CdNG TAG DAO TAO GlAO V | £ N it CAC T I N H MIEN NUI PHiA BAG TRONG NHUNG N A M 1954-1965
DUY THI H A I HirdNG"
1. Tht^c t r ^ n g gifio d^c d cfic tinh mifin nui vfi y€u cau dfio tao gifio vi€n
Nfim 1954, mifin Ble dupe giai ph6ng, bufic vfio thcli k^ khSi phye kinh tfi, hfin gin vet thUdng chifin tranh v6i bpn bfi kh6 khfin. VPi nhfin dfin cfic tinh mifin niii lai cfing nhifiu kh6 khfin. Nen kinh te eua cac tinh mifin nui chu yfiu lfi san xud't nong nghi§p von da ngh^o, lgc hfiu, mang tinh chfift ti^ cung, tu cSip Iai bi chifin tranh tfin phfi nfing nfi. Dcfi sfi^ng eua nhan dan con d6i kho. Hfing nfim, dai bp ph^n nhfin dfin chi du fin trong bon, nfim thfing, cfin Iai hi d6i, thfim chi c6 nOi vin eon nhifiu ngUdi chet do d6i (1). Tinh hinh ehfnh tn, xa h^i cQng c6 nhflng dien bifin phflc tgp (2).
Unh vUc vfin h6a, trong d6 c6 giao dye cung c6 nhflng kh6 khfin nhfi't dinh. Kh6 khfin ldn nhfit Ifi dgi da sfi* nhfin dfin ehUa bifit chfl. Dfin nfim 1954, dfin sfi 10 tinh mifin niii phfa Bfic khoang 92 vgn ngUcli (3), trong A6, ehi e6 tren 31 van ngUdi bifit dpc, biet vifit, chifim 33,6% dan sfi eua viing. Cd sd vfit ch^t phue vy cho cong tac giang dgy vfi hoc tfip hdu nhu chua ed gl. Dpi ngu gifio vifin, nhfit lfi giao vien ngUdi dfin tpc thifiu so, gifio vien ngudi dia phUdng thifiu
nghifim trpng. Khfing nhOng v$y, ehd't lupng d^i ngd gifio vifin cdn nhifiu hgn chfi.
MOt b$ phgn gifio vi6n khfing thfch di dgy mfi mufi'n chuyfin vi xudi cdng tfic ho$c chuyfin cfing tfic khfic, nhu mpt sfi* gifio vifin ci tinh Cao Bdng, Lfio Cai.
Trong bdi canh mifin Bfic dang tifin hfinh kh&i phye kinh tfi', chu£[n bi cd sd v$t chfi^t cho edng cu0c xfiy dyng chu nghia xa h$i mfi nhfin dfin cfic tinh mifin niii, m$t viing Ifinh thfi r$ng ldn, gifl vi trf quan trpng vi kinh t^, an ninh - qufic phdng, lgi khdng bifit chfl sfi anh hudng rfit ldn dfin cdng cuOc khdi phye, phfit tri^n kinh tfi cua mien niii ndi nfing vfi mifin Bfic ndi ehung.
Tinh trgng dfin trf thdp sfi lfi cd h^i di cfic thfi lye thii dfeh Ipi dyng ehia rS khfii dgi dofin kfit dfin t ^ , Idi kfio dong bfio chfing lgi ehu trUdng cua Dang vfi chfnh sfich eua Nhfi nUdc ta.
Dl giai quyfit nhQng khd khfin ngu trfin ddng thdi nh$n thflc dUpc vi trf quan trpng cua cfic tinh mifin niii doi vdi cdng cupc khdi phye, phfit trifin kinh t^, vfin hda vfi an ninh, qufic phdng. Dang vfi Nhfi nUdc d$c bi^t coi trpng cdng tfic gifio dye. "Ndng cao trinh d^ vdn hoa d miin nui Id mdt v£n ThS. Hpe vi^n Khoa hpe xfi h$i
COng t6c dap tgo gi6o vian..,
di cdp bdch, co y nghia vd tdc dung to ldn din viSc thiic ddy todn bd sU nghiSp phdt triin kinh ti miin nui" (4). "Cdng tdc gido due CO mdt vi tri rdt quan trgng trong vi^c dong gop vdo c6ng cu6c xdy dUng chu nghia xd hot vd cung cd qudc phdng d miin niii.
Nhd trinh dfi gific ngd xa hdi chia nghia dupc nfing cao, dfing thdi vdi vi^c nfing cao trinh dd vfin hda vfi ky thufit,... nhfin dfin eae dan toe 6 mifin niii s6 ed thfim difiu ki§n d^y manh san xufi't, xfiy dyng ddi song mdi, mau ehdng Ifim eho "mifin niii tifi'n kip mifin xudi", thye hipn quyfin Ifim chu vfi binh ddng thye sU gii3a cfic dfin tdc vi mpi mfit, cung cfi tinh dofin kfit dfin tfic" (5). Song, mud'n xfiy dyng vfi phfit triln gifio dye thi vife trUde tien Ifi phai dfio tao dpi ngii giao vien. Vi^c ddo tao vd bSi dUdng gido vien phdi di trUdc viec phdt trien gido due mdt budc.
