TAP CHf KHOA HOC XA HOI s 6 8(16e)-2012 TRIET HOC - CHINH TRI HQC
BAC D I 6 M C U A T R I ^ T HOC PHU'aNG TAY HIEN OAI MOT CAI NHiN T 6 N G T H S
DINH NGQC THACH
TOM TAT
De xac dinh dien mao the gidi quan vi phwang phip luin cua triit hqe hidn dai cin dwa nd vi he thdng cic vin di tnet hoc, tir dd hinh thinh sw dinh gii mdi, vdi sw kit hop linh hoat eic thdng sd va cic
"phep do" khic nhau trong mdt the gidi da dien, da chiiu. Cd thi ndi, triet hoc phwong Tiy hien dai chit trgng die biet din yeu ti phwong phip iuan vi ngdn ngu', tao nen nhCrng cich tiip can da dang vi phwong phip, sw tim kiim vi "tii thiet ki" ngdn ngO trong timg khuynh huong, trio Iwu, hoc thuyet. Tinh da dang, mudn ve ve chu de vi khuynh hwang, sw dan xen, thay thi nhau giira eic hoc thuyet, cac trwdng phai lam nen hire tranh da sic miu vi day miu thuan trong triet hoe phwong Tiy, vdi sw gia tang ding ke yiu td nhin ban - phi duy ly. Cudi cung, khdng the khdng tinh den qui trinh dung hop, chief trung va phin giai dien ra ngay cing phi biin trong triit hoe phwong Tiy hidn dai Chinh dieu nay cho thiy no luc cua triet hoc trong vi$c phan inh thwc tien xS hdi dang biin ddi nhanh chdng. Trong tinh phuc tap, mau thuan iy rat dn mdt true ehinh, mdt cot mic dan dwdng thwc sw-
Sinh Ngpc Thach. Phd Giao sir tiln sT. Bai hpc Quic gia ThSnh pho H i Chi Minh.
1. DAT V A N e e
Triet hgc hiln dai theo nghTa ring I I trilt hpc tu' sau t h i i ky phi eo diln h i a vin h i a y phyyng T i y Doi vyi trilt hoe, d l y I I mOt qua trinh l l u dli. bit diu ly nya d i u t h i ky XIX. v i i nhyng nha trilt hpc c i xu hyyng xem xet lai truyen thing nhy F.W.
Schelling, A. Schopenhauer. A Comte. sau d i l l n lyyt hinh thanh cac khuynh hyyng.
trying phai. hoc thuyet cy ban tCf nhOng nam 70 cua t h i ky XIX d i n nay. Cung c i y kiln cho ring triet hoc hien dai. hieu theo nghTa dyyng dai (contemporary philosophy) chi CO the la trilt hpe the ky XX-XXI, Tuy nhiln mpt s i hoc thuylt ra doi vao t h i ky XIX nhyng van dyyc xIp vIo thyl hl|n dai vi xet theo diln biln lieh su*. the ky XIX da dinh hinh. hole ding vai t r i tiln d l eho cle hoc thuylt the ky XX v l xa hon. ehing han ty nhO'ng lien d l cua hien lyyng hoc hiln dai y F. Brentano (1838-1917) v l C.
Stumpf (1848-1936) den hi|n lyyng hpe eua E. Husserl (1859-1938). chya k l b i n thin "hien tyyng hpc" da dyyc su" dyng tu' r l l s i m . ma m i l trong nhyng t r y i n g hyp diln hinh I I hi|n tyyng hpc eua Hegel.
Chu nghTa thyc dung, triet hoe sy sing, ehu nghTa hl|n sinh. nhin hpc trill hpc...
e i mot lich su' l l u d l i . nhyng chi thye sy g i p phln v I o bye tranh eua trilt hpe hi|n d?i sau khi da dyyc tham dinh v l c l i biln
DINH NGQC THACH - DAC DltM COA T R | £ T HQC PHU'aNG TAY..
du-dj tac dgng cua thi^c tiln xa hdi tgi c^c nu-dc phu-cng TSy Tri^t hpc phu'ang TSy hi^n dgi nn^ chung ta 6k cgp d day, mdt m^t, chinh \i trilt hpc phd bien tgi cSc nu-dc phu'ang TSy (kh^i nidm lien quan d i n v4n de dja-chinh trj), nh^t la cac nu-dc tu" ban phat triln, nhu' Anh, Phap, DCfc, Italia. Tay Ban Nha, My M$t khac, nlu d l cap rpng han, nghTa la xet theo mpt hd chu^n nhlt djnh ve t h i gidi quan vi phu'ang phap lu$n, thi khu vyc cua nd khdng chi dCrng lai d* cac nu'dc phuang Tay. Triet hpc phu'ang Tay hi$n dgi \i dgi didn tinh thin cho cac lye iu-p'ng xa hpi tai cac nu-dc phu'ang Tay va chiu anh hu'ang cua phu'ang Tay, phan anh thyc tiln xa hdi thdng qua cac khuynh hu'ang, tru-dng phai ca ban, bit dau tCr luc diin ra qua trinh phi cd dien lida den nay.
2. K H A I Q U A T SU* HiNH T H A N H C A C KHUYNH HUONG CHU OAO
Thing lai cua cac cudc each mang tu' san du'a d i n sy thay doi can ban dja vi chinh trj cua giai d p tu' san va hinh thanh h^
thong xa hpi ty san tai nhieu nu'dc chau Au Ve kmh t l , lye lu'p'ng san xult phat trien nhanh chdng du-di tac dpng cua kinh t l thj tru-dng kieu md'i, gdp phan tao nen nhip dp phat trien sdi ddng va nhanh chdng, pha vd nhij'ng thanh luy cuoi cung cua quan he dang d p va dgc quyIn phong kiln, dan gian hda cac quan h$ xa hpi. Ca nhan hinh thanh va du'p'c ren giua trong mdi tru'dng cgnh tranh khoc li^t da chyng td tinh doc dao, tinh khdng lap lai cua minh, song cung dCrng trudc nh&ng thach thi>c thudng xuyen cua quy luat dao thai khdng thuang tiec.
V l chinh tri, nha nude phap quyen ra ddi da danh dau budc phat then mdi trong Ijch
su nh^n logi, ph^ tan nhij'ng xilng xich eua c h l dp ehuy§n c h l , logi tru tinh trang dao due hda chinh trj, lly thup'ng tdn phap luat. quyIn dan chu cua cdng d§n va phan chia quyIn lye \im nguyfen t i c hoat dpng cua minh. Sau khi dgt dup-c muc ti^u ehinh trj, giai d p tu san xem vi^c d l y nhanh tien bd khoa hpc-ky thu^t, 6n dinh chinh tn, cung c6 bp may quyIn lye trd" thdnh muc tieu hdng d i u .
H0 thdng cdc gia trj vSn hda vd dao due cung chuyin d l i cho phu hp'p vai nhiJng ddi hdi cua thdi dai, trong do nhin manh d i n tinh ndng dpng, sang tao, higu qua, ke ca nhung bilu hidn khdng tuang thich vdi chuin mye chung cua xa hpi. vupl qua Idi mdn tu duy, dam nghT dam lam. Ben canh dd dilu ki#n xa hpi cung gdp phan hinh thanh chu nghTa vj ky va dc thyc dung cua ca nhan Tinh hai mat cua ddi sdng ngay cdng bdc Ip rd net, keo theo sy do vd' hdng loat chuin mye vd gia tn truyen thong. Cac nhd ly iugn cua xa hpi hien dai da nlm bit kip thdi nhung tdm trang va phan ung dd, chdng han tam trang bj bd rai. cam giac ve su bit lye cua ly tri, khoa hoc, sy cin cdi eua ddi sdng tinh thin, hay mau thuln gii>a sy phat triln van minh vd sy suy thoai dao due, loi song, nhu d u kham pha, khai thdc nhij-ng vung dat mai, de xac lap cdc khuynh hudng chu dao trong trilt hpc phi c l diln.
