LUAN VE NOI HAM THUAX NGlT "CONG"
• • •
TRONG CHINH SACH CONG
ThS. BUI NGHIA''
CN. NGUYEN HLTU HOANG'*'
Tdm t^f: Ld mot trong sd cdc khdi niem trung tdm, quan trgng eua khoa hgc chinh sach edng, nhung & Viet Nam, noi ham thuat ngii "cong " eua nganh khoa hoc ndy vdn chua dugc nhdn thuc mgt cdch day du. Phdt trien mgt ngdnh khoa hge ndi chung vd chinh sach cdng noi rieng, tdt yeu phdi xdy dung dugc he thdng khdi niem ddy du, ro rang vd thong nhdt. Thdng qua mot sd phuong dien bieu hien, bdi viet phdn tich, gdp phdn lam sau sdc, phong phii nhan thirc ve bdn chdt ctia thuat ngii "cdng" trong chinh sdch cdng a Viet Nam th&i gian qua.
Tir khda: chinh sdch cdng; ngi ham thuat ngu "eong"; Viet Nam
I
Su- can thiet phai thao lu^n ndi h^m thuat ngir "cong" trong chinh• sach cong & Viet Nam hien nay Thuc tiln cho thay, thanh tuu cua qua trinh ddi mdi dat nude da khang djnh chinh sach cdng ngay cang ed vj tri dac biet; la edng cu diau hanh vT md quan trgng trong quan tri qudc gia, cho dii nganh khoa hge nay van edn mdi d Viet Nam. Ngoai ra, trong nghien ciiu
Ova{") jjpg yig„ Chinh tq khu vue II, Hoc vien Chinh trj quoe gia Ho Chi Minh
va nganh khoa hgc chinh saeh cdng, ndi ham thuat ngu "cdng" cdn la hat nhan dinh hudng, la he quy chiau chi phdi; ddng thdi, giiip nhan thiic sau sac nhiau ndi dung khac, ea phuang dien li luan va thue tiln eiia chinh sach edng.
Hien nay, ham nghTa eiia thuat ngii "edng"
trong khoa hgc chinh sach cdng d nude ta van chua duge nhan thiie mgt each toan dien, ranh mach va thdu dao, tham chi thidu nhat quan, ddi nghicb nhau d nbidu chiau eanh.
Vi vay, da gjdi nghian curu va cae nha hoat dgng thuc tian cd dugc nhiing nhan thirc ca ban thdng nhat, sau sac va toan dien ban khi ban luan den ngi ham thuat ngQ "eong" trong Khoa hpc chinh tri - S6 2/2019
• Nghien citu - Trao ddt
chmh sdch edng, viae nghien eiiu nham khai quat nhihig ham nghTa c6t loi nhat cua thuSt ngii nay trong chinh sdch cdng bang viee dat no trong mdi quan he da dang, nhiau chiau vdi cae van da, nhu "chu the ehinh saeh",
"muc tieu chinh saeh", "pham vi ehinh sach",
"nguon lire ehinh saeh", "phuang tien chinh sach", "cdng eu chinh saeh"... la can thiat.
Tir dd, kat qua nghien cim se gdp phan kiam chiing, bd sung va md ra hudng nhan thiic mdi ve ngi ham thuat ngii "edng" trong khoa hoc chinh saeh cdng, gan vdi thue tiln Viet Nam trong giai doan hien nay.
2. Khao hroc ve bam nghia thuat ngfr "cong*' De luan giai mgt each sau sac ndi ham thuat ngtt "cdng" trong khoa hgc ehinh sach cong ciing nhu thay dugc sy khac biet so vdi nhiing n h ^ thirc phd bian hien nay d nude hi, cSn nhac lai eac quan diam, nhan thiie ed tinh pho quat nhat eua thuat ngu nay. Theo Tit dien trice tuyen English Oxford Living,
"public" (edng) duge dinh nghTa la: (I). "Of or concerning the people as a whole" (thd hi?n mdi quan tam ciia mgi ngudi vao viae chung); (2). "Open to or shared by all the people of an area or country" (phuc vu gia hi, nhu eau va Igi ich chung cho mgi ngudi 6 khu vue, edng ddng nhat djnh); (3). "Of or involved in the affairs of the community, especially in government..." (nhan manh, de cao traeh nhiem ciia cdng ddng/tap tha ma dac biet la chinh phu)"*.
Ngoai ra, tra cuu tai Tit dien true tuyen Cambridge thi thuat ngii nay dugc giai nghTa la: "relating to or involving people in general, rather than being limited to a particular group of people..." (lien quan hoac lian kat mgi ngudi dan mdi quan tam chung ban la gidi hfin dSn van da eiia mdt nhdm ngudi eu tha);
(ii) "provided by the government from taxes to be available to everyone " (eung ung bdi chuih quyan tir thua cua ngudi dan, hay rgng ra la cae khoan ddng gdp cua tdn dan'^l Ban canh dd, tra eiiu trong Bg tic dien Anh - Viet.