2. Cong tac dao tao giao vien tai cac tinh mien nui phia Bac trong nhiifng nam 1964 - 1966
Khong chi coi trpng, dfi cao vi trf cua cfing tac gifio due, trong dfi cd cdng tae dfio tao dpi ngii gifio vien. Dang vfi Nhfi nUdc cdn ban hfinh mfit so chii trUdng, chinh sfich, bipn phfip di tao difi'u ki^n thufin Ipi cho cdng tac dio tao giao vi§n ndi rieng vfi gifio due ndi ehung tai cac tinh mien niii phat trifin. Dd la ehii trUOng thfinh Ifip cac khu tu trj (cae tinh Yen Bfii, Lfio Cai, Sdn La, Lai Chau thfinh Khu ty tri Thai - M^o;
cfic tinh Cao Bfing, Bfic Kan, Hfi Giang, Tuyen Quang, Thai Nguyen vfi Lang Son thfinh Khu tU tri Vi§t Bfic (6)); Dieu dpng giao vien mifin xudi Ien mifin niii cdng tae (7); chinh sach ho trp giao vien,...
Ngay sau khi dupc thfinh Ifip, IJy ban hfinh chfnh cfic khu xay dung cfic ban chuyen trach dfi quan ly, chfim lo cdng tac giao due cua khu. Dd lfi Ban Giao dye Khu
tu tri Vifit Bfic, nhi§m vy Ifi phy trfieh cfing tfic gifio dye eua Khu. Dudi Ban Gifio dye Ifi Ty Gifio dye cfic tinh, phy trfieh edng tfic gifio due cua dia phuong. Ban Gifio dye Khu ty tri Thai • M6o, phu trach cdng tfic gifio dye eiia Khu. Dudi Ban Gifio due lfi Sd Gifio dye cfic ehfiu, phu trfieh cfing tfic gifio dye ciia cfic ehfiu. Bfin canh dd, Uy ban Hfinh ehfnh Khu tu tri Thai - Mfio vfi Khu ty tri Vi§t Bfic cdn tS chijtc nhifiu hinh thiic dfio tao gifio vien nhU: Md eae tdp boi dudng, dfio tgo sU phgm cdp toe; Thfinh Ifip cfic trUdng sU pham dfi dfio tgo gifio vien dia phUOng cho cfic cdp hoc; C i giao vien di hpe tgi cfic trudng d Trung Udng.
Md cdc ldp boi dudng, dao tao aU pham cdp tdc
TrUdc khi thfinh Ifip Uy ban Hfinh ehfnh Khu ty tri Tfiy Bfic vfi Viet Bfic, tfl thang 2 dfin thang 5 nfim 1954, ngfinh gifio due cac tinh Yen Bai, Lao Cai, Sdn La va Lai Chfiu da md cae Idp sU pham dao tao dupe 120 ngudi. Ldp hoc gdm ba phdn: chinh hudn, ly lufin chuyen mon vfi thUc tfip. Hfit khda thi sat haeh dl di day. Cung trong thdi gian dd, hai tinh Sdn La vfi Yen Bai md ldp sU pham cho 37 hpe sinh. Thang 11 nfim 1954, ngfinh giao due tinh Sdn La to chflc Hdi nghi boi dudng nghiep vy sU pham eho 110 giao vien binh dfin hpe vu. Thang 12 nfim 1954, cac tinh cung dfiu md eae Idp hudn luy^n sU phgm cho cfic bfic hoc, nhu tinh Son La md dupe 6 ldp dfio tao giao vifin cho 146 ngfldi; 9 ldp dfio tao giao vien binh dan hoc vy cho 259 ngUdi. Tinh Y§n Bai md dupe 5 Idp dfio tgo giao vien vd long vfi 2 Idp dfio tao giao vifin binh dan hpe vy cho 96 ngUdi. "finh Lfio Cai md dflpc 2 ldp dfio tgo gifio vien binh dfin hpe vy (8).
D I nhanh chdng cd ddi ngu gifio vifin giang day dap flng yfiu cdu gifio dye va dfio tao, ngfinh giao due cfic tinh mien nui da
Rghian cOru Ljch aJr. atf 9.g01g
thpc hi$n mdt sfi" bi§n phfip nhU md cfic ldp dfio tgo cfi'p td'c, thdi gian iii m^t tudn lfi, m^t thdng dfin mljt hpe k^ cho nhflng cfin b$ c6 trinh d^ nhdt dinh; md cfic ldp bfii dfldng sfl phgm; tuyfin hpe sinh phi thdng cd trinh do cdp 2, cdp 3 di dgy, Dfin nhflng nfim 1955, 1956, cfic tinh mifin niii dUpe thfinh I^p cfic khu ty tri ^hl cdng tfie dfio tgo gifio vifin cd tfnh chfnh quy vfi hO thfing hdn.
