KHOA HOC. C 6 N G N G H § - CHUYEN GIAO
AN TOAN HOA CHAT TAI CAC Ca Sa XlT LY
CHAT THAI NGUY HAI TREN DjA BAN TP. HO CHI MINH
m m
ThS. MAI THI THU THAO
Phan vien BHLD tai TP. Ho Chi Minh
Tom tat
Chat thai nguy hai phat sinh tU hoat ddng san xuat cdng nghiep dd va dang tae ddng xau den mdi trudng va sUe khde con ngudi. Dich vu thu gom. van chuyen va xir ly chat thai nguy hai id rat can thiet va dang phdt trien manh tren dia ban thdnh pho Hd Chi Minh vd eac tinh lan can. Dua tren khao sdt cdc ddi tugng ehu ngudn thai, ehu van chuyen va chii xir ly, de tdi da md ta dugc hoat ddng cua cac dich vu nay tren dia ban thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh. De tdi nghien cUu xae dmh cdc yeu td nguy hiem ed hai cua nganh nghe. Hien trang cdng tae AT-VSLD cdn tdn tai rat nhieu van de can giai quyet Ve van deATLD, NLD phai doi dien vdi nguy ea ngd ddc eac loai hda chat ddc cd trong chat thai nguy hai la chii yeu ben canh nguy ea chdy no rat cao. Ve van de VSLD, khao sat MTLD cho thay su phai nhidm bui vd hai khi ddc rat can duge quan tam. NLD vd NSDLD van chua that su cd y thUc cao ve cdc van de AT-VSLD. Cdc giai phdp ve quan ly va ky thuat dugc de xuat thuc hien. Nhdm tdc gia da bien soan hodn thien hai tai lieu hudng dan thuc hien cdng tdc AT-VSLD dp dung cho cdc casa. Ket qua nghien cUu eiia de tai id casdde chuan hda md hinh thuc hien cdng tdc AT-VSLD eho ede ca sd thu gom, van chuyen va xir ly chat thai nguy hai.
ABSTRACT
Hazardous waste generated from industrial activity has impacts on the environment and human health. Services of coiiecting, transporting and handling hazardous waste are necessary and are thriving on the city of Ho Chi Minh City and neighboring provinces. Based on a survey of collecting, transporting and handling hazardous waste businesses, topics are described the operation of these services in area of Ho Chi Minh City Research to identify risk factors can occur Current status of occupational health and safety exist many problems to be solved. Regarding occupational safety workers face the risk of poisoning with toxic chemicals in hazardous wastes is largely beside the fire risk is very high. On the issue of occupational health, working environment survey showed that exposure to toxic dust and poison gas should be very interested. V\/orkers and the employers still do not really have a high sense of issues of occupational health and safety Management solutions and technical implementation are proposed. Authors have compiled two guidebooks of implementation of occupational safety and health. Results of the research are a basis for standardizing the implemen- tation model of occupational safety and health for coiiecting, transporting and handling hazardous waste businesses.
I. DAT VAN DE
Viet Nam dang tren dudng edng nghiep hda va hien dai hda dat nudc. Cac ngdnh cdng nghiep tuy ed nhUng ddng gdp dang ke cho su phit then nen kinh td qude ddn nhung cung cd the gay anh hudng nghiem trpng den mdi trudng, he sinh thii, sire khoe eiia NLO vd ea eua ngudi dan sd'ng xung quanh cic khu cdng nghiep, cic ed sd sin xuat (CSSX) mot khi vide quan ly chat thai nguy hai (CTNH) khdng dupc quan tdm diing mire. Theo Quye't dinh sd 23/
2006/QD-BTNMT va QCVN 07:2009/BTNMT Quy chua'n
Qude gia ve ngudng CTNH, Chi't thai nguy hai la chat thii cd chira cic chit hoac hpp chit mang mdt trong ede dac tinh gdy nguy hai true tid'p (de chiy, de nd, lam ngd ddc, de an mdn, de Idy nhiem, vd cic dac tinh nguy hai khic) hoac tuong tie vdi cic chat khic gdy nguy hai tdi mdi trudng vd sure khde con ngudi.
