in - TRAO DOI
Cach thiJc cat giam chi phi, nang cao hieu qua logistics
TRINH TH! THU HtfClNG Tri/dng Dai hoc Mgo^i thrfdng
Ngay nay logistics da dif^c sii* dung nhtf m$t cdng cu quan trong cua cac cdng ty Wn trdn thd' gidi, trong vide lidn k^t chuSi gia tri toan clu. Van d l dtf<fc d^t ra la lam sao si^ dung cdng cu nay hi$u
qua vdi mtfc chi phi phu hdp. I
T hudt ngtf chi phi logistics dd edp tdi vide sff dung cdc ngudn Iffe khde nhau, bao gdm: hdng hda, vdn, ngudn nhdn Itfc... Khi gan vdi ddng ehu chuydn hdng hda thffdng mai, chi phi logistics didn td sd' tidn dtfdc chi cho he thd'ng phdn phd'i, dich vu hdu mdi, ngudn eung u^g hdng hda vd cho viee didu hdnh sdn xud't. Chi phi logistics cd the dtfdc tidp cdn ttf 2 phfa: doanh nghidp vd qude gia.
CHI PHI LOGISTICS CUA DOANH NGHIEP
Theo hi^ng tiip cdn cua Lambert, chi phi logistics
dtfdc hinh thdnh lien quan den cac hoat dong ttong qud trinh ltfu thdng, ke tff nha cung edp diu tidn eho tdi ngtfdi tidu dung cudi cung (Lambert, Stock va Ellram, 1998). Md hinh nay chi ra 6 nhdm chi phi la: vdn tdi;
dtf trff; sdn xuat, thu mua; qudn \f kho; dich vu khdeh hang; gidi quyd't ddn hang va thdng tin (Hinh 1).
Theo cdch tiip can cua Ruth Banomyong (2012),
chi phi logistics cfla doanh nghidp bao gdm 3 nhdm ehi phi: van tai, kho bai, hang dff trtf. Day cung Id 3 nhdm ehidm ty ttpng ehi phi eao nhd't ttong tdng chi phi logistics cua mdt doanh nghiep.
Cdch tidp can ehi phi logistics theo 6 nhdm ehi phi
HINH 1: CAC THAISH PHAN CHI PHJ LOGISTICSChi phi iiftrit
1
Chi phf tin luat, thu mua
Chi phi vuniai
Chiphiquau l^kho
C h i p b f ^ quyet don hing
Chi phi djch
1
v^ khich hiug
cfla Lambert tuy d l y dfl va bao qudt dtfde cdc hoat dpng ttong chudi logistics, nhffhg lai la each tidp can khd phffe tap vi cd tdi 6 nhdm chi phi, gdy ]^ nhilu khd khan trong vide nam bat vd kidm sodt chi phi. Cac cdch tiep can chia ehi phi logistics thanh 3 hay 4 nhdm chi phi Id pho bidn hdn. Sople (2004) xac dinh 3 thanh phan eua chi phi logistics. Con theo Rushton, Croucher vd Baker (2006), chi phi logistics bao gdm 4 thdnh phin, cdch tidp cdn 4 thanh phin chi phi cung dtfdc mdt sd nha nghidn cihi khdc sff dung (Rantasila va Ojala, 2012).
CHI PHI LOGISTICS Qu6c GIA
Hdng nam, phan Idn cde nffdc ttdn thd gidi ddu cd cac bao cdo vd ehi phi logistics ttdn tdng GDP cffa nffdc minh, dieu dd phdn anh ndng Iffe eanh tranh qu6c gia eung nhff vide tao thudn Idi eho ttao ddi hdng hda. Nghidn ctfu cua Song Ze vd Chang Dongliang (2008) da ehi ra, chi phi logistics d tam vl md la mdt chi so' ehinh phdn anh Idi the so sanh cfla qudc gia. Do dd, vide tinh toan vd cdng bdchi phi ndy Id v6 Cling quan trpng, ein thidt va cd f ngMa ddi vdi ndn kinh td' vl md. Nghidn cflli cua Song Ze va Chang Dongliang eung dffa ra mdt vai md hinh phan tich dd tfdc Iffdng chi phi logistics d Trung Qud'e, tten ed s5 dd xdy diftig mpt md hinh thfch hdp nhat de xdc dinh chi phi logistics d tam vi md eho qudc gia nay, tten cd sd cdn nhic mOt edeh cd hd thdng cde sd Udu thdng kd vd dff lieu didu tta, phan anh tffdng ddi sdt thffe chi phi logistics d tim vT md,' d6ng thdi cung giam thieu dffdc nhfftig sai sdt do sff dung kd't hdp qua nhidu nhffiig cdch tfnh todn chi phi ma cac md binh trrfdc dSy da dtfa ra.
