So 10 (264)-2017 N G 6 N N G f & B 6 I S 6 N G 17^
INGON NGtr HQC V A VIET NGU" HQ0
CAU TRUC NGHIA BIEU THlTC D A N H GIA TU'dNG MINH CUA GIAM K H A O T R O N G M Q T SO CHl/ONG TRINH
TRUYEN HINH THV'C TE B A N G TIENG VIET (CO LIEN HE v o l TIENG ANH)
TRAN THJ THANH HirONG*
TOM T A T : Bdi viit ndy khdo sdt dje dilm bilu thttc danh gjd tudng minh qua phan tfch ciu trttc ng^ia ddnh gid, ttt dd xic djnh mft sl md hinh ngdn ngft ddnh ^ d trgn tu lifu ngdn ngft danh gii cfla giam khdo ttt mft s l chuong trinh truyen hinh thyc tl tilng Vift ding flidi ed liSn hf vdi ngdn ngft dinh gia efla gidm khdo d mft so chuong trinh tuong ty bSng tieng Anh, nhSm chi ra nhftng ngt khdc bift vdi nguyen nhan ttt nhftng d§e diem ngon ngft-vdn hda-xa hfi.
TlT KHOA: bilu thttc danh gid; ngdn ngjJ danh gia; mo hinh; truyin hinh thyc tl.
NHAN B A I : 9/8/2017. BIEN TAP-CHiNH SU"A-DUY5T DANG: 1/10/2017 1. Nhung van d l chong
1.1. Bdi vi^ ndy trinh 1% kit qud n ^ o i cuu ve mft sl ^ ^hm bilu Mcc ddnh §k tudi^ minh qua i^dn ngG ^ n h gjd cua gjam khdo trgn tn^'en lunh thyc tl (THTT) tilng Vift cd lign hf vdi tieng Anh, dya trgn phdn tfch ciu true n^Ta etta bilu thuc (Knh gjd theo tiip can ctta Hunston vd Sinclair (2000). Ttt do, nghiin cGu tong hgp cdc md hlnh n ^ n ngG i^nh ^ phi bien. Ket qud nghi^ curu chi ra mdt so n ^ khdc biet Irong each thuc truyen dgt nghla danh gid ctta khddi thi vdi ngi^en nhan tG nhiing 6^ (film ngdn ngG-vdn hda-xd hfi.
7.2 Ddnh gjd Id "nhdn ^nh gia tri" [16]. N^ua eua thugt ngG ndy trong tilng Vift rat phu hpp vdi khiQiih huang gid trj hgc fror^ ng}ii6n cttu ngdn ngG ^ n h gjd teen flil ^di. Quan sat ban diu cho diiy ngdn ngft darOi gjd cfla cac ^dm Idiao tren THTT fliudng bao gom nhdn xet, binh lugn, khen, che. Do dd, c ^ fluet phdi lam FQ nhihig khdi m ^ cd Ijgn quan ndy. Trude hit nA;^ xef Id "dua ra ^ kiln cd xem xdt vd ^ n h gid vl mft doi tugng ndo do" [16]. Binh lugn Id "ddnh gid vd ban hidn vl mpt sy kifn, mft h i ^ tugng, mft v ^ dl ndo do vd nhihig ^ l u do vin dl dd ggi ra" [14]. K)wn Id "ndi Ign su d^nh gid tit vl d, vl cdi gi, vifc gj vdi ^ viia long" [16]. Khen "hlha If sy canggi, than phye, tan ding" [12]. N^rge Igi, ehe Id'id ra Idi&ig flu(^ Ididng viia ;^ vi cho Id k ^ Id xiu" [16]. IXr nhihig ^nh n^iib tre^
gAJ Id mft thanh ta ctta nhdn xdt vd binh lugn, nhung khen vd chi Id nhthig thdnh to ciia ^nh ffd. Ban than moi hdnh ddng khen, chi diu ^la ra phan xgt vl khm cgnh gid tq ndo dd ctta dli tugng dfdi. So vdi JfcAen^cA^, n/zdn j[^ vd dtfiA 6 ^ gan hon vdi diin/t gu7 d cbo bdn than chung 1^
hudng tiiam chilu gid trj. Nhgn xet vd buih ludn r ^ g n g nhllu hon vl vifc dua ra ^ kien ma trong dd ddnh ^d Id mft p h ^ . Giua ddnh gid, nhdn xit vi binh lu^ cd sy ching lln, khdng cd dudng bign id rang. Khen va chi xdc djnh ro trong nfi him n^iia cua chung: khen hudng ten cdc gid tri duong tfnh (tieh cue), dugc mong dgi; che hudng tdi cdc gid trj am tfnh (tigu cyc), khdng dugc mong dgi
Theo Ihompson vd Hunston (2000), "ngdn ngft danh gid" (Evaluation) bilu dgt "flidi df hode lgp trudng, quan dian hode cam xuc cua ngurdi ndi/via doi vdi cdc fiiuc thi hoac cdc mfnh de md ngudi dd ndi tdi" [15]. Theo dd, ng&i ngG danh gjd cd thih b i ^ cdm vd Kai k i ^ Quan ^km nhj phdn vh ngdn ngG ^ n h gjd cua Thompson vd Hunston triing vdi quan dilm CAH Maitin vd White (2005) vd dugc nhiiu tdc ^ khdc ttng hf [2,3,4,6,7\. N ^ ngft bilu cdm (Affect) mieu td tbih cdm, i^an iing cdm xflc ctta ngucri ^ao tiip, ching hgm Tdi r& mung. Tdi tMch ldm. N ^ n ngG bilu k i ^ ngu nhftng nh$n djnh vl gjd trj, gIm hai nhdm: (1) Hidn xgt (Judgement) ddnh gid hanh vi, tmh cdeh, dgo dttc cua con ngum, c^ng ban: vung ve, thang minh, chdn thdnh; (2) Tmm gjd (Appreciation) xem xgt khia cgnh mT hpc, chat lugng
* ThS-NCS; Dgi hgc Thdng Long; Email: [email protected]
18 NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG s l 10 (264)-2017
cua qua trinh, sy vgt san phim vd con ngudi (xem nhu mft tiiyc flie), vf dy: Ddng tdc miia rdt deo: mn biiu diin hodnhdo [11].