T^i Khu V tri Thdi • Mdo. Ban Gifio dye khu thfinh I$p cfic trfldng sU phgm sd cdp dfi dfio tgo gifio vifin edp 1 (chiing tdi sfi trinh bfiy cy thfi d myc sau), BSn cgnh vi^c dfio tgo gifio vifin edp 1 theo chUdng trinh quy dinh ciia Bd Gifio dye, dl dfip flng tfit hdn nfla ngudn gifio vifin cho ede trUdng phfi thdng. Ban Gifio dye khu edn md cfic Idp bdi dfldng nghifip vu sU phgm, cdc ldp sU phgm cfi'p td'c... Nfim 1955, Ban Gifio dye Khu to chflc cfic ldp sU phgm cdp tfic dfio tgo dflpc khoang 60 gifio vifin cd trinh dp dgy ldp 1, 2. Nfim 1956, Ban phdi hpp vdi cfic trudng sU phgm sd cfi'p trong Khu md cfic ldp bdi dfldng sU phgm cho 47 gifio vi§n c6 trinh d^ ldp 3, 4. Thdi gian hpe eiia mdi Idp tfl 18 ngfiy dfin 3 thfing. Dfin nfim 1959, Ban md ldp bdi dfldng chfnh tri eho tofin bd gifio vien cdp 1 trong Khu (9).
Ti?i Khu t\e tri Vi^t Bdc, nfim 1960, Ban gifio Khu md m^t ldp bdi dfldng sfl phgm cdp td'c cho 254 gifio sinh lfi con em ngfldi dfin tde dia phUPng (10). Nflm hpe 1961 1962, cfic Trudng Sfl phgm sO cdp Thfii Nguygn, Tuyfin Quang, Lgng Sdn, Trfldng Sfl phgm sd cdp Vi^t Bfic dfi bdi dudng mdn Trifit hoc thudng thflc cho 1.400 gifio vifin, mfin Tfim 1^ hpe eho 1.200 gido vifin; bdi dudng vfin hda theo ehUdng trinh nflm thfl nhdt sU phgm cd'p 1 (h§ 4+2) cho 1.671 gifio vifin ldp 1,2 (11). Ngofii vific dfio tgo gifio vifin cdp 1 theo chUdng trinh quy dinh, cfic
TrUdng Su phgm ad cdp Thfii Nguyfin, Bdc Kgn, TuySn Quang cdn md cdc trung bdi dudng vfin hda cho cdc gifio vifin cd nhu cdu nflng cao nghidp vy sfl phgm. Dfin nfim 1963, cfic trudng nfiy dfi trd thfinh nhflng trung tflm bdi dflSng, hfim thy sfl phgm cho gifio vifin edp 2 tifiu hilu ciia Khu t\f tri Vi$t Bdc. Trong nfim nfiy, cde trfldng dfi bdi dfldng, hfim thy sfl phgm cdp 2 cho 611 gifio vifin (12).
Thdnh l^p cdc trudng aU pham ddo tao gido vi£n d^a phuang cho cde cdp hgc
Ddo t^o gido viSn cdp 1: TrUde nflm 1956, edng tfic dfio tgo gifio vifin edp 1 cho cfic tinh mifin niii phfa Bfic Ifi do TrUdng Su phgm sd edp Vifit Bdc dam nhi^m. Nfim 1956, Khu t\( tri Vi§t Bflc dupc thfinh ldp.
Ban Gifio dye Khu tifip quan trfldng dl dfio tgo gifio vifin edp 1 trong Khu. Trong ba nfim, tfl nfim 1956 dfin nfim 1958, tudng da dfio tgo dflpc 636 gifio sinh (13) theo hpe, chii yfiu lfi ngudi dfln t^c Tfiy, Nflng vfi Kinh (14).
Cung gid'ng nhU cfic tinh mifin niii Khu ti^ tri Vi§t Bfic, trudc nflm 1956, cdng tfic dfio tgo gifio \ ifin cdp 1 eua Khu ty tri Thfii - Mfio do Trudng Su phgm sd edp Vifit Bfic dam nhiOm. Nfim 1966, khi TrUdng Sfl phgm sd cdp Vi§t Bdc dupe chuyfin vi Khu ti.t tri Vi§t Bdc thi Ban Gifio dye Khu ti^ tri Thfii • Mfio xfiy dyng Trfldng sU phgm sd edp mifin nfli d l dfio tgo gifio vifin cdp 1 trong Khu. Nfim 1959, trudng dfio tgo dUpc 28 gifio vifin dgy ldp 1,2 vfi 50 gifio vifin cdp td'c dgy ldp 1, 2 chfl Thdi (15). Dfin nfim 1960, trudng dfi dfio tgo dupc 741 gifio vifin di dgy tgi cfic chfiu (16).
TrUdc nhflng nfim 1959, vi§c dfio tgo gifio vifin cfi'p 1 lfi do Khu t^ chflc vfi quan 1^, tfl nhflng nflm 1960, Ban giflo dye cdc
COng Ibc d i o tgo giao vian..
khu ty tri cho phfip cfic tinh vfi cfic chfiu thfinh lgp cfic trudng sfl phgm sd cfi'p dl trflc tifip ddo tgo gido vifin cdp 1 cho dia phUdng minh.
Budc sang nfim 1961, Ban gifio dye cfic khu da dfi ra nhflng bifin phfip tfch cpc. Dd lfi tflp trung dfio tgo gifio vifin tofin cfip, ddy dil hdn, tofin di^n hdn thay vi chii yfiu dfio tgo gifio vifin cdc ldp ddu edp (ldp 1,2) nhu nhflng nfim ddu hda binh l^p Igi; Tfing eudng sy lanh dgo eua cfic ngfinh, cfic cdp dfin cdng tfie gido dye; Tflp trung vfio ddi tflpng lfi nam nfl thanh nifin cfic dfin t^c dia phflOng dl tuyin sinh vfi d$e bifit lfi md rdng mgng ludi trfldng sU phgm sd cfi'p theo khdu hifiu "Dfin t^c nfio ed gifio vien ciia dfin tdc dy", "Dia phfldng nfio ed gifio vifin ciia dja phUdng fiy".