Theo quan diem cua My, Nhdt vd Tridu Tien dp dung nhieu nhit bdi LL.
Haskett (1973), chi phi logistics qudc igia dtfde tap hdp tff cdc thdnh phan sau: chi phi vdn tdi, chi phi hang drf trtf, chi ph!
kho bai, chi phi hanh chinh, chi phi khdc.
MacroSys Research and Technology
32
(2005) lai dd c$p den mdi quan h? giffa chi phi logistics qudc gia vd tdng thu nhap qudc dan. Thdng thtfdng cd hai each dd phdn dnh mdi quan hd ndy, cdeh thff nhdt chi ra chi phi cho cdc boat ddng logistics chidm bao nhidu phan tram GDP vd cdch thd hai xdc dinh ngdnh logistics ddng gdp bao nhidu phan ti^m ti-ong GDP. Tuy nhien, nghidn cffu cung dtfa ra kdt ludn ci hai edeh tinh ttdn ddu khdng hoan todn chinh xdc md chi dtfa ra drfdc nhOftg con sd ttfdng ddi. Didu cdn bdn Id phai can cff vdo tinh hinh eu the cfla tuftig qudc gia de ltfa ehpn cdch xdc dinh chi phi logistics phff hdp. Ddng thdi, nghien cffu cung nhic ddn cdch tinh ehi phi logistics VI md theo md hinh CASS, bao gdm 3 thdnh phin ehinh: chi phi hdng dtf trff, ehi phf v | n tdi vd chi phi qudn ly logistics, ttong dd chi phi quan 1^ thtfdng dffdc tinh d mffe 4% tong chi phi logistics. Nghidn cffrf cdn chi ro nhiftig ffu, nhffdc didm cua md hinh ndy ttong vide tinh todn chi phi logistics d tam vi md.
SI/CAN THIET CXT GIAM CHI PHI LOGISTICS
Tdi ffu hda chi phi logistics phdi ddm bdo bd ra chi phf d mtfc thdp nhit cd tiid ttong khi vin phdi ddp ffng nhu elu efla khdeh hdng. Do dd, vide tdi ffu hda cdc chi phi phdt sinh ttf hay lien quan tdi boat ddng logistics cd f nghia to Idn ddi vdi khdng ehi cdc doanh nghidp eung cd'p vd khdeh hdng sff dyng dich vu logistics, md edn ed nhiing dnh htfdng tich ctfc ddn ndn kinh td, nh^t Id mdi tiirdng diu tff, kinh doanh.
O d p dd vi md, ddi vdi cac doanh nghidp:
Thff nhdt, tdi Uu hda chi phi logistics Id tiin di quan trgng giup doanh nghiip cung ffng cdng nhU sd dving dich vu logistics tiin tdi tdi uu hda l0 nhudn.
Trong bdi cdnh toan cau hda hidn nay, dd tdng ldi nhudn doanh nghidp khdng thd chi gidm chi phi nguydn vdt lidu vd chi phi nhdn edng, ma giam chi phi logistics dffdc coi Id cdch tdng ldi nbu^n hidu qud nhd't. Ddy Id nhan td het stfe quan ttpng ddnh gid khd ndng canh tranh cfla mdt doanh nghidp cung nhtf cffa mpt qudc gia, nd cho phdp qudc gia vd doanh nghidp phdt huy dtfde ldi thd so sdnh cfla minh. Ngdy nay, de ndng cao ndng Itfc canh ttanh cua minh, ngodi nhffng nd Itfc khdng ngCfng nham
tim dffde ngudn nguydn lidu, ngudn nhan cdng tdt vdi chi ph! hdp ly, vide xay dtfng md hinh chudi cung ffng va quan ly cac ddng ehu ehuydn ttong chudi cung ff^g sao cho hidu qua (chi phi th^p, ldi nhudn cao) la didu vd cung quan ttong.
Thff hai, kiim sodt tot ehi phi logistics gdp phdn gidm chi phi ddu vdo cua hdng hda, dich vii vd gidm r&i ro trong cdc hoat ddng kinh ti Dieu nay ed f nghia to Idn, dde bidt vdi ede doanh nghidp cimg cip dich vu logistics, vi ndu giai quyet dffdc bai todn chi phf logistics, ede doanh nghidp nay se ed lAi tiid ttong canh ttanh, md rpng thi trrfdng. Nhrf vay, vide tdi ifu hda chi phi logistics sd quydt dinh khd nang canh tranh cua doanh nghiep cung iftig dich vu logistics, eon vdi cdc doanh nghidp sff dung dich vu nay, bp se nhan drfde mffc gia dieh vu eanh tranh hdn.