Tu lifu khdo sat: mft sl tmdng hgp sy kifn giao tiip trong cdc tgp d ^ cfla bin chuong trtnh d Viet Nam vd MS phdt sdng ndm 2012-2014: Bude nhdy Hodn vii/Dance with the Stars, Nhan ti Bi dn/X~
factor, Tm kiim Tdi ndng/Got Talents, Vua Dau bip/Maslerchef.
Phgm vi, dli tugng: gidi hgn xem xgt cdc bilu tiiflrc ddnh gii tudng minh, cdn gpi Id ngdn ngQ d&ih gid khac ghi (inscribed evaluation) [11], flieo hai bude: (1) Thong kg todn bd bilu fliuc danh gid tudng minh dya tren diu hifu ttt vyng ve gid tri (2) Phin tich ciu true nghra ctta bilu fliflc dya Irgn phuong phap phdn dogn ngft p h ^ cyc bf (Local grammar) cua Hunston vd Sinclair (2000).
Kit qud dat dugc: chi ra khuynh hudng stt dyng N^E^G ctta khich flil dfeh. Ting cgng, nghign cttu d5 flilng ke vd phan tich 837 bilu flittc ddnh gii feidng minh tilng Viet vi 796 bilu flittc danh gid tudng minh tilng Anh vdi sy h§ trg ctta eong cu tiling kg vd xtt H dG lifu SPSS (phign ban IBM SPSS Statistics 20).
2. Kit qud nghign cflru va ban luan
Theo Thompson vd Hunston (2000), ngdn ngft ddnh gii ed flil nhan difn qua nhihig dau hifu tu vyng ve gid tii, gIm hai nhdm: cdc tii ngG diln hmh trong mdi tnrdng danh gid vd cac ttt ngG chi thj sy ton tai ctta nhftng myc tigu vd su Odidng) thda man nhimg myc tigu ndy. Ngodi ra, de nhgn difn don vi vd chuc nang ngG nghia trong bilu tiittc dinh gid, Hunston vd Sincl^- (2000) da de xuit ap dyng ngG phip cyc bf (Local grammar) vdo phan tich ciu tnic ngG nrfua dMi gia. Nhftng flidnh ^ ciu trfle nghia co ban dugc eac tie gii phdn ti'eh trong moi quan hf v(A cau tiflc cfl phdp, gIm cic don vi danh ngG, dgng ngft, tinh ngft, vd cfl. Cac flidnh t l gIm (07): 1) Ngudi ^ n h gid (Evalmjlor): Ngudi ehju trich nhifm cho sy dinh gii; 2)Sy vat dugc dinh gid (Thing evaluated): Nhiing gi dugc danh gjd; 3) Hgng danh ^ a (Evaluative Cmegory)'. Logi ddnh gid dugc bieu dat 4) Phdn hoi danh gid (Evaluative response): Phdn ttng ci nhan doi vcd sy v|t dugc dinh gii; 5) Gidi han dinh gid (Restriction on evaluation): Nhihig ^ danh ^ lign quan den; 6) Ngucd dugc danh gid (Evaluation carrier): Dli tugng mang sy ^ n h gia; 7) Ban le (Hinge):
Ket noi giiin cdc phan cfla md hlnh ddnh gia. Tiep can nay cho thay cd the migu td mgt cdeh hf thing cac {&c dilm ctta ngdn ngG danh gid dua frgn sy tham gia cfla tiianh to trong ciu tnic va md hinh kit eau cfla chttng. Bdi vl cdc thanh to nghia phan dnh churc nang ctta chflng, dtt cau tnic cfl phap cd khic nhau, nhung cdc bilu thttc khac nhau cd the dugc xep eiing nhdm neu chflng dugc to dittc flieo cde md hinh chtte nang nghTa giing nliau. Ngugc lai, eac bieu flittc cd md hinh chtte ndng nglua Ididc nhau nhung cd the cd hien dgng ctt p h ^ giong nhau. Dya trgn tiip c$n ndy mft so nghien cuu da dugc tiln hinh. Chdng han, Bednarek (2008) thyc hifn phdn dogn ngG ngMa cdm xflc; Hunston (2011) phan tich hai nhdm elu trite, mft nhdm bao gIm cdc thdnh to ngG n ^ a cim xttc vd mft nhdm gIm cdc thanh to ngG n g ^ tham gia;
H. Su (2015) phdn doan ngft nghra Irong eac md hlnh bl ngG tinh ttt mang nghia phan xgt
Ap dyng phuong phdp trgn, bilu thfle ngu Ign Hgng ddnh gid cd thi dugc phdn tich nhu trong vi du sau:
(1) Phdn thi dm em thi rdt Id nhi nhanh, rdt la di thuang md cOng rdt dpe nhung loi n^Tno khong phit hgp vdi sdn chai ncy. [TKTN253]
Ctt flitt nhat SyvltdugcDG danh agfi Phdn thi dia em
H p n g d ^ g i i tfnh ngO' 1 thi railanhink^
tlnhng&2 rit Id di thuang
tfnhiigii'3 ma ding ratdQC Ciiflitthai:
NguMDG dgi tiir Nhmg toi
Bdnll Sg^vStdugcDG dgi tir nghT Nd
H?ngDG tinhngfi- khong pint hgp
Giii ban DG vdi-^d^ihnglt vdi sdn chd nay.