^ "public" ed nghTa la "cdng cdng, chung eua
mgi ngudi"'''. Djnh nghTa eua 03 tai lieu tren day dau kha trimg khdp vdi quan didm ciia Brendan Martin, nha nghian cuu ddng thdi la ngudi sang lap td chiic Public World, khi dng eho rang, "public": In general, and in most of the senses, the opposite of private... 'W (tiie la, "cdng" d gde do nhan thiic chung ludn tucmg phan vdi tu nhan).
Tra cuu mgt sd tir dien eiia Viet Nam, kat qua eho thay, thuat ngir "edng" ed each hiau kha rgng so vdi nhan thirc phd bien hien nay eua xa bdi va gidi nghian cuu. Dgi tic diin tieng Viet tbi giai nghTa "cdng" la "thudc ve nha nude, tap the, trai vdi tu"'^'; Tir diin tieng Viet eho rang, "cdng" ngoai ham nghTa
"thudc ve nba nude" cdn cd nghia la "chung eho mgi ngudi, phan biet vdi tu"'^'; Tic dien tic vd nga Viet Nam thi djnh nghTa "cdng" ngSn ggn, siie tieh khi eho rang, do la "ehung eho mgi ngudi"'''. Ngoai ra, d nude ta, lau nay ed mgt each hiau kha phd bian khi cho rSng,
"cdng" thudng gan lien vdi khu vue cdng (khu vue nha nude), gan vdi chii tha la eac ca quan cdng quydn, nai cd quyan luc cdng.
Vi vay, khu virc cong la noi cd tac ddng, chi phdi, dieu ehinh, dinh hudng boat dgng eua xa hdi vdi nghia la pham vi rgng nhat'^', vi
"Igi nhuan xa hdi"; dong thdi, "xay dung, kidn tao mgt xa hgi nhu mong mudn eua cae nha cam quyan" nhu hgc gia Roland Parentau timg khang djnh'^'. Trong khi dd, ddi lap vdi khu virc cdng la khu vue tu. O do, cae boat dgng da phan do tu nhan quyat djnh va giai quyet cae van da phat sinh eiia khu virc nay chii ylu thdng qua co che thi trudng, deo dudi cae gia trj eiia ban than eac td ehiic ay ban la hudng dan gia trj chung, eho sd ddng thanh vien khac ciia xa bdi. Tuy nhien, eimg vdi qua trinh xa hgi hda va hgp tac edng - tu ngay cang phat trien manh me, d Viet Nam da bat dau hinh thanh khu virc hdn hgp, nai dan xen eac yau to thude khu vue nha nude lan vdi yau td thj trudng. Tat nhian, viee biau hien ndi bam tir "cdng" theo "khu vue" nay chi la mgt trong sd cae phuang dien (chii khdng
Khoa hpc chinh tri - So 2/2019
phai la tat ea) de phat Id tinh da dang, sau sac va toan dien eiia ndi ham thuat ngu nay theo gde do khoa hgc ehinh sach cdng.
Nhu vay, dii cbi mdi khao luge ndi ham tir "cdng" d phuang dien ve ngdn ngO hgc, hay ve khoa hgc quan 11 cdng, nhung cd tha thay rang, ham nghTa thuat ngir nay cd each tidp can "edi md" ban nhieu so vdi loi tu duy tir trudc dan nay, Ham y ay khdng dan thuan gan vdi ehii the la nha nude, ehinh quyen hay cae td ehue ehinh trj; khdng chi gdi ggn trong khu vue nha nude - khu vue cong, ma ciing ed tha tdn tai trong chimg muc nhat djnh d khu vue bdn hgp edng - tu. Hay, be gia tri, Igi ieh "ehung" dugc deo dudi khdng chi dugc hiau mgt each ban hep la cua qudc gia, cdng ddng, nhan loai, ma cd the d pham vi hep ban (nhdm, hdi doan, eau lae bg...), miln eac Igi ieh eua chiing dem lai thda man nguyen vgng ehinh dang, nhan van cho sd ddng thanh vien trong tap tha ay, khdng trai vdi chuan muc, quy dinh chung, khdng xam pham dan Igi ich eua eai ehung "Idn hon", "rgng nhat". Hian nhian, d gdc do nay, Igi ich tiau cue, sai trai cua "nhdm Igi ich", hay eac phe phai de dga den gia trj, nguyen vgng ehan ehinh ma sd ddng khae ciing hudng den khdng tha biau hien cho ham nghia tir "cdng" theo each tiep can ciia bai vidt nay.