O cap dp vT md, vdi mpt qude gia:
Mdt Id, chi phi logistics chiim ty trong Idn trong GDP cua qudc gia. Logistics Id mdi lidn kd't kinh td' xuydn sudt gin nhrf todn bd qud trinh sdn xult, Irfu thdng vd phdn phd'i hdng hda.
Tff Bieu do 1, ta thay rang chi phi logistics chidm t^
ttpng eao ttong GDP eua cdc qude gia, ttong dd tai ede nffdc phat trien, ty Id ndy tff 8% tdi 11%, vd chidm ttf khoang 10% ddn hdn 20% tai cdc ntfdc dang phdt ttien.
Vide tdi tfu hda chi phi logistics se giffp ldm gidm chi phi Itfu thdng ttong hoat dOng phdn phdi, ttf dd tang tinh hidu qua cfla ndn kinh td', thue dly tdng tnidng kinh td vd tang cffdng ndng Itfc canh ttanh qude gia.
Hai Id, chi phi logistics tdc ddng tdi ndng lue eanh tranh cda qude gia vi thuang mai qude ti Chi phi logistics qud cao se ttd thanh rao can eho thffdng mai vd dau tff qudc td, cung nhff rao edn ddi vdi phdt tridn ndi chung cffa ndn kinh td. Kdt qud nghidn cdTj cfla cdc cdng trinh khoa hpc vi mdi lidn quan giffa ehi phi vdn tdi vd khd ndng ttao ddi thffdng mai dd rfft ra kdt ludn rang: "Niu chi phi van tdi tdng 10% thi khdi lU0ig trao ddi thuang mai se gidm di 20%". MOt sd nghidn cffu cung cho thIy stf khdc bidt trong kdt clu ha ting, ddc
Biia D6 1: TS" TRONG CHI PH! LOGISTICS SO vdl GDP C d A MOT s o Qil6c QIA
ThwySiUW©) Ha Lan C HoaKy (2010) Thuy D I M (2005) Han Quoc (2007;
Nam Pill (2010) Tnmg Quoc (2009) TliaiLaii (:
Ma-IOC (3005) H 020<ti>
0% 10". lS°ii
Ngu6n: Rdni,isilj \ .1 Ojala {2012|, McuMiremuni of N Level Ld^isLts Cosli jnd Pcrlormaiii.e. InkTnalitiiul Transpoi
Dl^cu^^Km Papers. No 2012/04. OECD Publishmj:, Gemuri'
Economy and Forecasi Review
33
ra - TRAO DOI
biet Id Iinh vtfc giao thdng van tai, chidm tdi 40% ttong stf ehdnh Idch ehi phi vdi cac ntfdc tidp gidp b d n ; vd con sd nay Id 60% ddi vdi cac ntfdc khdng tiep gidp bidn (Limao vd Venables, 2001).
Them vdo do, tiinh do phdt tiien vd ehi phi logistics efla mdt qudc gia edn dtfdc xem Id mdt cdn cff quan ttong trong ehien ltfdc diu hi cua cdc tap dodn da qud'c gia. Singapore, Hdng Kdng Id nhiftig minh chu^g sd'ng ddng cho ede qude gia nhtf vdy. Hdn nffa, chi phi logistics chidm t^ ttpng cao ti-ong ed c^u gid tiianh san pham, do dd vide tdi tfu hda chi phi logistics giffp cho qua trtnh sdn xult kinh doanh dat hidu qud cao hdn vdi mtfc gid tiidnh san pham hdp I^.
Cudi ciing, mpt sdtac dpng khdc cua vide giam chi phi logistics ddi vdi ndn kinh tdqudc gia la:
- Logistics tao nen tdng cho stf phdt tiien cfla nhieu Hnh vffc khdc nhtf vdn tai da phtfdng thtfc^hay cac ngdnh nghd sdn xud't, kinh doanh. Gidi quyet tdt bai toan vd chi phf logistics se giffp nhidu linh vrfc sff dung dich vu logistics giam drfdc chi phi dau vdo va hdp ly hda sdn xult.
- K h i chi p h i logistics drfdc tdi rfu, k h d n g nhttng h i e u q u a s d n x u ^ t drfdc n d n g c a o , g i a t d n g n d n g Irfc c a n h ttanh m a ngrfdi sff d u n g d i c h v u ttong nrfde c u n g s e drfdc hrfdng ldi tff d i d u n a y : e d t h e Iffa e h p n d i e h vu p h u h d p e h o m i n h v d i mtfc gid t h o a d d n g n h a t .
