp luat hifin hdnh. Thanh tra Qudc hgi cfing cd the de xuat <f kifin tu van nham bao dam su dp dung thdng nhdt va dftng din cac quy dinh cfta phap luat; dfi nghi thay ddi quy che hogt dOng cfta Chinh phft hoac Qudc hOi... Cd thfi thiy, mac dft quyfin hgn cua Thanh tra Qudc hdi tuang ddi rong, tuy nhifin, da phin
nhiing ket luan, y kifin cua Thanh tra Qudc hdi chi mang tinh tham vdn va khuyfin nghi.
Difiu ndy khdng cd y nghia ring, nhftng kfit luan cua Thanh tta (Judc hgi khdng dua lgi gid tri gi trfin thuc tfi. Bdi le chinh nhung y kifin, ket lu^n cfta Thanh tra Qudc hOi se ddng vai trd va la ca sd vd ciing quan ttgng cho Qudc hOi ciing nhu cdc ca quan cd thdm quyfin khdc tifin hdnh nhung thft tyc td tyng tifip theo vfi sau.
Vi to chuc cua Thanh tra Qudc hpi Thanh tra Qudc hOi se do Qudc hOi bdu ra vdi nhifim ky bdn nam vd cd thfi dugc bau lai. Mac dft khdng cd quy dinh chinh thftc rang thdnh vifin Thanh tra Qudc hOi phdi Id mOt ludt gia nhung trfin thuc tfi, cac Thanh tra Qudc hgi Id nhftng ngudi da dugc ddo tao bdi bdn vfi phdp lu^t. Trudc nhiing ndm 1940, ludt phdp Thyy Difin quy dinh chi cd ddn dng mdi cd thfi dugc bau Idm Thanh tra Qudc hgi. Tuy nhifin, cho den nam 1941, quy djnh ndy chinh thftc dugc bai bd va phu nft cd the ttd thanh Thanh tta Qudc hOi. Hifin nay, Van phdng Thanh tta Qudc hgi cfta Thuy Difin cd bdn ngudi, hai Thanh tta vifin la nam va hai Thanh tta vifin Id nu^. Mdi Thanh tra vien phu trach rifing tftng mdng ITnh vuc cua minh vd mOt trong bdn Thanh tra vifin se cd mdt ngudi gift chftc vy Trudng Thanh tta. Trudng Thanh tra chiu trdeh nhifim qudn ly, dua ra quyet dinh vd phan bd cdc ITnh vuc hogt dOng cho cdc Thanh tta vien khdc. Tuy vdy, Trudng Thanh tra cung khdng the can thifip vao hoat dOng trong ITnh vyc cy tiie cua mdt Thanh tta vien khac. Thfim vao dd, mdi Thanh tra vien boat ddng tuang ddi dOc lap va chiu tiich nhiem ca nhdn true tiep trudc Qudc hOi vfi hdnh vi
Tnrdng Thanh tta Quoc h$i Elisabet Fura, Thanh tra v vien Stefan Holgersson
[1 Lars Lindstrflm, Thanh tra viSn Cecilia Renfors, Thanh tra
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cfta minh. Mdi nam, cac Thanh tta vien se phai dfi trinh bao cao thudng nien len Qudc hOi ciing nhu Uy ban thudng true ve Hien phap. Sau dd, cac Thanh tra vifin cung cd thfi phdi dua ra nhung bdo cdo bing van bdn rieng cfta minh nfiu nhu Qudc hOi cd yeu cau ttong timg trudng hgp cu tbfi^
ThfjFC tiin hogt dpng