De tai "Nghien cuV hien trang an toan ve sinh lao dgng trong nganh thu gom, van chuyen va xif ly CTNH tai TP. Ho Chi Minh va de xuat giai phap cai thien" khdng ehi cd y nghTa ridng eho cic co sd trong
2/2012 BAO HO LAO DONG 17
KHOA HOC C 6 N C N G H $ . CHUYEN GIAO
nganh thu gom, van chuydn vd xir ly CTNH md cdn cd y nghTa kinh te xa hdi va mdi trudng. Nd'u cic hoat ddng trong ITnh vue niy khdng dim bao AT-VSLD se gdy ndn hau qua khd ludng vd mat mdi trudng cung nhu kinh td - xa hpi. De tai la cP sd khoa hpe dd ehiing tdi nhin nhin vd hieu rd thuc trang an toan hda chi't tai cic cd sd xir ly CTNH.
II. DOI TirONG VA PHiraNG PHAP NGHIEN ClJfU - Phuong phip dieu tra khio sit;
- Cac phudng phap thd'ng kd va xir ly sd lidu;
- Phan tich mdu mdi trudng va mau chi't thai;
Xdy dung cdc giai phdp cai thidn.
III. KET QUA NGHIEN Clhl
1. Cd che chuyen hda v i tic ddng cua cic CTNH den sifc khde NLD
Su di chuyen eua ede ddc chi't trong cd thd phu thude vdo cic tie nhan anh hudng dd'n su dinh vi sinh hpe eiia ddc chat trong cdthe, nd lien quan den mdt sdtinh chit nhu ed hat, dieu kien tidp xuc, trang thii sUc khde eiia CO the. Ode chat di tir vi tri tidp xuc vao mdu, tir dd di chuyen khap CO the. Trong mau, ddc chat ed the d dang tu do hoac lien kdt vdi cic protein (thudng Id albumin). Tidp theo ddc chat vao cac md, d dd chiing ed the bi chuyen hda (trong gan), tich luy (trong md), bai tidt (trong than). Cd rat nhieu loai anh hudng cua ddc chit sau khi cd su tUdng tic giua dpc chit va cPthe. Cic anh hudng cd the don gian nhu su viem hoac hoai tir, cOng ed the la rat nghidm trpng nhu gay dot bidn, khuydt tat hay ung thu. Cic inh hudng cd the nhin thi'y ngay hoac sau mdt thdi gian; ed the todn thdn hay ehi khu tm tai mdt bd phin.
Kha nang gdy tdn thuong vd anh hudng xau eiia mdt hda chat len cothe ngudi dupe xde dinh theo; lupng hda chi't tae dpng hay hap thu; dudng xdm nhap eiia dpc chat vdo cothe (hd hap, an udng, qua da hay vet thuang hd);
khoang thdi gian bi tie ddng (1 lan hay nhieu lan lap lai);
thdi gian can thid't de gdy tdn thuong; ban chd't eiia tae dpng vd cae dieu kidn lien quan khic.
Chi't nguy hai trong CTNH tdn tai trong di't, nudc, khdng khi, thuc phd'm, nudc udng trudc khi xdm nhdp vdo CO the eon ngudi qua cic con dudng xdm nhdp: hd hap, da, mat, nidm mac, he tidu hod.
Cic tie ddng ehinh eiia ddc chi't len eo the ngudi dupc phdn chia thdnh cic nhdm nhu sau: an mdn, kfch thfeh di irng, gay ngat, gdy md, gdy ddc todn thdn, cac chat ddc tic dpng Idn he thdng gen, gay ung thu.
2. Quy trinh cong n^he xuf ly CTNH hien co tai TPHCIVI
- Cdng nghe xir ly hda ly: trfeh ly; chung cat; kd't tiia;
Oxy hda - khir.
Phuong phip thidu ddt: sir dung cic Id ddt ehuygn dung dd xir ly CTNH cung nhu CTR, sir dung Id nung xi ming de xir ly CTNH cung nhu chi't thai ran.