- Logistics p h d t tiddn c u n g vdi^ sff q u d n ly td't c h i phi logistics c d t h d giffp t a o r a nhidu e d n g d n vide l d m ttong Iinh vffe n d y n d i rieng vd gidn tid'p t h u c d l y t a o ra vide ldm e h o ngtfdi l a o d d n g ttong cdc ITnh vtfc k h a c . S a u n a m ttd Iai d d y , N g a n h d n g T h d gidi ( W B ) d a cd 3 b a o c d o lidn q u a n d e n e h i s d n d n g Itfc logistics qud'c g i a (LPI - logistics p e r f o r m a n c e i n d e x ) cfla h d n 100 qud'e g i a t r e n t h d gidi. L P I d d n h gid n d n g Itfc v a m d i trtfdng h o a t d d n g logistics ttdn 6 linh vtfc: h d i q u a n , ke't e l u h a t a n g , v a n tdi qud'c td', c h a t Itfdng d i c h v u logistics, thdi g i a n t h d n g q u a n , thdi g i a n flm h a n g . Chi s d L P I thtfdng c a o d cdc q u d c g i a c d mtfc d p t h a m
n h u n g t h i p v d m i n h b a c h t h d n g tin eao ( A r v i s e t a l l , 2 0 1 0 ) . N h Q ^ g q u d c gia cd e h ! L P I t h d p s e p h a i d d i m d t v d i mtfe chi p h i logistics c a o d o c h i p h i cfla vide hdng k h d n g dtfdc g i a o d u n g h a n h o d c khdng dtfdc g i a o , c h i p h i Itfu k h o d o hdng c h i a dtfdc g i a o .
C h l s d L P I d d i v d i V i ^ t N a m qua cdc n d m Id 2 , 8 9 ( n a m 2 0 0 6 ) , 2,96 (ndm 2 0 0 9 ) vd 3 ( n a m 2 0 1 1 ) , m a c dff c d tien bd v e stf g i a t a n g c h i s d nhifng vd thtf bde tiii V i d t N a m k h d n g e d stf tiiay d d i , ludn d vi tri thtf 5 3 ttong s o c d c ntfdc t h a n i gia xep h a n g . V d i k d t q u a n a y , c h i p h i logistics ((iu la trtfc t i d p h a y g i a n tidp) cfla Viet N a m v i n c o n d mtfc ttfdng d d i c a o so vdi c d c ntfde.
V i d e p h d n tieh x d c dinh chi phi logistics d t i m vT m d , e u n g nhtf vi md Id h d t stfc q u a n ttpng v d e d y nghia tiirfc tidn. T u y n h i e n , sff d u n g m d hinh ndo dd tinh t o d n p h u t h u d c v a o tinh hinh cu the efla m S i q u d e ^ i a . V i d t N a m ndm trong k h u vrfc c h a u A - T h a i B i n h Dffdng tiii co le k i n h n g h i d m c u a e a e nrfdc xung quanh Id h d t stfc q u y b a u . H d n tiid nffa, ngdy n a y W B r d t c o i ttpng p h d t tiidn logistics e u a c d c q u d c g i a t h d n g q u a L P I qud'c gia dtfdc c d n g b d h a i n a m 1 l l n . Ddy Id mot c a n cff hd't sffe q u a n ttpng d d cde nhd diu trf e d n n h a c k h i tim c d h d i d i u trf, mat k h d c nhtfng Idi t h e m a n g d y n a y Viet N a m d a n g c d ( n h a n c d n g r e , tdi nguyen t h i e n n h i d n ) s e k h d n g c d n nffa tiii giam c h i p h i logisitcs c h o d o a n h nghidp va g i d m c h i p h i logistics q u d c gia Id nhflng n h d n t d q u a n ttong t h d h i d n ldi tiid eanh ttanh ttdn btfc ttanh k i n h t d t h d gidi.Q '
T A L L I ^ U T H A M K H A O
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U S A ;';
3. R u s h t o n A., C r o u c h e r P h . , B a k e r P . ( 2 0 0 6 ) . The handbook of logistics and distribuUdk-
management, 3"^ ed., L o n d o n : K o g a n P a g e "•' 4 . S o p l e V . V . ( 2 0 0 4 ) . Logistics management: Supply chain imperatives. N e w D e l h i >-%X
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7. B a n o m y o n g Rutii ( 2 0 1 2 ) . Logistics Performance Measurement in Thailand: Focus on cost ' 8. L i m a o , N a n d A J V e n a b l e s ( 2 0 0 1 ) . I n f r a s t r u c t u r e , G e o g r a p h i c a l D i s a d v a n t a g e , T r a n s p o ^ i C o s t s a n d T r a d e , World Bank Economic Review, 1 5 , 4 5 1 - 4 7 9
9. S o n g Z e a n d C h a n g D o n g l i a n g ( 2 0 0 8 ) . A S t u d y o n S p r e a d Effect of L o g i s t i c s Industty in C h i n a , Journal of Business Economics, N o . I ( 1 9 5 )