Thanh tra Qudc hdi Thyy Difin Id md hinh Idu ddi, do do, thifit chfi ndy da ttd nfin than thuOc vdi ngudi dan Thyy Difin. Trfin thuc tfi, Thanh tra Qudc hgi Thuy Difin ludn phdt huy dugc vai ttd cua minh, da gdp phin khdng nhd ttong ca chfi kifim sodt quyfin lyc nhd nudc vd bdo vfi quyfin lgi chinh ddng cho ngudi ddn. Trung binh moi nam, Thatih tra Qudc hOi tiep nhan lugng vu viec Idn, vdi khoang ttfin 5.500 khifiu nai khac nhau ttfin nhifiu ITnh vyc. Trong nam 2014 - 2015, cd 7.358 trudng hgp dugc bdo cdo tdi Thanh tra dfi gidi quyfit, trong dd, 7.143 trudng hgp la do cac cd nhdn gui dfin; 78 trudng hgp dugc ty khdi xudng bdi Thanh tra va 137 trudng hgp lifin quan den ITnh vuc lap phap mdi - ITnh vuc ma Thanh tta Qudc hdi dugc ttao CO hOi dfi thfi hifin y kifin, quan difim cua minh ddi vdi cac dgo ludt cua Cbinh phu. Sang nam 2015 - 2016 cd 8.040 trudng hgp mdi dd dugc gfti tdi Thanh tra Qudc hOi (tang so vdi nam trudc do la 682 trudng hgp (9,3%)^
Kfi til 01/7/2011, Thanh tta Qudc hOi cd thfim mdt don vi dgc bifit true thuOc vdi tfin ggi la dan vi OPCAT vdi nhiem vu gidm sat de ddm bdo cho cac ddi tugng la cd nhdn dang bj tudc doat quyfin ty do than the
khdng hi ddi mgt vdi cdc hinh phgt da man, tra tdn hay cac bifin phdp trftng phgt phi nhdn dgo khac. Sd dT cd su phat sinh ndy ttong e a cau cfta Thanh tta Qudc hOi Id do yfiu cdu tft Nghi dinh thu cfta Cdng udc vfi Chdng tra tin cfta Lifin hiep qudc ndm 2002. Nghj dinh thu ndy yfiu cau cac qufic gia thanh vifin cd nghTa vu trifin khai mOt ea chfi qudc gia dfi theo doi vfi vin de nay. Trfin thuc tfi, thay mat cho cac Thanh tra vifin, don vi OPCAT thudng xuyen cd nhftng chuyfin vifing tham dfin cdc CO sd cd ca nhan bi tudc doat quyfin ty do dfi kiem tta vd bdo cdo vfi vdn de cd hay khdng vific sft dyng nbye binh, tra tan tft phia cdc CO quan nha nudc. Nhu vgy, ttong ca cdu cua Thanh tta Qudc hgi dd dugc tich hgp thfim mOt dan vi thdnh vifin, hogt dOng dOc lap nhung cd chftc nang tuang ty vdi cac Thanh tta vifin. Ddy cung la mOt difim mdi thudng thdy ttong cac md hinh thanh tta hiOn dgi ngay nay.
1.2 Thanh tra Qude hpi Phan Lan Thifit chfi Thanh tra Qudc hOi cfta Phin Lan bit ngudn true tifip tft Thyy Difin vd Id thiet che Thanh tta Qudc hOi lau ddi thft hai ttfin thfi gidi (chi dftng sau Thyy Difin)', Md hinh Thanh tta Qudc hOi cfta Phdn Lan dugc thiet lap tu Hien phap nam 1919 ngay khi qudc gia nay gianh lgi dugc dOc lap sau ban 100 nam cai tri ciia dfi chfi Sa hodng Nga.
