W N H I N R A T H E G I O I
Chau A vdi cuoc chien chong 6 nhiem khong khi
6 nhiim khdng khi(ONKK) dang Id vdn de
"thdm hpa" cua nhdn loai khi mdi ndm cd hdng trieu ngUdi chet vi nguyin nhdn ndy.
Theo To chdc YteThegidi (WHO), trong ndm 2012, sdngUdi tdvong do ONKKlin den 7 trieu ngUdi. Trung binh cd8 trUdng hap tdvong thi cd 1 trUdng hap lien quan din ONKK. Nan nhdn cua ONKKphdn Idn d
chdu A vd Tdy Thdi Binh DUOng.
A ONKK vd khoi bui ddy dgc d nhieu TP cua Trung Quoc dad mdc bdo dongTHU'C TRANG O NHIEM MOi T R l J d N G KHONG KHI d C H A U A
Ci chiu A, qui trinh do thi hda nhanh ehdng, cung vdi sfl phit triin eie khu cdng nghiep va he thong giao thdng van tai, trong khi quy hoach dd thj thilu kiem soit da dan den tinh trang d nhilm mdi trUdng khdng khi nghiem trpng, de dpa din sflc khde vi chit Ifldng cupc song eua ngfldi din. Ngudn khi thii dpc hai vdi nong dp eac chit trong khong khi nhfl SO,, benzen; NO^; CO; cac hat bui P M ' I O ; PM 2.5 kha eao tai nhieu thinh pho chau A Iam cho hing trieu ngfldi mac cac benh hd hap, hen, phdi, benh ve mat, di dng ve da vi thim ehi la ung thfl. Ddi tflong bi inh hfldng nang nhat cua ONKK la trl em va phu nfl. Ty le cic trfldng hop tfl vdng cd Uen quan den ONKK dupe dfla ra trong bao eao cua WHO nhu sau: 40% - binh tim;
40% - dot quy; 11% - benh phoi; 6%
- ung thu phoi; 3% - nhiim khuan hd hap dudi cap tinh d tre em.
Theo nghien cflu cua Viin Hin lam Khoa hoc My, ONKK d chiu A thim ehi cdn giy ra nhflng anh hfldng trflc tiep den md hinh bao Thii Binh DflOng vi cd the la nguyln nhin dan den tinh trang thdi tiet bat thfldng tai khu vfle Tay Thii Binh DUdng.
Tai Trung Quoc, thdi gian qua, ONKK d nhilu TP ldn cfla dat nflde da d mflc bio ddng, tic ddng ldn den ddi song va sflc khde ngfldi din.
Theo Bio eao cfla Dai sfl quan My tai Bac Kinh, mat dp h^t bui PM2.5 trong 6 nam tfl 2008 - 2013 tai TR Bac Kinh deu tren 100 mg/m*, gip 3 lin tilu chuan an toin cua WHO Ii 25 mg/m*. Tmh trang ONKK d cic TP eua Trung Qudc ehu yeu bat ngudn tfl boat dpng cua cie nha may dien chay bing than di, cflng vdi Ifldng Idn khi thii tfl xe miy, d td Iflu thdng tren cie dfldng phd.
CUOC CHIEN CHONG 6 NHIEM K H O N G KHI
Trung Quoc
Tinh trang d nhiem mdi trfldng ndi chung vi ONKK ndi rieng tai Trung Quoc trong thdi gian qua la hau qui eua hang thip ky chi lo phit tril'n kinh te ma khdng quan tim den BVMT. Vi thi, trfldc van nan ONKK nghilm trpng tai cic TP ldn, Chinh phu Trung Qudc budc phii khan trfldng tim cae bien phip de giim thilu d nhiem, dim bio an toin cho sflc khde ngfldi din. Cu the, Trung Qudc di tien hanh sfla doi Luit BVMT 1989 va dfl kiln se dflpc thong qua trong thdi gian tdi, trong dd giam tiiieu ONKK dfldc xem li mot ndi dung quan trong cfla bd luat. Luat
BVMT sifa doi se tang thim quyln han cho Cd quan BVMT Trung Qudc de xfl ly manh tay hdn doi vdi cac doanh nghiep, cdng ty cdi^ nghi^
phat thii qua mflc ra mdi trUfli^...
