Nguyen Thi Mai Lien. Chdn dung mot bdc Thdnh sugua "Tu truyen Gandhi"
©2020 VifH Nghien CI>LJ An Dp va Tay Nam A Tsp ehi Nghien ci/u An E3o va Chau A So 1 (86), thang 1-2020 http://viisas «ass,gov,vn ISSN: 0865-7314
Chan dung mot bac Thanh sir qua " T y truyen Gandhi"
Nguyen Thi Mai Lien * Truong Dgi hoc Supham Hd Ndi
Ngdy nhgn bdi. 18/06/2019, ngdy gid phdn bien- 02/12/2019, ngdy duyet dang: 30/12/2019
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a cudn sach tu thudt ve con ngu&i vd cuoc d&i cua mot bdc Thdnh sir, ''Tu truyen Gandhi"mang den eho doc gid mot edi nhin npi quan mdi me ve tdc gid Tir gdc nhin ddc ddo ndy,' chdn dung bdc Thdnh su hiin len cao cd md vo cimg gdn gui, binh di Hinh dnh Gandhi hiin len giira d&i thu&ng trong cuoc ddu tranh gidnh dpc lap, binh dang cho ldng lop bi coi Id hg tiin, trong cupc vdt Ion muu sinh di xdy dimg gia dinh vd trong cuoc ddu tranh v&i phdn vi ky ndm sdu thdm trong npi tdm khiin ngu&i dpc cdm phuc vd yeu quy mot nhdn cdch Idn vo ngdn. Gandhi thuoc vi the gi&i vinh ciru cua nhimg bdc hien nhdn.
Tir khoa: Thanh su, Ty truyen, Gandhi, chin dung
Mffdau
Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948) cimg vdi Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) va Jawaharial Nehru (1889-1964) dygc tdn vinh la "Tam vj nhat the" eua An Dp hien dai. Gandhi la anh hiing din tpc An Do, ngudi da lanh dao cudc diu tranh chdng che dp thuc dan ciia dg qudc Anh, giinh ddc lip cho An Do vdi su iing hp eiia hing trieu ngudi dan. Nhin dan An Do ton xung Gandhi la Mahatma (Thinh sir hay Dai nhin) nhung la mdt ngudi kliigm nhudng, dng ludn cam thay khdng thoii mii vdi danh xung do.
Cho den nay, da cd nhigu cdng trinh nghign ciiu vg M. Gandhi tren the gidi, tieu bigu nhu Gandhi's Religious Thought ciia M. Chatterjee (1983), The Moral and Political Thought of Mahatma Gandhi cua R.'N. Iyer (1973), Gandhi's Political Philosophy ciiaB. Parekh (1995), The Philosophy of Gandhi eiia G. Richards (1982), The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work, and Ideas ciia Louis Fischer (2002)... Nhin chung, nhfrng cdng trinh nay thien ve lam rd tu tudng, tdn giio vi triet hpc cua Gandhi. Bai viet se tim higu vg Gandhi thdng qua mdt an pham noi tigng cua dng la cudn Tu truyin Gandhi (Ni su Trf Hai djch tir ban tigng Anh An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Trust. Nxb.Navajivan, Ahmedabad - 14, Mahadev Desai dich lir nguygn tic tigng Gurajati cua M.K. Gandhi), qua do hinh dung phan nao ehan dung ciia mpt bac Thanh su rit cao ea ma rat binh di.
Nghign cim An Dp va Chau A. Sd I - 2020, tr.36-42
Nguygn Thi Mai Lien. Chan dung wot bac Thanh sir qua "Tir Iruyin Gandhi"
1. Mot chien si kien cu-ong aku tranh vi doc lap dan toe, binh asng cho con ngiroi Han 1.500 nam TCN, xa hgi An Do da plian biet ding cSp (varna) dua tren mau da, liuySt th6ng.