Nhung biln ddi cua thyc tiln xa hpi ddi hdi cai t l trong ITnh vyc t u duy ly lu^n. Sy hinh thdnh cac khuynh hudng phi eo diln xult phdt tu chinh logic npi tgi cua sy v$n dpng y thuc. Theo nhyng ngudi dgt n l n mdng cho phong cdch t u duy nay, sy ty phu dinh cua y thuc Id nham khdc phyc tinh chat khudn mdu, chuin mye dan gian, md ra
DINH NGOC THACH - DAC DI^M COA TRl^T HQC PHU'aNG TAY nhyng hudng nghien euu mdi, Idm gan
cac v i n d l trilt hoc vdi cdc v i n d l eua nhan thue va hoat dpng thyc tiln ma trudc day chua tung duac bilt din. Nhung khai niem pho quat, nhi>ng chu d l chung ehung khdng t h i dap ung ddi hdi ngdy eang da dang, phCpc tap cua xa hpi. Dilu do eung ed nghTa la tham vpng ve mpt thu tnlt hpc pho qudt toan nang, ed t h i dua ra Idi giai dap Chan ly doi vdi bat ky cau hdi ndo khd duac chip nhan trong dilu kidn mdi Vdo nam 1819, trong khi G. Hegel dang cdn Id than tup'ng cua gidi tre Due, A.
Schopenhauer (1788-1860) cdng bo tai Berlin tde phdm chinh cua minh - The gi&i nhu y chi vi bieu twang {Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung), md ra khuynh hudng phi duy i'y-nhin bin trong tnet hpe phuang Tay. N l u Hegel khach the hda ly tinh, y niem, thi Schopenhauer khach t h i hda y chi Doi vdi Schopenhauer, "hdnh dpng cua ca t h i ehang qua Id hdnh dpng cua y chi dd dyp'C khach quan hda"'^*. Trong he thing cua I. Kant, cau hdi ve kha nang cua nhan thue (Tdi cd t h i nhan thuc gi?) dup'c dat ra trudc cau hdi v l hoat ddng thuc tien, dao due cua con ngudi (Tdi d n phai lam gi?). Ngup'c lai, d Schopenhauer, "tdi muon" (y chi) di trudc "tdi cd thi" (kha nang nhan thue). Y chi trd thanh bdn nguyen dai dien chan chinh cua con ngudi trong quan he vdi the gidi. Cdch tilp can nay hodn todn ehua dup-e tinh d i n trong truyin thing co dien. TCF triit hpc su song eua Schopenhauer d i n eac trdo luu trilt hpc phi duy ly-nhan ban the ky XX khd da dang, nhung ndi bat nhlt cd Phdn tam hpc (Psychoanalysis) vd'i chu nghTa Freud (Freudism) vd chu nghTa Freud-md'i (Neo- Freudism), hidn tup'ng hpc (Phenomenology),
chu nghTa hidn sinh (Existentialism).. Sy ra ddi cua khuynh hudng phi duy ly-nhan ban xult phat ti> bat lye cua ly tri, khoa hpc vd trilt hpc truyin thing (sieu hinh hpc) trong vide ly giai ede v i n d l ngay eang phuc tap eua ddi song Khuynh hudng phi duy ly chu trpng phan tich nhung ylu to ben ngoai, khdng dgt trong sy kilm sodt cua ly tri nhu y chi, xue cdm, dye vpng.
ban ndng.
Theo mdt s6 nhd nghidn cij'u, Nietzsche Id ngudi kit thuc giai doan tim kilm md tip tu duy phuang Tdy hidn dai Trong diln dat cua "Zarathustra" "Chua da chit", vd
"chung ta da gilt Chua" da ngu y v l su dd vd nhi>ng gid tn truyen thong Tuang ty Schopenhauer, Nietzsche xem t h i gidi vat t h i chi nhu cai khdng dang k l , "khdng la gi ea", bdi le "hien thye" eua t h i gidi ay khdng cd gi Id tuyet doi, khdng cd ca ca sd ben vung va xac tin nao, ngay eon ngud'i eung "khP han bat ky lodi khf nao, vd dd cung la bilu hien cua "hu vd chu nghTa Tdy AU", sy phu nhan y nghTa ton tai cua nd (Nietzsche, 1999, tr 29-33).
Mpt khuynh hudng khac cung trai vdi truyen thong cd diln, nhung nham vao doi tup'ng, chu khdng nhim vao gia trj, vi tri cua thudc do ly tinh. Tai Phap, A. Comte (1798-1857) phe phan cac van de cua triet hpc eO, xem do la cdc v i n d l si§u hinh'^' vi chung khdng dua ra Idi giai thich t l i hau v l cdc sy vat, hipn tuang, trong khi thye tien xa hpi lai dat ra nhieu van de, ddi hdi phai cd nhOng Idi dap mdi, thilt thue, thay t h i nhCrng m^nh d l pho quat, chung chung.
Xult phat tu- dd Comte ehu truang "con dud'ng thCp ba" trong trilt hpc, vupl qua ca chu nghTa duy vat Idn chu nghTa duy tam, bdc bd v i n d l ca ban cua trilt hpc, von Id
DINH NGOC THACH - BAC B I E M COA T R | £ T HOC PHLTONG TAY v i n d l sing c i n trong cle hpc thuylt tU' c i
dai d i n e|n dai. Comte II n g y i i k h i i x y i n g chu nghTa thyc chyng (Positivisme.
Positivism), bilu hi|n d i u tiln eua khuynh h y i n g thyc chO-ng-khoa hoc. hay dyn gian II khuynh h y i n g khoa hpc, Chu nghTa thyc chCrng I h l hiln y i c muln cai t i trilt hpc. llm g i n ele v i n d l tnlt hpe v i i cac v i n d l cua khoa hpc chuyin bill, klu goi cic n h l trilt hoc ty biln thanh cic chuyin gia thyc sy trong ITnh vye nghiln eu'u eua minh. Chu nghTa thyc chu-ng ehing qua chi I I sy phan anh q u i trinh ty d i i m i i trill hpc cho phu hyp v i i xa h i i phyyng Tiy sau thing lyi cua c l e cuie eleh mang ty san. Khuynh hyyng khoa hoe trong trilt hpc the ky XX-XXI kha da dang, tu* chu nghTa thyc chyng c i diln den chu nghTa thye chu'ng myi. chu nghTa h|u thyc Chyng, cae trio lyu t i p trung vIo phln lieh logle-ngon ngi>, tim kilm phyyng phlp nghiln ciru m i l , nhO'ng he biln thai myi.
Cung v i i hai khuynh hyyng chu dgo vu'a nlu, ty nhyng nam 1870 cua I h l ky XIX d l hinh Ihlnh chu nghTa Thomas myi (Neo- Thomism) do Vatican bao try, my d i u ding tnet hpc tdn giao hi|n dai. Ding trilt hpc nly. xet v l npi dung v l tinh chit, r l l g i n v i i khuynh h y i n g phi duy ly-nhan ban.
nen e i I h l kit hyp chung lai v i i nhau theo tinh than phi duy ly-nhin ban-Ion giao Dai di|n tilu bieu cua chu nghTa Thomas m i i I h l ky XX II J. IVIantaln (Jacques Marilain.
1882-1973). Ty t y i n g xa h i i eua Marilain h y i n g den vi|c giai quylt v i n d l cua thyi dai phu hyp vyi tinh than Kiti giao. eoi d i II chia khia eua thinh eing Theo ing. l i i tholt tu' tinh trang khung hoang cua t h i i dai la khing dmh chu nghTa nhan v i n "than I I trung lam", n l n d i n chu nhan vi, Kiti
gilo h i a mpi ITnh vyc cua v i n hia llnh thin va lam g i n c l e t i n giao. Trong s i nhO'ng hpe thuylt trilt hoe l i n gilo n i l b|t khIc cua t h i ky XX e i I h l k l d i n chu nghTa duy linh-nhln vi (Splritualism-Personnalism), trilt hoc t i n gilo eua T. de Chardin, N Buber, N. Berdiaev, P. Tillieh... Teilhard de Chardin (1881-1955) la hinh anh n l i bit giya c l e n h l trilt hpc t i n gilo. N h l thin hpc, trilt gia. linh mye ding T i n (Jesuitism) n g y i i Phlp n l y g i p eing l i n vIo vi|c sing l|p thuylt tri t u | quyIn (noosphere).
p h l l triln c i sinh hpc (paleontology), nhin hpe. m i l hpc v l t h i n hpc Thiln Chua giao, ting hyp truyin thing Kiti-Thiln Chua gilo vyi ly thuyet tiln h i a vu trg hi|n dai.
