Cac yeu to'anh hu'dng de'n ccf hoi viec lam cho lao dong tren dja ban
huyen My Tu, tfnh Soc Trang
NGGYIN VAN TOAN*
Tom tat
Ddo tqo nghi Id mgt chd truang ddng ddn, da tqo diiu kien cho ngUdi lao dgng ndng thdn cdi thien ddi sd'ng, ndng cao thu nhap. Tuy nhien, do nhiiu diiu kien khdc nhau, ngUdi lao ddng sau khi hgc nghi khdng cd viec ldm. Muc tieu cda nghien cdu Id tim ra nguyen nhdn vd cd hudng gidi quye't viec ldm cho lao dgng tren dia bdn huyen My Tu, tinh Sdc Trdng. Thdng qua khdo sat 133 ngudi lao dgng vdphdn tich hoi quy Binary Logistic, ke't qud nghien cdu cho thdy, cdc ye'u td: Trinh do hgc vdn; Sd hUu ddt canh tdc; Hd trg vd'n cda Nhd nude; Thdng tin thi trudng lao dgng cd dnh hudng true tie'p de'n viec ldm cda ngUdi lao dgng. Ngodi ra, Ca sd vdt chd't; Dung cu dqy nghi lac hdu cung cd dnh hudng de'n chd't lugng ddo tqo nghi.
Tuf khoa: lao dgng, viec ldm, huyen My Td, Sdc Trdng Summary
Vocational training is a right policy, which creates conditions for rural laborers to improve their living standards and incomes. However, due to many different conditions, after apprenticeship the laborers are not employed. The objective ofthe study is to find out the causes and directions for solving unemployment problems in My Tu district, Soc Trang province. Through the survey of 133 employees and Binary Logistic regression analysis, the research results show that the factors such as Education level; Farmland ownership; Capital support from the State; Labor market information directly affect the employment of laborers. In addition. Infrastructure;
Outdated vocational training tools have an impact on the quality of vocational training.
Keywords: labor, job. My Tu district, Soc Trang province
GlOfI THIEU
Huyen My Tu, Sdc Trang cd dan sd' 108.155 ngffdi (nam 2017), vdi 70.381 ngffdi dang trong dp tudi lao ddng. Nhffng nam qua, Huyen da tap trung phat trien kinh te da dang cac ITnh vffc, cdng nghiep, tieu thu cdng nghiep va cac nganh nghe dich vu; tao thuan ldi thu hut dau tff, khuyen khich cac thanh phan kinh te phat trien tren dia ban, tffng bffdc chuyen dich cd cau kinh te, khai thac triet de cac tiem nang, the manh cua dia phffdng.
Tuy nhien, sif chuyen dich ed cau kinh te'din tdi sff chuyen dich cd cau lao ddng, sd ngffdi bffdc vao tudi lao ddng ngay cang tang, dieu dd cung da va dang gay khd khan trong cdng tac giai quyet viee lam tren dia ban Huyen. Nhff vay, van de dat ra la giai quyet viec lam cho lao ddng
tren dia ban Huyen nhff the nao cho hieu qua, dam bao eupc sd'ng dn dinh cho ngffdi lao ddng, dat dffdc muc tieu phat trien kinh te, ddi sd'ng xa hdi ben vffng, de giai quyet can cd van de nay khdng the giai quyet trong ngan ban, ma can cd nghien cffu, tim ra nhffng nguyen nhan can cd de giai quyet. Chinh vi vay, cac tac gia tien hanh nghien cffu "Cdc ye'u td dnh hudng den ca hgi viec ldm cho lao dgng tren dia bdn huyen My Td, tinh Sdc Trdng ".
CO s d LY THUYET VA MO HINH NGHIEN CUu
Cd sof Iy thuyet
Dffdng Ngpc Thanh va Nguyin Minh Hieu (2014) cho rang, lao ddng ndng thdn la toan bd nhffng boat ddng lao ddng san xua't tao ra cua cai vat chat cua nhffng ngffdi lao ddng ndng thdn, bao gdm: lao ddng trong cac nganh ndng nghiep, cdng nghiep ndng thdn, dich vu ndng thdn.