Theo than thoai Veda, thSn Khcing 15 Purasha da sinh ra ngu'ai Brahmin tir mieng. nguoi Kshatriya tir canh tay, nguoi Vaisya Hr eo lung va nguoi Shudra til' ban chan. Luat Manu da ki thira tu tu'ong Sy, quy dinh sir phan biet dang cap vo cimg nghiet nga. Nhu'ng nguoi thuoc ding cSp duoi hi khinli thuong va cha dap. Cuoc s6ng cila hp htt siic ciing cyc. Gandhi da diu tranh doi blnh djng cho nhO'ng nguoi thuoc dang cap duoi. Ong noi: "Chi do ding cap Id mot dieu lac hdu vd 161 thai No phai ra di niu caAnBo giao Idn An Bo inuSn ton tai ya phdt trien " (Luong Duy Thir, 1996, tr. 154). Tir nam 1877, An Do trcr thanh thuoc dja cua thirc dan Anh va nhung nguoi An Do da mau cang bi ky thi, chen ep, dan ap o bat cii dau, ke ca Gandhi. Chinh ban than ong ciing bi nhirng ngucri da trjng doi xu b5t cong, khi dl tren chuyen tau hoa dii da mua ve hang nhdt nhung ong vSn bi du6i xuOng toa hang ba;
ciing mua ve di xe ngua nhung bi buoc phai ra ng6i canh ch6 ngucii phu xe. Sau khi chimg kien canh ban than bi nguoc dai, Gandhi khong khoi dau xot cho nhirng An kieu nhu ong a Nam Phi, dieu nay da thoi thiic ong dau tranh khong met moi, tham chi khong mang din nguy hiim, di doi quyen binh dang cho nhirng nguoi An Do thuoc dang cap thap va An kiiu. Ong lam tat ca moi viec co the niu no phung sir cho To quoc boi ly tuong cua ong la: "Mot ngirai di quoc khong thi bo sot mot ngdnh ndo trong viec phung sir ddi me " (Mahatma Gandhi, 2016, tr. 191).
Ngay tir khi con la mot cau be, Gandhi da bay to y chi dau tranh do dii rat ngay tho. Gia dinh theo dao Vaisshanava, an chay, kieng an thit, nhung qua loi thuyit phuc cua nhung nguiri ban, cau be Gandhi da an thit vi cho rang an thit de co sue khoe, de ca dan tpc An khoe manh, du sue danh bai nguoi Anh.
Gandhi sang Nam Phi de tranh bien cho vu kien cua mpt nguoi An va du dmh tro ve An Do sau khi hoan thanh cong viec. Tinh co doc mpt bai bao nhan de Quyen ddu phieu cita nguai An co ngi dung trinh bay ve du luat ciia Vien Lap phap voi muc dich la tuoc quyen dau phieu cua ngucri An trong viec bau cii Hoi dong Lap phap Natal, Gandhi nhan thay riing niu du luat nay thanh lu,at, so phan ciia nhirng nguiji An o day se vo ciing khon don. "No giong nhu chiec dinh diiu tien dong vao quan tai" chon nhirng nguoi An Do cr Natal. Sau do, ong dii keu gpi nhirng nguoi An Dp thucic mpi ton giap, ITnh vuc, nghe nghiep, dia phuong... doan kit dau tranh doi quyen bo phieu. Mac dii cuoi ciing du luat da dugc thong qua, nhung cugc van dpng da dem lai mot sue song mcii cho doiin the va khien nhung nguoi An Di5 ci Natal mot niem tin xac tin riing doan thi la mpt khpi khpng the phan chia, va hp CO phan su tranh dau cho quyen lgi chinh tri ciing nhu cho quyen lgi thuong mai ciia minh. Sau su kien nay, Gandhi da quyit dinh o lai Natal di dong hanh voi hp trpng cupc dau tranh vi quyen binh ding. Ong lupn tam nguyen: "Phuc vu nhiing nguai ngheo vdn Id nguyen vong ciia long loi, vd nguyen vong dy dd luon luon ddy toi vdo giira nhimg ngu-ai ngheo, khien lot CO the ddng hoa minh vdi ho'' (Mahatma Gandhi, 2016, tr.l66). 6 Natal, Gandhi da thanh lap Hpi An kiiu s§n siing giup do nhirng ngucri can din sir giup do ciia ong. Rat nhieu nguoi An lao dong khi uoc - mgt hinh thirc lao dpng khong khac no le, bi nhirng ong chu nguoi Au ap bu'c, danh dap da man da tim den Hoi va hp dii nhan dugc su gillp do chi tinh tir Gandhi. Khi Gandhi roi Nam Phi ve nucjc, Chinh phii Nara Phi da bai bci cac khoan thui rieng cho ngucri An Do va dao luat han che su di trii ciia hp tai Nam Phi.