- Phuong phip chdn lap: chdn lap an todn vd hop ve sinh CTNH; ed dinh vd hda ran CTNH tmdc khi chdn lap an toan.
3. Ket qua phan tich mau CTNH
Cae CTNH ed gid tri dd a'm thap Id cic dang bdt ran, cdn cic dung dich axit hoac kidm cd ham lupng nudc Idn ddn 95%. Trung binh ham lupng nude trong cic mau CTNH Id 36,25%.
Nhidt dd chdp chiy dudi BCC bieu hidn CTNH co tinh nguy hiem chiy nd cao, ddc bidt khi nhidt dp chdp chdy nhd hdn 35°C, trong sd 20 mau CTNH ed tinh chat nguy hiem chay nd ed nhiet dd chdp chiy trung binh 30,78%, dieu dd ehUng td da sd cic loai CTNH dupc xirly bing phupng phip thidu ddt ed tfnh chay nd cao. Cac co sd xir ly CTNH bang phuong phdp nhidt ed nguy eo chay nd cao. Cdc mau CTNH cd didm chdp chdy thi'p la hoa chi't thai, thudc BVTV, keo vd mue in.
pH eiia mdu CTNH phin ndo bieu thi tfnh an mon eiia CTNH, Khi xde dinh pH ciia 22 mau, gii tri pH tmng binh la 4,82, chi/ng td da sd miu CTNH cd tfnh axft. Dang CTNH ed pH thap chii ydu Id hda chat thai.
Kd't qua ddnh gii CTNH theo QCVN 07:2009 cho thay sd mdu vupt ngudng ve nhidt dp chdp chiy chiem da sd. Od Id cac mau dau nhdt thai, can son diu... khi xirly bang phuong phip nhidt thieu dd't rat hidu qui vi co the tin dung dupc nhidt lupng ti/ CTNH. 2 mau (9%) CTNH vupt ngudng ve pH Id cae miu axit.
Kd't qua phdn tfch kim loai nang (KLN) dupc dinh gia qua kdt qua tmng binh vd so sinh vdi ngudng CTNH theo QCVN 07: 2009. Mdt sd mau khdng phit hidn KLN trong khi mdt sd CTNH dupc phan tich c6 thdnh phan KLN l§n
Ty 1$ CTNH vuijl ngudng
50 00 40 00 34 25
41.67
s- 30 00
"K" 20.00 10.00
19,18 6.85 5.48
i i
5,48
Hg TI As Pb Sb Cr Zn a Ty l# CTNH vuvt 34,25 6.85 5,48 19,18 41.67 5,48
ngudng
Cac chi ti6u (J^nh gid
Bleu do 1: Kit qua phan tich thanh phan KLN trong CTNH
~ I Tap chi
NI n a n H O X.AO noiwr; Q/Q01Q . /
KHOA HQC. C 6 N G NGHg - CHUYEN GIAO
ddn hdng chuc ngdn ppm. Dinh gia kdt qua trung binh cho kdt qua Id da sd mau cd hdm lupng thiiy ngan vd Crom vupt ngudng QCVN 07:2009.
Gii tri hdm lupng thuy ngdn cao nhd't vupt ngudng den hdn 20 lan vd hdm lupng Crdm vupt ngudng gan 500 lan. Ddi vdi Asen gii tri vupt ngudng tren 10 lin, Chi vupt ngudng hdn 30 lan, Antimon vupt hon 4 lan vd kem vupt la hPn 5 lan. Ty Id CTNH nhidm Crdm vupt ngudng Id cao nhat (41,67%), ke dd'n Id Thiiy ngdn (34,25%). Cic CTNH nhiem thuy ngdn chii yd'u la hda chi't, bun thai va da thai.
Cic mau CTNH nhiem Crdm Id biin thai, bui tro va mue in.
Cic mdu deu dat tidu chuan ve Tali va hau het mau dat ve ehi, kem vd Asen. Cic mau ed hdm lupng Antimon cao la mau nudc thii, bdt mdi, bui tro vd biin thai.
