E] NHiN RA THE Gidl
Cau chuyen he thong
dien mot trdi mini 6 Chau Phi
N
hu d u sUdung dien cUa Sara Ruto d Kiptusuri, Kenya trd nen d p thiet vao n i m ngoii khi cd mua chiec dien thoai di ddng dau tien, phUPng tien khdng the thieu de cd n h i n d c khoin chuyen tien, lien lac vdi t h i n n h i n d t h i n h phd, hay kiem tra g i i thjt ga d cho gan n h i t Sac dien thoai khdng p h i i la v i n de don g i i n d ndng thdn, d i e biet d nhUng vung xa lUdi dien tai Kenya.Moi tuan, Ruto di 2 dam de thue mdt chuyen mdtd chd khich, va chuyen di m i t tdi 3 gid de den dUpc Mogotio, thj tran cd dien gan n h i t Oen noi, cd de dien thoai lai mdt cUa h i n g v i sac dien vdi g i i l i 30 xu. Tuy nhien, djch vu niy ddng khich tdi mUc cd p h i i de dien thoai lai sau 3 ngiy mdi cd the trd lai lay. NhUng gid d i y cd khdng p h i i tiep tuc Ijch trinh nhpc nhan nay nUa vi gia dinh cd da b i n mdt sd vat nudi va lay sd tien dd de mua mdt he thdng dien mat trdi mini dUpc l i m tUTrung Qudc vdi g i i khoing 80 dd. Hien tai, tren ndc m i l tdn ngdi n h i cua cd, b i n g n i n g lupng mat trdi nay dupe c i i dat ngay n g i n , cung d p du dien de sac dien thoai v i chay bdn den sing cd k^m theo cdng tic. Ruto ngdi thU gian trong 1 c i n leu vich dat ma cd chung sdng cung chdng va cic con ndi: "Chiec dien thoai l i nguyen n h i n chinh ban dau, nhUng viec lap d i t he thdng dien d i thay doi nhieu thU khic nUa".
Ning lupng t i i tao quy md nhd trd nen r^, on djnh v i hieu q u i hon, nd dem lai ngudn dien cho nhUng ngUdi sdng d xa ludi dien hay xa cic dudng dng dan nhien lieu d cic nUdc dang p h i t trien. Tuy cdn r I t khiem tdn so vdi cic dU i n n i n g lupng t i i tao dang dUpc trien khai d cic nUdc cdng nghiep p h i t trien n h i m cat
Anh: "NYTImes: African Huts Far From the Grid Glow With Renewable Power"
g i i m lupng p h i t t h i i khi n h i kinh, nhUng chinh d c he thdng nhd be nay dang ddng mdt vai trd Idn lao va thiet yeu.
Ke tU khi Ruto ket ndi vdi he thdng dien nay thi nhUng dUa con nhd cUa cd dat diem sd cao hon vl chung cd du i n h sang de hpc tap.
NhUng dUa be hPn thl t r i n h dUpc nhUng nguy hiem tU den dau. Va moi t h i n g , cd tiet kiem dUpc khoing 15 dd chi phi cho dau v i pin, 20 dd trUdc kia v i n p h i i dung cho cic chuyen di sac dien thoai ngoii thj t r I n . ThUc te la b i y gid nhUng ngUdi hang xdm t r i cd 20 xu de sac nhd dien thoai, tuy rang cdng viec kinh doanh kieu nay se sdm p h i i g i i i t i n vl g i n d i y d i cd 63 gia dinh d Kiptusuri d i d i d i t he thdng dien mat trdi cho gia dlnh cua minh. Ong Adam Kendall, ngUdi dUng d i u dU i n n i n g lupng chiu Phi vung ha Sahara cua McKinsey &
Company, mdt cdng ty tU v i n t o i n d u ndi: "Ban cd the bd qua nhu d u dung den nhUng dudng d i y t i i dien cd djnh cung d p cho d c khu vUc Ngudn n i n g lupng t i i tao ngay d n g
trd nen quan trpng hon tai d c nUdc dang p h i t trien".