6ng khing tao n l n m i l t r y i n g phli, khing c i m i n d | trye tilp. nhyng d l lai m i l hpc thuyet trong khoa hpc. dyyc bill d i n dyyi t i n gpi chu nghTa Teilhard (Teilhardism).
Nhyng trill hpc phyyng T i y hi|n dai khing ehi e i chu'ng l y khuynh hyyng. hoc thuylt. TO' nhCrng n l m 1940-1950 cua t h i ky XX diln ra sy k i t hyp nhilu each tilp c|n trong m i l hpc thuylt. hp|c hinh thinh nhyng nhim e|n nganh. ehing han tyyng lai hpc (futurology)'", chu y l u thien v l ky tri (Technocracy), t a r i n g phli Frankfurt...
0 ITnh vye nly ngay tu' cuii I h l ky XIX xuat hiln nhilu l l n tuoi lyn nhy E. Durkheim. M.
Weber. O.Spengler, A. Toynbee, d i n Ihl ky XX-XXI c i A.Toffler, J.Naisbilt. v. v.
Ba th|p niln cuii I h l ky XX trong trill hpc phyyng Tay hinh thanh nhO'ng khuynh h y i n g ma t r y i c day d l c i . dyyc cai biln.
dieu chinh. hole Iryyc d l y chya dyyc d|l ra nhy m i l v i n d l n i l b i t eua tranh lu|n t r i l l hpc, ching han chu nghTa h|u hiln dai (Post-modernism), ehu nghTa hien sinh-
BINH NGOC THACH - BAG BIEM COA TR|£T HOC PHLf ONG TAY mil. chu nghTa thyc dgng-mii. hay nhyng
trill thuylt b i m s i t vIo c l e van de toln cau gay g i l nhy sinh thai, m i i t r y i n g , hau qua xa hii cua tien b i khca hpc-eing ngh|.
vin de chiln tranh, h i a binh... Cung vyi sy ein thiet k i t hyp trilt hpe v i i cac ITnh vyc tri thyc khIc nhau trong vi|c giai quylt hlng loat v i n d l liln quan d i n d i i sing x l hpi tai c l e n y i e phyyng Tiy, va ca nhin loai nya. tao nen tinh liln k i t .
Thay dii thii d i d l i v i i Iruyin thing cung the hiln k h i r i trong sinh hoat hpc thult M i l so ehu tryyng t r i v l c i l nguin, s i khac tuyen b l d i t chly chile c l u n i l vyi qua khu-.
Da c i sy doi l|p hai each tilp c|n. tao n l n
"nhyng n h l nhan van long Ihl". xem nhe vai t r i d i n d i t cua tien b i khoa hpc-eing nghi. v l "nhyng n h l ky tri ting thi". xem cac Ihlnh qua eua khoa hpe-cong nghi i l phyyng thuoc van nang, chOa llnh moi vet Ihyyng xa h i i . Nhu'ng n h l nhin van thuic dang trin luyin b l doan tuyet v i i khoa hpc-eing ngh|. c i n nhu'ng n h l ky tri Ihi quang cao minh 11 dai di|n eua trilt hpc hyu dung dung nghTa
Oil ngu cae n h l trilt hpc khoa hoe kha phln hia; mpt s i g i n v i i chu nghTa thyc chyng (I. Lakatps. T Kuhn ). m i l s l khac - ehu nghTa duy v|t khca hpe l y nhien (M.
Bunge), s i khIc nO'a - chu nghTa duy l l m duy khoa hoc dac tryng (F. Gonsethe). hay Ihiln la. bIm s l i vIo c l e lu|n dilm micxit ve lien minh trilt hpc-khoa hpc t y nhien.
KhIc v i i nhu'ng bleu hi|n eye dean trong t h i i ky dau. t r i l l hpc phyyng Tay hi|n nay van tilp too xem xet cac v i n d l truyin thing theo tinh thin "trijo van hia", tu'ng dyyc Jaspers d l d p . Ching han, tai Hii
nghi trill hpc I h l g i i i lln Ihu' XXII i Seoul.
Han Quic. nam 2008. chu d l "Ty duy lai trilt hpc ngly nay" bao g i m r l l nhilu nil dung khIc nhau. tU' lich sy tnlt hpc phyyng Ding, phyyng Tiy d i n cle nhlnh tnlt hpc thIm nhlp v i e cic khoa hpc, loan hpc, logic, khca hpc ly nhiln. dan dye.
ehinh tri, xa hii. lull phap. giao due. van hoa. lich SU'... Rilng phan cae vin d l trilt hoc dyyng dgi d chau Au, c i cle bli vilt b i n v l tnlt hpc nhan elch, tnlt hpe lich sy, ehlnh tri hpc. chu nghTa da van hia. lean elu hia. ehu nghTa hau hl|n dai. dao du'c hoe. Nhin ehung. sy quan lam cua Hii nghj la c l e tnet hpc g i n liln v i i khoa hpc va thyc l i l n hien dai. di sau vIo trill hpc trong c i c ITnh vyc chuyen bill. Khing c i n du'ng lai i nhOng van de phi quit theo kilu ty duy c i dien. song cae nhl nghiln eu'u v i n mong muon llm dap s i chung eho nhyng vin de loan cau. khu vye. bi|n chyng gii>a cai p h i biln v l c l i dac thu trong q u i trinh phat tnln cua cac nln tnlt hpc"'.
Ty nhu'ng nam 50-60 cua I h l ky XX d i n nay nhung tim tdi, kham phi, nhung no luc tim kiem hwang di mdi cua cac trilt gia Iryyc nhu'ng diln biin d i n d|p cua thyc tiln da tao dyyc d i u I n nhit dinh. du khing tao n l n nhu'ng trill thuylt mang llnh bung n l nhy t r y i c . M i l s i nha nghiln cyu n i l v l sy trim ling cua sinh hoat hpe thult.
nhyng thyc ra trcng tnlt hpc v l c l e ITnh vyc nh|n thyc khIe dang l y dilu chJnh theo xu h y i n g phit triln chung. D y i l t i c dpng cua nhyng kham p h i ky di|u trong khoa hpc, xu h y i n g nghiln eu'u da nglnh, da ITnh vye. nhu cau giao lyu v i n hia.
khoa hpc giu'a cic dan tpe, cic n h l trilt hpe phyyng Tay co gang tac dyng mpt
DINH NGOC THACH - DAC DitM CGA TRIET HQC PHU'aNG TAY,, didn mao tnlt hpc khdc trudc it nhilu. Trilt
hpc phan tich tilp tgc phdt huy tde dyng, chu nghTa bi quan v l "thdn ph^n cpn ngudi"
giam bdi, hoac chi cdn mang y nghTa nhdn van Chu nghia duy ly phd phdn K, Popper (1902-1994) lly nguydn t i c gia mao thay nguyen tde kilm chCrng, ehu nghTa c l u true thay t h i ban t h i ludn v l con ngudi-cd nhdn; chu gidi hpc trilt hpe, hay thdng diln hpc (Hermeneuties) tim kilm nhCrng y nghTa va nhCrng gia tn trcng ngdn ngCr, trpng cupc sing lln trong nghien cCru khoa hpc; v i n d l van hda ngdy cdng thu hut sy quan tam cua nhieu trud'ng phdi vd cd nhan. Nhilu hpc thuylt bit d i u chpn con dudng chilt trung d l t h i hi^n minh, nhu chu nghTa Freud-mdi, thuylt hdi ty. Cdc phuang an khdc nhau cua tuang lai hpc, cdc biln tudng cua chu nghTa hau hi?n dai gay sy chu y cua du luan thdng qua cdc phuang ti^n thdng tin dai ehung ngdy cdng tinh vi.