Triln khai nhiOm vy tren, ngay tfl nflm hpe 1960-1961, Ty Gifio dye cfic dia phUOng da thfinh Iflp trUdng sU phgm sd cdp dl dfio tgo gifio vifin cdp 1.
Tai cfic tinh mifin niii Khu tU tri Viet Bfic, bfin canh TrUdng SU phgm so cfi'p Vipt Bdc do Khu quan I^ cdn ed 6 trUdng sfl pham sd cdp eiia 6 tinh lfi Trfldng Sfl phgm ad cdp Cao Bdng, TrUdng Su phgm sd edp Thfii Nguyen, Trfldng Su phgm sO cfip Tuyfin Quang, Trfldng Su phgm sd edp Lang Son, Trfldng SU phgm sd cfip Bfic Kgn, Trfldng Sfl phgm eH cdp Tuyfin Quang. Nfim hoc 1960-1961, cfic trUdng sU pham ciia Khu da dfio tgo dUpc 408 gifio sinh (17), dfin nflm hpe 1962-1963, dfio tgo them dupc 1.806 gifio sinh, ehii yfiu Ifi ngudi dfin tdc thilu sS". Nfiu tfnh s6 gifio sinh trong nfim hpe 1962 - 1963 Ifi 100% thi ngudi dfln tde Tfiy chifim 48%, Nung chifim 14%, Kinh chifim 28%, cfic dfln t^c thilu aS khfic chifim 10% (18). Dfin dfiu nflm hpe 1964-1965, Khu t\f trj Vifit Bdc cd 7 trUdng sfl phgm sd cdp vdi 4.607 gifio sinh (19).
Tgi cde tinh mifin nui Khu ty tri Tfiy Bdc (20), dfin nfim 1963, bfin cgnh trfldng BU phgm sd cdp mifi'n niii do Khu quan I^
edn ed 18 trUdng sfl phgm sd cdp d cfic chflu (21) dl dfio tgo gifio vifin cdp 1. Tfnh trung binh m^t chflu cd hdn mdt trfldng sfl phgm sd cd'p dl dfio tgo gifio vifin edp 1. Tfl nfim 1961 dfin nflm 1963, Trudng sU phgm sd cdp mifin nui ciia Khu dflo tgo dUpc 497 gido sinh, trong dd cd tdi 398 gifio sinh (chifim 80%) lfi ngfldi dfln t^c thilu sfi (22).
Cflng trong nhflng nfim dd, 18 trfldng sU phgm sd cdp d cfic chfiu eua Khu dfio tgo dupc hdn 200 gifio sinh, trong dd cd tdi 180 gifio sinh (chifim 90%) lfi ngUdi dfin t^c thilu sfi (23).
Tfnh dfin nfim hpe 1964 - 1965, cfic tinh mifin nfli cd khoang 5,998 gifio vien edp 1, trong dd cae tinh mien nui thupc Khu ty t 4 Vi^t Bdc ed 4.607 gifio vifin, cdn cfic tinh mifin nfli Khu tu tri Tfiy Bfic cd 1.391 giao vifin (24).
Vdi sfi Iflpng gifio vien dupc dfio tgo tai dja phUOng tfldng doi ddng va cO ban nhfl v4y nfin ngay tfl nhflng nfim 1962, 1963, cac tinh mifin nfli phfa Bdc da phdn nfio dam bao dflpc nhu edu vfi gifio vifin cdp 1.
Ddo t<;to gido vien cdp 2: Cdng tfie dfio tgo gifio vifin cdp 2 ciia cae tinh mifin nfli phfa Bflc cd phdn chfim hOn so vdi dfio tao gifio vifin edp 1. TrUdc nhflng nfim 1958, vi0c dfio tgo giao vifin cdp 2 cdn nhd vfio SI? giflp dd eiia Trung Udng hoge phai cii giao vifin dgy edp 1 di hpe sU pham trung edp d Hfi Ndi. Do vfiy, so Iflpng gifio vifin edp 2 cua cfic tinh mifin nui trong nhflng nflm nfiy cfin hgn chfi. Dfin nhflng nflm 1959, 1960, cdng vi^c nfiy mdi dUpc chfl trpng.
Ngfiy 10-10-1959, TrUdng Sfl phgm trung cdp Khu tfl tri Vifit Bflc (hay cdn gpi Ifi Trfldng Su phgm cdp 2 Vi^t Bfic) dflpc
20 Rghian ciru Ljch sit, ad 9.2018 thfinh Ifip tgi Thfii Nguydn vdi 259 gifio
Binh theo hpe (25). Trfldng cd hai hO dfio tgo lfi hO dfio tgo hai nfim vfi hd dfio tgo m^t nfim cdp tfi'c. NhQng gifio sinh dflpc chpn hpe hd mdt nfim phai lfi gifio vifin cdp 1 flu tfl hofle mdt sfi can bd Ifim cdng tfic nghif;n cflu d dia phfldng. Trong 5 nflm (1959 - 1964) da ed 1.342 gifio sinh theo hpe tgi trfldng, trong dd cd 1.015 gifio sinh tot nghifip vfi di nh$n cdng tfie tgi eflc dia phfldng (26).
vifin dia phUdng khfic dfin cdng tfie. Cung trong khoang thdi gian nfiy, sd' gifio vifin d ede tinh mifin nfli Khu ty tri Vi^t Bfic Ifi hdn mdt nghin ngudi (31).
