- NHUNG VAN DE C A N SUA DOI, BO SUNG TRONG GIAI DOAN HIEN NAV
if
Bui Xudn Diic Biii Tien Dat**
vu cua cdng dan phu thugc vao ban chat cua moi ehd dp Nha nudc. tinh cdng dan, nang luc phap luat. nang luc hanh yi. gidi tinh, nghd nghiep va didu kien sinh sdng. lam viec cu thd ciia lirng ca nhan, ciing nhu kha nang thue td ma Nha nudc cd the dam bao thirc hien cac quyen dd.
Trong sd cac quyen \a nghTa vu cau thanh dia vi phap ly ciia ea nhan (cdng dan) tren day cd mdt bg phan cac quyen \ a nghTa vu the hien quan he nen tang, rudng cdt giira Nha nudc \a cdng dan, gan lien vdi viec to chirc va thuc hien quyen lire nha nudc. Cac quyen \ a nghTa vu nay (ma trude bet la cac quyen \a lu do) dugc ghi nhan tir ket qua cudc dau tranh gianh dan chii gianh quyen lire nhan dan. Cae ban tuyen ngdn nhan quyen \a dan quyen. tuyen ngdn ddc lap, hien chuang, cuomg ITnh \ a dac biet la hien phap ra ddi la ghi nhan, xa> dung ca che to chirc thirc hien cac qu\ en, tu do dd. Sir xac lap cae qu> en \ a nghTa \ u na\ tao thanh mot ehe dinh quan trgng cua Luat Hien phap che dinh quan he giiia Nha nudc va ca nhan (cdng dan). O nhieu nudc, che dinh nay gpi la qu\en \a nghTa \ii ciia nhan dan (Nhat Ban). qu> en \ a tu do cua con ngudi va cdng dan (Nga). Nhung vdi dac trung dugc ghi nhan trong hien phap, tire dugc dieu chinh bang hien phap, ma hien phap la dao luat ca ban nen cac quyen va nghTa vu nay d nhieu nudc thudng dugc ggi la cac quyin vd nghia vu hiin dinh hay quyin vd nghia vu ca bdn cua cdng ddn. Trong Hien phap Viet Nam hien hanh sir dung each ggi quydn va nghia vu ca ban cua cdng dan. Quydn va nghia vu ca ban ciia cdng dan la nhiimg quydn va 1. Quan he Nha nuoc va ca nhan,
quyen va nghia vu co' ban ciia cdng dan qua cac Hien phap Vict Nam
Quan he giira Nha nudc va ea nhan (trude het la cdng dan ngudi eo mdi lien he true tiep ve mat phap ly vdi Nha nudc) tir xua (til" khi co Nha nudc) den nay ludn la mdi quan he nen lang ma mgi Nha nudc can phai tao lap va dieu ehinh. Tuy nhien, luy thupe vao ban chat eiia minh ma mdi ehe dp Nha nude xac lap mdt mdi quan he khac nhau giira cae ehii the do. Trong che dp nd le va phong kien, quan he giOa Nha nude va dan (bach tfnh) - (quan he giua Vua va than dan) la quan he giira ngudi cai trj va ngudi bi tri. Tir khi xae lap che dp dan chu - tir dan ehu tu san va dugc phat trien trong che do dan chii xa hgi chii nghTa quan he nay da chuyen sang Idi mdi: do la mdi quan he giua mpt ben la edng dan (nhan dan) ngudi chii quyen lire la ngudn gde eiia quyen lire nha nudc, cdn ben kia la Nha nude - cdng eii thuc hien quyen lire nha nudc eiia nhan dan.
Trong che dp dan ehii, quan he giira Nha nude va cdng dan dugc ghi nhan thanh phap luat (trude het va dac biet la trong Hidn phap, tuyen ngdn, cuang ITnh...) lao thanh che dinh dja vi phap ly ciia ca nhan (cdng dan). Che djnh nay bao gdm cac quydn ciia cdng dan va traeh nhiem ciia Nha nudc bao dam thuc hien cac quyen dd, ddng thdi cung ghi rd cac nghTa vu ciia cdng dan trude Nha nudc. Pham vi, muc do cac quydn va nghTa
PGS.TS., Gidm ddc Trung tam Cong tdc ly luan, Uy ban Trung uang Mat tran T6 qudc Viet Nam.