3. TRltT HOC PHU'aNG T A Y H I £ N DAI TRONG MOT T H ^ Gid'i MO
Th|t khd cd sy thong nhlt trong vipe xdc djnh dac dilm cua trilt hpe phuang Tay hi$n dai, bdi le khdng t h i dung phuang phap danh gid cua tnlt hpc " c l diln" cho nhu'ng van d l phi c l diln, hidn dai- Luu Phdng Ding chf ra b i n dilm cua trilt hpc hi§n dgi vupt qua trilt hpe c0n dai: ThCr nhat, da so cac trud'ng phdi hi#n dgi d i u tCi- bd vi?c xay dyng mpt h0 thing trilt hpc bao trum hit thay. Thu' hai, tCr bd khuynh hud'ng phan lap nhj nguyen nhu ca sd*
nhan thCre luan can dai. Thuba, "cdng khai thach thirc khuynh hud'ng ly tinh vgn nang vd ly tinh dpc doan" cua trilt hpc truyin thong. Thu tu, cae trdo luu trilt hpc nhdn ban hien dai "phan d l i vi$c d l i tup'ng hda
con ngudi, ddi phyc hii t i n tai hipn thye cua con ngudi, nh$n thuc lai gi^ trj va y nghTa t i n tgi cua con ngud'i" (Luu Phdng Ding, 2004, tr. 44-47).
Trilt hpc phuang Tdy hi^n dgi, x6t tCf each tilp e$n gid trj. Id sy phan dnh thyc tiln xa hdi phuang Tdy trong tinh da dang vd phLHC tap cua nd, mpt xd hdi ndng dpng, nhung ding thdi ham chua nhirng mdu thuln sau sde. Nhu c l u xac l^p quan dilm chung v l t h i gidi, tliag hp'p cdc khia cgnh cua van hda, cua kinh nghiem cuOc sing vd tiln bd khoa hpc-cdng ngh? cung nhCi*ng h? qua cua nd, da lam gia tdng sy quan tdm cua cdc tang Idp xa hpi d i n cac v i n d l tnlt hpc. Ve phln minh, cdc khuynh hud'ng, trdo luu tnet hpc phuang Tdy hi$n dgi da co gang bdm sdt nhCrng diem ndng cua thyc tiln, thdm nhap vao chilu sau cua nhOng xung dpng tinh thin, hinh thdnh nhCrng phuang thCrc nhan thCrc vd danh gia da didn, da chilu v l t h i gidi xung quanh va t h i gidi cua chinh con ngydi. Trudc day, mpt s l nha trilt hpc mdexit xem trilt hpc phuang Tay hi^n dgi la biln thai cua chu nghTa duy tam co diln'^'. Tuy nhien, mpt mat, sy lya chpn hudng nghien cCru nhlt djnh vd ddo sau hudng nghifen euu l y d l Idm nli bat mpt m$t, mpt khia canh cua dd'i sing xd hOi va cd nhdn trcng mdt giai do^n cy t h i cua t h i gidi dang biln d l i Id dieu c i n thilt, nhlt Id trong thd'i dai phirc tap nhu hi^n nay. Mat khdc, cd t h i va c i n phai phan bi0t chu nghTa duy tam hi$n dai vd chu nghTa duy tdm CO diln. Chu nghTa duy tdm c l diln, cung nhu trilt hpc co dien, t h i hidn quan dilm cua minh trong sy d l i l^p cd tinh nguyen t i e vd'i chu nghTa duy v|it khi giai quylt v i n d l ca ban cua trilt hpc theo
BINH NGOC THACH - OAC BlfiM COA TRIfiT HOC PHLTONG TAY nhO'ng milip d l dyyc xac dinh (mii quan
he giQ'a vat chit va y thyc, thiln nhiln va tinh than, l i n lai v l t y duy). Ngyye lai. ehu nghTa duy l l m hi|n dgi c i v y y l qua nhOng nguyin ly pho quit de lim kilm cic m i thCrc v l bilu hl|n cua d i i sing trong nhyng III cat eua n i . Neu quy k i t thinh chu nghTa duy l l m d l i v i i cac trie lyu thuic khuynh hyyng phi duy ly-nhin ban va t i n gilo. thi d y i n g nhy chu nghTa hiln sinh. hiln tyyng hpc, phan tam hpc. chu nghTa duy llnh-nhin vi... thu|c v l thir ehu nghTa duy tam l y . Song, khi J.P. Sartre nhin manh ehu quan tinh eua eon n g y i i , i n g khing e i y phu nhan t h i g i i i quan.
ma thyc chit cua tuyen b i nay nham noi d i n ban tinh eua con n g y i i v i i t y each mpt e l nhan sing tao, die dip, khing l|p I9I ma nhO'ng c l i khac b i n ngoai con ngyyi d i u t i ra n h i be. khing dang k l khi so sinh v i i n i (Walter Kaufmann. Forest E. Baird. 1994. Ir. 474-475). Ong eung p h i phan triet hpc co diln da coi con n g y i i nhy m i l d i i vat. Di s l u vIo chu quan llnh cua con ngyyi. i n g xem con n g y i i nhy mpt dy phing. m i l chu t h i h y i n g lai.
ding t h i i y thyc dyyc viec h y i n g lai cua minh (J.P. Sartre. 1965. Ir. 21). Chu nghTa duy l l m hien dai. neu c i the gpi nhy I h l . vyyt qua each gill thieh co diln theo milip cua Berkeley (ton tai - nghia I I dyyc tri gilc. Fichte (cai T i l nhy nguyin \i pho quit). Plato. Hegel (y nl|m dyyc khich quan hia thanh ban t h i Iru'u tyyng).
Tuy nhiln. de xac dinh dien mao I h l g i i l quan v l phyyng phlp luln cua trill hpc hiln dsl. can dya n i ve he thing cac van d l triet hpe. tU' d i hinh thinh sy dinh gia m i l . v i i sy k i t hyp linh hoat eac thing so v l cae ' p h l p do" khIc nhau trong mpt I h l
g i i l da dl|n, da chilu. D i I I cic "phlp do"
ban I h l lu|n, nh|n thyc luln, phyyng phlp lu|n. nhin ban lu|n va g i l In luln.
Khia canh sau cung g i n v i i elu h i i v l vai t r i . vi tri eua trill hpe treng d i i sing xa hii.
sy thu'a nh|n xa hii d i i v i i n i . Trilt hpc phyyng T i y hi|n dai chii trong die bi$t din yiu to phwang phip luin vi ngdn ngO; tao nin nhirng cich tiip can da dang vi phwang phip, sw tim kiim vi "tii thiit ke" ngdn ngir tmng timg khuynh hwdcig, trio Iwu, hoc thuyit. Sy xult hi|n ele trio lyu phi c i diln. xlt y khia canh phyyng phlp. gan Hin v i i sy ra d i i chO nghTa thye chu'ng. Ty nya sau the ky XIX triet hpc phyyng Tay ngly cing ehu trong nhieu d i n phwong phip, tham chl mpt s l trilt gia xem xet t r i l l hpc tCr g i c d i phyyng phap thuln tuy. tuyen b i rang g i l tri thyc sy eua mpt hpc thuylt khing h i n y nhCrng cuie tranh luan v l y nghTa eua ton tai. ve ban chit eua d i i song con n g y i i hay triln vyng cua lich sy. ma i vl|c x l e dinh xem phyyng phap nao giup chung ta di sau vao ton tai cua sy vat, Ipt ta dyyc ban chit cua d i i sing va lu' d i lao dieu kien d l mol e l nhan l y tim ra l i i dap v l s l phln cua chinh minh va eua nhin loai.
Ngoai nhu'ng g i l tri khong I h l phu nhan.
eleh tilp c|n d i mang tinh m i l ehleu. b i i le phyyng phap trill hoe khing the khong dya vao mpt ey s i the g i i i quan nhil dinh.
Phyyng phap c i the xung dpi v i i I h l g i i l quan. e i I h l n h i l Irl v i i n i - d i I I kinh nghilm lich sy cua sy p h l l triln In thyc trill hpe.