Trfldc day, Cd quan BVMT chi cd thi xfl phat hinh chinh doanh nghiep v\
xi thai trii phep thi biy gid, hp dfltfc phep ddng cfla nhflng doanh nghiep khdng tuan thu cac quy dinh ve ^am khi thai tai nha may. Them nfla, hinh phat dfldc quy dinh nghiem khac hdn, eu the, nlu doanh nghiip co tinh tilp tue gay d nhiim mdi trfldng ho se phii tra mot khoan phi phatg^
nhilu lan so vdi phi phat ban dSn, tham chi la bi xfl phat hmh sfl doi vdi nhflng ei nhan, doanh nghiip co tinh vi pham, khdng tuan thfl he thong giam sit d nhilm.
Ngoai ra, trong thing 9/2013, Chinh phu Trung Quoc da ban hinh Ke hoach hinh ddng quoc gia vi phdng chdng vi kiem soat ONKK (Kl hoach hanh dong), tip trungvao viec kiim soat d nhiem tai 3 viii^
trpng dilm li khu vfle Bac Kinh - Thien Tan - Ha Bac, sdng DMOt Tfl vi Ddng bang sdng Chau Giang.
Muc tilu cfla Kl hoach ia cai thi^
chat Iflpfng khdng khi va giim nSng dp eac chat d nhicm d 3 khu vfle tren vi nhan rpng trln toin qudc trong thdi gian tfl nay din nam 2017. Theo Kl hoach, phii giam it nhat 10%
5siMdltnldnKs67/2oi4
NHIN RA THE GIOI
^
nong d p P M 10 t r u n g b i n h h i n g nam trong c i c n g i n h cdng n g h i i p . Tai 3 vimg trpng diem, n o n g d p P M 2.5 t r u n g b i n h h a n g n a m p h i i g i i m tfldng flng l i 2 5 % , 20%, 15%. R i l n g doi vdi Bac Kinh, n o n g d o t r u n g binh h a n g n a m P M 2.5 p h i i x u d n g mflc 60 mg/m^.
K l hoach d l ra c i c m u e t i l u cu t h i sau:
Kiem sodt viec tieu thu than: D e n nam 2017, ty 1| than trong tong t i l u tiiu nang Iflpng tai Trung Q u d c se
^ i m xuong cdn 65%, trong khi ty 11 tilu thu n i n g Iflpng t i i tao se t i n g I l n 13%. Ba vung trpng diem phai nd Iflc de dat dflpc chi t i l u dat ra ve lUdng than d i tilu thu moi n i m , dong thdi, thay t h i than d i b i n g khi d o t sinh h o e eho noi hdi dot than. Id cdng nghiep v i c i e n h i may dien ddt than,
Logi bo ddn cdc logi xe gdy 6 nhiim ndng. Nam 2015, tat e i e i e xe d a n nhan mau v i n g (loai nhan de n h i n bilt xe khdng d i p flng t i l u chuan ve khi thai) d i n g ky trfldc khi h i t n a m 2005 se dflpc loai bd tai 3 vung trpng dilm. D i n nam 2017, tat c i c i c xe nhan ving se dflpc loai bd t r l n t o i n qudc; tflng bfldc thay t h i xang va dau diesel b i n g c i c loai nhien Ueu sach nhfl xang sinh hpc. Vice g i i m thieu ndng dp PM 2.5 v i PM 10 se dfldc xem l i mue tilu bat budc trong c i c muc tilu p h i t triin kinh te - xa hpi ddi vdi cae dja phfldng v i la m p t tieu chi danh gia nang Iflc q u i n ly cfla lanh dao dja phfldng.
B i n canh cac b i l n p h i p C h i n h phii Trung Q u o c de ra de cai thien c h i t Iflpng mdi trfldng k h d n g khi t h i n h i l u T P eung cd nhflng c h i n h sich kiem soat ONKK k h i hieu qua nhfl:
Bac Kinh da ban h i n h K l hoach h i n h d p n g ve k h d n g k h i sach (2013 -2 017), trong dd t i p t r u n g v i o viec g i i m Ifldng khi thai tfl giao t h d n g van tai; hay h a n che xe tfl n h a n Iflu t h d n g v i lap dat he t h d n g b a o dpng tinh trang O N K K theo 4 c i p : m a u xanh, vang, cam v i d o . . . ; H i Bac thflc hien D l an Chfldng t r i n h h i n h d d n g ve p h d n g chdng v i kiem s o i t O N K K .