Nhd sy cd" gfing cua ngfinh gifio dye, sy giup dd cua Trung UOng vfl cfic dia phUdng, cdng tfic dfio tgo gifio vifin edp 2 ctia cfic tinh mifin nui, tuy cd ehflm vfi sfi lUpng cdn hgn chfi, nhdt Ifi cfic tinh mifin nui thudc Khu ty tri Thfii - Mfio nhUng nhin chung dfin nhflng nflm 1964, 1965, tinh trgng So' gifio sinh cfi'p 2 dflpc dfio tgo
tai hai trUdrng sfl phgm Cao Bdng vfi Lgng Sdn (27) TrUe/ng
Su pham c4'p 2 Cao B^ng Su ph^m ca'p 2 L^ng Sdn
Tong s6i 99 56
Nginh xa hoi 62 27
Nginh tUnhiSn
47 29
Dan tpc T i y
77 33
Kinh 9 11
Niing 13 12
Tfl nfim 1962, dl dap flng nhu cfiu bpc lfin cao ciia hpe sinh cfic trUdng phd thfing edp 1, Ban Giao due Khu Vipt Bfic md thfim hai trUdng eu phgm edp 2 d tinh Lgng Sdn va Cao Bflng lfi Trfldng Sfl pham cfi'p 2 Cao Bfing vfi Trfldng Sfl phgm cdp 2 Lgng SOn.
Tfl nflm 1962 dfi'n nfim 1964, hai trfldng dfi dfio tao dupe hfing trflm gifio sinh thudc cfic dan tdc thieu sfi theo hoc cfic ngfinh khoa hpe ty nhien vfi khoa hpe xa hpi.
Tgi Khu tu tri Thfii - Mfio, nfim 1960, Khu thfinh ifip TrUdng Su phgm cdp 2, Dfi'n nflm 1963, da cd 229 giao sinh dUpc dfio tgo vfi tham gia giang day edp 2 tofin cdp, trong dd ed hdn 100 gifio sinh Ifi ngUdi cfic dan tde thilu sd (28). Theo thfing ke, sfi lupng gifio vifin cdp 2 cua Khu trong nfim hoc 1961 - 1962 lfi 192 ngudi (29), nfim hpe 1962 - 1963 tfing lfin 274 gifio vifin (30), trong dd 229 gifio vifin lfi do Trfldng Su phgm cdp 2 eua Khu dfio tgo, cdn 45 ngUdi lfi giao vien mifin xudi len dgy ho$e giflo
thifiu giflo vifin cdp 2 da phdn nfio dupe khfic phye so vdi nhflng nfim ddu hda binh Ifip Iai.
ca gido vien di hoc tai cdc trUdng 6 Trung uang
Bfin cgnh vi|c t^ chflc cfic ldp bdi dudng nghidp vy sU phgm, dfio tgo gifio vifin thdng qua hfi thtfng trfldng sU phgm sd cdp vfi trung cffp, d l nfing cao chfi't Iflpng, ddng thdi bao dam phdn nfio d^i ngu gifio vifin cho edp hoc cao hdn (32), ngfinh giflo dye cfic tinh mifin nfli cdn cilt giflo vifin di hoc tgi cfic trudng d Trung fldng. Trong ba nfim 1966-1958, Ban Gifio dye Khu ty tri Thfii - Mfio da cfl 11 gifio vien di hpe sfl phgm trung edp Hfi Ndi; 2 giflo vifin di hpe chi'nh quy dgi hpe sU phgm vfi 1 gifio vifin hpe ham thy dai hpe sU pham(33). Tfl nfim 1960 dfi'n nfim 1962, Ban Giflo dye Khu tifi'p tyc cii 25 giao vifin di hpe tgi eae trUdng dgi hoc nhU Dai hpe Su phgm vfi mdt so' trUdng dgi hoc khfic (34). Nfim hpe 1962-1963, Ban Giflo dye Khu
Cdng t 6 c d i o tao gi6o vifin..,
t y t r i Vipt Bfic d a cii 3 g i a o v i e n cfip 2 hoc hfim t h y dgi hpe sU p h g m vfi 50 gifio vien dupe bdi d u d n g chUdng t r i n h nflm thfl nhfi't c u n g t a i t r U d n g D a i hpe S u p h g m (35).
N h d h i n h thflc tfi' chflc dfio tgo dd, ngfinh giao d u e cae t i n h mifin n u i vfin d u y t r i dupe mfit so Iflpng giao vifin d g y cdp 3 n h d t d j n h cho cac trfldng p h d t h d n g . Dfi'n n h f l n g nfim 1963, cac t i n h mifi'n nfli phfa Bdc cd 2.344 gifio v i e n cfi'p 3 , t r o n g dd cac t i n h mifin niii K h u tfl t r i Tfiy Bfic cd 4 5 giao vifin (36) cdn 2.299 giao v i e n t h u p e cfic t i n h mifi'n n u i K h u t y t r i ViOt Bfic (37).