Nghien effu ciia Nguyen Cdng Toan va Chau My Duyen (2015) cho tha'y, viec lam ciia lao ddng nff bi anh hffdng bdi nhieu yeu td', nhff: Trinh dp hpc van;
"Phong Lao dong Thifdng binh va Xa hoi huyen My Tu, tinh Sdc Trang I Email: [email protected] Ngdy nhdn bdi: 30/10/2018; Ngdy phdn bien: 13/11/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng: 19/11/2018
Economy and Foreca.st Review
93
HINH: MO HINH CAC YEU TO ANH HOfdNG DEN Cd HOI VIEC LAM CHO LAO DONG SAO KHI DCfCiC DAO TAO TREN DjA BAN HUYEN MY TU,
TINH SOC TRANG Tuoi tac cua lao dgng
Trinh do lioc vSn cua lao dong So nguroi ptiu tliuoc trong gia dinh Ho tra cua Nha nuoc ve von Dat canh t^c
Thong tin ve thj trucmg lao dong Tinh trang hon nhan cua lao dong
Ca hoi viec lam
Ngu6n: Tac gia tdng iidp BANG 1: MOT SO THONG TIN NHAN KHAU CUA NGCfCil LAO DONG
THONG KE THEO TRI TRUNG BINH Ti§u chi
Tudi ddi
Trinh dp hoc van (nam de'n trtfcfng)
So' thanh vien phue thuoc trong gia dinh (ngifdi) Nho nhS't 19
2 0
Trung binh
38,86 8,90 2,50
Ldn nhat 58
6 4
Do Igch chu^n
10,393 4,429 1,253 Ngudn: Ket qua Ichao sat ngu'di iao dong tai huyen My Tii, 2018
Tinh trang hdn nhan cua lao ddng nff; Nghe ndng thdn da hpc; Thdng tin ve viec lam; Lien ket giffa ndi dao tao; va Sff dung lao ddng cd anh hffdng den cO hdi viec lam cua lao ddng nff.
Nguyen Thi Cam Loan va cac cdng sff (2016) cho rang, lao ddng ndng thdn cd nhieu cd hdi chuyen sang lam phi ndng nghiep, mac dii cd nhffng rao can ldn do trinh dp van hda va chuyen mdn ky thuat tha'p, nhu cau ve lao ddng cd trinh dp cao, sif tang dan sd va sff yeu kem ciia thdng tin thi trffdng lao ddng.
Hoang Tu Anh (2012) da dffa ra dffpc nhffng van de tdn tai trong giai quye't viec lam, nhff: sff mat can dd'i giffa cP cau lao ddng va cP cau kinh te gay ra tinh trang thieu, thffa lao ddng gia tao; Cdng tac dao tao nghe chffa dap ffng ca ve ndi dung lan cd sd vat chat; Tiep can thdng tin kinh te ciia hd cdn tha'p; Ngudn cung lao ddng tai chd tiep tuc tang qua cac nam.
Cdn Le Chi Cdng (2014) cho tha'y, gidi tinh lao ddng, loai nghe, hinh thffc hpc nghe, md'i lien ket giffa ndi dao tao va ndi sff dung lao ddng, thdi gian hpc nghe cd tac ddng trffc tiep den viec lam ciia lao ddng sau khi hpc nghe ndng thdn. Ngoai ra, loai hd, da't san xua't, tudi ngffdi hpc nghe, md'i lien ket giffa ndi dao tao nghe va ndi sff dung lao ddng sau dao tao cd tac ddng trffc tiep den tdng thu nhap tff nghe ndng thdn.
Tren cd sd ke thffa cac nghien cffu cd lien quan, tac gia de xua't md hinh nghien cffu, bao gdm: Tudi tac ciia lao ddng; Trinh dp hpc van; Sd ngffdi phu thudc trong gia dinh; Hd trd ciia Nha nffdc ve: vd'n, da't canh tac, thdng tin ve thi trffdng lao ddng, tinh trang hdn nhan.
Md hinh nghien cffu dffdc the hien qua Hinh.