Tinh da dang, mudn ve v l ehu d l va khuynh h y i n g , sy dan xen, thay I h l nhau giu'a cae hpc thuylt. cac t r y i n g phli dyyc quy dinh b i i nhu'ng ehuyin biln cua thyc
BINH NGOC THACH - BAG BlfiM CDA TRIET HOC PHLfONG TAY...
tiln x§ hOi. NhO'ng biln d l i nhanh ehing.
phO'c tap cua d i i sing x l h i i llm nly sinh ele v i n d l m i i m i l cleh t h y i n g xuyln.
th|m chi d l y b i t n g i . d i i h i i c i c trill gia khing ngO'ng tim t i i phyyng thyc t h i hiln va dinh g i l ehung. Quy l u l l phit triln khing eho phlp sy ngyng dong cua t y duy. sy thin Ihlnh hia v l tuylt d i i hia m i l ty t y i n g , m i l t r y i n g phll hay m i l khuynh h y i n g nIo d i . Sy v|n ding khing ngu'ng eua xa h i i cOng p h i vi" l i p v i kiln e l cua c l e quan nilm "ehinh thing" d l i v i i mpt t h i i , nhyng cung llm cho ching nhanh ehing hia t h i n v i e euic sing, hinh Ihlnh d i n nhO'ng milip sing nhit dinh, m l syc Ian Iruyin khing l | thuic miy v i e c l e dilu ki|n khong-thii gian. Chang hgn chu nghTa thyc dung (Pragmatism), von hinh Ihlnh d y i i dang m i m ming l y cuii t h i ky XIX. sang dau I h l ky XX try Ihlnh tnlt hoc ban chinh thyc eua l i i song My. khuynh dao ea h | thing gilo due v l tin ngyyng cua ngyyi My. song sau do v l i I h i p niln n i khing c i n hl|n dl|n v l dyyc luyin truyen ram r i nhy m i l hpc thuylt - n i da chim dyt sy l i n tai cua minh vyi tinh eleh I I mpt I n r i n g phli t r i l l hpe. mac du tilp tye t i n tai d l y d i trong cuic sing cua m i l ca nhin. h i a t h i n trong d y i n g l i i cua m i l s i dang chinh In. Tyyng l y nhy v|y d i i v i i chu nghTa hl|n sinh (Existentialism), m i l trio lyu (doi khi c l e nha phln tich n i l ve 'phong trio hl|n sinh") k h i " m i l " cua t r i l l hpe phyyng T i y nhu'ng n l m 40-60 eua t h i ky XX. M|e du v|y l u l l thp v l m|t triet hpe eua n i k h i khilm l i n : nam 1927.
khi M. Heidegger eing bo "HO'u I h l v l t h i i gian" (Sein und Zeil), chu nghTa hl|n sinh chinh thu'c dyyc khai sinh. Nam 1960 ehu nghTa hiln sinh nhy d i n g trill hpc dpc Up
k i t thiic sy hl|n di|n cua minh; sy ki|n nly trung v i i t h i i gian c i n g b l "Phi binh
\i tri biln chCrng" cua J.P.Sartre. M i y lh|p niln sau n g y i i ta mong muin phyc h i i chu nghTa hiln sinh l l n chu nghTa thyc dyng d y i i nhOng t i n gpi m i i I I chu nghTa l l n thyc dyng. chu nghTa l l n hi|n sinh v i i nhO'ng d i l u chinh d i n g k l . dai loai nhy b i t d i n y l u t i chu quan theo kilu tin ngying luln i chO nghTa thyc dyng v l chu nghia bi quan c l nhin i chu nghia hi|n sinh.
Song, chu nghia thye dyng l l n ehu nghia hl|n sinh k h i dat dyyc thinh cing nhy hinh thye nguyin thuy cua ehung. C i thi khing dinh ring trong t r i l l hpe phyyng Tiy hi|n dai khong c i hpc thuylt nIo thing tri l l u d l i nhy i giai doan e l diln.
Ban than chu nghia thyc dyng. khi phll triln den glai doan chu nghia tan thyc dyng. cung khong I h l chi chu trpng din nhu'ng v i n d l quen thuic eua ehu nghia thyc dyng e i diln. byi le m i l m|t y thyc v l sy l y l l m m i i minh I I hi|n lyyng t h y i n g xuyln trong m | l xa h i i d l y I p nhO'ng xung ding. nhO'ng thay d i i nhanh ching. k l ca nhyng thay d l i khing lying t r y i c . M i l khIc. sy eai l l cua ban thin ehu nghia thye dyng khing ehi eyy van sy t i n tai cua n i . m l g i p phln lam nen b y i c ehuyin chung eua trilt hpc phyyng Tiy dyyng dgi. B y i c chuyin ngin ngO hpc eua ehu nghia tan thye dyng Richard Rorty I I minh chCrng diln hinh cho sy cai t i nly (Richard Rorty. 1979. Ir. 154).
Trong triit hoc phwang Tiy hidn dai yiu td nhin ban-phi duy iy gia ting ding ki.
So v i i Iruyin thong co diln. trong trill hpc hl|n d?i khuynh huong nhin ban- phi duy ly ehilm vi Iri quan trpng. doi luc vyyl qua khuynh hyyng "thye chO'ng-khoa
BINH NGOC THACH - BAG B I E M CCIA TR16T HOC PHLTONG TAY., hpc". chi phii d i l n mao d i i sing chinh In.
xa hpi va tinh t h i n eija cac n y i c phyyng Tay. Kha nang chl phii nay xuit phat t y sy b i t lye eua ly tri khca hpe trpng vi|c gill quylt cac v i n de nhin sinh-xl hii. l y nhu c l u lim hieu s l u s i c hyn d i i sing npi l l m cua con n g y i i va thai d i sing cua hp trong t h i i dai khung hoang dinh h y i n g g i l tri.
Trong khuynh h y i n g phi duy ly mat ehu quan eua t i n Igi n g y i i . hay chu quan tinh, dyyc de cao. ca ehu quan linh con n g y i i - c l nhan lln the g i i l llnh thin cua con ngyyi n i l ehung. D i i vdi phli hi|n sinh "vi thin" hay phan l l m hpe v l tnlt hpe sy sing Ihl sy quan l l m dinh cho c l nhin.
l l m trang va khai vpng ca nhan. la de lai khing I h l thilu. So v i i chu nghia duy tam c l diln sy quan l l m n l y I h l hiln ro net v l lap tmng hyn. C h i nghia duy tam chu quan cua G. Beri<eley (Tin tai - nghTa la dyyc tri gilc) va J. Fichte (cai T i l linh than tuylt doi. sing tao ra va chl phli mpi thy) khi m l sinh n i l cac t r y i n g phll vCra n l u v l phyyng dien c l i T i i ca nhan. cai T i i dang sing, n l m trai. chiu dyng v l khli vong. nghia I I khing phll c l i T i l silu hinh.
ma la cai T i l song thyc. Song, sy ly giai con ngyyi mot each philn di|n co I h l d i n din cac bllu hien cua chu nghTa duy y chi hole chu nghia bi quan Hch sy. C l i thy nhil xem y chi. tir y chi sw sdng d i n y chi quyen Iwe, nhy ban nguyen hoat ding quylt dinh; cai thy hai m i la m i l each eying di|u bye tranh am dam cua x l h i i . sy xung d i t giO'a xa hpi v l ea nhin. Phli hi|n sinh hO'u than v l m i l s i t r y i n g phll phi duy ly-lin giao lap trung ly gill ban chat va y nghia eua I h l g i i l tinh t h i n nhin loai, ke ea t r i lai v i i quan nl|m truyin
thing v l vai I r i cua c l e lye lyyng silu nhiln t h i n bi.