3. Nhfing phu'ffng dien chu yeu bieu hien noi ham thuat ngir "cdng" trong chinh sach cong vf Vif t Nam hien nay
Vdi mue dieh la tim ra net nghTa mdi, dac biet, sau sac va phii hgp ban, gdp phan bd sung vao trong kho tang tri thiic chinh sach eong nhiing nhan thiic mdi trong qua trinh nghidn ciru, giang day va nhan thiic ve thuc tian ddi sdng ehinh sach, vi vay, phan nay se lam rd ham nghTa eiia thuat ngii "cdng" trong chinh saeh cdng thdng qua mgt so phuang diin, khia canh bieu hien ca ban:
- Mgtsd quan niem ca bdn ve chinh sdch cdng Nha nghian ciiu Thomas Dye (1972) cho ring, "chinh sach cdng la bat ki nhirng gi nha nude lua ebon lam hoae khdng lam". Dang
ehii y, chinh sach edng theo each tiep c?n cua Dye la san pham hanh dgng eua nha nude ehu khdng phai eiia cae chu tha pbi nha nuae. Ben canh do, William Jenkins cho rang: "chinh sach edng la tap hgp eae quyet djnh liSn quan vdi nhau duac ban hanh bdi mgt hoae nhom eae nha boat ddng chinh trj lian quan den lua chgn muc tiau va eae phuang tien de dat mue tieu trong tinh hudng xae dinb thudc pham vi tham quyen"'"". Quan diam cua Jenkins lam rd hon nhiau ndi dung mang tinh ban chat ciia chinh sach cdng. Dae biet, chu tha chinh saeh edng - nba hoat ddng ehinh trj, duge md rgng ban. Ngoai ra, trong cae nghien ciiu cua minh, WiUiam N.Dunn quan niem chinh sach cdng la kat hgp phiie tap nhiing su lira chgn lian quan lln nhau, bao gdm ca cae quyat djnh khdng hanh dgng, do cae ca quan nha nude hay edng chiic nha nude da ra"". Nhu nbigu nghian ciiu cua eac tac gia trude, N.Dunn Cling khang dinh tinh tap hgp, thdng nhat cua chinh sach edng va chii tha la nha nude eiing ddi ngii nhan su trong ca quan nay.
Tuy vay, gan day, mgt sd hge gia uy tin trong gidi ehinh sach da budc dau hoan thien each tiap can eiia minh ve chinh saeh cdng. Chang han, James Anderson cho rang, chinh sach edng la dudng loi hanh dgng cd mue dich dugc ban hanh bdi mgt hoae tSp hgp cae nha hoat ddng da giai quyet mgt van de phat smh hoac van de quan tam''^'. Quan diam nay dang ehii y la da giiip md rgng nhan thirc ve ehii tha ehinh sach cdng - "eae nha hoat ddng" thay vi chi duy nhat eac nha boat dgng trong bg may nha nude nhu W.Jenkins va T.Dye da ban luan.
O Viet Nam, nhan thire v'e chinh sach cdng la su phan anh qua trinh tiap can vdi eac nghian ciiu qudc ta va su hoan thien din cae hudng tiep can mang tinh dac thii va che do chinh tri va cae yau to edt loi khae. Tie dien tic vd nga Viet Nam da dinh nghia ehinh sach edng la "ehii tnrang va bien phap ciia mgt dang phai, mgt chinh phu trong cae ITnh vue ehinh trj - xa bdi""'' va quan diam nay Khoa hoc chinh tn - So 2/2019
• Nghiincitu -Trao doi
hoan toan th6ng nh4t trong Tir dien tieng Viet thong dung, Trong khi do, Vien Chinli tri hoc, Hpc vien Chinh tri qu6c gia Ho Chi Minh cho iSng, "chinh sach cong la chuang trinh hanh dong huong dich cua chii the nam hoac chi phai quy6n luc cong cong""*' hay mot tap thS tac gia khac thi danh gia "chinh sach cong la mot t?p hop n h t n g quy6t dinh lien quan dgn nhau do nha nuac ban hanh, bao gom cae muc tieu va giai phap d6 giai quySt mot vdn d8 cong nham dat dugc muc tieu phat triSn"''^'. T6c gia Nguyin Hftu Hai nhan dinh;
"chinh sach c6ng la mot tap hop cae quySt dinh CO lien quan vai nhau do nha nuoc ban hanh, bao g6m cae muc tieu va giai phap ik giai quy^t mot vSn de cong nham thiic day xa hoi phat trien theo dinh hudng nhat dinh""".
Ngoai nhung noi ham kha th6ng nhit v6i cae nha nghien cuu di truac, tac gia D3 Phii Hai quan niem, "chinh sach cong la mot tap hop cae quySt dinh co lien quan de "lua chgn" muc tieu va giai phap, eong cu chinh sach nham giai quylt cae van de chinh sach theo muc tieu t6ng th6 da xae dinh eiia dang chinh tri cSm quyin""". Biiu nay kha gjn gui voi each tiSp can ciia Ho Viet Hanh khi cho rtag, "Dang, Nha nuac" la hai thuc the cua chinh sach cong xuit tren ca so dac thu lich su cua Viet Nam''*'.