Thanh tta vien cfta Qudc hOi Phin Lan ddu tien dugc lya chgn vdo ngdy 19/12/1919, Id dng Erik Alopeus. Ve td chftc, ttong thdi gian ddu, nhifim ky cfta Thanh tra vien la mOt nam. Sau dd, quy dinh vfi nhifim ky da thay ddi thanh ba nam vao nam 1933. Va kfi tft nam 1957 dfin nay, nhiem ky nay dugc
Xem thSm t^i https://www.jo,se/en/About-JO/AimuaI-reports/
Xem them bihn dS t?ii https://www.jo.se/en/About-JO/Statistics/; tmy cap 25/5/2017
Xem them t^i http://www.oikeusasiamies.fi/Resource phx/eoa/english/ombudsman/othercountnes/index.htx; truy c|p 20/4/2017
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l NGHIEH CUU , I L A P P H A P ^ S 6 16(344)18/2017KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE
quy dinh Id bdn naml Ccr s&phdp ly
Thanh tta Qudc hgi Phin Lan dugc Hifin phap nam 1999 quy dinh tai Difiu 38, Chuang 4 (chuang vfi hoat dgng cua Qudc hdi). Ngoai Difiu 38, Thanh tra Qudc hdi cdn dugc de cap tdi tai mOt sd difiu khoan khac nhu Difiu 27, Difiu 109, Difiu 112, Difiu 113... Theo do, Qudc hOi Phdn Lan cd quyen chi dinh mdt Thanh tta Qudc hOi vd hai Phd Thanh tta vdi nhifim ky bdn nam^. Qudc hOi cd thdm quyen lya chgn Trudng Thanh tra va hai Phd Thanh tta. Trudc khi dua ra cho Qudc hOi lua chgn, cdc ftng cu vifin cho chftc vy Thanh tta Qudc hgi se phdi ttdi qua mOt dot sdng Igc dudi hmh thftc bd phifiu kin do Uy ban Hifin phdp tifin hdnh.
Thifit chfi Thanh tta Qudc hOi Phdn Lan cdn dugc cu the hda ttong mgt van bdn rifing bifit, dd la Dgo lugt vfi Thanh tta Qudc hdi (the Parliamentary Ombudsman Act).
Dao luat nay quy dinh thdm quyen gidm sat tinh hgp phap ttong cdc hanh vi cua bO may cdng quyfin; vka de khieu ngi td cao vd vific dieu tra gidi quyet khifiu nai td cao; cdng tac thanh tta, kiem tta; quyfin dua ra sang kifin rifing, v.v...
Nhu vay, gidng nhu md hinh Thanh tta Qudc hdi Thyy Difin, viec tiidnh lgp vd hogt dOng cfta Thanh tra Qudc hOi Phdn Lan cd thfi dugc quy dinh tai nhifiu van kifin phdp ly khdc nhau; tuy nhien, vfi ca bdn, thiet chfi nay ludn phdi dugc hifin dinh tgi van kifin phap ly cd gid tri cao nhat, dd la Hifin phap.
Ddy Cling la difim tuang ddng dfi ddng nhdn thiy ddi vdi Thanh ti^ Qudc hOi tai cac qudc gia dp dyng md hhih nay. Cimg vdi do, dfi
the chfi hod cdc quy dinh ttong Hifin phap, md hinh Thanh tta Qudc hOi tgi ca Thuy Dien vd Phdn Lan cdn dugc dieu chinh ttong mgt (hay mdt s6) dgo luat chuyfin bifit.
Ve vai tro
Thanh tra Qudc hOi cfta Phdn Lan Id CO quan cfta Qudc hdi, hoat ddng dOc lap dfi thuc hifin chftc nang giam sat, thanh tta vd ddnh gid cac hoat dOng cfta bp may cdng quyen. Khac vdi Thuy Difin, mac dft khdng dugc phep tien hanh cac cudc bd phifiu bat tin nhifim ddi vdi cdc Bg trudng trong nOi cdc, nhung vi tri, vai trd vd chftc nang cua md binh Thanh tta Qudc hgi Phan Lan cdn dugc md rfing sang ITnh vyc kifim sodt cdc boat dOng tu phap cfta Tda an nhdm ban chfi hdnh vi Igm quyfin cung nhu nhftng sai pham cua gidi cdng chuc nganh Tda an ddi vdi cac quyfin va nghTa vu ca bdn cfta cdng ddn.