P h i l i p i n
C u n g nhfl Trung Qudc, PhiUpin cung p h i i doi mat vdi nhflng t h i c h thflc tfl d nhiem mdi trfldng khdng khi tai c i c TP idn, trong do cd Thu dd Manila. Nguyln nhan ehu yeu cua tinh trang ONKK tai PhUipin l i do khi thai, klidi bui tfl e i c phfldng tien giao thong; chilm 80% nguon thii g i y ONKK. Cudc sdng cua h i n g trieu ngUdi d i n Philipin bj anh hfldng bdi ONKK. De cii thien chat Iflpng mdi trfldng khdng khi, C h i n h phu PhiUpin cung dfla ra nhilu giii p h i p nhfl ban h i n h Luat Khdng khi sach vao n a m 1999; ap dung cac chfldng trinh thay till cie loai xc cd ddng eo b i n g cae loai xe khdng cd ddng eO, xe sfl dung nhien Ueu sach. Trong dd, vile ban h i n h Luit Khdng khi sach dfldc xem l i giii p h i p tflPng doi h d u hieu de h a n che sfl gia tang ONKK d PhiUpin.
Dao Luat nay t i p trung chu y l u v i o cdng t i e phdng chong 6 n h i l m chfl khdng p h i i k i i m soit d n h i l m nhfl bp luit eua cac nflde thdng qua vile k h u y i n khich h p p t i c v i k l u gpi sfl tfl nguyln tham gia BVMT cua cac cdng d i n va cac nganh cdng nghiip.
D d n g thdi, Luit cung t h u c thi m d t he thdng t r i c h n h i l m giii t r i n h ddi vdi Chinh p h u v l eac t i c ddng xau den mdi trfldng, thuc day viec t u i n thu nghiem minh c i e quy djnh mdi trfldng. Luit nhan m a n h d i n vile can thilt phai t i n g cfldng quan he ddi t i c v i phdi h p p h i n h ddng phdng chdng ONKK gifla c i e cd quan q u i n ly, chinh quyen dia phfldng, c i c doanh nghiep, hiep hpi trong linh vfle giao thdng van tai va edng nghiep, cac td chflc xa hdi d i n sfl.
B i n canh dd, de ban che ONKK tfl xe cd ddng ca, D a o l u i t Khdng khi sach yeu cau c i c xe phai dfldc kiem tra khdi t h i i trfldc khi gia ban d i n g ky. Van p h d n g Giao t h d n g v i n tai Philipin, c i e t r u n g t i m kiem tra xe Cd gidi, trung tam thfl n g h i l m khi thai tfl n h i n d i d u p e t h i n h l i p d khap dat nflde de c u n g cap dich vu thfl nghiem khi t h i i doi vdi e i c phfldng ticn giao t h d n g cdng cdng v i xe d td e i n h a n . N g o i i ra, C h i n h phu cdn p h i t dpng n h i e u chfldng t r i n h nhfl: Phdng chdng ONKK do khi thai xc cd; Sfl dung LGU ( m p t loai gas) n h u m d t loai nhien li?u thay the cho xang, sfl dung xe dien, xe 3 b i n h chay bang pin, chay bang khi nen t h i l n n h i l n C N G ; ChUdng trinh quan ly ddi xe sach...
N h d nhflng giai p h a p dd, tinh trang ONKK tai Philipin da d u o c eai t h i l n rat nhicu, mdi trfldng tai e i e TP n g i y cang trd nen Xanh Sach - Dep h o n vi cupc song ngfldi d J n dfloc an loan bdn
M U ( > N ( . T K , \ N (Ilicoi \l \-uil A Xe 3 bdnh chgy bdng dien thay the cho xe bo hdnh chay In'mg umg tai Philipm
S6 7/2014 MoltrtidDg 59