Nghien ciiu An Dg va Chau A. Sg 1 - 2020, tr.36-42 • "
Nguyen Thi Mai Lign, Chdn dung mdt bdc Thdnh su qua "Tir ii uyen Gandhi"
Sau ba nam d Nara Phi, Gandhi quay trd vg An Dp. Ong khdng ngai ngin thara gia cong viec d Sd Ve sinh vdi muc dfch tuyen truyen va mang dgn cho nhung ngudi An Dp mgt l6i s6ng ve sinh, van minh, chdng lai benh djch dang bimg phit manh d Bombay. Gandhi da dgn timg nha, vio xem xet khu ve sinh ciia tirng gia dinh de thay ddi tap tuc sinh hoat mat vg sinh ciia hg, digu ma tat ca cac nban vien khac d sd ve sinh dgu khdng iim.
Khi trd lai Nam Phi, Gandhi tigp tuc cdng viec eua mdt luit su bio tro vg luat phap cho nhung ngudi An Dp d Natal. Nhtmg dng cim thay khdng thoa man bdi dng ludn khat khao cong viec nhan dao lau dai. Vi vay, dng da danh thdi gian mdi ngay hai tigng dg lam viec trong mgt benh vien Chinh phii danh cho nhirng ngudi lao ddng khg udc. Cdng viec eua dng la xie nhan Idi khai eua benh nhan, trinh biy lai vdi bic sT va phat thuoc theo don da ke.
Khi dgn Johannesburg, Gandhi nhan dugc nhung loi than thd rang nhuiig sT quan chau A d day thay vi bao ve, che ehd cho kigu dan Trung Hoa, An Do va cac xii khac, hp lai bdc lot nhirng kieu dan nay den tan ciing. Gandhi da thu thap ehiing eii, dua den Ty Canh sat dau tranh. Mac du digu niy la hgt siic khd khan vi rit khd tim dugc mdt bdi tham doin da trang d Nam Phi de bupc tpi mpt bi can da mau pham tgi. Dugc su ung hg eua vign canh sat trudng, hai si quan trong sd rit nhigu tgn bi nghi ngo da bi bat va dua ra tda xet xii. Tdi trang ciia chiing qua ro nhung chung chi bi cieh ehire. Mac dii nhung vien sT quan nay rat te nhung Gandhi khong thii ghet hp trgn phuang dien ci nhan, chinh ho ciing bigt digu nay ngn khi gap kho khan, hp vin dgn gap ong nhd giup do, Gandhi cung san sang giiip hp, dng hanh ddng theo mpt quan niem vi tha va eao thugng; "Hay ghet tpi loi, dimg ghet ke pham /p/" (Mahatma Gandhi, 2016, tr.287).