Nhu vay, thong qua eae each tiSp can tit eac nha nghien cim trong, ngoai nuac, khai niem chinh sach cong duac hieu la tap hop cae quySt dinh (chira dung muc tieu, giai phap va cong cu) cua cae chii the nam hoac chi phdi quyfin luc cong nham giai quyet eac van d6 vi loi ich chung, qua do thuc day xa hoi phat triSn hai hoa, ben virng.
• Ngi ham thuat ngu "cong" trong chinh sach cong qua cdc phuang dien bieu hien CO ban
Tu viec chi ra nhung ham nghia mai, coi mo cua thuat ngir "eong", qua nghien cira li luan va ddi chiing thue tiln doi song ehinh sach cong cr Viet Nam, tac gia dua ra 6 phuang dien chii yeu voi muc dich thong
qua qua trinh phan tieh ham nghTa "cong"
tren eac phuang dien nay se mang den nhirng nhan thiie moi, sau sac va phong phu han ve noi ham thuat ngir nay trong khoa hoc ehinh saeh eong.
+ "Cong" bieu hien a phuong dien la chu the chinh sach cong
Xae dinh chinh xae chu the chinh saeh cong hien nay van la cau hoi va la sir tranh luan cua cae nha nghien ciiu. Nguyen nhan khoi phat eua cae tranh luan la do cae quan diem khong dimg tren ciing mot phuong dien de tu duy, hay loi tiep can hoac pham vi tiep can khong giong nhau, nhung co le la do chua nhan thirc ro rang, thong nhat ve ban chat thuat ngii "cong" trong chinh saeh cong, cu the la thong qua phuang dien chu the chinh sach:
Thii nhat, chu the chinh sach cong khong hoan toan t6n tai trong khu vue cong, ma co the t6n tai trong khu vue tu voi day dii gia tri, igi ich chung danh cho chiing dugc xem xet trong mdi quan he tuong quan v6i Igi ich trai ngugc ma chiing huong den. Neu tiep can noi ham "cong" voi tu each la dat duge cdc muc tieu chung, chan chinh, huong den phuc vu s6 dong thanh vien trong t6 chile, phap nhan bieu hien dual eac dang loi ich ca nhan, Igi ich tap the thi chu the eiia chinh sach cong o phuong dien nay cd the la ca quan, don VI vdi cae ten ggi nhu cae loai hinh doanh nghiep (chua ban d6n doanh nghiep nha nuoc), cong ty, td chile xa hdi (chinh thiie, phi chinh thilc), td chirc xa hdi nghe nghiep, td chile nghe nghiep, tham chi la eac thiet ehe ton giao... thudng ham y tdn tai trong khu vue tu ciing CO the la chii the ciia chinh sach voi nghia "edng" nhu vay... Vi du, Cong ty da quoe gia X cd giai phap cai thien ddi sdng vat chat, tinh thin cho nguoi lao ddng thong qua tang tidn cho mdi suit an trua, thudng xuyen td chirc boat ddng van hoa - van nghe, hay Tdng Cong ty H cd chii truong huy ddng ngudn luc, xin co chd, chii truong chinh quyen dia phuang d6 xay dvmg thiet che xa
_Khoahpc chinh trj - So 2/201 £
hdi cho cdng nhan (nha d tap thd, nha tre va khu sinh boat tha thao...), hay Cau lac bd A cd chu truong va da kian quyat thuc hien tiet kiem chi tiau, kau ggi gdp vdn tir hgi vien, ling hd cua manh thudng quan de hd trg cho hdi vian ngheo vay tin diing de phat trian kinh ta, xda ddi, giam ngheo lam giau chinh dang.
Cd tha thay, qua each lap luan nau tran, Cdng ty X, Tdng Cdng ty H, Cau lae bg A (du chi tdn tai trong khu vue ngoai nha nude) ciing cd tha ggi la chii tha chinh sach cdng. Cae ehii tha nay da cd mgt vai ehinh saeh hudng ddn Igi ich tap tha, sd ddng thanh vidn ndi bd cua td chirc minh, ma khdng nhat thiet phai la ehinh sach mang den Igi ich d pham vi rgng Idn ban nhu danh cho mgt dia phuang, viing, qudc gia. Mac khae, cae ehu tha d gdc do nay tuy khdng nam giir quyan luc nha nude ma dan thuan chi dugc uy thac, tin nhiem, ung hd cua thanh vien trong td chirc dd, cd tha khdng dugc tiap can, sir dung ngudn luc qude gia, mue tiau khdng ban hudng dan phuc vu cho ddng dao cdng chiing, edng ddng, xa hdi, nhung eac quyet djnh, chinh sach ay lai anh hudng, mang lai gia tri cho phan Idn thanh vidn ciia td ehue ay.