N h u vfiy, cd t h e thfl'y, d eae t i n h mifin n u i phfa Bdc, dfic bifit lfi cac t i n h thufic K h u t u t r i Tfiy Bfic, mfic dfl k i n h tfi cdn nhifiu k h d khfin, n h a n d a n e h u yfiu Ifi ngudi dfin tde t h i e u so, t r i n h dp vfln h d a cdn b a n chfi, d i e u kifin ed sd h g t d n g de x a y d p n g vfi p h a t t r i e n giao d u e edn thfi'p kfim, n h U n g dupc s u q u a n t a m , giflp dd e u a D a n g , Nhfi nflde edng vdi sU n o Ifle c u a ngfinh giao due nfin edng t a c d a o t a o gifio vifin eho sfl n g h i e p giao d y e d a d a t dUpc n h f l n g kfit q u a n h d t d i n h . N g a n h giflo d u e cfic k h u , t i n h d a xay dUng dupe hfi t h o n g c a e trUdng sfl p h a m d e dfio t a o giao v i e n cac edp 1, 2 mdt each tUdng doi co b a n , hO t h d n g ; Bao d a m
CHU THtCH
(1). Ching han nhU trong nftm 1955, tai ba huy^n Sdn Duong, YSn Binh vfi YSn Sdn cua tinh Tuyen Quang c6 tai 382 nguSi ch^t. Ngu^n: Ban Cha'p h^nh Dang bo tinh TuySn Quang: LfcA si Bdng bo tinh Tuyen Quang (1940-1975). Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, Hk N^i, 2000, tr. 210.
(2). d m^t ao dia phUdng, lyc lUpng phan dgng d^i Ifft tSn giio tuySn truydn, dy d3, cuang 6p dong bSo theo D?o Thien Chiia di cU vfio Nam, gfly mfiTt In djnh xfi h§i, hoang mang trong nh&n dfin. O Thj
d u n g u d n gifio v i e n dia phflong, gifio vifin n g u d i dfin t^e t h i l u sfi eho cac trfldng p h d thfing cdp 1, cdp 2 (rifing cdp 2, cfic t i n h mifi'n n u i t h u d c K h u t y trj T h a i • Mfio chi bao d a m dflpc 5 0 % yfiu edu); Ddi n g u giao vifin dflpe dfio t g o tgi cfic trfldng sfl p h a m dfi d a p flng dflpe p h d n nfio n h u cdu gifio d y e e u a d\a phUdng vfi cd Ifip trUdng tfl tfldng vflng vfing.
Bfin c g n h n h f l n g kfit q u a d a t dflpc, cdng tflc dfio t a o giflo vifin t a i eae t i n h mien n u i v d n cdn tdn tgi mdt so h a n ehe', nhfl chfi't Iflpng mdt bd p h g n giflo vien, nhfi't lfi giao vien t h e o hoc t a i cae ldp sfl p h a m edp tdc cdn n o n yfiu; vifie dfio t a o giao vien ngfldi dfin tdc t h i e u sfi, ngfldi dia phfldng gifla cac bgc hpe cdn chfla t h a t hpp l^'. Giao vifin ngudi d a n tpc t h i e u so d a y edp 2, nhfi't lfi edp 3 edn qufl it. Dfi'n nflm 1963, giflo vien edp 2 c u a cae t i n h mifin n u i K h u T a y Bfic ed 274 ngfldi t h i chi ed 36 giao vien ngfldi d a n tfic t h i e u so, chifim 13%; cdp III cd 45 ngfldi t h i chi cfi 2 giao vifin la ngudi d a n tfic t h i e u so, chifim 4,4% (38). T u y cdn nhifi'u h g n chfi, song viee dfio tgo giao vifin d cac t i n h mifi'n nfli p h i a Bfic d a gdp p h d n vao vifie p h a t t r i l n giao due d dia p h u o n g , dUa nfi'n k i n h tfi - xa hfii cac t i n h k h u vflc n a y tflng bfldc h d a nhfip vdi sfl p h a t t r i l n c h u n g ciia ca m i e n Bfic.
xS Lang Son, lyc lU^ng phan dpng c6n t^ chflc bieu tinh d6i chfnh quy^n ta cho tp do di cU. Nghiem tr9ng hdn, khi Hi^p dinh dinh chifn du^c kJ k^t, thyc dfin Phfip tranh thu tha d6, tilfp t^ lUOng thyc, d^n dUtJc, di§n dki, ban d6 qufin ay cho lyc lupng phi 5 Hfi Giang ho^t d§ng. Am mUu cua chung lit afl dyng phi 3 Hfi Giang ciing vfii phi fl cfic tinh L&o Cai, YSn Bfii, Lai Chfiu, Son La vfi phi bgn Lfio nfl'i dfiy cildp chfnh quyln cfich mang, t^o thfinh m$t "cfin cfl", mgt "dja bfin" phi r$ng Ifln
22 Kghian eihi lt|eh ai. stf 9.2Q12
d l aSn Bfing d6n qufin Phfip quay lgi xfim lupc nudc ta.