Trong glai doan hl|n nay khing il c l e tac g i l phyyng T i y ban khoan v l h y i n g di cua trill hpc. Hp eho ring, trill hoe i phyyng T i y ngly nay phln chia thinh ba nhlnh ehu dao 11 trill hpe phln Hch, trill hoc cyu lye dia v l lich sy trill hpe. Nhyng e l ba nhanh nly d i u I n chia nhO'ng sai llm trong h y i n g di Trill hpc phan tich l i ra hell nghi d l i v i i quan ni|m v l sy m|nh eua trill hpc trong d i i song xa h i i v i i llnh cleh I I mit khoa hpc. Trilt hpc cyu lye dia khing bao g i i theo dull m i l ly thuyet dung dan, v l tinh thyc hanh cua n i chi thieh hyp che nhO'ng kit luan chinh Iri v l dao dye cu t h i , Lieh su- tnet hoe ehu y l u dyyc xac lap trin cy s i nhyng quan dilm mang llnh chit eye bp. mang d i m d i u i n quic gia hoac n l n van hoa, nyi d o triet gia sinh t r y i n g , chy khing phai la gia tri khach quan trong h | thing ty t y i n g eua hp. NhCmg b y i c di trcng trilt hpc dyyng dai chi e i the dat dyyc bang cleh m i mIm trinh nhu'ng cam biy nly (Kevin Mulligan. Peter Simens and Barry Smith, 2006. tr. 63).
Dung hap, chiit trung vi phin giii diin ra ngay eing p h i bien trong triet hpc phyyng Tiy hiln dai. Trong nhu'ng thap nien cuoi I h l ky XX vile k i t hyp. h i a lln nhilu ding t y t y i n g dem den mpt s i kit qua nhat dinh. C i t h i k l d i n sy phan Hch Ipgic ngon ngO' va phan l l m hpc xa hii b i n hi|n sinh; chu nghia c i u true v l nhin hpe trill hpe; chu nghTa duy ly m i i v l trill hpc x l hpi cOa t r y i n g phli Frankfurt, sy phln lieh ehyc nang trong xa hii hpc v l chu glai hpc.
chu nghia hien sinh-mil v l phli Thcmas mii. chu glai hpc va phln tich ngin ngu'...
BINH NGOC THACH - BAC BlgM COA TRIfeT HQC PHLfONG TAY..
Sau khi chiln tranh Ianh k i t thOc c l e n h l trilt hpe phyyng T i y quan l l m nhilu d i n c i c khia canh v i n h i a . dao dO'c. trill hpc khoa hoe. dy d o l n hpc. nhit I I dy dcln x l hii. T?l nhilu t r y i n g dai hpc. nhilu trung l l m nghiln eu'u dS hinh Ihlnh n l n hlng loat chuyin nglnh m i i eua trilt hpc. gia ting nhO'ng eleh Hip c|n m i l , g i n v i i x l hpi hpc. chinh In hpc. nhin hpc v i n hia, kinh t l hpe. lull hpe. khu vyc hpc. cle khoa hpc ty nhien nhy sinh hpe. y hpc, eing nghi lln hpc. v v. Suy nghi ehung cua phin l i n c l e n h l trilt hpe hl|n dai I I : sy biln d i i ngly cing nhanh ehing cua d i i sing hiln thye. nhCrng ehuyin biln phyc lap eua sinh hoat ehlnh tri-xl hpi. nhO'ng v i n dk nay sinh tCr m i l quan h | giO'a con n g y i i v i i t y nhiln v l v i i chinh minh. c i c h | qua eua l i l n bp khoa hpc-eing ngh|.
nhu cau liln kit. hyp lac giO-a eac dan t i c va nhCrng m l u thuin m i i nay sinh... khiln chp nhu'ng tham vpng cua thCr trill hpc bao quit t i t ca. dai di|n cho l i t ea. m l t h i i c l diln tCrng l i n tai. khing ein phu hyp nCra.
M i i m i l diem ning nay sinh 10" thye tai can c i each ly glai tyyng yng. m l muin nhy t h i khing I h l khing lien k i t c l e n h l nghien cyu ICr nhilu ITnh vyc khIe nhau eung tim ra l i i d i p cho m i l v i n d l . Trong xu I h l hpi nhap va tpan c l u hia hi|n nay m i l s i trio lyu l y l y i n g , v i n hinh Ihlnh t i ' r i t l l u . dyyc dip trli d l y v i i nhO'ng dilu ehinh m i i . b i t tinh eye doan hyn. Tan hl|n sinh, t i n thyc dyng n i lye l l m m i l minh eho phu hyp v i i nhip sing hl|n dai. M|e dO v|y chung khing tao dyyc sO'c h i p d i n so v i i t h i i hoing kim da qua. Cung v i i sy phyc h i i n l y I I phong trio "hau hiln d?i", "giai c i u true" ngly eang thu hut sy quan l l m cua xa h i i . Sy
phln gill d o khuynh h y i n g ra c i c hgc thuylt trong d i l u kl|n con n g y i i bi phln minh nhy hi|n nay I I c i n thill, nhim l l m sing t i nhO'ng d i l m n i n g cua thye tai v l h y i n g eon n g y i i d i n nhO'ng mye l i l u thilt thye cua nhin loai.
Theo nghTa s l u xa. chu nghia h|u hi|n dai I I khuynh h y i n g "xem x l l lai nhO'ng vin d l hiln dai v l gyi m i elch tilp e|n vyyl qua d i p h i biln" (ei n g y i i eoi d i nhy
"ching lai hi|n dai'). i binh di|n t r i l l hpc I I "xem x l t \ai c i c h t i l p e|n hi|n dai dli v i i d e v i n d l t r i l l hpc" ( m i l s l nhl nghiln eu'u dung cym lu' "ching lai trilt hpc hiln dai'). H|u hl|n dai nghia 11 sau hl|n dai. Tuy nhiln khli nl|m "hiln dai"
khing c i m i l dinh nghia chung. nhlt quIn.
Khyi dilm eua "hiln dai" g i n v i i luc thi chu nghia duy ly can dai. luc thi phong trio Khai s i n g v i i nilm lin v I o l i l n t>i va sy phat triln cua khoa hpc. l i e thi d i y sang nya sau t h i ky XIX, l h | m chl muin hyn - hai l h | p niln d i u I h l ky XX. M|c du thult ngCr "chu nghTa h|u hiln dai" dyyc su' dyng kha s i m . khoang nam 1917. song phai d i n cuii nhCrng n l m 60 eua I h l ky XX n i myi try nen p h i biln y ITnh vyc kiln true, r l i Ian sang d c ITnh vyc van hpc, nghi thult. kinh t l . ky thult. chinh In. xa hii. NhO'ng n l m 80 eua I h l ky I n r i c trill hpc cua ehu nghia h|u hl|n dai thyc sy khai sinh n h i d e eing Irinh cua J.F.
Lyolard (sinh n l m 1924). ngyyi Phap.
Cuin Hoin cinh hiu hidn dai (1979), dyyc xem la cyyng ITnh ciJa ehu nghia hau h i l n dai. m|e du mye t i l u ban d i u cua t i c gia chi dyn gian I I m i l sy gyi m i glai phlp phat trien giao dye dgi hpc va khoa hpc tai d e n y i e thuic I h l giyi Ihu' ba t r y i c syc I p cua thay d l i trong d i i
BINH NGOC THACH - BAC B I 6 M COA TRIfT HOC PHLTONG TAY sing xa h i i do t i c ding cua cing nghi
thong lln. Triet hoe cua ehu nghia h|u hiln dai nhy mit t r y i n g phai tyyng d i i die l|p (nhy chu nghTa thyc dyng, chu nghia hl|n sinh. phln l l m h p c . ) khong l i n lai, khing chi vi thilu sy thing nhlt quan dilm giO'a cle nhl t y t y i n g theo khuynh h y i n g nly, m l vi tren thyc le thil d i phe phln d i i v i i truyen thing co dien do chu nghia h|u hi|n dai chu tryyng khing c i gi m i i la; no chi dly sy p h i phln sang m i l llnh vyc khIe. v i i loi trinh bay da dang hyn. Chu nghTa h|u hi|n dai bat d i u l y sy hell nghi toan dien vIo kha nang cua trilt hpc nhy sy thing nhlt I h l g i i i quan v l I h l Inai Dung ra. n g y i i ta de e|p khing h i n v l trill hpc cua chu nghia h|u hien dat. m l ve
"tinh I h l cua chu nghTa h|u hien dgi" (hoin einh hau hidn dai) treng tnlt hpc. d i i chilu v i i "tinh I h l cua ehu nghia h|u hien dai"
treng van hia n i l chung. Tinh I h l nay e i nhu'ng thing s i v l ban the luan. nh|n thye luln. lich sy-van h i a va thim my. il khia canh ban I h l lu|n hi|n tyyng chu nghia h|u hien dai g i n v i i d i i h i i "tin trpng" dpi tyyng. va canh bap ring trat t y sy vat se Ira thu Chung ta dc vile cai bien n i qua nhCrng dy an nhin tac. Sy chuyen doi ban t h i luan "hien dai" ( d l cao yeu l i cai biln.