Lien Hiep Qudc Udc tinh rang, hien nay 1,5 ti ngUdi tren t o i n d u v i n khdng cd dien de dung, trong dd d Kenya cd tdi 85% d i n sd sdng thieu dien, va hien cd 3 ti ngUdi van n l u v i dun hang ngay b i n g cui hoac than. Khdng cd sd lieu chinh xac ve sU lan rdng cua ngudn n i n g lupng t i i tao d quy md nhd tai nhUng vung nam xa d c ludi dien qudc gia, mdt phan vl d c dU i n thudng dUpc thUc hien bdi d c d n h i n hpic la d c to chuTc phi chinh phu r I t nhd.
Ong Dana Younger, cd v i n d p cao ve n i n g lupng t i i tao tai Tong cdng ty Tai chinh Qudc te, nguon vay tU n h i n cua nhdm Ngin hang The gidi ndi: "Khdng cd gi p h i i nghi ngd niJTa ring, xu hudng tren dang ngay mdt gia t i n g . Od la mdt hien tUpng dang lan rdng k h i p the gidi, mdt sd lupng Idn cic he thdng n i y dang dUpc d i d i t k h i p noi".
Vdi sU ra ddi cua d c b i n g dien mat trdi g i i ri va nhUng chiec den LED d i y hieu q u i , cd the giup thIp sing
44 men A D&i song
NHiN RA THE Gidl Q
mdt d n phdng vdi chi 4W dien, thay v) phii dung 60W, nhuTng he thdng dien mat trdi loai nhd nay cd the cung d p nguon dien hUu ich vdi mUc gii ma ngay d ngUdi ngheo cung cd dU khi ning de sU dung. "Ban cd the thiy nhiing ngUdi chin nudi gia sue d khu vUc Ndi Mdng sd dung d c bing dien mat trdi dupe lip ngay tren leu cOa hp", dng Younger ndi.
Francis Hillman, mdt doanh nhin ve ning lupng cho biet tai chiu Phi, d c he thong thj trUdng mdi da noi len d Ethiopia, Uganda, Malawi va Ghana ciing nhu d Kenya. Gan diy dng d i chuyen cdng viec kinh doanh tU d e du i n ning lupng tii tao Idn dUpc tii trp bdi cic to chUc phi chinh phu sang kinh doanh jnhitng he thdng nhd cd the lip dit tren mil nha. Ngoai cic dU i n ning lupng tii tao nhd, cdng nghe ning lUpng tii tao dupe thiet ke cho ngUdi ngheo cdn bao gdm cic budng khi sinh hdt don giin dUdi Idng dit de lam nhien lieu v i dien tU phin cCia nhCrng eon bd, va nhUng tram thu;^
dien loai nhd cd the khai thic dien ning tU mdt con sdng dja phuong cho toin bd ngdi ling.
Du cic he thdng dien tU phat nim xa ludi dien niy da chUng td dupe gii trj cCia chung, nhUng viec thieu mdt mang ludi phin phdi hieu qui v i thieu mdt phUPng thUe on djnh de chi tri cho nhUng chi phi ban dau da ngin cin chung pho bien hon."Vln de Idn ddi vdi chung ta hien nay li chung ta chUa cd md hlnh kinh doanh chuan nio", theo ldi dng John Maina, dieu phdi vien cCia to chUe Djch VU Phit trien Cdng ddng ben vOng (Scode), mdt to chUe phi chinh phO cd tru sd tai Nakuru, Kenya, hien dang no lUc vdi muc tieu dUa dien ve ndng thdn. Ong Maina ndi: "Mdt vai nim trUdc den ning lupng mat trdi chi don thuin la nhUng chiec den long CO bin, md v i khdng on djnh.
Cudi Cling, d c sin pham mdi da xult hien, ngUdi din yeu d u dupe cung d p va ho sin sang tri chi phi. Tuy nhiln chung tdi khdng the dap ufng dupe". VI nhiimg to chiJc nhd d chiu Phi nhu t6 chiifc cOa dng khdng cd khi ning v i quan he de tU d i t hang vdi sd luong Idn cCia d c nha sin xult
tU xa, budc hp phii vat Idn tim mua moi khi cd mdt chuyen hang dupe nhap khau vio.