s l 10 (264)-2D17 NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG 19
Mft bieu fliflc ngu Phdn ung cdm xuc cd the phdn tich nhu trong vi du sau:
(2) Tdi thich edi bdi biiu diin cua BA. [BNHV34]
Ngudi DG Cdm xflc Su vat dugc DG
dgi ttt dfng ngft danh pgO-
Thkh cdi bdi bieu dien cua BA.
2.1. Sy vgn d^mg cm: thdnh to cau trOc nghta ddnh gid
Kit qua d Bdng 1 cho tiiiy hung 837 bilu tiiflrc tieng Vift dugc khdo sit, 77,06% tiidng bio vl Hgng DG vd 22,94% truyen dgt Cdm xuc cim chtt tlK vl sy v§t vd ngudi dugc danh gjd. HgngDG vd Cdm xOc Idtrung tdm ctta ^ n h ^a, noi quyk dinh tilu hit ^ t r j gidm khdo cin truyin dgt
Bdng 1. Thdng ke thdnh td edu true ng^ia ddt^ gid theo chOc mng cu phi^
Th&nht6(^u tract!
Ngu6i dinh gii Cknyiic
Hgng dMi gid Sifv§t Ngufri dupe dinh gii
Gi(5ih9n T&ig
hta Tieng Vi|t Tieng Anh Tieng Vift Tieng Anh TiiigViS T i ^ A n h Ti6igVi§t Ti^ngAnh Ti^ngVift Tieng Anh Ti&igVi^t Tieng Anh Tieng Viet TiSngAnh
Dai tir 44,56 40,58
- - - -
3,119,42 28,2 26,88
- -
Danh ngfi 0,72 0,13 1,43 3,39 15,77 42,46 32,26 21,11 0,84 1,13 5,5 3,52
DSnsngli
15,65 14,95 26,76 4,15
- -
335Tinhngil-
- -
5,85 8,17 34,53 26,51
- - - - -
C i
4,06
1,63* |2,14«*
4,78 1-
1,13* 11,76"
837 b i ^ thi^ dinh gii tudng tninh 796 b i ^ thOc dinh gii tudng minh
XSnfi 45,28 40,7 22,94 26,51 77,06 73,49 39,43 34,3 29,03 28,02 13,62 6,41 100,0 100,0 Ghi chu: *:Cu nguyen the * *: Cii khdng ng^n the
6 hai tiidnh t l then chot hifn dgng cu phip ctta Hgng DG chtt ylu Id thih ngft, xuit hifn Irong 34,53%
bilu thttc ddnh gid dugc khdo sit nhung hifn dgng cfla Cdm xOe chtt ylu Id dfng ngii, chiim 15,65%
bilu thfle d^nh gjd dugc khio sdt Hien dgng etta Cdm xdc ddi khi thi hien kit qui tac dfng ve tinh cdm, tinh tiian etta ^ i tugng dugc danh gid Ign khich the. Do dd, nd can den thdnh tl Bdn li dl nil giiia tiianh tl Ngudi dugc DG vd Ngudi DG. Tiiy theo Bdn li Ik dfng ttt mang nghia tdc dgng (chdng hgn: ldm, ldm eho, AA/en,..) hay mang nghTa Irao gtti (ch^g hgn: dem din, dem lgi, mang din, cho,...) mk Cdm xuc c6 hien dgng Id t&ih ngft hay danh ngO flieo tr|t tu do. Trong vf dy dudi ddy, Cdm xuc dugc bieu dat biing mfttuihngji.
(3) Nhung mdN.T. [Ngudi dugc DG] lgi Id cdi ngudi dau tien [N^rdi dugc DG] ldm [Ban Ie] tdi [Ngudi DG] nQac nhiin [Cam xttc] do nha. [BNHV226]
Dieu Idid khdn Id Hunston vd TTiompson (2000) chua thyc hifn phan tich ciu trfle ngft nghia ctta bilu tiiflrc chua dpng t t t / i ^ chtta gid tri. Ap dyng each [rfidn doan ngG n ^ m dgng ttt/ngG ddnh ^ cdm xttc ctta Bednarek (2008), chttng tdi xdc djiih Hgng DG cd hifn dang dfng ttt/ngG chtta gji trj (vf dy 4) h o ^ ddng ngft gom dfng ttt tiling gid hi kem flieo bo tl chua gii tii (vf dy 5).