cai lao lu' "phi ly" sang "hyp ly") ehinh la y khia canh nay. Ban t h i lu|n hiln dai da phit huy hit t i c dyng eua minh. can dyyc thay t h i bang ban I h l luln theo phong each m i l (hlu hien dai). Sy holi nghi m i hinh (ly luln) biln d i i I h l g i i i m i l each
•chuin mye" k l o theo sy phan Crng doi vyi quan diem he thing. Khing n l n quy tinh chil ching-he thong (d|e tnfng cua chu nghia h l u hi|n dai) v l bleu hien cua chu nghTa heal nghi hay ehu nghia hy v i . loai
try k h i nang nhan thirc thyc lien mit each loan diln. d l y du. Nhirng ngyd'i theo khuynh h y i n g h|u hiln dai mong muin xlc l|p thir "ban t h i lu|n tri t u | " phi co diln. v i n d l I I i c h i do nhirng chuyin biln phirc tap trong I h l g i i i m l chOng ta k h i c i I h l ghi nh|n hit sy hi|n di|n eiia d c h i thing qua ch|t chl. ty khep kin. du i llnh vyc kinh t l . chinh tri hay nghe thult Nh|n thirc dyyc d l i thay nay dya d i n sy hinh thanh l y duy phan bl|n bin ngoli khli nilm truyin thing (ehu Ihl-khlch the.
toln t h i - b i phan. ben trong-bin ngoli.
hiln Ihye-lying tyyng). thir l y duy khing m l xe nhO'ng llnh toln ven on dinh nao (phyyng Ding-phyyng Tiy. chu nghia l y ban-ehu nghia xa hpi. nam-nO'). Sy ra d i i cua c h i nghia h|u hi|n dai ein xuil phat l y nhu'ng thay del i khia canh gia In lu|n, trong d i c i sy phe phln ciia trill hpc phi c l dien (phln t i m hoe. chu nghia elu true) d i i v i i h | biln thai eua triet hpc c l diln.
Kit qua I I chu the nhy trung t i m cua he thing da bi sup do Chu nghia h|u hi|n dai eho ring ehu nghia duy ly truyen thing trii bupe een n g y i i theo m i l h | quy chilu duy nhlt v l c l e khli mem q u i "cirng". Cleh tilp e|n hau hl|n dai da d i y len l i i sing heal nghi s l u s i c v l kha nang t i n Igi cac ly thuylt pho quit, tuylt doi v l I h l giii.
Nhan thu'c luan h|u hi|n dai chu tryyng da nguyen luan khoa hpc. cung phyyng phlp giai ciu triic da thach thire nhu'ng khuin m i u danh g i l nhy thir quyen lye toi Ihyyng trong khoa hpc (tinh khich quan.
tinh p h i quit, tinh phln minh v.v.). Kieu trill hpc m i i la trill ly khing c i chii I h i , Thay v i e vi tri eua c l e pham tru nhy "chii quan tinh", "y h y i n g tinh". "phan tinh eua y thyc" 11 ding chay bit tin" ciia y i c muin.
BINH NGOC THACH - BAC Bl£M CpA TRI6T HOC PHL/ONG TAY..
nhO'ng dit p h i nhin elch hia ty do (treng v i n hia. nghi thult. kiln triic v.v.).
Nhyng chu nghTa h|u hi|n dgi, nhy d l n i l trin, khing ehi g i i i han trpng ban I h l lu|n.
nh|n thire lu|n, m l c i n h y i n g d i n v i n hia v l ehinh tri Chu nghTa h|u hi|n dgl ble b i sy phln b i l l chirc ning glCra d c ITnh vyc cua d i i sing x l hii, cQng nhy vile sy dyng cing cy ly tri i mpi luc mpi nyi. N i khing chip nh|n sy phln bill v i n hia Ihip (van hia dai chiing) va van hia eao N l cung loai b i ngin ngO' mang ylu t l he l y l y i n g . M i l khia canh k h i p h i biln trong ly luln "truyin thing" - v i n d l glai c i p - cOng da dyyc xem x l l theo chilu h y i n g m i i . C i I h l llm gap i day m i l liln he giCra ehu nghia h|u hi|n dai Lyolard v l A. Toffler (trong luan dilm "ba l l n sing"
nil tilng) Xem x l l lai phyyng thyc xir ly cae tinh huing ehlnh tri-xl h i i hi|n tai.
Lyolard nhan mgnh linh c i n thill nh|n thyc lai moi quan h | chinh tri-xa h i i d l n i khing bi ryi vIo guing miy cua nhO'ng menh llnh thirc cirng nhic va vo doln, Trong Hoin cinh hiu hidn CJ9I Lyolard vilt:
"Chung t i i eho ring sy lya chpn l y (It ra nen hieu I I sy lya chpn theo l i i eu - sy phln luyin dyn gian. tinh I h i hai chpn mil) - nhim giai quylt v i n d l nhyng chi I I nay sinh try lai v i n d l - d l khing ein g i l In gill thieh d i i v i i cac xa hpi m l chung ta dang quan tam. v l chinh ngay sy lya chpn thay I h l d i van e i n thuic v l i l l t y duy d i i lap. m i l l i i ty duy khing phu hyp vyi nhO'ng elch thirc sinh dpng nhit cua tri thirc h|u hi|n dgi. Sy "III be Irl" kinh le trong giai doan hl|n nay cua chu nghTa | y ban. dyyc h i try b i i sy dpi biln ky thu|t va cing ngh|... di liln v i i sy thay d i i chirc nang cua cae nha n y i c : tir hpi
chirng n l y hinh Ihlnh nen hinh anh cua mit xa h i i buic la phli xem x l t I3I nghilm tue d c cleh t i l p c|n t h i hl|n treng ele lya chpn d l n l u . N i l m i l d c h v i n l i t cle chirc ning dilu tilt v l nhy vly 11 d c chirc ning tai san xult dang v l se ngly cing tut khii tay d e n h l quan ly va ehuyin sang che miy m i c ty ding (aulcmales). Vin d l lin... i chS l l m ehu nhO'ng thing lin do eic miy m i c l y ding n l y d n phli lyu lai trong b i n h i d l dya ra nhO'ng quylt dinh dung d i n Vi|c xir ly thing tin dang v l s l I I Ihim quyIn eua c l e ehuyin gia thuic mpi loai.
Giai dp linh dao dang vi si li giai cip cue nhOng ngwdi ra quyit dinh. Giai cap nay khdng edn dwae tao ndn bdi cic giai cip chinh tri truyin thong, mi tidi mdt tang Idp hdn hap gim, cie ehu doanh nghidp, cic vien chirc cao cip, nhirng ngwdi dimg diu eic td chirc nghi nghidp, edng doin, chinh tri, tdn giao Idn" (Jean-Francois Lyetard. 2007. tr. 92-93). tS phyyng dl|n giap dye ehu nghia h|u hi|n dai cung gyi m i h y i n g di cho giao dye trong dilu kiln m i i . Trong d e mye "Dung hoc cua tri thirc khoa hoc", "Cic dai tw sw di hop thuc hda tri thirc", Lyolard dya ra nhu'ng quan dilm thogt nghe nhy I I sy phan u'ng quylt li|l d i i v i i h i thing giao dye truyin thong, nhyng thyc ra n g y i i ta e i I h l bit g|p d c h tilp c|n nly i d i u d i . trong nhCrng nhl cai cich giao due v l nhOng trilt gia.