Mdt phin cUa vin de la do d c he thdng mdi nay trii vdi nhUng khudn mau truyen thdng, trong dd nang lupng dien 6uqc tao ra bdi mdt sd it d c cdng ty Idn cua chinh phU cd vai trd md rdng dan ludi dien ve cic khu vUc ndng thdn. Cic nha dau tU khdng mudn do tien vao cic sin pham phuc vu thj trUdng rii ric cUa ngUdi tieu dung ngheo d ndng thdn vl hp nhin thIy rOi ro li qui cao. dng Minoru Takada, Giim ddc Chuong trinh ning lupng ben vUng cUa Lien Hpp Qudc cho biet cd rIt nhieu d u i n nhd thinh cdng nhUng chung d n phii md rdng quy md. He thdng dien tU phit ngoii ludi la ldi giii dip cho ngUdi ngheo, nhUng nhUng ngUdi kiem soit ngudn vdn tai trp edn phii xem xet lUa chpn nay lieu cd the dieu phdi mdt d c h khi thi hay khdng.
Ngay d d c chuong trinh ci^a Lien Hiep Qudc v i d e quy Chinh phu Hoa Ky mudn thue day ngudn nang lupng thin thien vdi mdi trUdng d cic nUde dang phit trien cung thien ve cic du i n Idn nhU cic trang trai dien gid hoac nhUng du an nang lupng dien mat trdi vdi quy md cdng nghiep dU de cung d p vio ludi dien.
Tai trp vio mdt dU i n ning lupng mat trdi khoing 300 trieu dd li de dang de d p vdn va kiem soit hon la tai trp cho mdt dU i n vdi 10 trieu he thdng dien quy md gia dinh cho d e hd ngheo tren mdt luc dja. Ket qui la, tien khdng chiy vao nhiimg khu vUc ngheo nhit
Cic chuyen gia cUa Lien Hpp Qudc d i Udc tinh rang, trong sd 162 ti dd dau tu vio nang lUpng tii tao thl cd 44 ti dd da dUpe chi tieu chung cho Trung Qudc An Op vi Brazil, va chi cd 7,5 ti dd chi cho d c qudc gia ngheo hon. Chi cd 6-7% tim pin mat trdi dupe che tao de sin xult dien m i khdng dUa vao ludi dien, trong dd bao gdm d c he thdng nhU cua Ruto v i nhiimg tim pin sii dung nang lupng mat trdi chieu sing d d c bii dau xe, v i d c sin van ddng d My.Tuy nhien, mdt so md hlnh mdi dang noi len. Husk
Powder Systems, mdt cdng ty tr6 dUpc sU ho trp bdi d c ngudn dIu tU cOa tu nhin va d c quy phi Ipi nhuan, da xiy dung 60 nha may dien quy md cd nhd d ndng thdn An Op, sin xult dien td vd triu tai 250 thdn, bin tiT nim 2007.
d Nepal va Indonesia, Chuong trinh Phit trien Lien Hiep Qudc da tai trp xiy dung rIt nhieu nhi miy thuy dien nhd, mang dien cho d c cdng ddng mien nui xa xdi. Ma Roc trp d p 100 dd cho moi he thdng cung d p dien mat trdi d d c vung siu vung xa ndng thdn, noi mi viec md rdng dien ludi qudc gia qui tdn kem.