Nhiem vu, quyen hgn
Thie nhdt, Thanh tta Qudc hOi Phan Lan cd nhiem vy gidm sdt tinh hgp phdp ttong hoat ddng cua cac ca quan cdng quyfin va cac cdng chftc ttong bO mdy nhd nudc bao gdm: Chinh phu, ngudi dftng ddu Chinh phu, cac BO trudng, Tda an cdc edp... Vific gidm sdt nham ddm bao ring cac co quan vd cdn bO cdng chftc tuan thft phdp lugt mdt each trifit dfi vd thyc hifin dung din nhifim vy cfta minh. Khdc vdi Thuy Dien, ngodi cdc ca quan ttong bg may nhd nudc, quyfin giam sat cfta Thanh tta Qudc hOi cdn md rgng dfin nhung ITnh vuc hay nhftng cd nhdn khdc khi hg dang thuc hifin cac nhiem vu cd tinh chit cdng'° (vi du nhu cac nhan vien hoat ddng ttong nha thd, cac quy trg cap that nghifip, luong huu hay cdc dfch vy phuc Igi xa hOi,
8 Xem thSm t^ http://www.oikeusasiamies.fi/Resource.phx/eoa/english/ombudsman/history.htx 9 Xemth8mt9iwwwfinlex.fi/fi/laki*aannokset/1999/enl9990731.pdf
10 Xem them tai http://www oikeusasianiies.fi/Resource.phx/eoa/engIish/lawlinks/act-ombudsman htx
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bdo hifim...).
Thu hai, dfi dgt dugc hi?u qua gidm sat, cftng gidng vdi Thyy Difin, phdp ludt Phdn Lan trao cho Thanh tta Qudc hOi quyfin dugc tiep nhgn va gidi quyet cac dan thu khieu ngi vfi hogt dOng cdc ca quan cdng quyen tft trung uang dfin dia phuang. Theo quy dinh cua Difiu 2 Dao luat vfi Thanh tra Qudc hOi, bat ky ca nhan nao ciing dfiu cd thfi nOp dan khifiu ngi tdi Thanh tta Qudc hdi de phan dnh vfi hdnh vi vi phgm phap lugt cua CO quan cdng quyfin hay mOt quan chftc nao dd, cd thfi Id khifiu ngi cho chinh ban than minh nhung cung cd thfi thuc hi^n khieu ngi thay cho ngudi khdc hoge cung vdi nhung ngudi khdc (khifiu ngi tdp thfi). Ngudi gfti dan khieu nai khdng nhit thifit phai la cdng dan Phan Lan.
TTiir ba, ngodi nhiem vy, quyen han nfiu ttfin, Thanh tta Qudc hOi Phdn Lan cdn nhiem vy gidm sat vific ddm bdo thyc hiOn cdc quyfin ca bdn cua con ngudi. Difiu ndy da dugc chinh tiiftc ghi nhdn ke tft khi Phdn Lan sua ddi Hien phap vdo nam 1995. Cftng gidng nhu Thuy Difin, Thanh tta Qudc hOi Phan Lan ciing ddm nhdn vai ttd cfta ca quan bao vfi qufic gia theo quy dinh cfta Cong udc ve Chdng tta tin cfta Lifin hiep qudc. Nfiu nhu tgi Thyy Dien, ca quan nay la mdt don vi dgc biet (don vj OPCAT) trye thuOc co cau to chftc cua Thanh tra Qudc hgi, thi d Phan Lan, Thanh tta Qudc hOi true tifip ddm nhan nhi^m vy nay. Dfi thuc hifin nhiem vu, Thanh tra Qudc hdi thudng xuyfin td chftc cdc chuyen vifing tham, kiem tta tai nhung nai cd cdc ddi tugng hi tudc dogt quyfin tu do vfi than thfi nhdm dam bao cho cac ddi tugng nay khdng bi ddi mat vdi cac hinh
phat dd man, tta tin, bftc cung, nhyc hinh hay cac bien phap trung phat phi nhan dgo khac. Thanh tra Qudc hOi cd quyfin ti^y cap vao tdt ca hd sa, he thdng thdng tin dft Heu cfta nai giam gift, kfi cd nhung du lieu bi mat ve cdc cudc thdm vin phgm nhdn; cd quyen yeu ciu sy hd ttg tdi tft phia cdc chuyen gia, bdc sT, cac nhd chuyfin mfin dgc thft dfi hd ttg cho cdng tdc dieu tra... Ciing vdi dd, tft ket qud giam sdt cfta minh, Thanh tra Qudc hOi cting cd quyfin dua ra nhfing kifin nghi nham cdi thien tinh hinh".