Vdi each tu duy mdi nhu vay, chu the chinh sach cdng se dugc md rgng va da dang ban so vdi each nhan thiic nhu hien nay va phan nao ciing phan anh day du, trgn ven hon cho ndi ham tir "edng". Dieu nay giup tranh nhan thiic sai lam, bao thii hoac khu biet eho rang, "cdng" d phucmg dien ehu the ehi gan vdi khu vue nha nude, chinh quydn hay to ehiie chinh trj.
Thii hai, ehu the chinh sach edng tdn tai trong khu vue eong vdi su ddi lap ve muc tiau, edng cu, phucmg tien va ngudn lire doi vdi khu vue tu. O gdc dd nay, chit the chirdi sach edng dugc da sd cae nha nghien ciiu hien nay nhat tri. Cae tai lieu nghian ciru tai Viet Nam thudng xuyen de cap, bao gdm nha nude vdi tu each la ngudi nam gift quydn cdng, dai di?n cho khu vue edng so vdi khu vue tu. Tuy nhidn, trong gdc do nay, ciing xuat hien 03
nhdm chu thd chinh saeh edng rat khac nhau, phan liat kha rd rang. Diau nay phan anh tmh phong phii, da chiau khi nghian ciru va ham nghTa thuat ngir "cdng" d phuong dien chu tha. Cu tiia: Mgt, ehu thi quan trgng quyet dinh chinh sdch cdng Id nhd nuac: Vdi vi tri, vai trd la trung tam trong he thdng ehinh tn, ddi vdi ehinh sach cdng, cae nha khoa hge, nhat la gidi khoa hge phuang Tay (da dang chinh trj, nhiau dang doi lap) dau cho rang, nha nude la chu tha quan trgng trong ehinh sach, dac biet la khau ban hanh chinh saeh.
Sir tham gia ciia eac ddi tugng khac ngoai nha nude (dang chinh h:j, td ebiie chinh tri - xa hgi, xa hgi dan su...) thudng khdng dugc cdng nhan la chii tha cua chinh saeh. Trong khi dd, nba nude vdi day du 03 nhanh quyan nang, he thdng bd may cdng quydn va ddi ngii nhan su hiing hau, dugc nhan dan uy thac trach nhiem frude xa bdi, dan tdc mdi cd tham quyen trong viec xay dung, td chiie thue thi, danh gia, giam sat toan bd qua trinh giai quyat cae vdn de phat sinh eiia ddi sdng xa hgi bang chinh sach edng. Hai, chii the cita chinh sdch eong cdn ed ddng chinh tri cam quyen: Tiap can quan diem nay, ngoai nha nude vdi vai trd trung tam eua he thdng chinh tri thi vai trd "hat nhan" eua dang chinh tri cam quyan lanh dao nha nude va xa hgi (nhat la eac nude thude eha do dan dang, hinh thuc ehinh tha nha nude la nha nude dan ehu xa hdi chii nghTa) ciing dugc thira nhan la ehu the "gian tiep" eua chinh sach cdng. Cae dang chinh trj cam quyan trong trudng hgp nay deu thdng qua phuang thiie, cdng cu lanh dao nhat dinh cua minh da "hda than" toan bg vao boat ddng ciia nha nude, trong dd cd cae giai doan trong chu trinh chinh sach cdng. Vi vay, muc tiau chinh trj ciia dang cam quyan iing xu vdi eac van de chinh sach cdng ludn dugc thue thi day dii, nghiem tuc bdi nha nude bang nha nude dii each nay hay each khae va hian nhian dau chju tae dgng, ehi phdi, dinh hudng, dan dat bdi dang chinh tri cam quyln ay. Ba. chii the cua chinh sdch cdng rong
Khoa hpc chinh tri - So 2/2019
hien ciiu - Trao ddi
nhdt Id mgt sd phap nhdn "ddc biet", gdm he thing chinh tri, dan vi su nghiep cdng lap va doanh nghiep nhd nuae: Dieu nay ciing cd nhiau quan diam ddng tinh, khdng chi dimg lai goc dg li luan, ma trdn ea thuc tian. Neu hap can phuong dien chii the chinh sach cdng la phap nhan "dae biet", tuc la chu tha thda man eac dieu kien co ban sau: (i) Do cae ea quan nha nude ed thSm quyan thanh lap theo trinh tu, thii tuc luat dinh (ham y ea dgi ngu nhan sir ehu chdt duge nha nude bd nhiem);
(ii) Sii d\ing ngudn lue qude gia; (iii) Nhan danh nha nude, su dung quyan nang nha nude nham quan li, phuc vu xa hdi d mdt sd phan Imh vue, hoae hoan tbanh mdt sd nhiem vu nhat djnh nao do. Q Viet Nam, each tiap can nay cho thay chii tha ehinh sach cdng la rat rong va kha day dii, cd tha duge ehia thanh cae nhdm chii tha: (i) Chii the la eae co quan trong he thdng chinh tri; (ii) Chii tha la cae dan vi su nghiep edng lap (tuy khdng ed ehire nang quan li xa hdi nhung lai ed nhiem vu cung cap dich vu edng eho xa hdi); (iii) Chii the la doanh nghiep nha nude. Tuy thuc hien hoat dong kinh doanh, song sd hiiu vdn diau le CO mgt phan tai san nha nude; ddng thdi, hoat dgng trong nhung nganh nghe, ITnh virc trong yau ciia qudc gia, phuc vu nhiem vu chinh hi, cae doanh nghiep nha nude da va dang trd tbanh la edng cu diau tiet vi md hiru hieu cua nha nude, gdp phan cung iing hang hoa, djch vu thiat yau, ca ban cho xa hdi.