(3). Ting h ^ tot hi ta 7080: Chl thi, b6o edo th&ng ki vi cOng tdc blnh din hpe v\i n&m 1958 cOa Uy ban Hdnh chinh Khu itf tri Thdi Mio, Sd gido d(*c, Phflng Oy Ban Hfinh chfnh Khu ty iq (UBHCKTT) Tfiy Bfic vfi Hi id atf 120: Bdo edo 16 ndm xdy difng vd phdt trU'n ai/ nghidp gido d^c Khu t{i tri Vi4t Bic. Phang UBHCKTT Vi^t BSC. Trung tfim Luu trQ Qutfc gia III (Cfic hi sd lau i6u dUpc
•Uu tfim tfi Trung tfim Luu trQ Qutfc gia 111 nfin chdng tdi xin dUpc ph£p khfing ghi cym til nfiy).
(4), (6). Dfing COng ifin Vift Nam: Vdn Itifn Ddng To&n t^p. t$p 24 (1963). Nxb. Chfnh t q Qufic gia, Hfi N^i. 2003, tr 421, 216.
(6). Ngfiy 29 thfing 4 nfim 1966, Chu t)ch nUdc ra Sfic l$nh at 230-SL v l vifc l$p trong ph^m vi nudc Vift Nam Dfin chii C^ng hda Khu ty tr) cua cfic dfin t^: fl Tfiy Bfic g^i lfi Khu ty tri Thfii - Mfio.
Vl mfit hfinh chfnh, Khu g6m c6 cfip Khu, bo cfip tinh, dfi'n cfip chfiu. Khu gfim 16 chfiu: Mudng Tfi, Mudng Lay, Sinh Hfi, Difn Bifin, Quynh Nhai, Sfing Mfi, Tufin Gifio, Thufn Chfiu, Mudng La, Mai Son, Yfin Chfiu. M^c Chfiu, Phd Yfin (tiic lfi gfim tofin b9 tinh Sdn L.a, Unh Lai Chfiu), Phong Thfi (Lfio Cai), Than Uyfin, Vfin Chfin (Yfin Bfii), Ngudn:
Cdng bdo nudc Vi4t Nam Ddn chu C^ng Wo atf 8 nfim 1955, tr. 122. Ngiy 1-7-1956. Chu tjeh nUdc Vi$t Nam Dfin chii C^ng hofi ban hfinh Sdc Ifnh uS 268/SL thfinh Ifip Khu ty tri Vif t Bfic. Ban diu, Khu gfim cfic Unh Cao Bfing, Bfic K^n, L^ng Sdn, Thfii Nguyfin vfi Tuyfin Quang. Din nflm 1959, IQiu cd thfim tinh Hfi Giang, Ngufin: Vift Nam Din chi C^nghba. stf 23 nfim 1956. tr. 213.
(7), Ngfiy 15-8-1959, Thu tudng Chinh p h i ra Thfing tu stf 3116 - A7 v l vi?c dilu d^ng gifio vifin cfi'p 1, 2, 3 d cfic Unh miln xuAi lfin miln nfli cfing tfic. Myc dich lfi: "Hi lim cho cfic tinh miln niii cfi thfim nhilu thfiy gifio d l ddy m^nh phfit triln gifio dye, Ifim cho dfing bfio vfi thanh thilu nifin miln nui cd chfi hpe vfi dupc di hpe. Vifc dUa gifio vifin lfin miln nfli hfing lo^t d l phye vy dfing bfio, ngofii vi^c nfing cao trinh d^ vfin hda cdn cd ^ nghia
chfnh trf vd cfing quan trpng vl dfing bfio ifi nhfin thjTy rfi ay quan tfim dfc bift ciia D i n g vfi Chfnh phii mfi ra aflc hpe tfip, ain xutTt gdp p h i n tfch cyc xfiy dpng miln Bfic, dfi'n tranh thtfng nhfi't nUfic nhfi". Ngufin: C6ng bdo nUdc Vlft Nam Ddn chu C^ng hba (1959). atf 12, tr 479.
(8). Hfi ad atf 7043: D{e dn ehiomg trtnh vd bdo cdo cdng tde gido dyie trong ndm 1953 cua Khu Oido difc Tdy Bdc. Phftng UBHCKTT Tfiy B4c.
(9), (16), (33). Hfi ad atf 7071: Thdng tU, bdo cdo vi cdng tdc gido d|/c ndm hpe 1957-1988 cda 8d Oido dvc. Phdng UBHCKTT Tfiy Bic.
(10). Hfi ad atf 7094: Bdo cdo thdnh tlch ba nim 1958 • 1960 cua nginh gido di/te Khu t\t tri Thdi Mia. Phflng UBHCKTT Tfiy B4C.
(11), (12). (18). (27), (36). Hfi ad atf 13254. Bdo cdo ldng kit phong trdo phdt triin gido d^e tir khi thdnh l^p Khu t\r tri Vift Bdc din ndm 1963.
Phflng UBHCKTT Vif t Bfic,
(13). Hpe vifin theo hpe t^i cfic trUdng sU ph^m llic dd gpi lfi gifio ainh chfl khflng gpi lfi ainh vifin nhu hif n nay.
(14). Bdo Vi(t Nam Die Up. atf 689, tilt ngfiy 17 din ngfiy 23-8-1956, tr. 4.