(4) Bgn thdnv linh duac sdn khdu. [BNHV289]
(5) Be D. hdm ngy mua rat Id S thuang. [rKTN57]
Thyc tl stt dyng cdc thdnh tl khdc tixmg cau tiuc nghta ddnh gid ctta cdc gjdm khdo ciing rat ding luu y. Thtt nhit vl Ngudi DG, qua edch bilu dgt tudng minh nay, gidm khdo vdi tu cdeh chu till ^ n h gid cd khuynh hudng dua " c ^ toC vdo sy ^ n h gjd. Phan ldn hifn dgng cua N^cdi DG Id dai tiJr ngdi tiitt rfilt sl it vd s l nhiiu (ehilm 44,56%), chl 0,72% bilu tiiuc de c§p d ^ chtt flil danh gid dudi hifn dgng danh ngtt qi^ chilu so rfiieu, trong dd bao gIm bdn tiidn ngudi ddrih gid, chdng hgn bon ngudi d day (chi ban gidm
20 N G 6 N N G C & B6fl S 6 N G S6l0(264)-2017
khdo), mgi ngudi d- day (ehi tit cd nhOng ngudi cd mdt tiii flif sinh), hode tgn rigng etta giim khdo ty xung. Ngodi vifc bilu dat sy chtt quan cua ngon (G tKiih gjd, sy xuat bifn "cdi tdi" cho tfiay ^dm Idiao bdo dim vd gidi hgn trich nhifm cd nhan cho dinh gid cfla minh. Thtt hai, Ngu&i dugc DG chiem 29,03% vdi hifn dgng chtt yeu Id dai tiir (28,20%) ngdi flitt hai s l ft vd s l nhieu. Hien dgng danh ngu xuat hifn khi gjim khdo d^nh gjd md rfng, bode suy rdng ra ve flii sinh.
(€) Mdt cdi r ^ trinh diin bca sid cUne la rdt cdn£thine vdi cdi neudi thi sinh ^tiat [BNHV031 Nhu vdy, hifn dgng ctta Ngudi DG vd Ngudi dugc DG ^ m dgi tii, tii ngft xung hd ngdi flitt nhat (dli vdi A^guOT f)G), ngdi tiitt hai (dli vdi A^gM3i (&pi? £>G) s^
d^ tii xung hd tilng Vift dugc cic gjim khdo v ^ dyng rat phong phtt, tidi rfng trgn eac chilu tiiin httu (gin-xa), tiitt bgc (cao-tii^), gidi tmh (nam-nG) vd bdn tiie (cd nhdn-t^ till). Nffidi DG cd hien dgng: d^
tii(i'di; anh, chti, chf, cd, chdu, chung tdi,...); danii ngi (mgi ngudi a day, bon ngudi d day,...); vktBa rigng (tgn n ^ f danh, bode ^ n tiiudng gpi ctta ^am khdo ty xung). Nffcdi Aigc DG cd hifn dgng: dai ttt ( 6 ^ em, anh, chf, cd, bdc, chdu, cdc btpi,...); danh ngG (jigudi tH sinh dau tien, nhOng ngudi ng^ sTmd 6/e(/ai n/w-em, fie gai...); vd tgn rigng (tgn nghe danh, ho$c tgn thudng ggi ctta thf sinh).
Thtt ba, 5"!^ v ^ dugc DG dugc bilu tiii bdng mft danh ngG h ( ^ mft cu. Tuy nhien, hifn dgng danh ngG (danh tG, danh ngG, dgi &) phi biln hon. Do vgy, tiifn dgng cfl didng nhu mang tmh ddnh diu trong NNEKj ctta gidm khdo, vf dy:
(7) CM di qua miin ndo ding diu thuyilph^ cd. ITKTN38]
Bdi tiii ciia tiu sinh vdi cac sy vat thugc ve bdi thi dd vd till sinh Id trgng tdm ve dli tugng ehju sy d^nh gid nhiiu n h ^ nhung chl tudng minh trong 39,43% ngdn ttt ^ n h gii. Trong do, danh ngG Ii hifn dgng pho bien nhat chiem 32,26% tong bieu thttc tudng minh. Hifn dgi^ Id dgi ttt, dfng ngG vd ctt diu rat it Hien dang ctt cd Ihl coi Id cd t&ih dinh diu. Hifn dgng d^ ttt cui^ rit hilm, bfn vl ngudi Vift khdng ua diing cic dgi ttt no, chung dk quy chilu cho sy vat Hai d^ tii ndy mang n ^ a tinh tiidi tmh hoi tigu cyc, thudng dugc thay till lam thdi eho danh tG^gft ho$c dudi dang ehgm xen troi^ ngdn ttt ddnh gii. Trong vi du sau, d^txcnd thtt nhat dugc diing ehgm xen dum dgng ding ditt i ^ (bj du) vd dgi ttt no flitt hai diing ldm chtt ngft ctta ctt thtt hai:
(8) Cdirungcua tdnsind qud nhanh, nd khdng cd mugi. [NTBA126-12'^
Thtt tu, Gidi hgn DG gjm thfch ngi dung danh ^ ve c^ gl hoac nhu the nao. Ndi cdeh khdc, nd bo ngfaja cho sy danh gj4 nd tiiufc ve emi true ndng cot cua nghia (^nh gid. Chtte ndi^ n ^ i k danh gjd nay ft dugc phdt huy, vd hifn dang hay dugc gjim khio stt dung nhat Id danh ngG di sau mft gidi ttt (chi chiim 5,5%),vidy:
(9) Tdi thay rang anh thdnh cdng d mdt cdi diim md tdi ding;^ liin, [VDB313]
Lign he viA ngG lifu tilng Anh, khdo sdt cho thiy bieu Ihiic danh gid tudng mmh cua gjdm khdo Vi^
