CAU CHUYEN CHEO CO DU OI GOC NHIN VAN HOA
HA THI HOA
Sdn khiu duo la san Hiau he chuyen, t ^ hien Ml k M theo trinh tiT thdi gian va logic cuoc song, ff cheo, gm liiu kMng CO sy dao ipn trat tv ciia khiing gian va thiii gian nghe thu$t Tir goc i M i vin hba, fiay M sv thuan theo ton ti*oiQ, hda fioiq vM tu nhidii ciia nguM intt GO. Tpuyen thdng nay iia m sdu trong tdm thiic npidi Viet va tru thwdi mot law xu vdn hda rtdng. Truy^ thdng nay fid tao n ^ each VaU hidn ciia cac Cw A H dan gian, khidn chdo cd co Idi VA chuy^ khdiq dii flon thuan la mdt k i ^ , hay Phong c ^ , ntfn thuat, ma cmi la kdt qua cAa vdn hda, thd hidn gia tr| vai hda.
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e tieh truyen, ea sin tdiau phucmg Ddng lin phucmg Tiy ddu quan nidm khdng khac nhau, chi cd each the hign tich dd trong ket eau kich bin ciia mdi kjch chiing mdi la van de can suy nghT. Cd hai loai kel ciu kich dang diing nhieu d nudc la: kel cau kjch ban kich dram va ket ciu bdn tro cua cheo (cd). Trdn thd gidi, nhidu loai kich ed phuang phip bieu diln rieng, tuy nhien, kich dram loai kich du nhap vio nghe thuat cheo ciia nudc la di may chuc nam nay.Kich dram quan tam xay dung tinh cich nhan vat bang chudi hinh dgng xuyen qua cac xung dot phat trien tu thap den eao. Qua dd, tinh cich timg nhin vat dan dupc bgc Id, miu thuin dien ra cing quyet Het bao nhieu thi cing gay hung thu, kich thich khin gia hudng iing bay nhieu.
Didn vidn phii hda than vio nhin vat, sao cho khan gia tudng rang chuydn dang bieu didn d sin khiu ti thyc. Cheo cd lai khdng nhu vay, nghe nhin vira budc ra chieu didn da ndi ro ring ke lai
cau chuydn bing trd didn. Khan gia cim nhin khich quan, tinh tio trd chuydn, khen che hogc eiing song trong suy nghT va ting phd vdi nhin vat. Hp vira thudng thirc tai nghg ciia ngudi sam vai, dong thdi lai thdng cam trudc tinh hudng vui budn eiia nhan vat ma nghd nhan dang didn ke.
Tham chi, hp cdn binh pham, khen che tii ning sam vai ciia didn vien hoac ngi dung, y tit cot truydn bang nhihig tidng trdng ehau, tieng de.
Nhu viy nghg nhan cheo cd xua ddng vai khi thoat, khi nhgp, ngudi xem thudng thirc nghd thuat didn cheo xua eung khdng thy ddng. Ngugc tgi hp ning ddng, thoii mii, tudn tudng tupng, nghT suy. Mpi su van dyng may mdc nguydn tic kich thuit ciia the he Stanhilapxki, kjch mdlo, hay phuong phap gian each ciia sin khau ty sir tri lue Becton Brech vao dien cheo hoic xem cheo that sy khdng thda ding.
0 vd cheo ed nao eung vgy, ngay trong top giao diu, sau ciu hat chiic trdm ho du ca co vu hoae dan ling an khang thinh vugng, hay due vua tram ludt, tiep theo se den:
Nha xua tich cu
Co mot chdng tin got Truong Viin (Truang Viin) Nghd nhan ra trd thudng xung danh, ndi ten tudi, gia the, qud quin, hoin canh, khit vgng...
vira nhu cd y chao khin gii (bi con chdm xdm), vira nhu kinh cin trinh ling biet, hidu, cam thdng, theo ddi nhan vgt nghg nhan sim vai thudc loai ngudi nio:
O rdng vdy!