**ThS., Khoa Luat, Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ngi.
CHE DINH QUYEN VA NGHIA VU
nghTa vu ddng vai tro nen tang trong dia vi phap ly ciia ca nhan (cdng dan), the hien quan he can ban giii'a Nha nude va ea nhan (cdng dan) vdi tu each mpt ben la ngudi chii quyen lire nha nude (edng dan) va ben kia la ngudi the hien va thirc hien quyen luc do va duge ghi nhan va bao dam bang Hien phap.
Cac Hien phap Viet Nam (Hien phap nam 1946, Hien phap nam 1959, Hien phap nam 1980 va Hien phap nam 1992 sira ddi, bd sung nam 2001 hien hanh) deu xae lap va neu cao y nghTa che dinh quyen va nghTa vu ca ban ciia cdng dan. Do khdng phai la dieu ngau nhien ma no cd ca sd, ngudn gdc het sue can ban. Ci Viet Nam, tu tudng ve mpt nen lap hien vi quyen cdng dan dugc the hien rd net d Chii tieh Hd Chf Minh. Ngay sau khi Nha nude Viet Nam Dan ehii cpng hoa ra ddi, ngay 03 thang 9 nam 1945 trong phien hpp dau tien ciia Chfnh phii lam thdi, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da de nghi Chinh phu phai xay dung ngay Hien phap ciia nudc Viet Nam mdi. ma npi dung ca ban ciia Hien phap nay la van de quyen cdng dan. Ngudi noi: "Trude chung ta da bi che dp quan chii chuyen che cai tri, rdi den che dp thuc dan khdng kem phan chuyen che, nen nudc ta khdng c6 Hien phap, nhan dan ta khdng dugc hudng quyen tu do, dan chii. Chiing ta phai cd mdt nen Hien phap dan chii" Hien phap do nham "Tuyen bd vdi the gidi nudc Viet Nam da ddc lap, dan tpc Viet Nam da du mpi quyen tu do... phu nil Viet Nam da ngang hang vdi dan dng de dugc hudng chung mpi quyen tu do cua mdt cdng dan"
Quan triet tu tudng cua Chii tich Hd Chf Minh, cac ban Hien phap ciia nudc ta deu danh mdt chuang rieng quy dinh cae quyen va nghTa vu ca ban ciia cdng dan. Qua qua trinh phat trien lich sir, npi dung quyen cdng dan dugc the hien ngay cang day dii va cu the trong cac ban Hien phap, tao dam bao phap ly cao nhat cho viec thuc hien quyen edng dan.
Hiin phdp ndm 1946 danh Chuang II
gdm 18 dieu. Trong dieu kien nudc ta vira gianh dugc dpe lap, phai lo ddi pho vdi thii trong giac ngoai, nhiem vu bao ve quyen ddc lap, tir do ndi len hang dau, vi the Hien phap nam 1946 xep nghTa vu cdng dan len trude (mue A) va ea hai dieu ciia mue nay quy dinh nghTa vu edng dan phai "bao ve Td qudc"
(Dieu 4) "co nghTa vu dl linh" (Dieu 5).
Hien phap dau tien nay da ghi nhan nhieu quyen ca ban ciia cong dan: "Tat ea cdng dan Viet Nam deu ngang quyen ve mpi phuang dien chfnh trj, kinh te, van boa"
(Dieu 6); "Quyen binh dang trude phap luat, dugc tham gia chfnh quyen va cdng cupe kien qudc tuy theo tai nang va due hanh eiia minh" (Dieu 7); "Nhung qudc dan thieu sd dugc giiip da ve mpi phuang dien de chong lien kjp trinh dp chung" (Dieu 8); "dan ba ngang quyen vdi dan dng ve mpi phuang dien" (Dieu 9); "cdng dan cd quyen tu do ngdn luan, tu do xuat ban, tu do td chuc va hpi hpp, tu do tin ngudng, tu do cu trii, di lai trong nudc va ra nudc ngoai" (Dieu 10);
Dieu 11 quy djnh: "Tu phap chua quyet dinh thi khdng dugc bat bd, giam cam ngudi cdng dan Viet Nam"; "Nha d va thu tfn ciia cdng dan Viet Nam khdng duge xam pham mdt
•\ f
each trai phap luat" Ve mat chinh tri, Hien phap nam 1946 quy dinh: "Tat ca cdng dan Viet Nam tir 18 tudi trd len, khdng phan biet gai trai deu cd quyen bau cit, trir nhirng ngudi mat trf va nhung ngudi mat cdng quyen"; "Ngudi irng cir la ngudi co quyen bau cir, phai it ra la 21 tudi" (Dieu 18); "Che dp bau cir la phd thdng, dau phieu, bo phieu phai tu do, true tiep va kin" (Dieu 17);
"Nhan dan co quyen bai mien cac dai bieu minh da bau ra" (Dieu 20); "Co quyen phiic quyet ve Hien phap va nhirng viec quan he den van menh qudc gia" (Dieu 21).