Oieu da lam mdt sd chuyen gia trong ITnh vUc nay d m thIy ngac nhien li sUxult hien gin diy cua mdt thj trUdng thUc sU d chau Phi ddi vdi d e he thdng d p dien tii tao d quy md gia dinh v i d c thiet bj giup tieu thu it ning lupng hon. Do chi phi cUa d e thiet bj cd chit lupng on djnh dupe giim xudng, cic gia dlnh sin sang hPn bao gid het de mua chung, vi du nhu bang d c h bin mdt con de, hay mUpn tien tU nhufng ngUdi than quen d hii ngoai. SU biing no cUa viec sd dung dien thoai di ddng d vung ndng thdn chiu Phi la mdt nguyen nhin thue day Idn. Nhieu viing ndng thdn chiu Phi khdng cd ngin hing, nen dien thoai di ddng dupe dung nhu mdt dung cu cho d c giao djch thuong mai ciing nhU thdng tin lien lac ci nhin, khien ngUdi din budc phii cd nhu d u d n sac dien thoai. M-Pesa, hang djch vu chuyen tien qua dien thoai Idn nhit cCia Kenya, hang nim chuyen mdt lupng tien tUPng tuong len tdi hon 10 % tong sin pham qudc ndi, hlu het la qua thUe hien d c giao djch nhd hiem khi vUpt qui 20 dd. Cic he thdng ning lupng tii tao r^tien cung cho phep ngUdi ngheo ndng thdn tiet kiem tien bang viec dd phii siir dung nen, than, pin, go va dau hda."Vi vay, ngUdi din cd khi ning chi tri va sin sang tri"- dng Younger cOaTong cdng ty Tii chinh Qudc te cho biet
d mdt ling Lochorai khic d Kenya, Alice Wangui 45 tuoi va Agnes Mwaforo 35 tuoi, trUde diy deu la nhiifng ndng din lam dCi an, hien tai dang dieu hanh mdt doanh nghiep
men A D&i song 45
E] NHiN RA THE Gidl
phat dat vdi viec b i n va lap dat nhiifng chiec bep Id tiet kiem nhien lieu bang dat set va kim loai de dun nau cui vdi chi phi la 5 dd. Mac ddng phuc vdi i o v i v i y mau cam sing, hp di bd xudng nhUng eon dudng d i t vdi chiec dien thoai di ddng thudng true g i n d tai, lich qua nhUng con de va nhUng chu eun de den phuc vu nhUng khach h i n g dang trong danh sich chd.
Khom minh tren chiec bep mdi, ba Naomi Muriuki 58 tuoi nau mdt ndi ham khoai t i y va dau. Ba cho biet thiet bj n i y da giup g i i m di hon mdt nUa lupng cui dun cua ba."Cui dun trd nen dat tien va khd kiem hpn khi ma chinh phU dang cd gang han che nan p h i rUng" ba ndi them. dTumsifu, b i Virginia Wairimu, 35 tuoi, mdt ndng d i n chin nudi bd sUa vdi cupc sdng k h i g i i hPn mdt chut nay dupe hudng Ipi tU mdt be ngam ehUa p h i n t h i i tU 3 con bd eUa ba, chuyen h o i sd phan n i y thanh khi sinh hpc sau dd bPm qua mdt dng cao su de sU dung l i m gas dun nau. "Tdi chi viec thUc day va lam bUa sing" ba Wairimu ndi.
He thdng nay dUpc t i i trp bang mdt khoin vay 400 dd tU mdt d u i n thi diem tU l i u d i bj ngUng hoat ddng.
d Kiptusuri, cic he thdng den Firefly LED dupe mua bdi ba Ruto cd the coi l i mdt dung cu thiet yeu. Chiec nhd n h i t cd chi phi la 12 dd bao gdm mdt b i n g thu n i n g lupng mat trdi cd the dupe dat tren eUa sd hoac tren mai nha va duqc ket ndi vdi mdt chiec den ban va bd sac dien thoai. NhUng chiec cd dung lupng Idn hPn cd the dung de chay radio va ti vi den tring.Tat nhien, nhUng he thdng nhU v i y khdng the so sinh dupc vdi dien ludi d cic nUdc cdng nghiep. Neu trdi mUa trong mdt tuan se tuong Ung vdi viec khdng cd dien de dijng. V i cic vat dung nhU tu lanh se can ngudn nang lupng Idn hPn va on djnh hPn so vdi lupng dien ma mdt b i n g dien mat trdi cd the cung cap. Tuy nhien d Kenya, dien ludi cung that thudng va tdn kem, cic gia dlnh p h i i t r i hPn 350 dd de dupe dung ndi dien. Ong Maina d to chUc Djch vu Phit trien Cdng ddng ben vUng cho biet "Vdi he thdng nay, ban n h i n dupe i n h sing thUe sU vdi mUc chi phi bang lupng dau hda ban dung trong mdt v i i t h i n g . Khi ban cd the t h i p sing n h i va sac dien thoai, dieu dd that g i i trj".