Chdng ddu gi hg Mdng Id loi Hoic:
Toi Thi Mdu, con gdi Phu dng
| n S 6 363 Th^ng 9-2014
S A N K H A U Thdy me toi tdn kinh mgt long
Tien cijng ggo len chtia liin cung A di dd Phdt
(Quan Am Thj Kinh) Chao hdi li each giao tidp thudng nhit trong cuOc sdng ciia ngudi dan. Xung danh theo kidu niy rat phd bidn ddi vdi cic nhan vat trong cheo ed khi ra trd, chao hdi va ximg danh nhu hinh vdi bdng vay. Xung danh trong cheo cd xuat phat tir cupc sdng thudng nhgt eua ngudi Vigt Nam, Idi img xir, giao tidp cin phii cd cho bit cur ai trong nhimg lan gip gd. Cach thiic, ndi dung chao hdi vd cdng phong phii vi die biet, khdng quy dinh theo mpt nguydn tie, tham chi khdng thd cd miu eau chio hdi bat bidn nio, ma tiiy theo ngii' cinh.
Ngudi hdi vi ngudi dupc hdi thin thidt, quan tam, quy mdn nhau hay khdng, phu thudc vao ndi dung hdi. Nhung quan nidm ehung li ndu vide hdi han ti mi nhu & ddu, bao nhiiu tuoi, cha m?
cdn hay mat, v<r con si^c khde hgc hdnh ra sao...
Dd ti giao tidp cua nhQng ngudi thin thign, trd thinh phd bidn, thgm chi li truydn thdng vin hda ciia ngudi dan ndng thdn midn Bic xua. Cich chao hdi vdi ve qua quan tam, than thidt nhu vgy khi dge dao, cd le chi ed vin hda lang xa Vigt Nam xua mdi cd. Didu niy rit khic vdi vin hda chao hdi cua ngudi phucmg Tay (chiu Au), rit kj khi giao tidp vdi ai do ma phii tri Idi, ke Id ve minh thgt ti mi. Chio hdi la vide phii lim, mot thd img xir phii cd trong giao tidp hang ngiy.
Cich thitc, npi dung chio hdi lgi mang net vin hda ridng bigt. Ci Vi$t Nam ndu ai khdng lam nhu vgy ddng nghTa hp la ngudi khdng c&i m&, thieu quan tdm ngu&i khdc va bj coi la vung vi, it mdm mi^ng, thgm chi thidu vin hda. Trong chdo cd, vide ximg danh ra trd ciia cac nhin vit rat phd bien, gidng nhu mpt nguydn tie.
Cic sy kign xay ra trong cheo cd thudng khi tuan ty, li cd cho nhin vgt dugc bpc Id suy nghT vi hinh dpng. Til c i ddu xdp theo tu nhidn, khdng xio trpn vigc sau len trude. Vi du, ning Chiu Long nudi bgn (Luu Binh) thay chdng ba nim rdng, ba lin ching Luu Binh mudn ddi kdt duyen giao hda, nhung nang tim cich tir chdi khdn khdo, sao cho khdng lam mil Idng ching Luu, trii Igi ching cing tam phyc, quy trpng nang hom. Hay Thj Kinh nhan nhjn. chju d\mg
su thii thich ddn qud ddng tudng chimg nhu vd ly trong ddi, khi lim vp dd chdng ngd thit tidt va liic gii trai cho gii do oan tinh. Nhin tdng quit, ci cupc ddi mdt nhin vat d chdo ed van nim trong luit nhan qua thdng thudng: ngudi tdt thi trudc sau sd dgt dupc hanh phiic, nhieu khi la hgnh phiic ea gia tdc; ke xiu xa trude sau se phii chiu hiu qui khdn ludng, bj trimg phat dau ddn ca thd xic Ian tim hdn.