Tac gia cho rang, viec xem xet ndi ham
"cong" trong chinh saeh cdng d phuang dien chii the ehinh sach cdng la each tidp can mdi, dang suy ngam. Diau nay cd tha li giai: cae goi y nau tran vira ed tinh khai quat, bao dam tinh h§ thdng, tdn trgng gia trj khoa hgc ehinh sach edng trudc do, nhung eiing rat thue tien, c?p nhat; ddng thdi, eae quan didm, nhan thiic nay phan anh tuong ddi he thdng, toan dien, kha sau sSc va day du va ban chat tir
"c6ng" trong ndi ham ehinh sach cdng hien nay d Viet Nam.
+ "Cdng" bieu hien d phuang dien la ddi
tugng eiia chinh saeh cdng
Chinh sach cdng la ban chuang trinh hanh dgng cd tinh budng dich va hudng dan ddi tugng ro rang. Dd la thuc trang xa bdi, vkn dh biic thiat, cap bach, khd ludng (ggi chung la van da chinh sach eong) de dga den sir ton tai va phat trien on dinh, ban viing cd tha d mdt nhdm dan cu, dja ban nhat dinb (don vj hanh chinh, viing, khu virc, vdi tap tha thanh vian, ddi vdi eong ddng ngudi, xa hgi) hay rgng ra la vdi qudc gia, dan toe va nhan loai... Ngoai ra, day cung cd thd la khoang trdng, chanh nhau rat Idn giiia nhu cau, mong dgi, ki vgng va thuc trang cua xa hgi khdng tha dap img va can cd su hanh ddng tieh cue, thiet thue cua ca quan chiic nang da giai quyat.
+ "Cdng" biau hien d phuong dien pham vi tae ddng cua chinh sach cdng
Dieu nay nhan manh miie do eiia sir tac dgng, ebi phdi ma ehinh saeh edng phan anh thdng qua bieu hien ve pham vi, quy md, cap bac. Vi du:
Mdt la, pham vi qudc gia va qudc ta: Day la caeh tiep can vdi nhan thiic mdi, tuong ddi pbu hgp khi eho rang chinh saeh edng khdng ehi tdn tai trong khdng gian lanh thd qude gia, ma vugt ra tam khu vue, qude ta dat trong bdi canh toan cau hda, su bimg nd ve each mang cdng nghiep 4.0 bien nay cung la pbii hgp.
Thuc te hien nay cho thay, xet trong pham vi quoc gia va qudc ta thi ngay khia canh qude ta eung dang ddi dien vdi eac van da ehinh sach cdng rk Idn, can cd thiet cha qudc te vdi tiam luc, edng phap qude ta... da cd tha giai quyat cae van da toan cau, phuc vu nhan loai.
Hai la, pham vi trung uong va dja phuang:
Chinh sach cdng khdng chi xuat hien d trung uong, giai quyat eac van da pham vi qudc gia, ma cung ed tha va phai xuat bien, la cdng cu diau tiat, quan li xa hdi d dja phucmg vdi pham vi nhd ban va cap hanh ehinh thap ban.
Dieu nay xda bd nhan thire eho rSng, ehinh sach cdng la cdng eu, san pham cua chinh quyan trung uong, giai quyat vin da qude ka dan sinh qudc gia cbii khdng phai va khdng -=*.!<bo^DC chinh trj - So 2/2019
the la edng cu quan li, khdng tha xuat hien d ehinh quyan dja phuang. Thdng qua pham vi eua chinh sach edng ciing mdt phan phan anh ban chat cua tir "edng", ngi ham eiia ehinh sach cdng.
+ "Cdng" biau hien d phuang dien ngudn lire ehinh sach cdng
Ngudn luc cdng cd tha hiau la toan bd ca sd vat chat - kT thuat cua xa hgi do nba nude do tao dung, quan li, sir dung va dai dien sd hOii, la ngan sach qudc gia cd duge tir sir ddng gdp dudi dang thud, sac thua va tai nguyan thian nhian cua qude gia, ngudn nhan lue... Tat ca tao ndn ngudn luc to Idn cua chinh sach cdng. Diau dac biet ehinh la ngudn gdc tao ra ngudn luc (phd bian, chii yau nhat la nguon lue tai chinh bay tai chinh cdng) ehinh la su ddng gdp cua toan xa hdi thdng qua thua, le phi, phi, ddng gdp tu nguyen, tai trg... hinh thanh ngan saeh qude gia. Da giai quyet eac van de chinh sach, chu tha chinh sach vdi tu each duge tha cha hda va duge trao quyan cd the dai dien sii dung ngudn luc nay giai quyat hieu qua cae van da xa bdi phat sinh, phue vu tdt eho xa bdi, vi su phat trien cua xa hdi.