Phifdng phap nghien ctfu
Tac gia thffc hien viec thu thap so' lieu sd cap bang each khao sat y kien ciia nhffng ngffdi lao ddng trong
dp tudi (dd'i vdi nam la tff 16-60 tudi, vdi nff la 16-55 tudi) trong danh sach hoc vien hpc nghe tai Trung tam Giao due nghe nghiep Giao due thffdng xuyen huyen My Tu, tinh Sdc Trang difa tren bang cau hdi phdng van da soan san. Tac gia su" dung phffdng phap chpn mau ngau nhien phan tang va Iffa chpn cd miu la 150 quan sat. Sau qua trinh khao sat, loai nhffng quan sat khdng phu hdp, cd mau chinh thffc cua nghien cffu la 133 quan sat. Thdi gian nghien effu dffdc thffc hien trong quang thdi gian giffa nam 2018.
KET QUA NGHIEN CLfU
Phan tich mSu nghidn cu'u
Ket qua khao sat 133 ngffdi lao dong thudc huyen My Tu, tinh Sdc Trang cho tha'y, cd 75 ngffdi, tffdng ffng vdi 56,4%
ngffdi lao ddng cd sd hffu da't canh tac, cdn lai 58 ngffdi lao ddng, tffdng ffng vdi 43,6% la khdng sd hiJu da't canh tac.
Theo ket qua khao sat, sd thanh vien phu thudc (ngoai tudi lao ddng hay khdng tao ra thu nhap) trung binh eua eac hp la 2-3 thanh vien. Dp lech chuan la 1,253 cho tha'y, khoang each chenh lech ve sd thanh vien phu thudc giffa cac hp la khdng cao.
So' Ueu dieu tra cho tha'y, trinh dp hoc van trung binh cua lao ddng tai huyen My Tu, tinh Sdc Trang la td't nghiep trung hpc cd sd. Lao ddng cd trinh dp hpc van tha'p nha't la Idp 2. Lao ddng cd trinh dp hpc van cao nha't la dai hpc. Dp lech chuan la 4,429 cho tha'y, mffe dp chenh lech ve trinh dp hpc van giffa nhffng lao ddng la khdng cao (Bang 1).
Thffc trang dao tao nghe tai huygn MyTu
Bang 2 cho tha'y, trong 133 ngffdi lao ddng, nhdm hpc nghe may cdng nghiep chiem ty le cao nha't vdi 51 ngffdi, chiem ty le 38,3%. Tiep theo la nhdm ngffdi lao ddng hpc nghe dan hang thu cdng my nghe va sffa xe, hai nhdm nay lan Iffdt chiem 21,1% va 18%. Cudi cdng la nhdm nghe trdng trpt va eac nghe khac vdi lan Iffdt 13,1% va 9%. May cdng nghiep va dan hang thu cdng my nghe hien la nhffng nganh can ngudn nhan life ldn tren thi trffdng lao ddng. Vi vay, ngffdi lao ddng hpc nhffng nghe nay se dS dang tiep can vdi cd hpi viec lam hdn sau khi hoan thanh khda hpc.
Trong 133 ngffdi lao ddng cd tham gia hpc nghe dffdc khao sat y kien, thi cd 52
94
Kinh te va DiC haongffdi lao ddng, tffdng ffng vdi 39,1% la nhan dffdc sif hd trd ciia Nha nffdc, chinh quyen dia phffdng ve vd'n de hpc nghe hay lap nghiep. Cdn 81 ngffdi lao ddng, tffdng ffng vdi 60,9% la khdng nhan dffdc sff hd trd nay (Bang 3).
Ngoai ra, ket qua khao sat cung cho tha'y, cd 48,1% ngffdi lao ddng la thffdng xuyen cap nhat cac thdng tin ve thi trffdng lao ddng thdng qua cac phffdng tien thdng tin dai chung khac nhau, nhff:
bao, tap chi, internet... va 51,9% edn lai it cd sff quan tam den viec cap nhat cac thdng tin ve thi trffdng lao ddng (Bang 4). Dieu nay se phan nao ban che viec nam bat cac cd hdi cd dffdc viec lam td't ciia ngffdi lao ddng.