Mai Thuy (New York Times)
Brazil xay diing
flap thuy Oien lOnthuf 3 the gidi
Ban do ddp thOy diin Belo Monte.
(Anh: BBC)
U
y ban Oieu phdi Mdi trUdng Brazil (IBAMA) vUa thdng qua d u i n x i y dUng cdng trinh thUy dien Belo Monte, vdi tong vdn dau tU len tdi 171^ USD, tren ddng sdng Xingu thude khu vUc rUng ram nhiet ddi Amazon.Cdng trinh thuy dien ndi tren nam tai bang Para d mien Bac Brazil, vdi tong cdng suit Udc tinh 11.200MW, tUPng dUPng 11% s i n lupng dien cUa Brazil. Khi di v i o hoat ddng vao n i m 2015, Belo Monte se trd t h i n h cdng trinh thuy dien Idn thU 3 tren the gidi, sau d i p thOy dien Tam Hiep cua Trung Qudc v i Itaipu cOa Paragoay v i Brazil.
TrUde dd, trong mdt gian d i i , du i n n i y da v I p p h i i sU p h i n ddi manh me tU nhiifng ngUdi dan dja phUPng, nhCmg to chUe b i o ve mdi trudng d Brazil v i d c to chUe c i nhan tren khap the gidi.
Cic chuyen gia b i o ve mdi trUdng lo ngai rang, d i p chufa rdng 668 km^ cUa thOy dien Belo Monte se l i m n g i p 400 km riTng, chiem 0,01% dien tich rifng Amazon. Mdt nhdm cic n h i b i o ve mdi trUdng bao gdm: Eletrobras, Odebrecht,
Camargo Correa, v i Andrade Gutierrez da dUa ra mdt bang d i n h g i i ve t i c ddng tieu cUc cua thUy dien Belo Monte ddi vdi mdi trUdng, nhU thay doi he thUe vat, thay doi c h i t lUpng v i hudng nUdc chiy khien d c l o i i d p h i i thay doi thdi quen di cU.
Nhieu chuyen gia lo ngai rang d u i n nay cd the i n h hudng nghiem trpng tdi mdi trUdng sinh thii. Cu the la viec xiy dung thi!iy dien Belo Monte se anh hUdng tdi quin the d tren sdng Xingu. Cic nha khoa hpc Udc ti'nh khoing 600 loii d , trong dd, nhieu loii d chi cd d ddng sdng nay, se bj d i o Idn ve mdi trUdng sdng, khi d i p thUy dien Belo Monte nan ddng de tich nUdc Oieu nay se de dpa khien mdt so loai d dUhg trUdc nguy co tuyet chUng.
Ben each dd, Vien nghien ciifu qudc gia ve rifng Amazon ciing lo ngai viec x i y dUng thuy dien Belo Monte cd the lam t i n g hieu Ung n h i kinh. Theo tinh t o i n cUa co quan nay, trong 10 n i m hoat ddng dau tien, to hpp d i p Belo Monte se sinh ra khoing 112 trieu t i n khiCO^
cung vdi 0,783 trieu t i n COj sinh ra trong q u i trinh x i y dUng dap thUy dien Belo Monte. Ngoai ra, Idng hd ehUa cOa thOy dien Belo Monte ciing se sinh ra mdt lUpng Idn khi metan do hang t r i m km^ rimg bj ngam dUdi Idng thuy dien.
Tuy viy, cudi ciing IBAMA van d p phep cho t i p d o i n Norte Energia x i y dUng cdng trinh Ijch siJr nay. Chinh phU Brazil cho biet, con d i p se l i chia khda de d i p dng nhu d u n i n g lupng dang gia t i n g manh d d i t nUdc nay.
Bio Anh lbbc.co.uk)