Quy trinh nay la su khep kin, bat dau ehinh la ngudn luc trong dan, thdng qua chinh sach edng ma trd lai phue vu Igi ich, yau eau chinh dang eua nhan dan, xa hdi.
-I- "Cdng" biau hien d phuong dien edng cu, phuong tien eiia ehinh saeh cdng
Thii nhdt, he thdng phap luat: Day la hinh thitc biau bien ciia chinh sach, vira la cdng cu, vira la vat chuyen chd ndi dung cua cae chinh sach nhim bao dam chinh sach duge thuc hien nghiam tuc, thdng nhat, hieu luc, hieu qua tran thuc ta. Suy cho cimg, he thdng phap luat la be da eho chinh sach cung xuat phat tu xa hdi, vi xa bdi. Bdi le, cae co quan quyan luc, ca quan thuc thi quyan hanh phap, ca quan tu phap tir trung uong den dja phuang dau duge nhan dan, xa hdi iiy thac quyan lire, thay mat nhan dan giai quyet van da xa bdi, phue vu nhan dan. Do vay, tinh "cdng" tha hien d chd he thdng phap luat chuyen chd ndi
van cao, quy tu d tinh cua nhan dan, do nhan dan va vi nhan dan. _ ,
Thii hai, quyan lye cdng va thiat che kem theo: Ban canh he thdng phap luat, quyen lire cdng va eac thiat eha kem theo (nha nuoc, nba til, luc lugng vu trang, co quan didu tra, ea quan edng quyan...) cung phan anh rd ndi ham "edng" trong ehinh saeh edng.
Quyan lue cdng la quyan luc nha nude, la kat qua dau tranh eiia giai cap, lye lugng ddi khang trong xa hdi cd mau tbuln, phan ehia da gianh ehinh quyan va thuc hian inue tieu chinh trj, khat vgng cua lire lugng thang cude. Doi vdi nha nude theo hinh thiic ehinh tha dan chii xa hdi chii nghTa, quySn lire edng la kat qua dau tranh eua nhan dan lao ddng, quang dai qudn chiing vi mdt xa hgi tien bg, binh ddng, bae ai va nhan van. Chu tha quyen lue tdi cao ay chinh d nhan dan, xa hgi duge quyan uy thac cho nhdm nhan su dai dien ndm giii, sii dung va phuc vu nhan dan. Ddi vdi chinh saeh cdng, quyen lire cdng duge sir dung lam phucmg tien da bao dam giai quyat tdi uu cae van de xa hdi, khat vgng, yau cau, ddi bdi chinh dang, cae mue tiau ehinh tri, y ehi ciia nhan dan mdt each nghiam tuc.
Quyan luc nha nude la quyan lire ciia nhan dan va vi vay nd phai dugc su dung mdt each thich hgp da phuc vu nhan dan, la be dd cho chinh sach cdng.
+ "Cdng" bidu bien d phuong dien trgng traeh ddi vdi bieu qua chinh sach cdng
Ban chat hi "edng" trong chinh sach cdng cdn dugc bieu hien d mgt khia canh mdi, ehinh la trgng trach ddi vdi hieu qua ehinh sach cdng. Chu tha chinh saeh cong vdn la ngudi dugc trao quyen nang, ngudn lue va co cha de cd the quyat djnh, thay mat td chiie, xa hgi tibam ehi la qudc gia, nhan loai giai quyet van de dang duong ddu, thach thiie ed tinh sdng cdn, Tinh "cdng" dugc thd hien d ehd chu tha chinh sach phai la ngudi ddu tien, trudc bet chiu trach nhiem Idn nhdt trudc tl chirc, van menh, Ijch sir qude gia - dan tdc.
Khoa hpc chinh in -•^0 2 / 2 0 1 9
* Nghien ciiu - Trao doi
tnrdc nhan dan va nhan loai ve toan bd quyat dinh cua mhih trong qua trinh tim kiam dua ra cae giai phap ehinh sach cdng nham hda giai thanh cdng eae van de ehinh sach nay sinh. Vi vay, traeh nhiem ay khdng don thuan chi la trach nhiem eua ca nhan, hau qua anh hirdng cho ehinh ca nhan ay. Do dd, didu nay ham chita khia eanh dao due rat sau sae trong chinh saeh cdng; nhan manh vk trach nhiam cdng vu, tinh than tan tuy, dam ddn than vi nhiing gia trj chung va dong thdi thdi tiiiic su hoan thien nang luc ban than cua cae nha lanh dao, quan li, ehu tha cd tham quyen trong chinh saeh cdng nham tim kiem va thuc thi he thdng giai phap chinh saeh mdt each ed hieu qua trong toan bd vdng ddi mdi chinh sach cong tran thuc te.