Gandhi san sang lam ed van phap luat cho ngudi ngheo ma khong ming den le phf hp phii tra, Hau bet so tien ong kiem duge dinh de xiy dyng benh vien eho ngudi ngheo, Khi cudc chign Boer dign ra, Gandhi cimg hon 1.000 ngudi An da tham gia ciiu thuong nhirng ngudi Ifnh. Hinh dgng thien nguyen ciia hg da dugc ca tung, ddng thdi gop phan tao nen mdi quan he keo son gan bo giira nhung ngudi An Dp thuge mpi dang cap, nghg nghiep, tdn giio... Nhirng ngudi linh da trang cung bay to thai dp bigt cm sau sac vi sy giiip dd ciia hg, Khi nhijng ngudi Zulu d Natal khing cu lenh bat dong mpt khoan thue mdi cua Chfnh phii, tpc trudng dam mgt nhat giio vio vien trung sf thu thue, hp bi khep tpi
"ndi loan" va bj ehinh quyen dan ap. Gandhi da tham gia dpi eiiu thuong giiip dd nhung ngudi Zulu vo tdi. Thim kich mi nhirng ngudi Zulu phai ganh chiu la "chat lieu" dg Gandhi tram tu va minh triet ve Pham hanh' va thuygt B5t bao dgng (Sat>'agraha) ndi tieng cua dng.
Vay "Bat bao ddng la gi"? Chfnh Gandhi da khai luge quan niem nhu sau.- "Mot ngudi theo duoi Bdt bao dpng chi trung thdnh vdi niim tin cda anh la khi md moi hdnh vi ciia anh ta diu luon phdl lie long thucmg cdm, khi anh la cd hit sire de trdnh ldm hai den sinh vgt nhd be nhdt, co ciru no, vd no luc khong ngimg di thodi khdi edi thdng Ipng chet ngu&i ciia bao (?pJig" (Mahatma Gandhi, 2016, tr.364).
Tuy nhign, Gandhi eung cho rang, ngudi bat bao dpng "ludn ludn tiin lin Irong niim lir bi, tiit due.
' "Pham hanh" (brahmacariya) la ddi song thanh tinh, tir diing cho ddi s6ng ciia tang ni hay cu sT, nhihig nguoi din than trong chanh phap (Dhamma).
Nghien ciiu An Dp vi Chau A. So 1 - 2020, tr.36-42 38
Nguyen Thj Mai Lien. Chdn dung mot bdc Thdnh su qua "Tir truyen Gandhi"
song vdn khong bao gid co thi hodn todn thodt khdi bao dong" (Mahatma Gandhi, 2016, tr.364). Do vay, "khi hai qudc gia ddnh nhau, nhiem vu ciia mot ngudi bdt bao ddng la phdi chdm dirl ehien tranh. Ke ndo khong ldm du(fc viec do. ke ndo khong cd ndng luc chong lgi cupc chiin, khong dii khd ndng di chong chiin tranh, thi cd thi du phdn trong chiin cupc md vdn c6 hit minh di lu gidi thodt.
gidi thodt quoc gia vd nhdn logi ra khoi chiin tranh" (Mahatma Gandhi, 2016, tr.364). Tu tudng Bat bao dpng ciia Gandhi thuc chit the hien mdt tinh than nhan dao, nhan van cao ca, mdt khit vpng hoa binh cho nhan loai, nhit la nhung ngudi bi coi la ting Idp dudi trong xa hdi, nhung ngudi y6u the, dac biet de bi tdn thuong. R. Rolland tuy cho rang, hge thuygt nay khdng the ap dung d chiu Au nhung ong van het Idi ca nggi: "To/ vdn cdm thdy cdn thiit phdi truyin gidng thuyel Bdt bao dong cua Gandhi bdi vi nd Id dieu thiin vd chdn ly tuyet ddi dung vd no se la phucmg lien duy nhdt de ciru roi nen vdn minh nhdn logi ra khdi thdm hoa ciia chin tranh huy diiC (Dd Thu Ha, 2015, tr.424).