va gjim khdo My cd mft so diem giing nhau. Thtt nhat cdc thdnh ta nghia ddnh gjd xuat hifn Giong bilu thttc ddnh gid cua cd hai nhdm. Ihtt hai, tat cd cdc md hlnh ciu tiuc n^iia deu cd Hgng ddnh gia h t ^ C&M xric la thdnh t l ndng cot NgoM ra, chflng ciing cd fligm cdc flianh to tiiy theo ygu cau cfl phip va n ^ n g j ^
v l ^em khdc nhau, thtt nhit Ngudi DG vd Nffxdi dugc DG trong NNDG ctta giam khao M J khong cd hifn dgng phong phtt nhu tiiong NNDG eua gidm khdo Vift N^cdi DG cd hifn dgng dgi tii ngoi flifl nhat Id chu yeu. R ^ ft gidm khdo stt dyng danh ngtt lam hifn dgng ctta Ngudi DG. Bay Id mft vi dy ve hifn dgng danh ngG ndy:
(10) Well, il looks like overall you've impressed dl three of the mdges. (Cd \c nWn chung bgn da g§y an tugng vdi tit cd ba gidm khdo) PWTS15]
D ^ da so bilu thttc £^nh gid ctta gidm khdo M^ sG dyng hifn dgng Ngudi DG Id / ( ^ i ) , d^ tiinhan xung ngoi fliG nhit Thdnh t l AJgwoi dugc DG ciing h a hifn dgng Id dgi tii vd danh ngG, chfl ylu 6 hi?n dgng did tG n ^ i thu hai you (ban, cdc bgn). Cd r ^ ft Wlu thflrc chtta hifn dgng Ngudi d^igc DG li mpt danh ngG. Vf dy:
So 10 (264)-2017 NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG 21
(11) / tell you it's so in^ired to see such a voimg girl doing so well in such wonderfid choreo^cgjhy.
(Tdi ndi ban bilt tii|tt cdm hftng khi xem mot cd gdi trg tuli nhu vay md trinh diln vu dao tuyft vcri nhu till) P W T S 1 8 3 ]
Thtt hai, ti If cae hifn dang cu p h ^ ctta/ftmg £ X J va Gam joic trong bilu tiiirc ^ n h gid cfla hai nh gjim khao ve c a bdn khdc nhau nhung ti If khdng chgnh nhau qud nhiiu, trix hifn dgng danh ngG cQa Hgng DG bdng tilng Anh ed ti Ig rlt cao, g ^ hon 2,5 iJb so vdi ti Ig nay trong ngft lieu tilng Vift (42,46% so vdi 15,77%).
Thtt ba, trong bilu tiittc ^ n h gid cfla gjdm khdo My, hifn dgng ciia Su vdt dugc DG bao gom dai tii, danh ngG, ctt ngiQ-gn till vd cfl Ididng nguyen till. Hifn dang cfla Gidi hgn DG cfla hg bao gIm danh ngtt, cfl ngi^gn t h i vd ctt khdng nguygn till. Vi dy md hinh cd hifn dgng ctt ngi^gn t h i ctta Sy v^ dugc DG:
(12) / [Ngudi DG] Oiink [Bdn ll] what vou did [Sy vat dugc EKj] was [Bdn iz\ fantastic [Hgng DG]
(Tdi nghl nhGng ei ban ldm (Id) tuyft difu) [GTUS727i
So sinh vdi tan suit xult hifn cfla cdc thdnh t l trong bilu thttc ddnh gid cfla hai gidm khdo, dieu ddng luu y la thdnh to .^gwh'A/pt £X? trong bieu flittc ctta cd hai diu t h ^ hern Idid nhiiu so v(M WgwOT Sy vdt dugc DG. Dieu dd chflrng td hg ft hudng d i n Ihi smh m f t edch bye difn Irong ^ n h gjd. So sanh giiia hai nhdm giam khdo, thanh t l Ngudi DG trong bilu thttc dinh gid ciia gidm khdo M J cd ti If xuit hifn fli^ ban (40,70% so vdi 45,28%). Tuong ty, flidnh thSuvat dugc DG trong ticiag bilu flifloc ddnh gjd ctta ^ d m khdo M y ciing x u ^ hifn d ti If tiilp hon. ( 3 4 3 0 % so vin 39,43%). Thyc t l nay cd flil do ngudi ndi tilng Anh thudng nit gpn, i ^ tring xung hd, ho§c bilu ( ^ v l s y v§t ngay trong Hgng DG.
Cdeh ndi Idiuyet ehu ngG Ihudng ft dugc c h ^ nhgn ^d de bj eho Id thilu lich sy trong giao tiep tilng Vift vidy:
(13) G K Vift: Hay! nhung md sao ngdn qud vdv trdi! [BNHV26-267] ^
(14) GK M^: Oh, do you hxnv wMit? First o/all, ^rvat song choice. ( 6 , bgn bilt gj khdng? Trude h i t su lua chon bdi hdt r ^ t i w e t v d i n [XFUS1266]
ZZ ^ qud khdo sdts^v^ dung cdc cau tr&: nghia ddnh gid
K i t qud khdo sat cho fliiy tiong (ong so 837 bieu fliflrc D G tiidng minh tilng Vift phin Idn (77,06%) Id ngdn ngft bilu k i ^ (thdng bdo v l Hgng DG). Nhin chung thyc K dd phdn dnh dflng tuih chit ctta cic chuong bhih ndy, noi ^ n h gid nhdm myc dfeh chfnh la xep hgng thf sinh nhung nd edn gittp khan gid gidi tri ngn cd ^ n xen cdm xttc.