Vi td chuc
Td chftc cfta Thanh tra Qudc hgi Phdn Lan kha tuang ddng vdi md hinh cfta Thyy Dien. Cdc Thanh tta vd Phd Thanh tta dfiu phdi do Qudc hOi lua chgn vdi nhi^m ky bdn nam vd cd thfi dugc tdi bd nhifim khi kfit thftc nhifim ky. Trong trudng hgp cd can eft rd rang cho rang, cdc Thanh tra da thuc hifin nhiing hanh vi vi pham phap lugt, vugt qua tham quyfin gidm sat, lgi dyng chftc vy quyen ban dfi trye loi, Qudc hOi cd quyfin dieu tta, khdi td va bdi mifin Thanh tta Qudc hOi trudc thdi hgn ttong nhifim ky duong nhiem.
Thfrc tiin hogt dpng
Gidng vdi md hinh cua Thuy Difin, Thanh tta Qudc hOi cua Phin Lan hdng nam cung gidi quyfit mOt lugng cdng vific rdt ldn.
Nam 2016, sd lugng khifiu ngi gfti tdi Thanh tta la 4.919 vy vific. Ngoai khifiu nai, Thanh tta Qudc hOi da nhdn dugc khoang 300 yfiu cdu cdc loai va cdc tiidng tin khac tii cdng chftng. Ddy khdng phai Id nhftng khifiu nai va chftng da dugc cac chuyfin gia phdp ly chiu trdeh nhiOm cung edp djch vu tu vdn
11 Xem them t p http://www.oikeusasianiies,fi/Resource.phx/eoa/english/ombudsnian/tasks/opcat.htx I LAP P H A P ^ S d 16(344)18/2017
KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE cho thdnh vien cua cdng chftng'^. Nhu vgy
chftng td ngudi ddn dd kha tin tudng vdo co chfi bdo vfi quyfin con ngudi cua Thanh tta Qudc hOi, ddng thdi thdy dugc tinh hieu qud cfta md hinh nay tten thyc te.
Trong ITnh vuc lap phdp, Thanh tta Qudc hOi Phdn Lan cfing ddng gdp khdng nhd. Theo sd hfiu nam 2014, ttong hogt ddng cua cae ca quan cfta Qudc hOi Phdn Lan, cd tdi 29 phifin dieu trin dugc cdc uy ban cfta Qudc hOi tifin hdnh cd sy tham gia cfta cdc Thanh tta. Trong dd, Uy ban Hien phap thuc hifin 6 phifin, Uy ban Phdp chfi thuc hi^n 8 phifin, Uy ban Hanh chinh 5 phien, Uy ban Y tfi - Xa hdi 4 phifin, Uy ban Tdi chinh 1 phien'^ Thanh tta Qudc hgi cd quyfin dfi xult cac y kifin ve vific sfta ddi, bd sung hoge ban hdnh mdi phdp ludt, ttong dd tap trung vao cac mang thuOc phgm vi giam sdt cfta minh, ddc bifit la cac vin de ttong hogt dOng cua bO mdy nhd nudc vd ITnh vuc quyen con ngudi...