Tagore nhan xet ve dng nhu sau: "Oog ngimg lgi a nguong cira nhirng edn nhd lot tdn cua hdng ngdn ngudi eung khdn, y phuc ciia dng y hit y phuc cua ho. Ong noi voi ho bdng ngon ngir ciia ho. Dd mdi thuc la mot chdn ly sinh ddng chu khong phdi chi Id nhung lai sudng trong sdeh vd. Vi vdy, tiing ton xung Mahatma (Thdnh sir) md ddn An tdng ong dd thdnh ten thuc ciia ong Ai la ngirdi cdm thdy nhu dng rdng tdt cd mpi ngudi An chinh la da thit cua minh, mdu inu cua minh? Khi linh thuong tdi go cica An Do thi cica da mo loang chd sdn rdi... Nghe tiing goi cua Gandhi, An Dp xong ngay toi mpt cdnh vmh quang cao quy mdt, nhu hoi xua, rdt xa xdm. khi Phdt to tuyin bo dao tir bi. thuang yeu cd moi sinh vdt" (Will Durant, 2003, tr.204-207).
Trong cudn Gandhi - A Life duge xuat ban nam 1969, Krishna Kripalani da khang dinh: "Trong sudt ba thdp ky, ki lir khi ong tham gia vdo cudc ddu tranh chinh tri, ong da dua ddn toe den ngudng eira ciia tu do" (Krishna Kripanali, 1969, p.67). Suy ngim vg giay phut dng nga xuong bdi vien dan eua kg sat nhan Godse, Casey da thot len: ''Khi diiu kinh khiing do xdy ra, luong dnh sdng dgc biet dd rdi khoi An Do" (D6 Thu Ha, 2015, tr.420).
2. Mgt con ngiroi day trach nhiem doi voi gia dinh
Mac dil ban rgn bdn ba vdi ly tudng ddi minh nhung Gandhi luon eo gang hoan thanh bon phan cua mgt ngudi con, ngudi chong, ngudi cha, ngudi em trong gia dinh vdi mdt nigm ygu thuong triu mgn. Vdi cha me, Gandhi la mot ngudi con rat myc hieu thao. Ong cho ring, phim chat nay dugc hinh thanh nhd vd kjch ma dng xem tir tbdi tho Su - Shravana Pitribhakn Nakala, ndi vl ldng higu thao ciia Shravana ddi vdi cha me. Gandhi da dpc nd mot cieh say mg, vdi hinh inh de lai in tugng sau sac, khdng bao gid phai md trong tara h6n dng la liie Shravana cong tren vai cha me mil khi di hanh huong va cinh Shravana khde thim thilt khi cha me mit. Cau be Gandhi khi dd tu nhu: "Day la mat tdm guang md taphdi theo " (M.K. Ganhdi, 1927). Qui that, sau niy, Gandhi da ygu kfnh cha me het long, Cham sdc cha me cin than, chu dio. Luc vira tan hoc, cau thudng chay mdt mach vg nha va cham soc cha; xin nghi hoc thg thao d trudng dl cd mat d nha mdi bu6i chigu vi cha can su co mat cua cau^ Khi cha cua Gandhi dm nang, cau da ciing me cham sdc cha mgt each thudng xuygn ben giuong benh.
Gandhi lam phan su eiia mdt digu dudng vien, bang bd, liy thude cho cha. Mdi dem, cau thumig thoa bdp chan cho cha va chi di ngu khi dng bao di ngu hoac khi dng thigp di. Ciu khdng khi nao xao lang Nghien ciiu An Do va Chiu A. So I - 2020, tr.36-42
Nguyen Thi Mai Lien. Chdn dung mot bdc Thdnhsuqua "Tulruyen Gandhi"
bdn phan dd. Tat ca thdi gian co d u g e sau khi hge bai dgu danh dg cham sdc cha. D o m o n g m u d n co siic khoe de co the ehign t h a n g t h y c dan Anh, g i i n h ddc lap dan tdc, Gandhi da g i i u cha me, theo dudi viec an thit, di n g u g c lai vdi q u y tac an chay cua tdn giao rainh. T u y nhien, Gandhi rat dau khd vi cho rang minh da lira doi cha rae: ' T o / biet rang, niu me toi vd cha toi md tinh cd biit dugc tdi dd tra thdnh mpt ke dn thit. thi hp se rdt kinh hodng Y nghi do cic gdm nhdm trdi tim tdi Bdi the, tdi tu nhu:
Mac dil rdi cdn phdi dn thit. vd rdt cdn phdi md cudc edi cdch vi an uong khdp irong nudc song lira ddi cha me la mot dieu ti han cd su khong an thif ( M a h a t m a Gandhi, 2 0 1 6 , tr.34).