(15). Hfi sd stf 7084: Thdng It/, chl thf, bdo cdo vi hii nghf ting kit cdng tdc gido d{ic ndm 19B9 cua Sd Oido dye. Phdng UBHCKTT Tfiy Bfic.
(17). Bdo Vi(t Nam Die Up. atf 818. tfl ngfiy 11 din ngfiy 18-1-1961, tr, 1-4.
(19). Hfi Bd atf 13364: Nghf quyit cua Ban Chdp hdnh Khu tit trf Vift Bdc vi phdt triin gido di/x trong ndm 1965-1966. Phdng UBHCKTT Vif t Bic.
(20). Thfing 10 nfim 1962, tgi ky hpp thfl 6 Qutfc hfii Khda H. Qufic hfi thdng qua Ngh) quylt dii tfin Khu ty tri Thfii • Mfio thfinh Khu ty t q Tfiy Bfic vfi khdi phye Ifi cfi'p tinh.
(21). Cfic tmdng sU pbfim sd dp d cfic chfiu (huyfn) tbufc Khu ty tr) Thfii • Mfio quy mfi thudng nhd hdn ao cfic tmdng aU phfm sd cfi'p thufc cfic tinh Khu ty t q Vift Bfic.
(22), (23), (28), (30). (36), (38). Hfi ed atf 7132.
Bdo cdo vi cing tdc gido di^c n&m 1961 - 1963 vi
Ctfng tfie dao >9o gi6o vlto..
phuang hudng 1964 • 1965 eda Sd Oido dye. Phflng UBHCKTT Tfiy Bfic.
(24). Tfl'ng hpp tcr: Hfi sd atf 13323: Dif thdo bdo cdo cing tdc gido d\ic mtti/i ndm ctia Khu tif tri ^'^' B&c cua Sd Oido difc Vi^t Bdc tit 1954 din 1965. Phflng UBHCiOT Vift Bfic vfi Hfi ad atf 7132. Dfi dfin.
(25). Bdo Vift Nam Die lip. atf 752, tif ngfiy 18 din ngfiy 24-10-1959, tr. 4.
(26). Hfi 8d atf 13305: Bdo edo ting kit ndm ndm xiy difng Trudng Trung Ape Su phg,m Vi^t Bdc trong nhSng nam 1959 • 1964. Phflng UBHCKTT Vift Bfic.
(29). Hfi ad stf 7123: Bdo cdo dng tde gido d^c ndm 1961 1962 cda Sd gido dijtc. Phflng UBHCKTT Tfiy Bfic.
(31), (37). Hfl ad stf 13364: Nghi quyit eiia Ban Chip hinh Khu tif tri V'^t Bdc vi phdt triin gido difc trong nim 1965 -1966. Phdng UBHCKTT Vift Bfic.
(32). Cv t h i lfi cfi'p 3 vt trong nhQng nfim 1954 - 1966, cfic tinh miln nili chUa cd trUdng dfio t^o gifio vifin cfi'p 3. Din nfim hpe 1966 - 1967, TrUdng D^i hpe Su ph^m miln niii mdi dUpc thfinh Ifip dl dfio t^o gifio vifin cfi'p 3 cho cfic tinh miln nui
(34). Ting hpp tfl Hfi sd atf 7126: Ki hogch vin d0ng thanh niin, hgc sinh xung phong tinh nguydn tin ldm cdng tdc gido d^c d Tiy Bdc ndm 1962 cda Sd Gido d{ic vfi Hfi ed stf 7094: Bdo edo ikinh tich ba ndm 1958 -1960 cda ngdnh gido di^c Khu tif tri Thdi Mio. Phdng UBHCKTT Tfiy Bfic.
NGirtn PHAP von QUA TRINH DU NHAP Y HOC H I I N DAI .
(Tiep theo trang 8) CHU THtCH
(1). Pierre Brocheux & Daniel Hemery:
Indochine la colonisation ambigOe 1858-1954, La Decouverte, Paris, 1995, tr, 152.
(2), (3), (4), (5). Paul Beau: La situation de I'indochine de 1902 d 1907. Sfii Gdn 1908, tr. 86.
(6). Paul Beau: La situation de I'indochine de 1902 & 1907. Sfii Gdn, 1908, tr. 286.
(7). 'Le problime indochinois" d&n trong T? Thi Thuy: Din diin cda ngUdi Phdp d Bdc K^ 1884- 1918, sdd, tr, 35.
(8). AS, tr. 56.
(9), (10), (12). Paul Beau: La situation de I'indochine de 1902 d 1907, Sfii Gdn, 1908, tr. 83,
(II). Paul Beau: La situation de I'indochine de 1902 d 1907, Sfii Gdn, 1908, Annexe tr. 103.
(13). Paul Beau: La situation de I'indochine de 1902 A 1907, Sfii Gon, 1908, Annexe, tr, 225,
(14), (16), (17). Paul Beau: La situation de I'indochine de 1902 d 1907, Sfii Gdn 1908, ir 84.
(15). Paul Beau: La situation de I'indochine de 1902 d 1907, Sfii Gfln 1908, Annexe, tr. 283.
(18), (20). Gaide 1931, tr. 92, 93.
(19), (22), (23). RS tr. 5, 6.
(21). Indochine Fran9aise 1931, tr. 24 (24), (26), (26). Gaide, 1931, tr. 238.