Sau khi hoan thanh khda hpc nghe, thi cd 82 ngffdi lao ddng tim dffdc cdng viec dung nganh nghe da hpc, tffdng ffng vdi 61,7%. Cdn lai 51 ngffdi lao ddng, tffdng dffdng vdi 38,3% la chffa tim dffdc viec lam hay dang lam cdng viec trai vdi nganh nghe da dffdc dao tao (Bang 5).
Bang 6 cho tha'y, ldi ich ldn nha't ma khda dao tao nghe mang den cho ngffdi lao ddng la cung cap dffdc nhffng kien thffc thtfc te lien quan den nganh nghe chpn hpc, md rdng mdi quan he quen biet va giiip hp nang cao cac ky nang can thiet (sif nhay ben, nang ddng, ky luat...). NhiJng ky nang nay ehang nhffng hffu ich trong cdng viec, ma cdn giup ich rat nhieu cho ddi sd'ng. Ngoai ra, cd 31,6% ngffdi lao ddng cho biet, khda hpc cdn giup hp tff tin hdn va 27,8% ngffdi lao ddng cho rang, khda hpc dao tao nghe giup hp xay dffng dffdc y thffc cdng ddng va lam viec tap the.
Ben canh nhiing ldi ich ma khda hpc da mang den, thi theo danh gia cua ngffdi lao ddng, cac khda hpc nghe van cdn tdn tai nhieu nhffdc diem, nhff: cd sd vat chat, thiet hi, dung cu hpc tap lac hau, chffdng trinh dao tao cu, lac hau, khdng cap nhat, dan den viec ban che tinh ffng dung khi ap dung vao cdng viec thffc te. Day la hai nhffdc diem ldn dffdc nhieu ngffdi lao ddng danh gia. Ngoai ra, cac nhffdc diem khac cd the ke den, bao gdm: kien thffc cdn mang nang tinh ly thuyet, khdng sat vdi thffc te, thdi gian hpc chffa phii hdp (Bang 7).
Cac ye'u td' anh hffdng dg'n ccf hpi viec lam cho lao dong sau khi dffdc dao tao nghd tren dia ban huyen My Tu
Ke^t qua phan tich md hinh hdi quy nhi phan cho tha'y, cd hdi viec lam cho lao ddng sau khi dffdc dao tao tai huyen My Tu, tinh Sdc Trang chiu tac ddng bdi 4
BANG 2: N G A N H NGHE DtfdC NGCfCJl LAO DQNG CHON LtfA THEO HOC
Nganh ngh^
May con^ nghiep
Dan hang thu cong my nghe Svla xe
Trong trot Cac nghe khac Tong so'
Tdn s6' (Ngffcfi) 51 29 23 18 12 133
Ty le (%) 38,4 21,8 17,3 13,5 9,0 100,0
BANG 3: SO NGtTCJl LAO DONG N H A N DCTCiC SCf HO TRCi VE VON Nh|n dtf^c sff hd trcf
Co Khong Tdng cong
Tdn s6'(Ngffcfi) 52 81 133
Tvie(%)
39,1 60,9 100,0
BANG 4: VIEC THOfCiNG XUYEN CAP NHAT CAC THONG TIN VE THI TROfCiNG LAO DONG
Vi^c c§p nhat thdng tin Co
Khong Tong cong
Tdnsd^NgrfoTi) 64 69 133
Ty 1§ (%) 48,1 51,9 100,0
BANG 5: TINH HINH VIEC L A M CUA NGCTCJl LAO DONG SAU KHI D u ' d c D A O TAO NGHE
Tinh hinh vigc lam Co viec lam ddng nganh nghe dao tao
Chu'a CO viec lam/lam cong viec khong diing vdi nganh nghe dao tao
T^ng s6'
Tdn s6' (Ngffori) 82 51 133
Tyl$
(%) 61,7 38,3 100,0
B A N G 6: NHOfNG Ldi ICH CUA KHOA D A O TAO NGHE MANG DEN CHO NGCTdl LAO DONG
Lgfi ich
Cung cap du'dc nhffng kien thu'c thtfc te' lien quan den nganh nghe chon hoc.