Phyyng phlp giii thiit ki, giai ciu true m i d y i n g eho q u i trinh pha vy silu hinh hpc truyin thing, dinh d i u ky nguyin sing tao theo m i tip m i i .
M i l d c h v i n tit. c i the quy ehu nghia h|u hl|n dgi v l khuynh h y i n g t r i l l hpe ngin ngu' (V.G. Kusnetsov, 1999, tr. 99), nhyng khing phai I I bilu hi|n cua chu nghia thyc
BINH NGOC THACH - O A C D I S M COATRieT HQC PHU'aNG TAY..
chCrng ngdn ngCr-logic, ma vupl qua khudn k h i cua nd, dung phuang ti$n ngdn ngCr, nhlt la ngdn ngCr vilt da nghTa. d l phd vd nhCrng k i t c l u , nhCrng phuang dn thilt k l bat bien cua trilt hpc co diln trong vide tim hieu, phdt hi$n, khai thdc cdc y l u t l cdn I n gilu trong hoat ddng sdng tao cua con ngudi, cae ITnh vyc eua ddi sing xa hdi- Chu nghTa duy danh co diln, T. Hobbes ching han, tuyet doi hda ngdn ngCr. xem nd nhu ca sd cua nhd nude, cua cdc quan hp xd hpi, cdn chu nghTa hau hi$n dai quy ngdn ngD' ve ITnh vyc ca ban cua ton tai ngudi.
Giai thilt k l , hay phin giai ngon ngO- (J.
Dernda, M. Foucault), nhan manh y l u t l thda man (R. Barth), hay lam gan dao due vdi thIm my, ndng sy thing nhlt ndy len cdi eao ca {J-P. Lyotard).
Gidi Iy luan ddi khi xem chu nghTa h§u hi§n dai la thu trilt ly pha tap, phd cdch, nhung thilu han dien mao ban t h i luan Mae dCi vay trong m i y thap nien g i n day chu nghTa hau hien dai quy tu ngay cdng nhilu nhCpng nhd hoat dpng chinh tri, xd hdi, nhCrng ngud'i Idm cdng viee sang tao van hda, nghd thuat, cdc nha nghien euu ly ludn. Vai cdch dat v i n d l mang tinh cai to, chu nghTa hau hien dai tao dup'c sCrc euln hut nhlt djnh.
Hdng loat hdi nghi trilt hpe gan day tren t h i gidi khdng thay sy xult hien nhirng khuynh hudng mdi, nhung, gilng nhu thdi ky Hy Lap hda d" Hy Lap-La Ma eo dai, trilt hpc dudng nhu di sau vdo nhOng diem ndng cua cudc song duang dai, vdi sy hda quy?n, thdm nhgp Idn nhau giCra hai nln trilt hpc Ddng-Tay.
4. THAY lCf\ K^T
Tren day chT Id nhCrng y kiln tan man, lam bdn v l ede thdi ky vd cac dac diem cua
trilt hpc phuang Tay hidn dai - mdt ehu d l khdng mdi. V i n 6k Id d' c h l , vi^c xem xet lai mpt l l n nCra buc tranh chung eua trilt hpe phuang Tdy t h i ky XX-XXI che ph6p nh$n didn nhCrng n6t ca ban cua nd trong qud trinh ty d l i mdi nhdm thich Crng vdi nhCrng biln d l i cua thye tiln. Song, th^t khd cd t h i ndi rang trong trilt hpc l y dang thyc sy hidn dipn nipt cpt mic ddn dudn^, trye chinh cua sy triln khai t u tudng, • CHlJ THiCH
*'' A llJoneHrayap Mwp KBK Bonn M npeAcraBneHwe. "MOCKOBCKMM tcnyd"; MocKea, 1992, CTp 132 (A Schopenhauer ThI gidi nhu y chl vd bilu tup'ng; Cdu lgc bd Moskva, 1992, tr. 132; ban d[ch sang tilng Nga).
'^* Comte hilu tO sieu hinh (metaphysics) theo nghia ma ho, khdng ro rdng, khdng hi$u qua.
'^' Hinh thSnh tCr nhOng ndm 40 cua thi ky XIX;
thudt ngu futurology du'p'c Ossip K Flechtheim sLKdung lln dau ti&n
'*' De tham khao chi tilt, ta cd thi vdo trang web www wcp2008 org kr.
'^' Ching han, trong euln "MfleanwcTH^ecKafl fliianeKTHKa B XX croneTMH (floA peflaKUMeti KD. H AsBbiAOBa M M n. MirtTHHa, tam djch Phdp bi^n chung duy tam trong thi ky XX, chu bi6n lu. N Davydov vd M.P Mitin);
MaflajenbCTBO nonnTHHecKofl nmepaTypbi;
MocKBa 1987, cdc tde gia Lidn Xd dua nhieu trdo luu, hpc thuyet trilt hpc nhdn ban vd khoa hpc hi^n dai vdo h? thing chu nghTa duy tdm.
dong thdi phdn tich phdp bi$n chung duy tdm cua nhung trdo luu, hpc thuylt dd.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. A. LLIoneHrayap. 1992, l\/lup Kax eona u npedcmaenenue. MOCKOBCKMH unyd; MocKsa.
CTp. 132 (A. Schopenhauer Thi gi&i nhu y chi va biiu tuang. Cdu lac bg Mcskva, 1992.
(ban djch sang tilng Nga).
2. Kusnetsov, V.G. 1999. Triithoc.
BINH NGOC THACH - BAC B I E M CC)A TRl^T HOC PHL/ONG TAY..
3. Lyu Phdng Ding. 2004 Giao trinh hud'ng tdi thi ky XXI - Tnit hoc phuong Tiy hiin dai (li Khanh Trying dich), HI Nil: Nxb, Ly lu|n Chinh tr|.
4. Lyotard. Jean-Francois. 2007, Hoan cinh hiu hiin dai (Ngan Xuy§n dich). H I Niji:
Nxb Tri thirc
5 Mulligan, Kevin-Peter Simons and Barry Smith, 2006 What's Wrong with Contemporary Philosophy NY,
6 Nietzsche 1999 Zarathustra di ndi nhw thi
(Trin Xuan Kiam d|eh). HS N|i: Nxb Van hpe.
7. Rerty. Richard. 1979. Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (lam dich: Triit hpc vi sy phin chiiu Tw nhidn). Princeton University Press.
8 Sartre. J.P. 1965. Hiin sinh mdt nhin bin thuyit (Thy Nhan d|ch) Sli Gin: Tu sach Nam Ha An Quan,
9, Walter Kaufmann. Forest E, Baird 1994.
Contemporary Philosophy. Prentice-Hall. New Jersey. USA.
(Tiip theo trang 57}
phin viing van hda d Vidt Nam. TPHCM' Nxb. Tre.
12. SI Tien. 1984. Bwdc dau tim hiiu sin khiu ciilwang. TPHCM: Nxb. TPHCM.
13. Syn Nam. 1974. Ca tinh eua miin Nam.
Sai Gon: Dong Phi xult ban.
14. Trin Minh Tien, Ld Minh Chinh. 1989.
T"/m hieu nghi thuit sin khiu eii luong. Long An: S i van hia Thdng tin Long An xuil bin.
15. Trin Ngpc Th6m. 2004. Tim vi Bin sic vBn hda Vidt Nam (tai bin lln thir 4), TPHCM: Nxb. Ting hyp TPHCM.
16. Trin Trpng Dang Dan. 2011. Kjch Viet Nam thud'ng thirc-binh luin. TPHCM: Nxb.
van hda-Van ngh|.
17. Trin van Khli. 1970. Nghd thuit sin khiu Via Nam. sai Gnn. Khai Tri xuit bin.
18 Tryyng Binh Tdng. 1997. Nghd thuit cii luong nhOng trang sw. Ha NOI: Vl|n San khiu 19. Tuan Giang. 2006. Nghd thuit cii luong.
TPHCM: Nxb, Dai hpe Quic gia TPHCM, 20, Vyyng Hing Sin, 1968. Hii ky 50 nim md hit. Cii twang da SO tuii. SU Gdn: Pham Quang Khai xuit bin.