Dac biet, xuat phat tir dac thii cua each mang con dang d giai doan dan tpc dan chii nhan dan ehu chua phai dan ehu xa hdi chu nghTa, Hien phap nam 1946 quy dinh:
"Quyen tu hflu tai san ciia cdng dan Viet Nam dugc bao dam" (Dieu 12).
Hidn phap nam LM6 cdn ehii y den nhung qu\cn cua eac lap the. nhom ngudi eo linh dac Ihii trong xa hoi, ehang han: "Quyen eiia nhu'ng quoe dan Ihieu so dirge giiip dd
\e mpi phuang diC-n de chdng tiC-n kjp trinh dp ehung" (Dieu 13): "Nhirng cong dan gia ca hoac tan tat khdng lam duge vice thi dirge giiip dd. Tre con dirge cham sue ve mat giao dudng" (Dieu 14).
Mae dii \ira gianh duge doc lap. eon nhidu kho khan, nhirng Hien phap nam 1946 da danh su chu y dac biel den quyen va nghTa \u hpc tap eiia edng dan. Dieu 15 quy dinh: "Ndn sa hpc cirdng bach va khdng hpc phi. 0 eae trudng sa hpc dja phuang qudc dan thidu sd eo quyen hpc bang tieng ciia minh. Hpc tro ngheo dugc Chfnh phii giup.
Trudng lu dirge md tu do \ a phai day theo chuang trinh ciia Nha nudc"
Didu 16 Hidn phap nam 1946 eon quy dinh quydn ciia nhung ngudi khdng phai la cdng dan Viet Nam: ""Nhirng ngudi ngoai qudc tranh dau eho dan ehii \ a tu do ma phai trdn tranh thi dugc tru ngu tren dat Viet Nam"
Nhu vay, vdi 18 dieu (tir Dieu 4 den Dieu 21), Hien phap nam 1946 ghi nhan kha day dii va ngan ggn ndi dung ca ban nhat ciia quyen eon ngudi.
Hiin phdp ndm 1959 danh rieng Chuang 111 quy djnh quyen lgi \a nghTa M.I ca ban cua cdng dan gdm 21 dieu (tir Dieu 22 den Dieu 42). So vdi Hien phap nam 1946, Hien phap nam 1959 quy dinh them mdt sd quyen mdi eiia cdng dan: ""QU\CMI
khieu nai, td cao ddi vdi bat cir ea quan nha nudc nao ve nhung hanh \i vi pham eiia nhijng nhan vien Nha nudc" (Didu 29);
quyen lam viec (Dieu 30); quyen nghi ngai (Dieu 31); quyen hpc tap (Dieu 33); quyen tu do nghien ciru khoa hpc, sang tac van hpc nghe thuat va tien hanh cac boat ddng van hoa khac (Dieu 34).
Do hoan canh cu the cua vide thuc hien hai nhiem vu chien luge xay dung chii nghia
xa hgi va ddu tranh thong nhat nudc nha, mgt so quydn nhu quyen sd hiru tai saa,j quydn lu do xudt ban, tu do di lai, cu trii j khdng dirge quy dinh rgng nhu Hien ph%
nam 1946. i Dong thai vdi viee md rgng cac quy^n,
Hien phap nam 1959 cung quy dinh nhung nghTa \ u mdi. Do la cac nghTa vu nhu: cdi^
dan nudc Viet Nam Dan chu cdng hoa co nghTa vu tuan theo I lien phap, phap luat, ky lual lao dgng, trat lu edng cgng va nhimg quy lac sinh hoat xa hgi (Dieu 39): nghTa vu dong thud theo phap luat (Didu 41); nghTa vu ton trgng va bao \ e tai san cdng cgng (Dieu 46).
Hien pluip ndm 19H() ke tuc va ph^t trien nhirng nhan thirc \a quan diem ve quydn \'a nghTa \u ciia cdng dan trong cac ban Mien phap trude. mgt mat tiep tuc ghi nhan lai nhung qu\ en \ a nghTa vu co ban cua cdng dan da dugc xae dinh trong hai ban Hien phap tnrdc; qu> dinh them nhung qu\ en \ a nghTa vu mdi theo xu hudng mo rdng hom qu\en con ngirdi theo Cdng uoc qudc le \ e eae qu>en dan sir Na chinh tri.