Giup nang cao cac ky nang can thie't (stf nhay ben, nang dong, ky luat...) ehang nhffng cho cong viec ma con phue vu cho ddi song
Md rong moi quan he quen bie't Giup ttf tin hcin sau khoa hoc
Xay dtfng du'dc y thffc cpng dong va lam viec tap the
Tdn s6' (Ngrfori) 86
72 76 42 37
Tyie (%) 64,7
54,1 57,1 31,6 27,8
BANG 7: CAC HAN CHE CUA KHOA DAO TAO NGHE THEO D A N H G I A C U A NGCTdl LAO DONG
Ldi ich
Kie'n thffc con mang nang tinh ly thuye't, khong sat thtfc te Chffdng trinh dao tao lac hau, khong dffdc cap nhat mdi Cd sd vat, trang bi cong cu hoc cu, lac hau
Thdi gian hoc chffa phu hdp Hoc phi cao
Tdn so"
(Ngtfori) 45 52 58 31 17
Tyle (%) 33,8 39,1 43,6 23,3 12.8 Mguon: Ket qua khao sat ngu'di lao dong tai huyen My Tu Zi
ye'u td'd nhffng mffe y nghia la 1% va 5%. Dd la: Trinh dp hpc van; Sd hffu da't canh tac; Hd trd cua Nha nffdc ve vd'n; va Thdng tin thi trffdng lao ddng. Ddng thdi.
Economy and Forecast Review
95
BANG 8: CAC YEU TO ANH HCfdNG DEN Cd HOI VIEC LAM CHO LAO DONG TREN DIA BAN HUYEN MY TU
Big'n s6 Hang so
Gidi tinh Tudi tac
Trinh do hoc va'n * So' ngffdi phu thuoc S6 hffu da't canh tac '
Ho trd cua Nha nffdc ve von "
Thong tin thi trffdng lao dong * Tinh trang hon nhan
H§ sd'tfdclilicrng -3,464 -0,101 -0,015 0,627 -0,125 2,725 1,587 1,958 0,151
Hd sd' goc -
-0,017 -0,002 0,106 -0,021 0,418 0,243 0,323 0,026 Sd'quan sat
Gia tri kiem dinh mo hinh (Prob > Chi^) Gia tri log ciia ham gan dung
He so' xac dinh R- (Pseudo R-) Gia tri kiem dinh Chi binh phffdng
Gia tri P 0,053 0,868 0,583 0,000 0,603 0,000 0,012 0,004 0,821 133 0,000
-38,3198 0,5672 100,45 Ghi chu: (*) bien co y nghia dmyCc 1%; (**) bie'n co y nghia dmiic 5%
Nguon: Ke't qua xff ly ttf so lieu dieu tra trffc tiep 133 ngu'di iao dong, 2018
vdi kiem dinh sff tffdng quan giffa cac bie'n ddc lap cho tha'y, cac gia tri deu nhd hdn 0,8. Vi vay, cd the bd qua hien tffdng da cdng tuyeri giffa cac bien ddc lap (Mai Van Nam, 2008). Ngoai ra, gia tri kiem dinh md hinh Prob > Chi^ = 0,000 va cho tha'y md hinh nghien cffu dffdc sff dung cd mffe y nghia rat cao (1%) trong viec ffdc Iffdng anh hffdng cua cac yeu td' cd lien quan ed hdi viec lam cho lao ddng sau khi dffdc dao tao tren dia ban huyen My Tu, tinh Sdc Trang.
Ket qua md hinh hdi quy nhi phan cho tha'y, cd 4 yeu td'cd y nghia thdng ke d mffe y nghia 1% va 5% la:
Trinh dp hpc van; Sd hihi da't canh tac; Hd trd cua Nha nffdc ve vd'n; Thdng tin thi trffdng lao ddng. Ta't ca cac ye^u td deu cd md'i tffdng quan thuan chieu vdi cd hdi viec lam. Xet ve dp ldn cua md'i quan he nhan qua, thi Sd hi?u da't canh tac la bien cd tac ddng ldn nha't den cd hdi vipc lam ciia ngffdi lao ddng sau khi dao tao; Tie'p theo lan Iffdt la Thdng tin ve thi trffdng lao ddng; Sif hd
trd eiia Nha nffdc ve vd'n va cud'i ciing la Trinh dp hpc van ciia ngffdi lao ddng.