2, Mot so gia tri Vifit Nam cd the tham khao
Cd thfi ndi, kifim sodt quyen lyc nhd nudc vd bdo vfi nhan quyfin Id nhiing van de cdt ldi cfta mOt nhd nudc ddn chft. Ddi vdi Vifit Nam - vdi khlng dinh la Nhd nudc phap quyen cua Nhdn dan, do Nhdn dan, vi Nhdn ddn thi dam bao kifim soat quyfin luc va nang cao, thftc day quyfin con ngudi Id mdi quan tam hdng dau cfta Dang va Nha nudc ta. Nghifin cftu ve md hinh Thanh tra Qudc hOi cfta Thuy Difin va Phdn Lan trfin ddy cd thfi rut ra mdt sd ggi md ma Viet Nam cd thfi tiiam khao sau ddy:
Thie nhdt, Thanh tra Qudc hdi Id thiet chi kiim sodt quyin l\ec ddc lap, hd trg hi$u qud cho ca chi kiim sodt quyen lifc truyin thdng
Thanh tta Qudc hOi la mOt ttong nhung thifit chfi kiem soat quyfin lyc cd chftc ndng mang tinh chuyfin bifit (thanh tta) chft khdng nam ttong cac nhanh quyfin luc truyen thdng (l§p phap, hdnh phap, tu phdp). Trong qud trinh thuc hien nhifim vu, quyen hgn dugc Hifin phdp ttao, Thanh tta Qudc hOi dua tten nguyen tic dOc lap, do do dam bdo dugc tinh khdch quan, vdn Id mOt yfiu td quan trgng de kiem soat quyfin luc mOt cdch hifiu qua.
Do vdy, Vifit Nam cd the tham khdo md hinh ndy nham ddy manh ca che kiem soat quyfin luc ttong giai dogn hifin nay.
Thie hai, Thanh tra Qudc hoi giiip ngudi ddn phdt huy khd ndng thuc hiin quyen ddn chit true tiip
Thdng qua quy dinh vfi td chuc va boat dOng cfta Thanh tta Qudc hdi Thuy Difin vd Phdn Lan cd thfi thay, phdp ludt da tgo ra co chfi tifip nhgn va gidi quyfit cdc khieu ngi, td cdo cfta ngudi dan tuang ddi dfi ddng, thugn lgi. Difiu nay da giftp ngudi ddn phan dnh dugc nhfing bftc xftc, vudng mac cfta minh ddi vdi nhfing boat dOng cua ca quan chinh quyen nhifiu hon so vdi vi^c ngudi dan gfti khifiu nai, td cdo true tifip cho cdc CO quan nhd nudc, dac bi?t la ttong khifiu ngi hdnh chfnh, ddng thdi neu Thanh tta Qudc hgi dd tifip nhgn vd tifin hdnh difiu tra thi do la mgt dp luc ldn cho cdc ca quan chinh quyfin cd lien quan, buOc hg phdi dua ra cdu tra ldi kip thdi, thda ddng. Nhu v^y,
12 Xem them tai htip://www.oikeusasiamies.fi/Resource.phx/eoa/english/ombudsman/work/complaints.htx; truy cSp 25/5/2017
n Xem them tai http://www.oikeusasiamies.fi/Resource.phx/eoa/english/ombudsman/work/heanngs.htx; tmy c^p 25/5/2017
. HGHIiH cini I |S«]
S616(344)T8/2017N^LAP PHAPl V«
KINH NGHIEM QUdC TE
boat dOng cua Thanh tra Qudc hOi da nhu mOt "cdy cdu ndi" giftp ngudi dan lai gin hon vdi chinh quy^n, gdp phan ndng cao vai trd cfta ngudi ddn ttong vific kiem soat quyfin lyc nhd nudc. 0 Vifit Nam, boat ddng giai quyfit khifiu nai, td cdo cfta ngudi ddn da dugc ghi nhgn, nhung chftng ta chua cd mOt ca quan rifing, hogt dOng mOt each chuyfin nghiep, chuyfin tifip nhgn vd gidi quyet cdc khifiu ngi, td cao cfta ngudi ddn, ma cd rat nhifiu ca quan nha nudc cd nhiem vu nay.
Difiu nay dan den tinh trang ngudi dan cdn gdp nhieu khd khdn khi xac dinh co quan cd tham quyfin tifip nhan khifiu ngi, td cdo ddi vdi tftng loai vu vi^c. Ngodi ra, ban than cac ca quan nha nudc ciing dang bi qua tdi hoge ch^m tre trong gidi quyfit khieu nai, td cao vi khdng dft nhdn lyc, co sd vat chat vd thim quyfin dfi thyc hifin'"^. Do vay, dfi tang cudng hinh thftc ddn chu true tiep, Viet Nam cln lap thifit chfi Thanh tra Qudc hOi nhu la mOt ca quan chuyfin tifip nhan giai quyet cac khieu ngi, td cdo cua ngudi dan vd td chftc, trang bi mOt dgi ngu cdn bO cd nang luc, dugc cung edp co sd vat chdt cdn thifit dfi tiiyc hien hogt ddng nay.