BtaiiiiictiJeukiabaigM BieuSiiicbiflitiaitiii^Vj^
Bi^diHcbiQicain lieng Auli BiflifliDcbiflicaiitlieng)^^
Biiu do: Ngpn tic ddnh gid biiu cdm vd bieu hen tiing Vi^t vd tiing Anh
Kit qud khdo sat cdc tiianh to nghia danh ^ flieo ciu ttuc cung cho thiy trong 10 md hinh i^o biln nhit cd nhieu md hmh n^Ta bilu kiln hon md hinh n ^ a bilu cam ^ i n g 2). Dieu ndy phtt hgp vdi xu hudng cua todn bf ngdn tii DG tudng minh dugc neu trong bilu do. Cdc cau tiiic nghia ddnh gji phi biln ciing cho thiy NNDG cfla gjdm khdo ndi chung khdng ndm ngodi dac dilm thdng thudng cfla ldi ndi, dd id don gian, flidm chi toi gidn. Cdc md hinh pho biln nhit chf gIm tii mgt den ba tiidnh phin. C h i ^ ti le cao n h S md hinh gom h a flidnh t l A'gMTi £Hj + Hflwg i)G. Md Wnh ndy dudng nhu dd ^ udc dl thdng bdo quyit djnh cua giim khio tiong cdc chuong trinh cd sdng Ipc thf sinh tai cho. Tuy v§y, c ^ true ndy ciing pMn dnh ddnh gjd cfla hg. Vi tdc dyng kgp dd, cho ngn md hinh ndy cd tfnh lap ^i cao nhat
22 NGON N G t r & D d i S 6 N G So 10 (264)-2017
Trtt md hlnh 1 vd 9, cdc md hlnh cdn Igi cd tinh ddnh ^ thyc thy. Giim khdo ua dttng nhit cau tnic Sy vdt ^rgc DG+HgngDG (ciakm 13%). Md hinh ndy la phdn flmg ti^ tiip cua gjdm khdo sau min tia dau efla flif sinh hoac khi flif smh tiinh bay kit qud. B6 Id If do vi sao Sfr vdl dugc DG dugc chfl y hing dau.
Bdng ZAAidimd hinh n^ud^nh ad phd b^nh^ trong NNDG cua gidm khdo STT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 MS hhih
ngh&i tUnh gid (Tilng Vi|t) Ngudi DG +HgngDG Stt v§t Aigc DG+Hgng DG H ^ g D G
Ngii6i dupe DG + H^ng DG Ngiriri (lin;rc DG + Ban 1^+Hgng DG
Ngii6i DG + cam xOc + Str v ^ du^c DG
Str vgt diH?c DG + Ban 1^ + Hgng SG
Ngti6iDG + Camxtic cam xtlc + Ngireri du<?c DG Ngu6i DG + Ban le + S\i vat dir^K DG+HgngDG
Si lirpng 114 109 62 49 44 44 35 26 23 19
Tllf 13,6 13,0 7,4 5,9 5,3 5 3 4,2 3.1 2,7 2 3
Mdhlnh
ngh'b a&nb gifi (Tilng Anh) H ^ g D G
Sv vlt dugc DG + Bin li +H9ng DG
NguM dugc DG + Ban 1^+H9ng DG
Nguriri EKJ + Cfim xuc + Sy v|l S6 Itrgng
Ngir&i E)G + Bin 1^ + Hgng EXJ Banl^+H^ngDG Ngutii DG + Bfin 1^ + NguM doge DG + Ban 1^+HgngDG Ban li +Hgng DG+NgiiiiiDG Ngufii DG+B4n l l + C i m xOc
ni^
3,27
M d hinh so 2 v a s6 7 khde nhau d flidnh to Bdn li. T I Q ' nhign, m d hinh so 7 cd ti If stt dyng I ^ lgi hon hdn, bdi vi tiiih c h a t dgc d i l m ctta sy v^ tiiudng dugc b i l u dat bdng tuih tii, tinh ngft. Cu p h ^ tieng Vift cho phep tinh ngft trd thdnh vj ngG, cd kha ndng k i t hgp trye tiqi vdi danh ngft dung t m d c nd ma khdng phai tiidng qua dfng tii noi. Chflng ta cd eau trfle cfl phdp tuong ttng md hinh s l 2 Id: Danh ngft chi Sy vdt dugc DG + tmh ngft chi tinh c h a t ddc ^ I m ctta sy v | t T h i n h t l Bdn li trong bigu thttc danh gii cfla giam khdo Viet chtt y l u Id dfng tG cd vd io, m i d do c i u tnic c u phdp tieng Viet chi cho plrep c6^
dugc tiip n i i bdng m f t danh ngG; ta cd c i u tide cfl p h ^ tuong flmg m d hinh sd 7 l i : Danh ngft chi Syvgt dugc DG + cd/ld + danh ngft chl thude tinh cua sy v § t Do danh tii thudng d l ggi tgn sy vat nen mo hinh ndy It dugc I$p Igi hon vl ddi hdi gjdm k h i o phdi dttc k i t dugc tgn gpi t h u f c tinh ctta s y v g t
Md hinh s l 4 vd s l 5 g j i n g n h u md Wnh s l 2 vd 7 d eho chung d i i khdc nhau ve thanh to Bai le. Tuy nhign, hai md hinh ndy g i n tuong duong v l ti If stt dyng lap lgi. Khdc vdi m d hinh s l 7, m d Wnh so 5 phi b i l n hon vl gjdm khdo l i t d l chl ra vat s d hihi cfla tiif sinh d l d i n h gjd (bdi h a t gipng h a t dfng tdc,...) h o ^ quy gan till sinh vdi m f t gid Oi, tiiufc tfiih, i*iim c h i t (tdi ndng, n ^ sT, flu sinh,...).