T r o n g ling xir vdi vg, Gandhi da biet v u p t len nhirng luat le va ie thdi thdng t h u d n g ctia mot n g u d i c h d n g An D p - t h u d n g coi minh la Chiia tg eua v g va ngudi v g phai cd bdn phan hau ha chong.
Gandhi t u nhan thay n g u d i v g k h d n g phai la nd le eua chong, rai l i rapt n g u d i ban, mdt ngudi giiip do va chia se n h u n g vui buon eiing minh, mdt ngudi n g a n g h i n g , cd t y d o n g a n g vdi minh dg ehgn con d u d n g rieng. K h d n g nhiing the, Gandhi cdn !a mdt n g u d i c h d n g r i t ygu v g . Gandhi lay Kasturbai khi cdn hpc phd tbdng va theo s u dfnh u d c ciia c h a rae, n h u n g ong da danh c h o v a tinh c i m chan thanh:
''''Tdi phdi thira nhdn rdng tdi yeu ndng say ddm. Ngay cd a truong. toi cUng thudng nghi din ndng. vd y nghTvi luc chieu xuong vd cupc gap gd sau dd cua chiing tdi vdn thudng dm dnh tdi. Tdi thudfiggiir nang rdt khuya de noi chuyen bdng quo'\ Tinh y e u dfch t h y c khien con n g u d i trd nen vi tha, irao di ma khdng can den dap: "Tinh yeu cua toi hodn todn lap trung vdo mdt ngudi ddn bd, vd toi muon tinh yeu dy dugc den ddp. Nhung cho dii khdng cd sir din ddp, day cung khdng thi Id mat mdi bdt hanh khdn ngudi bai vi toi dd co finh yiu dich thuc. dii Id don phuong" ( M a h a t m a Gandhi, 2016, tr.23) Gandhi song vdi v g r i t ft thdi gian, nhung dng ludn co gang day chir cho v g . Chlnh vi dieu nay, tir mot cd be that hpc, cuoi c i m g ba Kasturbai da co the vigt nhirng biic t h u t h o n g t h u d n g va hieu lieng Gurajati don gian.
Doi vdi anh chi em, Gandhi cung cu x u d i y tinh yeu t h u a n g . Khi anh re bi dm nang, ngudi chi cua Gandhi khdng the cham soe ehdng, dng da ddn anh dgn nha minh, n g a y dem cham sdc anh cho dgn khi qua ddi. C h a m sdc n g u d i dm da d i n phat trien thanh mdt dam mg ciia dng. Vdi con cai.
Gandhi g i i o d y e , cham sdc eon b a n g mdt each t h u e rieng khi rat nghigm khac vdi con nhyng ciing ludn tdn trpng suy nghT cua eon. Chfnh Gandhi da t y rainh day hpc cho cac con.
3. Mot nhan each vT dai
Trung t h u c !a mpt diic tinh ndi bat d Gandhi, pham chat nay the hien n g a y tir khi dng cdn la mot c i u be Vdi suy nghT non not cua rapt dira tre, Gandhi cho rang, m u d n cd sire khde c h o n g lai thue dan Anh, gianh ddc lap, thi p h i i an thit, H i n h d o n g nay di n g u g c lai vdi nguygn tac an chay theo tdn giao ciia ong nen m a c dii da len liit giau cha me an thit n h u n g d o k h d n g m u d n day diit l u o n g t i r a vi noi doi cha me nen cau da tir bd viec an ibit. Khi den Anh, cac sinh vien An D p t h u d n g ndi doi vg tinh trang da ket hdn cua minh n h a m m u c dfch ket than vdi c i e cd gai b i n xii n h u n g Gandhi khdng lira n h u va\.