4. ThUc trang an toan hda chit
4.1. Phan loai, dan nhan va quan ly CTNH Hau hdt cic co sd deu khdng thuc hidn vide phan loai vd dan nhan CTNH theo TCVN 6707:2009.
Hien trang quan ly kho luu tru CTNH ehua dat yeu eau ve phdng ehdng chiy nd, phdn loai khu vue, khdng ngan nap, bao bi khdng dat yeu eau.
- Mot sd eo sd chua td ehirc mat bang lam vide hop ly, ehua phdn bidt eac khu vue: phdn loai, xir ly so bp, eac khu vuc xir ly vdi edng nghd khde nhau.
4.2. Cac nguy ca do CTNH gay ra Tidp xiic hda chat - Chdy nd
- Ngat do thid'u Oxy - Tran dd vd rd ri chat thai - Chat thai phan irng bat ngd.
5. He thd'ng cic giai phip ve ky thuit
Nghien ci/u da de xua't cic nhdm giai phip ve KTAT hda chd't nhu sau:
Giai phdp cai thien MTLO;
- Cic giai phip giam ndng;
- C ic giai phip giam dn;
-Cic giai phip giam miii;
Giai phip han chd tid'p xuc vdi CTNH;
Khir nhiem: khir nhiem PTBVCN, phudng tien lao dpng, NLO;
Trang bi PTBVCN cho NLO thu gom van chuyen CTNH.
6. He thdng cac giai phap ve cham soc site khoe NLO Lam vide vdi CTNH ehua dupe xde dinh Id nghe nang nhpe, ddc hai theo quy dinh ciia phip luat BHLO, ndn chiing tdi cd de xua't mdt sd giai phap nham bao ve sire khde NLD nhu sau:
- Chd dp bdi dudng ddc hai: vide td chirc bdi dudng bang hidn vat phai thuc hidn trong ea lam vide, dam bao thuin tien vd vd sinh; khdng dupe tra bang tien; khdng dupe dua vdo don gia tien luong.
Gid gii'c Idm vide, nghi ngdi: ndng dp hdi khf ddc
trong MTLV tai cic eo sd deu nam trong tieu chuan eho phep, tuy nhien ehi tieu cam quan vd mui hdi va bui d mire ra't khd chiu, gdy cam gidc met mdi, nang ne eho NLD nen can ed ehd dd nghf ngdi hpp ly.
Td chirc khim si/c khoe: khim tuyen, khim dinh ky va khim chuyen khoa lidn quan dd'n anh hudng cua hda chi't nguy hai den sire khde.
- Cham sdc sire khoe: can ed phuong tien va dung eu y td so cap ciru va cham sdc cic tai nan do hda chat nhu phdng, ngp doe, ngat, ngUng tim phdi
7. Cdng tic tuyen truyen hua'n luyen AT-VSLD Mue tieu eua chuong thnh hua'n luyen la: nang cao nhin thire ve eac mi ro trong edng vide; cung cap kien thire vd ky nang can thid't de thuc hien edng vide vdi dp riii ro la thi'p nhd't, dim bao an toan vd si/e khde; ndng cao nhdn thUe ve hieu qui eiia cic thidt bi BHLO; dam bao edng nhan ed the trinh hoac dupe bao vd an todn khi xay ra su ed.
Ddi vdi NLD, mot sd npi dung de nghi dua vdo chuong trinh hud'n luyen gdm:
+ Quyen vd nghTa vu eiia NLO;
+ Khdi niem, tinh chat vd thdnh phan CTNH;
+ Anh hudng eiia CTNH dd'n sire khde vd mdi tn/dng;
+ Quy djnh sir dung phuang tien van chuyen npi bp;
+ An toan trong sir dung thid't bi;
+ Cae tinh hudng khan cap va giai phap thoat hiem;
+ Sir dung, bao quan va hieu rd nhung han chd eiia PTBVCN;
+ Thue hanh so cap ciru vd xir ly su ed tran dd CTNH.