N ^ ) ^ ra, md hinh 3 la m d hbih rut gpn chi cdn Hgng DG phdn dnh dttng tfnh c h i t ctta Idi ndi, khdng can cdc thdnh to k h i c l i m nen tdng, hay ngft ednh vd ^ d m khdo di thdng vdo trpng tdm cfla n f i dung can thong bao d l xac # i h thtt hgng ctta tiu' sinh. M d hlnh 8 hay dupe stt dyng I ^ 1^ khi ^ a m k h i o bgc if c i m xflc b i t n ^ b u c tiip. C i u tiue tuong duong vdi m f t ctt cdm flidn. Hifn dgng cu phap gom Dm ^ + tinh ttt chi cdm xttc. M d hinh so 9 ciing gdn ven thdng If bdo tin cho thf sinh dgt yeu can hay khong d?t Md hinh nay cQng cd lyc n ^ n tiung kgp n h u md hinh s l 1, viia dua ra thdng IMO n h u vgy, viia nh3m * danh gjd tW sinh theo hai h u d n g tich cyc bode tieu eye. Md hinh ndy it d u g c stt dyng h o n md hinh so 1 vi nd fliudng dugc dttng kem theo m d lunh so 1 hode ddi khi tiiay till, d o d d ddi kW gidm khdo khdng nhat thiet irfiii stt dyng. Trong cdc chuong trinh sdng lgc thf sinh tgi chd, cd tiudng h g p gjdm k h i o stt dung mo
So 10 (264)-2017 N G 6 N NGU* & Bin S 6 N G 23^
hinh sl 9 thay thi cho md hinh so 1 dl dua ra phin nghj vl tiif sinh (Ididng cln fliong bao quyit djnh eho thi sinh dgt ygu ciu), vf dy:
(i5)GKl: Hit sdy, em!
GK2: Tuyet vdi! Hit sdy!
GKSzRdtldtoti
GK2: Hit sdy! Chuc mOngem!
GKh Chucnmgem! [VDB99-105]
Md hinh 10 khdc vdi md hinh s6 2 d sy hifn difn ctta Ngudi DG vk Bdn li. Trong dd, Bdn li fliudng la mft dfng tii rdo ddn. Ngodi dyng y khdng djnh tfnh chtt quan ctta NNDG (do chtt flil danh gid tid ngn tudng minh), sy rdo ddn sg ldm tang ho§c gjdm lyc ngdn tiung tiiy flieo dfng tii rdo ddn duge stt dyng.
Hifn dang fliudng Id Dai tii ngoi flitt nhat+Dgng tii rdo ddn + Danh ngG+T&ih ngft.
Lien hf vdi ngft lifu tilng Anh, khio sdt cho fliiy trong 10 md hinh n^Ta ddnh ^ pho biln nhit trong NNDG cua gidm khio My cd 4 md hinh tiling vdi md hinh ngG ngWa NNDG efla gidm khdo Vift ciing Id 4 md hinh ed ti If l§p lgi cao nhat trong N>roG ctta gidm khdo My. E)d Id: (1) Rflt ggn ehi cdn Hang DG; (2) Sy vdt + Bdn li + Hgng DG; (3) Ngudi dugc DG + Bdnli + Hgng DG; (4) Ngudi DG + Cam xuc + Sy vgt. Trong bin md lunh ndy, chi cd md hinh rflt ggn Hgng DG Id ndm trong so cac md hlnh cd tan suit stt dyng cao cua gidm khio Vift Nam. Tuy nhien, nlu md hinh nay chiem 14,45% bilu fliflc danh gid ctta gjdm khio My till nd chi xuat hifn d 7,41% bilu thttc danh gd eua gidm khdo Vift Cdc md hinh trttng nhau khdc cd tan suit stt dyng ti^ng NNDG etta gidm khdo Vift cung chf bdng tii 1/2 din 1/3 tan suit stt dyng trang NNDG ctta giam khdo M^. Ngodi 4 md hlnh tren, gidm khdo M^ cdn hay l§p Igi ciu tnic Ngudi DG + Bdn li + Hgng DG (chiem 8,42%), thudng dung dl bilu d^ phin nghi vl tiii sinh, chdng hgn: I'm voting a no. (Tdi bilu q i ^ khdng ding -y) [GTQS44]. Cdc md hinh Bdn li + HgngDG vi md hinh Bdn le + Hgng DG + Ngudi DG cung dugc diing cho myc dich tuoi^ tu (lan lugt ehilm 3,77% vi 2,51%).
Trong khi <^, gidm khdo Vift Nam Ihudng stt dyng phln Idn bilu thttc ddnh gjd theo md hinh Ngudi DG + Hgng DG cho myc dfeh ngu ra phin nghj vl thf sinh. M ^ dtt cd cung djnh dgng chuong trinh, nhung gidm khdo My khdng tap tmng qud nhieu vao mgt md Mnh dua ra phdn djnh euli ciing ve thf sinh nhu gjdm khdo Vift Ngodi ba md hmh tren, phdn nghi ciia hg cd thi dugc dua ra theo md hinh rttt ggn cdn Hgng DG (vi dy: dejinitefyyes [XFUS33]); md hinh Ngudi dugc DG+ Bdnli + Hgng DG (vf dy:
You have four yeses [XFUS25]); md hinh HgngDG + Ngudi DG (vf du: A bigyesjrom me [GTUS63]);
md hinh Su vgt dugc DG + Bdn li + Hgng DG + N^rdi DG (vf dy: That means a yes from me PCFUS76]).