KET LUAN
Theo y kien cua ngffdi lao ddng, thi cac ldi ich ma khda dao tao nghe mang den cho hp la cung cap dffdc nhffng kien thffc thffc te lien quan den nganh nghe chpn hpc, md rdng mdi quan he quen biet va giup hp nang cao eac ky nang can thiet (sff nhay ben, nang ddng, ky luat...), giiip hp tff tin hdn va giup hp xay diXng dffdc y thffc cdng ddng va lam viee tap the. Tuy nhien, eac khda hoc van edn tdn tai nhieu nhffdc diem, nhff: cd sd vat chat, thiet bi, dung cu hpc tap lac hau, chffdng tnnh dao tao cu, lac hau, khdng cap nhat, dan den viec han che tinh ffng dung khi ap dung vao cdng viec thffe te'; kien thffc con mang nang tinh ly thuyet, khdng sat vdi thffc te^, thdi gian hpc chffa phii hdp.
Ket qua md binh hdi quy nhi phan cho tha'y, trong 7 ye^u to' dffa vao md hinh, thi cd 4 yeu to cd y nghia ve mat thd'ng ke la: Trinh dp hpc van; Sd hull da't canh tac;
Hd trd ciia Nha nffdc ve vd'n; Thdng tin thi trffdng lao ddng. Ta't ea cac yeu td'deu cd md'i tffdng quan thuan chieu vdi cd hoi viec lam. Xet ve dp ldn ciia md'i quan he nhan qua, thi Sd hvtn da't canh tac la bien cd tac ddng ldn nha't deri ed hdi viec lam cua ngffdi lao ddng sau khi dao tao; Tiep theo lan Iffdt la Thdng tin ve thi trffdng lao ddng, Sff hd trd eiia Nha nffdc ve vdn va cud'i cung la Trinh dp hpc van ciia ngffdi lao dpng.G
TAI LIEU JTHAMLKHAQ
1. Mai Van Nam (2008). Gido trinh kinh te lugng, Nxb Van hda Thdng tin
2. Hoang Tu Anh (2012). Gidi quye't viec ldm cho lao dgng ndng thdn tren dia bdn huyen Hoa Vang, TP. Dd Ndng, Luan van thac sT, Trffdng Dai hpc Da Nang
3. Le Chi Cdng (2014). Thytc trqng lao dgng vd dnh hudng cda ddo tqo nghi de'n viec ldm vd thu nhap cda ngudi ddn ndng thdn tinh An Giang, Luan van thac sT, Trffdng Dai hoe Can t h d
4. Nguyen Thi Cam Loan va cac cpng sff (2016). Giai phip tao viec lam phi ndng nghiep cho ngffdi lao ddng d ndng tiidn tinh Tra Vinh, Tqp chi Ndng nghiep vd Phdt trien ndng thon, ky 2, thang 01/2016
5. Dffdng Ngpc Thanh va Nguyin Minh Hieu (2014). Thffc trang lao ddng va viec lam ndng thon Viet Nam, Tqp chi khoa hgc TrUdng Dqi hgc Can Tha, sd 30
6. NguySn Cdng Toan va Chau My Duyen (2015). Phan tich cac yeu to anh hffdng den ed hoi viee lam cua lao ddng nff ndng tiidn huyen Tam Binh, tinh Vmh Long, Tqp chi khoa hoc Trudng Dai hoc Can Tha, sd36 7. Tran Thi Thu Ha, Nguyen Van Hai (2017). Ddnh gid thytc trang tao viec ldm cho lao dong nong thon tren dm bdn huyen Binh Luc, tinh Hd Nam, truy cap tff http://tapchieongthuong.vn/danh- gia-thuc-trang-tao-viec-lam-cho-lao-dong-nong-thon-tren-dia-ban-huyen-binh-luc-tinh-ha-nam- 2017110205044931p0c488.htm.
8. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed ) New York:
Harper Collins