4. Ket luan
Chinh sach cdng vAn la nganh khoa hgc con hrong ddi non trd d nude ta. Chinh vi vay, viec luan ban va hoan thien va mat nhan thiic xoay quanh nganh khoa hgc nay la viee lam can thiat. Bai viat da dem den nhiing nhan thiie cd tinh he thdng, kha mdi va sau sac ve ngi ham thuat ngii "edng" trong khoa hoc chinh sach cdng thdng qua phan tich 06 phuang dien ca d gde do thue tian va li luan ve ddi sdng ehinh sach cdng d Viet Nam hien nay Qua dd, ham nghTa "cdng" trong khoa hoc chinh sach cdng vdn duge tu duy kha dan dieu, tan man va mo hd, nay duge bd sung, hoan thien de qua trinh nhan thiie, nghian eiiu va thuc tien van hanh cdng cu nay thuc su nhat quan, thau dao trong thdi gian tdi. Nhan thiic do la: "Cdng" bieu hien & phuong dien la chit the chinh sdch cdng, bao gdm: thir nhdt, chu the chinh sdch cdng khdng hodn toan ton tgi trong khu vue cdng md cd the ion tgi trong khu vue tu v&i ddy dii gid tri, l?i ich chung danh cho chiing dugc xem xet ifong moi quan he tuang quan v&i lai ich trdi nguac md ehung hu&ng din; thu hai, chit the chink sdch cdng ton tgi trong khu vue cdng
^<n s\c ddi lap ve miic tieu, cong cu, phuang 'i?n vd ngudn luc doi v&i khu vue tuUi
'"Oxford Dictionaries, Public, Oxforddictionaries.
com, https://en oxforddictionaries.com/definition/
public
'^' Cambridge Dictionaries, Public, Dictionary.
cambridge.org, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/
dictionary/english/public
' " Phan Nggc, Phan Higu, Biii Phung, Tir diin Anh - Viet, Nha xuit ban Thg gioi, Ha N^i, 2011 tr 1936
'"' Brendan Martin (2004), The paper "What is the public about Public services?". Public World, London, pg.l
"^* Nguyen Nhir Y, Dgi tic diin tiing Viet, Nha xudt ban Van hoa - Thong tin. Ha Noi, 1998, tr. 436 '*' Vien Ngon ngu hgc. Tic diin tiing Viet, Nha xudi bdn Khoa hpc xd hgi - Trung tam tur dien hoc. Ha Ngi, 1994, tr. 201
(') va (131 N g u y g i j L^n^ f^ ^ / g „ ; „ . ^^ fjgj^ yj^f ljQff,_
Nhd xudt ban Tdng hgp H6 Chi Minh, 2000, tr. 415 v a 2 2 2
'^^i Trong an pham bo sung Supplemental Guidance:
Public sector definition duoc cong bo vao 12/2011, to chirc HA (The Institute of Internal Auditors) nhan manh cae to chiic ciia khu vue cong co the ton tai 6 4 mire do: international (quoc te), national (quoc gia), (regional) viing va (local) dia phitong '^* Bui Huy Khien, Nguyin Thi Van Hirong, Qudn li cong (sach chuyen khao), Nha xuat ban Chinh tri - Hanh chinh. Ha Ngi, 2013, tr.II
'"" Michael Howlett and M. Ramesh: Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems, Ibid, pg.6
(ii)va(i7) 0 5 pj^^ jj^j^ Tong quan ve chinh sdch cong, Nha xudt ban Chinh tri qu6c gia. Ha Noi, 2017, tr.
8 v a 9 - 1 0
1'=' Michael Howlett and M. Ramesh, Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems, Ibid, pg.6
*'•" Vien Chinh tri hgc, Tap bdi gidng chinh Iri hgc, Nha xudt ban Ly luan chinh tn, Ha Ngi, 2008, tr.
235
"*' Le Nhu Thanh, Le Van Hoa, Hoach dinh vd thuc hien chinh sdch cong, Nha xuat ban Chinh tri quoc, H a N g i , 2016, tr. 10
(J6i Nguyin Hiru Hai, Le Van Hoa, Dgi cuang ve chinh sdch cong, Nha xudt ban Chinh tri qu6c gia, H a N o i , 2013, tr. 21-22
'"*> H6 Viet Hanh, Bdn vi khdi niem chinh sdch cong, Tap chi Ngufin nhan luc khoa hgc xa hOi, so 12(55)/2017,tr.6
Khoa hoc Chinh tri - S o 2 / 2 0 1 9