Chfnh su trung t h y c vd ngan khign Gandhi khdng he che g i i u qua trinh d i u tranh kho khan vdi due vpng, de dat d u g c " P h a m h a n h " . D i e u nay da khien ehiing ta cam thay d n g vd cimg g i n gui \ a gian di.
Gandhi la n g u d i ed chf kien dinh, the hien qua viec dng kien quygt sang A n h hpe tap dii bi de doa khai trir ra khdi d a n g c a p , dii mdi 18 tudi, c h u a cd mpt chiit kinh nghiem gi vg viec hgc tap d nuac
Nghign ciiu An Dp va Chau A. Sd 1 - 2020, tr.36-42 40
Nguyen Thj Mai Lien. Chdn dung moi bdc Thdnh su qua "Tu truyen Gandhi"
ngoai va tuong lai. Klii s6ng a Anh, riit nhigu nguoi Idiuyen Gandhi tir bo loi thi an chay dl thich hpp voi Idii hau va cuoc song hpc tap cang thSng nhung ong da kien quyft tir chfii: "Mot lai Ihi vdn Id mgi lai thi. Khong thi nuoi lai duac" (Mahatma Gandhi, 2016, tr.59).
Gandhi cflng Idiien chung ta yeu mSn va cam phuc boi 16i s6ng cjn kiem, chiim chi va liem khijt.
Khi sang Anh hgc luat, ong khong s6ng xa hoa lang phi ma rSt tiet kiem, chi thue mgt can phong trp, an ui5ng rdt kham kh6; hpc rjt nhieu thir tiSng, bao g6m ca Anh, Phap, Latin. Sau nay.'khi dua gia dinh sang Nara Phi, thu nhap ciia mot luat su co thj dem dSn mpt cupc song day du nhung Gandhi van s6ng het siic don gian. Ong va vo tu giat la quin iSo, tu cat tcic de tidt kiem tijn. Mac dii cupc s6ng khong may du da nhung Gandhi da dong gop vio cong quy toan bp so qua va trang sire ban hiru tang khi ong roi Nara Phi tro ve An Dp. So t i k ay dugc ong sir dung cho nhirng hoat dong chung cua cac do.™ thj.
Ong quan niem rSng mpt nguoi lam viec cpng khong nen nhan nhirng mon qua dat gia.
Gandhi ton tho sir vj tha. D9i vcSi ong, sir tir bo la hinh thilc cao ca nhit cua ton giao. Nhimg cau tho: "Nhung ta noi cho nguai biit: dimg cudng lai su dc, md ke ndo ddnh nguai mdphdi, hay chia md Irdi cita ngucii ra nUa. Va niu ai Idy cua nguai chiec do, nguai hay dua luon cho nd chiic ddng hi",
"Nhgn mgi bdt nuac, nguai hay din trd mgt bira cam ngon " (Mahatma Gandhi, 2016, tr.59) dac biet thu hiit Gandhi.