Thie ba, viic thdnh lap Thanh tra Quoc hgi se gdp phdn ndng cao ndng luc gidm sdt cua Qudc hgi doi vdi hogt dong cua cdc ca quan nhd nudc, ddc biet Id hi thong ca quan hdnh chinh nhd nirdc
Thanh tta Qudc hdi cfta Thyy Difin va Phdn Lan dfiu do Qudc hgi thdnh lgp, chm ttdch nhi$m bao cdo hogt ddng cfta minh trade Qudc hgi, sdn sang tien hdnh dieu tta cdc vy viOc cV thfi theo yeu ciu cfta Qudc hdi. Difiu ndy sfi giftp Qudc hOi ndm bit kip
thdi va xu 1>^ cdc sai phgm hay ban che tren thuc tfi cfta cdc ca quan nha nudc ndi chung vd hfi thong ca quan hanh chinh ndi neng.
Bfin cgnh dd, thdng qua cac phat hien cua minh, Thanh tra Qudc hdi cdn kien nghi vdi Qudc hOi cac vin dfi nhim hodn thien quy dinh cfta phdp lugt hay ndng cao chdt lugng hogt dOng cfta cac ca quan nha nuac.
Do vgy, Thanh tta Qudc hOi la mdt tiiifit chfi kha phft hgp vdi nhu ciu nang cao hifiu qua hogt dOng giam sat cua Qudc hOi Viet Nam hien nay.
Thie tu, Thanh tra Qudc hgi Id mgt thiit chi bdo vi quyin con ngudi dua tren ca che gidm sdt quyin l\rc cdng
Thanh tta Qudc hOi Thyy Difin va Phin Lan dfiu la nhfing thiet chfi mang tmh hdn hgp - vfta la thifit chfi kiem soat quyen lyc ddng thdi ddng vai ttd nhu mOt co quan bdo vfi quyfin con ngudi. Hai chftc ndng nay hd trg cho nhau, hoat dOng cfta Thanh tra Qudc hOi gifip cho bO may cdng quyfin boat dOng tdt ban, hgn chfi nhiSng hdnh vi xam phgm dfin quyfin con ngudi, qua do bao vfi quyfin con ngudi hifiu qua hon, Vi vdy, \^et Nam cd thfi tham khao md binb nay vdi vai ttd la ca quan bdo vfi quyfin cho ngudi dua trfin ca che giam sat quyen lyc cdng thay vi tach bgch hai chftc nang ndy cho hai ca quan de trdnh cdng kfinh bO mdy nha nudc. Mat khdc, Thanh tra Qudc hOi Id mOt thifit chfi nhdn quyfin cd tmh qudc tfi, "thifit chfi ndy cd quan h? qudc te rdng rai ttong ITnh vuc nhan quyen. Difiu nay cho phep Thanh tta Qudc hOi phdt trifin hogt dgng cua minh ra ngoai phgm vi qudc gia"'^ •
14 Vi dif. Ban Dan nguy?n cua Uy ban thuong vu Qu6c hgi c6 nhi?m vy ti6p n h ^ don thu khieu nai, t6 cao ciia c6ng dan nhung chi gui l^i cho cac co quan nhi nuoc co thSm quySn giai quyit v^ tihp nhan bio cio giai quygt cua cac co quan d6 chii khong co thim quyen uln hanh diSu tra.
15 Mai van Thing, T?p chi Khoa hoc Dai hgc Qu6c gia Hi Ngi, Lugt hpc t?p 31 sS 2/ 2015, tr. 57,58
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l HOHIEH CUU ;—I L A P P H A P - A f i 16(344)78/2017