Khdng rang bupe vio mdi xung ddt dang phit tridn tir thap ldn cao, timg su kidn ciia chdo cd ed the tich ra bidu dien ddc lap, tiiy gia tri nghg thuit (npi dung, didn xuit) mi ndi ldn timg ming, timg Idp trd (trich dogn) ed diu cd dudi, kdt cd hau, lim cho ai xem ciing cd thd nhd vi kd lgi duge ndi dung cau chuyen. Do dd, khdng it ciu chuydn cd trong din gian dupc eic dng triim, bac tho, hoac nghd nhan tai ning soan lgi thinh bin trd. Trong qui trinh kd Igi, vigc lupc bd, kd ludt hoac nhin mgnh vio tinh tidt hay sy kien nio dd la hoan toan tiiy thudc vio ydu ciu eiia chti de tiet myc, Irieh doan, mien sao chiing hgp vdi die diem nghg ihugl rieng ed cua chdo ed, lim ndn chat cheo.
Trong chdo ed, vi phii ke lai cau chuygn bang bidu dien (hat, miia, didn), nghg nhin cheo ndi ro dd khin gii sang suot, khich quan, ciing hg danh gii hinh dpng eua nhin vat. Cd khi, khin gii edn giiip dd nghd nhin thd hign tdt hon vai minh ddng (qua lidng dd, tidng trdng khiu, trdng chiu), gdp phin thiie day budi dien m^t cich phdng khoing, sinh ddng vi higu qui. C) cheo cd, khin gii vi nghg nhin ddu tuong tic qua lai bing nhidu cich, khoi ggi, kich thich nhau sii dyng kinh nghigm sdng va siic ludng tucmg ciia bin than mi bd sung cho tiet muc them phong phii, siu sic. Nhu vgy cheo cd, khin gii vi nghg nhan ciing dimg ve mgi phia mi dinh gii, thim dinh lgi lich truygn dang trinh didn. Nhiing ldi xung danh, tieng dd hdi, de hiing, tung hd giy cudi hoic cham bidm... minh chimg rd vide khan gii vi didn vidn ciing kd chuyen. Ngoii ra, hg cdn nhic nhau tinh tao theo ddi vi thd hign cau chuygn sao cho tinh hoat.
Nguydn tic va dac didm, die tnmg trong cheo la t i y. Cac s^r kign dirpc nghg nhan thd hign thinh nhiing Idp cd trd vi tii ning ciia ngudi
Th^nq 9-2014 S6 3 6 3 1 1
sogn la chip ndi chiing Igi thanh mdt vd dien tdng thd, sao cho khi trinh didn cic tidt mue phii mach Igc, chit che. Nhung nhan vat chinh nhieu khi lgi khdng dugc mang ten truydn nhu Thi Phucmg trong Truang Vien, Chau Long trong Luu Binh, Duffng Li... Nhirng eau ehuyen khi duge khai thac soan thinh bin trd ddu phii van dung ldi kd chuyen dd the hien. NhiJng quy tic vi die diem nay, ngudi sogn trd ciing nhu ngudi sam vai phai tuan thii, ddng thdi gpi nhic khan gii khi xem cin cam nhin nd nhu nhirng sy kidn da qua. Cheo thudc loai san khau ke ehuyen, trong dd nghd nhin sir dung linh hogt, sing tao cic ydu td tu sir, tru tinh, hii hudc, phdi hpp nhuin nhyy theo phong cich ta y la ehii ydu.
Nhiing eau chuyen vdi eae sy kign, tinh tiet khi ludt, khi nhan cd the duge phep eo din mien sao phii hpp vdi hoan cinh; cdt truydn khdng bdp meo; nhiing die trung, die diem eua nghd thuit hit, miia, didn phai giiJ dupc cdt each cua cheo.
Trd vd vdi truyen thdng ti mdt dge diem khien cheo ket tinh vi thd hidn su sinh ddng vin hda Viet. Tinh cdng ddng hda quyen ciing sing tgo CLia nghd nhan va khan gia dupc xem nhu mpt dge diem quan trpng eiia vin hda Viet Nam truyen thdng. Nhirng chimg tich ve ti'nh cdng ddng cd thd tim thay trong ddi sdng van hda cu dan, tCr truydn thdng doan kdt, ehdng giae xim ling ddn sy ehia ngpt sd biii trong nhirng liie khd khan; tir su binh dang, binh quydn trong ddi sdng xa hdi den tu tudng binh quan trong an chia ve Ipi ich... Truyen thdng din ehii chinh la iruyen thdng ciia cdng ddng.