Ngodi ra, edn ed the bd sung them ede npi dung khae ddi vdi nhUng loai chi't thai dae biet nguy hiem (chiy, nd) nhu: sir dung thidt bj kiem soit chay nd; an todn phdng chiy vd chiira chay; sir dung an todn cae thid't bi dae biet.
- Odi vdi cap lanh dao hoac quan ly ve AT-VSLD tai ed sd, ede npi dung hua'n luydn gdm:
+ Quyen vd nghTa vu eiia NSDLO:
+ He thdng cae van bin phip luit lien quan den BHLO vd nganh xir ly CTNH;
+ Td chQc thue hidn edng tie AT-VSLD tai eo sd;
+ Xdy dung kd hpach AT-VSLO;
+ Kiem tra, kiem sodt cdng tdc AT-VSLD tai eo sd;
+ Quan ly an todn chat thii nguy hai.
8. Quy trinh xif ly sir cd
- Cic nguyen nhdn gdy ra cic su ed kha'n cap tai cic eosd xirly CTNH cdthe Id:
+ Cae nguydn nhdn lien quan dd'n NLD: nhti-ng tai nan thdng thudng, PTBVCN bi hu hdng, chan thUdng ed the, tai nan didn;
+ Cic nguyen nhdn lidn quan dd'n CTNH: hoa hoan;
(Xem tiep trang 25)
2/2012
T^p chi B A O H O L A O D O N G19
KHOA HQC, CONG NGH§ - CHUYEN GIAO
T nhu sau:
T„, =T,+
(24)
Trong dd T^, Id nhiet dp khdi phdt (K), Cp Id nhidt dung eiia miu (J/mol^K) vd H, id nhiet phan irng''(kJ/mol).
Cdc gid tri md'i nguy hidm phan Ung cho 37 md'i nguy hiem phan Ung dupc tinh vd d i n ra trong Bang 2. Chi sd md'i nguy hiem phan irng ed g i i thi thap (RHK4) Ung vdi khi ning phan Ung thap tUdng dd'i vd gid tri RHI cao (RHI>6) irng vdi kha nang phan Ung cao. Ta sap xep chf sd md'i nguy hiem phan Ung RHI nhu sau:
1 cho RHI < 4 2 e h o 4 < R H I < 5 3 cho 5 < RHI < 6 4 cho RHI > 6
Dua trdn hai phuang phdp xdp loai TRI vd RHI cdc xdp loai chung nhu thap, trung binh vd cao dupc dua ra trong Bang 2 cd the thi'y cdc phUdng phdp TRI vd RHI Id nhd't qudn vdi nhau vd ed ich trong vide ddnh g i i riii ro nhidt so bd ciia cac mdi nguy hiem phin irng. Tuy nhien cin nhin manh rang c i c phuong phip RHI vd TRI chf dua ra su phdn loai tdng quit, can tidn hdnh ede thue nghidm de ed dupc thdng tin chfnh xde hdn vd kha nang phan irng ciia cic hda chat.
III. THAO LUAN
Mdi nguy hiem phan i/ng nhiet ed the dupe ude lupng thdng qua su trp giup eiia phep phdn tfch nhidt theo cic md hinh tuong irng. Bdi vidt cho thd'y tren co sd md hinh ddng hpe trong cae didu kidn doan nhidt ddi vdi phin i/ng bic nhi't dupe phit then da dua hai tuPng quan dPn gian lidn quan ddn nhiet dp khdi phat, thdi gian doan nhidt tdi tdc dp tdi da vd nang lupng hoat hda. Cac tUdng quan ndy lidn he vdi cdc dac tmng chii yd'u ciia cae phep thir phan irng phdn hiiy ed dp chfnh xde cd the chap nhin dupc. Ndu bidt dupe hoac cd the ude lupng dupc nang lupng hoat hda thi nhidt dp khdi phdt vd thdi gian doan nhidt tdi td'e dp tdi da ed the ude lupng dupc. Ca nhidt phin irng lan thdi gian doan nhidt tdi tdc dp tdi da sau dd cd the dupc sir dung de ddnh g i i mdi nguy hiem phan irng tiem a'n. De dai didn eho mi ro nhidt ciia hda chat, ngudi ta da dua ra chf sd mi ro nhidt TRI trdn ed sd eac gid tri eiia dp nghidm trpng vd x i c sua't tUPng ddi theo DTBP Chf sd mdi nguy hiem phan irng RHI cung dupc tfnh toan dua tren nang lupng hoat hda vd nhidt dp doan nhiet tdi da. Cic kdt qua sap xdp eudi cung eua hai phuong phip ndy Id nhi't quin vdi nhau. Phdn tfch trinh bdy trdn ddy cd kha nang irng dung trong an toan cdng nghd, phdng ngi/a thidt hai va d i p Ung khi'n cap vdi c i c md'i nguy hiem nhay nhidt.