Xgt ve cde thdnh to tham gia vdo cdc md hinh ciu tnic nghia pho bien, trong 10 md hinh ciu trttc nghm dinh gia dugc stt dung nhiiu nhit gidm khdo MJ ciing nhu gidm khdo Vift su dyng HgngDG trong 7/10 md hinh. Chi 3 md hlnh trong so do cd stt dyng Cdm xuc. Dilu nay ciing co them cho nhgn djnh ve khuynh hudng NNDG ctta cdc gjdm khdo thudng tap tiung hon vdo danh gji bilu kiln so vdi bilu cdm.
Bgn cgnh dd, gidm kliio My stt dyng nhieu nh^ Id thdnh t l Ngudi dugc DG vk Sy vgt du^c DG. tfei thdnh to nay cd mat d hai trong ba md hlnh, ehllm ti If cao nhit ve tan sl xuit hifn. Dd Id nhGng md hinh md gidm khao muln hai doi tugng dd tid ngn tudng minh. Giong nhu trong md hlnh dinh gjd phi biln nhat cfla gidm khdo Vift thdnh to N^cdi DG khi xult hifn d vj tri dau tign trong md hinh cdu liuc ddnh gid efla giam khio MJ ciing thudng gdn vdi ngjua bilu cdm vd flidng bio quyet djnh vl flu sinh.
3. Kit ludn
Ngdn ngG Id "tiiudc do ban sdc. Id chf t l vl sy ttng JOT vdn hda ctta cfng ding giao tiep vi ctta mii cd nhdn" (Ngio«n Vdn Khang, 2 0 1 ^ . Thyc ^ NNDG ctta khdch till ti-ong n^ign cflru r6 rdng dd chflng minh nh§n djnh ndy. Phdn tich cau trfle nghia ^ n h gid cua bieu thflrc tudng minh cho thiy Hgng ddnh ^'d, vd PAdw tiMg cdm jnk: Iudn Id tiianh to trimg tam vd khdng the thieu vang. C ^ flidnh to Ididc tha^
cau tiiic tiiy tiieo ygu ciu ctt phip nhung chttng ciii^ phdn dnh dyng y nhit ^rih cfla gjdm khdo. Cdc md
24 NGON N G g & D 6 I S 6 N G S l 10 (264)-2017
hlnh ciu trttc nghia ddnh gid tiiudng xuygn dugc sG dyng nhit tiiudng it thdnh to, chtt yeu dung dl bieu kiln. Lien hf vdi NM)G ctta gidm khdo MJ, nghign cflru da khdng dinh cdc khuynh hudng tign. Tuy nhien, cung cd mft sl diem khac biet trong v|n dyng NN£>G tudng minh gjQa hai nhdm gjdm khio.
IMz dtt ngG cinh vd muc dfeh giao tiip tuong ty nhau, nhung edch van dyng cdc hifn dgng NNDG (danh ngG, tmh ngG, dfng ngft vd ctt) va md hinh elu trttc ngjim ctta bai nhdm gjdm khdo khac nhau.
Mgt so md hinh ua diing cd su khac nhau vl ciu trttc vd ti If do ddc thtt ciu true ctt phap vd/ho^ # : ffiem vdn hda-xa hgi. Cd thi thiy vifc xdc dinh cic thanh to chfe; ndng nghTa gdn vdi hifn dang ctt phap ctta chung trong phit ngdn ddnh gjd cho phgp so do hda nglua ddnh gja mft cdeh hf thong. Tnidng hop giao tiip ddnh gid trong nghign cttu niy chttng td vifc phdn ti'eh ciu tiiic n ^ a danh gii cung gjttp xki
# i h dge dilm NNDG tiieo ngft vyc, ttt dd thay dugc ^ dilm rigng cimg nhu nhihig d§c diem phi biln ctta dli tugng ngdn ngft ndy.
TAI LI|;U THAM KHAO
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12. Oxford Univeishy Press (1998), Ch^ord advanced learner's dictionary, Oxfonl University Press, p.234.
12. SuH.(20i5), Judgment and ai^'ecttvecoitg^emaOaionpcitteiTJS in bio^t^hical discourse: A corjnis study, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Binningham, UK.
14. Trm The Phift (1995), r(k:/>A(OTi ido cA/j:^/ff, Nxb Gido dye, Ha Ngi.
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^ds.) (2000), Evaluation in Text Autiiorial Stance and the Consbuction of Discourse, Oxford Universi^
Press, Oxford.
16. Hodng Phe (chtt bign;2006), Tudiin tiing Viit, Nxb Di Ndng.
Abstract: This article ^camines linguistic features of explicit evaluative expressions tiirough analyzing evaluative meaning conslmetions, then identities a number of evaluation patterns based on evidences finm evaluative language by judges on some reality television shows in Vietnamese, with reference to tiiose of judges on similar shows in English, so as to find out differraices derived &om linguistic-socio-cultural characteristics.
Key words: evaluative e^qiression^ evaluation; patton^ reality televisicm.