Mat khac. cd sir ban che nhat dinh mot so qii>en ca nhan xuat phat tu nguyen ly xay dung ehe do cdng bii^u va che do lam chu tap the xa hdi chii nghTa. I lien phap da danh han Chuomg V bao gdm 29 dieu (tu 53 den 81) quy dinh qu\en \ a nghTa \ u ca ban cua cong dan. Da sira doi, bd sung dam bao cu the hoa ban. chinh xac ban: quyen nghi ngoi va hudng bao hicMu xa hdi (Dieu 59); bd. sung them N iio Dieu luat quy dinh "'quyen tir do ngdn luan. tu do bao chi. tu do hdi hpp, tu do lap bdi" quyen tu do bieu tinh nhung nhung quyen nay phai "phii hgp vdi Igi ich eiia chii nghTa xa hdi va nhan dan: (Dieu 67);
quy dinh lam rd traeh nhiem cua Nha nuoc
\ a xa hdi ddi vdi tre em: "Nha nudc va xa hdi chii trgng bao ve, cham sdc va giao due thieu nien, nhi4dng, md rdng ddn viec dam nhiem nudi tre em" (Didu 74). Ngoai nhiiii ngudi dau tranh cho ddc lap dan tgc, chii nghia xa hdi, dan chu, boa binh, Hidn phap
CHE DINH QUYEN VA NGHIA VU
1980 quy dinh ca ngudi dau tranh cho su nghiep khoa hpc "ma bi buc hai thi duge Nha nudc Viet Nam cho phep cu trii" (Dieu
81). Da quy dinh them cac quyen va nghTa vu mdi ciia cdng dan nhu: quyen dugc tham gia quan ly edng viec ciia Nha nudc va xa hdi (Dieu 56). quyen duge bao ve sire khoe (Dieu 61), quyen eo nha d (Dieu 62). quyen ciia thanh nien (Dieu 66). qu>'en eiia thuang binh, benh binh. gia dinh liet sT. nhirng ngudi va gia dinh co edng vdi each mang dugc Nha nude thuc hien chfnh saeh uu dai (Dieu 74). traeh nhiem eiia Nha nude bao hp quyen lgi cua Viet kieu (Dieu 75). nghTa \u dong thud (Didu 80).
Tuy nhien. do Hien phap nam 1980 chiu anh hudng ciia nhirng tu duy nhan thirc gian dan, duy y chi \'e xa hpi ehu nghTa nen da quy djnh mpt sd quyen eo npi ham mang tfnh dinh hudng, vugt qua kha nang dap iing ciia Nha nudc va xa hpi, thieu thue te nhu:
quyen cd viec lam (Dieu 58), quyen dugc phan phdi nha d (Dieu 62). quyen hpc tap khdng mat tien (Dieu 60), quyen duge kham benh va chira benh khdng phai tra tien (Dieu 61), Nha nude dam nhan nudi day tre em (Dieu 65), tre md cdi dugc Nha nude va xa hpi nudi day (Dieu 74)...
Hiin phdp ndm 1992 - Hien phap eiia thdi ky ddi mdi the hien tu duy nhan thuc ddi mdi ve chii nghTa xa hpi, ve con dudng xay dung chu nghTa xa hpi d nudc ta, da chinh sua lai npi dung quyen va nghTa vu ca ban ciia cdng dan tren ca sd nhiing tu duy, nhan thiic mdi trong dudng ldi ddi mdi ciia Dang. So vdi Hien phap nam 1980 thi ehd dinh nay (van d Chuang V gdm 34 dieu) chi CO 4 dieu giir nguyen (Didu 49, 52, 76 va Dieu 80), con lai 26 dieu cd sua ddi, bd sung, 4 didu (Didu 50, 57, 72 va 81) la mdi hoan toan.
Diem mdi rat quan trpng la lai Hien phap lan nay da neu bat nguyen tac quyen cdng dan thdng nhat vdi quyen con ngudi.