Mac dil la nguai theo Hindu giao, nhung Gandhi van co cai nhin phan bien doi voi phitn Ic^
cac ton giao, bao gom ca ton giao cua gia dinh. Ong nhan ro han chg cua Hindu giao trong cai nhin ky thi phan biet dang cap. Trong Tu Iruyen, ong da bay to quan diem nhu sau: "Nhu vdy, niu tdi khong thira nhdn Thien Chiia gido Id lodn hdo hoac vT dai nhai thi toi ciing chdng tin Hindu gido duac nhu vdy. Nhimg nhuo'c diem ciia Hindu gido dap ngay vdo mdt Idi. Neu ky thi nguai ti lien (untouchability) la mot thdnh phdn ciia Hindu gido Ihi no Id thdnh phdn hit ndi hoac Id mgt cue budu. Toi khong the hieu ly do Idn Igi cita da so phe phdi vd giai cdp xa hgi. The nag lay nghia cita cdu ndi: Kinh Veda Id nhimg lai cdm himg cita Thugng de? Neu chitng duac Iruyen cdm, Ihi tgi sao Kinh Thdnh vd Kinh Qur 'an lgi khdng? Khi cdc nguai hgn Thien Chita gido lim cdch thuyel phuc cai dao, cdc ngudi bgn Hoi gido cUng Idm nhu vay, Abdullah Shelh lien luc khuyen du tdi nghien cuu Hdi gido vd di nhien Id dng ta ludn co thu di noi vi edi dep ciia nd " (Mkgandhi.org). Khi dupc hoi co phai la tin do Hindu giao khong, ong tra Icri: "Bung, toi Id tin do Hindu gido. Toi cUng Id mot lin do Thien Chua gido, mot tin do Islam gido, mdt Phat tir vd mgt tin do Bo Thdi" (Mkgandhi.org). Gandhi tin rang, tinh hpa cua m6i ton giao la chan ly va tinh thuong. Noi each khac, "Chan ly" va "Tinh thuong" chi'nh la ton giap ma Gandhi ton tho, suot diiri tuan thu va hien thyc hoa.
Ket luan
Qua Tu truyen Ggndhi, hinh anh mpt bac Thanh su hien len vira cao ca vira gan giSi, khiem cung.
Khong chi la mot chijn si kien cucmg, diing cara, s8n sang hy sinh diu tranh cho dpc lap dan tpc, binh dang, hanh phuc cho nhirng nguoi bi coi la ha tien, nhan each vi dai, tam h6n rpng miir, Gandhi truoc het con la mpt nguiri con ciia gia dinh binh di, moc mac, chan chiia yen thuong. Nhirng ve dep tucmg nhu tuong phan trong Gandhi ket tinh nhiing tu tucjng tham trSm vT dai ciia van hoa An Dp ngan nam trim tich trong nhirng dng kinh van Veda, Upanishad Ramayana .. cua nhiing tu tuong gia vi dai va
Nghien cim An Dp va Chau A. So 1 - 2020, tr.36-42 '''
Nguyen Thj Mai Lien. Chdn dung mpt bdc Thdnh su qua "Tu iruyen Gandhi"
tri hue, tinh thuong bao la rieng cd cua mdt bac hiin nhin. Tu tudng va tinh cam tien bd eiia dng danh cho con ngudi va van vit vugt len tren mgi gidi han tara thudng vg ky thi tdn giao, mau da, lanh th6, nghg nghiep, dang cip, gidng, loai... de vuon tdi lim voc vu tru va vTnh ciru.
Tai lieu tham khao
I.Will 'Du.i?int{20Q'3),LichsirvanminhAnDd, Nguygn Hien Le dich, Nxb. Hong Dire, Ha Npi.
2.M.K. Ganhdi (1927), "Childhood", An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Truth, https://www.mkgandhi,org/autobio/chap02.htm, ngay truy cap 24/07/2019.
3.Mahatma Gandhi (2016), Tu truyen Gandhi, Nxb. Hong Due - Nhi sach Khai Tam, Ha Ngi. Ni sir Trf Hai djch tir ban tigng Anh An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Trust.
Nxb.Navajivan, Ahmedabad - 14, Mahadev Desai dich tir nguygn tie tigng Gurajati cua M.K Gandhi.
4.Do Thu Hi (2015), Gido trinh vdn hoc An Dp, Nxb. Dai hpe Quoc gia, HaNpi.
5.Dr. Anupma Kaushik, Gandhi on theory and practice of Islam,
https://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/gandhi-on-theory-and-practice-of-islam.html, ngiy truy cap 23/07/2019.
6.Krishna Kripanali (1969), Gandhi-A Life, Orient Longmans, New Delhi.
7.Luang Duy Thir (chii bien) (1996), Gido trinh van hpc phucmg Ddng,'Hxh. Giao due, HaNpi,
Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A, So I - 2020, tr.36-42