Tai lieu tham kh^o
1. Bernard Martel, Keith Cassidy Chemical risk analysis: A practical handbook, Penton Press 2000.
2. Grewer T. Thermal hazards of chemical reactions.
AmsterdamBsevier Science; 1994.
3. Keller A, Stark D, Fierz H, Heinzle E, Hungerbuhler K Estimation of the time to maximum rate using dynamic DSC ex- periments. J Loss Prev Process Ind. 1997;10:31-41.
4. SarafSR, Rogers WJ, Mannan MS. Application of transi- tion state theory for thermal stability prediction. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2003;42:1341-6.
5. Stoessel F. What is your thermal risk. Chem Eng Prog.
1993;d9:68-75.
6. Stoessel F. Thermal Safety of Chemical Processes, 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.U
AN TOAN HOA CHAT...
(Tiep theo trang 19) no; rd rf chat ddc; rd h hdi ddc chat; su phan irng eiia cae hda chi't ky nhau; rdi dd thiing chira; phit hidn ra chi't phdng xa.Vi vay vide xdy dung kd hoach xir ly su cd khi'n ci'p Id rat can thid't vdi cae ndi dung cd ban lien quan ddn NLD;
khu vue Idm vide: ban dd khu vue; an ninh vd kiem sodt; noi linh nan; Id trinh sd tan; khir nhidm; van de y td/ sd cap ciru;
trang thidt bi; quy trinh xis ly su c d ; luu tri? hd sd, bdo cdo.
IV. KET LUAN
Tae ddng ciia CTNH phat sinh ti/ hoat dpng sin xud't cdng nghiep dd'n sire khde vd mdi tmdng da dupe khang dinh. Theo nhu ddnh gid ciia ehiing tdi thi chfnh ydu td miii vd hdi khf ddc da anh hudng nhidu nhd't dd'n cam giae khd chiu vd met mdi eiia NLD trong khi lam vide. Hau hd't cac eo sd thuc hidn vide cap phdt PTBVCN theo ydu cau. NLD ft thudng xuydn si/ dung PTBVCN. Da sd cac cd sd ehua thue hien tdt edng tie huan luyen AT-VSLO, ndi dung huan luyen chua phii hpp. An todn hda chat tai cac cd sd xir ly CTNH Id van de rat cin dupe quan tdm thue hien thudng xuydn.
Tai lieu tliam khao
1. Hoang Van Binh, Doc chat hoc cong nghiep va du phdng nhiem doc - Nha xuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat (2005).
2. Do Ham, Ve sinh iao dong va benh nghe nghiep, NXB LD- XH, 2007
3. Le Hong Tran, Ddnh gid riii ro sire khoe va danh gid rui ro sinh thdi, NXB Khoa hoc va ky thuat, 2008.
4. Le Van Trinh, Bao ve va lam sach mdi trudng trong cong tac Bao ho lao ddng, NXB Lao ddng, 2000
5. QCVN 07:2009/BTNMT Quy chuan qudc gia vengudngCTNH 6. NIOSH/OSHA/USCG/EPA, Occupational Safety and Heatlth Guidance Manual for hazardous waste site activities. Q
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