Cheo xuit hien vi phat trien trdn ndn ling ciia van hda cdng ddng cao. Cheo khdng thd tdn tai ngoii vin hda cdng ddng, cung nhu ci khdng the sdng ngoii mdi trudng nudc. Chinh vi thd, cd the hieu dugc vi sao, ngay nay, cheo ed dii rit nhieu gii trj nhung tai khdng cdn phd bidn duge nhu trudc, Y thirc ca nhan cua con ngudi hidn dai dang bdc Id khi manh theo su phit tridn ciia nhin logi, mi cic nude phuomg Tay di sdm chiing kidn lir mdt vai the ky trudc. Ngiy nay, van hda ci nhan dang timg budc thing the vi phit tridn manh d thinh thi. Cd te vi the, cheo cd d liu hon vdi ngudi din lang qud ndng thdn, khd dugc chap nhgn trong ddi sdng eua cu din thanh thi.
Trii lai, trong xa hdi xua, su thdng nhit gjih vin hda Irong cheo vi van hda cu dan bdi tinh cdng ddng khidn cheo trd thanh mdt bidu hign tai ydu ciia van hda Viet. Vdi tinh cdng ddng cao (the hidn bdi tinh thin dan ehu), cheo khdng chap nhgn cich hidu mpt chidu theo y kidn chu quan cua ngudi sing tie. Cheo li su binh tuan qua lai, sir dinh gii ciia cdng ehiing, khdng phii sau mi ngay ci trong khi xem. Sy tham gia eiia cdng ehiing vao vd dien khdng chi xda bd ranh gidi giiia cac ca nhan trong ddm cheo, ma cdn hda ddng cic ca nhan thinh tap the sang tao vi thudng thiic.
Ngoii tinh edng ddng, cheo cdn thd hidn tinh tu duy tdng hap trong vin hda Vidt - eung cd the li truydn thdng cua vin hda phuong Ddng. Nghe thuat phucmg Ddng la nghe thuat la y, khong phii la nghe thuat la thyc. Dd la truyen thdng vg miy niy tring eiia thi hpa Trung Hoa, la truyen thdng kiim lai ciia van hpc dan gian Vigt. Vi viy, mdi cd nhdn v i lu&i trong cheo. Tu duy tdng hpfp khdng cho phep din trii, sa di vio s^r md ti chi tiet nhu chii nghTa hign thye trong van hpc sau nay. Net dac tnmg van hda nay khdng thd tin dupc vdi van hda phuong Tay. Van hoa phucmg Ddng mang tinh triet hpc kha cao. Con ngudi dudng nhu tich khdi cude sdng dd nhin lgi, nhin thicc vd nd nhu mdt ldng the phiirc hpp.
Dd la su din cich can thidt de ngudi phucmg Ddng tao ra dugc mdt ndn van hda cho ridng minh. Didu dd cung dan ddn nhiing phit minh ldn ngay tir thdi ed dai, m i den nay, the gidi phucmg Tiy van edn kinh ngac, cho dd li nhSng bi an chua dugc giai dip.
Sy din cich trong cheo cd khdng chi li mpt nguydn tic nghd thuat m i chinh li linh chit ctia vin hda. Didn vien vi nhan vat khdng thd li mgt.
ngudi xem va san khiu hda ddng nhimg van lii hai, eupc sdng thyc va cudc sdng trong vd dien ludn cd khoing each. Dd la sy tinh tio, ly tri trong vin hda phuong Ddng ndi chung, vin hda Viet ndi ridng. Cheo cd da tdn lgi may trim nim bdi van hda ciia chdo khdng tich bgch khdi vin hda din tpe. Mdi trudng vin hda cupc sdng nudi dudng cheo dd rdi cheo lai diing nhihig d^c didm nghg thugt ridng cd ma kd Igi, phan inh chin thuc cudc sdng ^J
H.T.H
• 7 1 So 363 Thang 9-2014