Quyen con ngudi hay quyen tu nhien la
nhu'ng gia tri chung ciia nhan loai doi hoi Nha nu'dc phai ihii'a nhan va bao ve. Cac Hien phap khi ghi nhan eac quyen va lu do ciia cdng dan eung chfnh la ghi nhan cae quyen eon ngudi. Quyen edng dan va quyen eon ngudi la thdng nhat. Hien phap nam
1992 dua thanh nguyen tac hien dinh: "(j nude Cpng hoa xa hpi ehii nghTa Viet Nam, eac quyen eon ngudi ve chfnh tri, dan sir, kinh le, van hoa va xa hpi duge ton trpng the hien d eac quyen cdng dan va dugc quy dinh trong Mien phap va luat" (Dieu 50).
Diem mdi ea ban nu'a la da neu thanh nguyen tae: quyen va nghTa vu ciia cdng dan (phai) do Hien phap va luat quy dinh. Chi bang Hien phap va lual, eac quyen va nghTa vii tren mdi mang dii y nghTa long trpng va hien thue. Chfnh vi vay, day la mpt nguyen tae rat quan trpng va can thiet, nhat la trong bdi canh phat huy dan chu, xa>' dung Nha nudc phap quyen nga}' nay.
Cac nguyen tae can ban khac nhu nguyen tae quyen eua edng dan khdng tach rdi nghTa vu ciia cdng dan; mpi cdng dan deu binh dang trude phap luat tiep tuc dugc quan triet.
Hien phap quy dinh (hay thira nhan trd lai) nhii'ng quyen ea ban eiia cdng dan ma mgt thdi bi bai bo (nhu quyen tu do kinh doanh, quyen sd hiru tu lieu san xuat); Dieu chinh lai mdt sd quyen trude day qu}' djnh con chua phii hgp (nhu quyen dugc phan phdi nha d, quyen ehii'a benh khdng mat tien); quy dinh rd quyen dirge bdi thudng thiet hai do boat dpng eiia ca quan nha nude va ngudi co traeh nhiem gay ra.
Hien phap quy dinh rd mpt he thdng eae quyen ca ban eiia edng dan tren cac ITnh vuc: Chinh tri: {Quyen tham gia qudn ly nhd nudc vd xd hgi (Diiu 53), Quyin bdu cit vd itng cii (Diiu 54), Quyin tu do ngdn ludn, tu do hdo chi, hgi hgp, lap hgi, hieu linh theo quy dinh ciia phdp lugt (Diiu 69), Quyin dugc thdng tin (Diiu 69), Quyin khiiu ngi, td cdo (Diiu 74); kinh te: Quyin
lao ddng (Dil'u 55). Oiiycii lit do kinh doanh iheo quy djnh cua phdp hull (Dieu 57).
Quyen sir hitu lit lieu son xudi. vdn vd ldi son Irong doanh niihicp hogc Irong cdc Id chitc kinh /(• khdc (Dil-u 5S). Ouycii .sir duns:, ddl (Dieu 5S); xa h^i: Ouycii hoc lap (Dieu 59). Quyc'n nghien ciiu khoa hoc (Dieu 60), Quyen dugc hdo vc sire khoe (Dieu 61), Quyin .xdy duns: nhd a (Dieu 62),Quyen hinh ddn}!, nam nft (Dieu 63). Quyen diroc hao hg ve hdn nhdn vd gia dinh (Dieu 64), Quyen dirge huong irii ddi Vi) chdm sdc (Diiu 6"): ITnh vuc tu do ca nhiin: Quyin lit do tin ngudni! (Dieu "()), Uuyen hdl kha xdm phgm ve than llie. ditgc phdp ludi bdo hg ve linh nning. sire khoe, danh dir vd nhdn phdm (Dieu 71). Quyen duoc hdi ihiri/ng
ihiil hgi vi vgl chdi vd phuc hdi danh du (Dieu 72). Quyin hdl khd xdm phgm ve chd a (Diiu '^3), Quyin hi mgi ihu tin, diin thogi, diin tin (Diiu 73), Quyin tir do di lgi vd cit tru (Dieu 68).
2. Nhung van de can siia ddi, bd sung trong che dinh quyen va nghia vu co" ban ciia cong dan
2.1. Ve cdch thirc quy dinh vd vi tri che dinh quyen con ngudi, quyen cdng ddn trong Hien phdp
Tren the gidi c6 ba each quy dinh \'e quyen va nghTa vu ea ban ciia edng dan (hay quyen con ngudi) trong Hien phap:
Cdch ihit nhdt la qu\' dinh trong mpt \ an ban rieng nhu tuyen ngdn, tu\en bd (nhu Tuyen ngdn nhan quyen nam 1689 ciia Anh va Tuyen ngdn nhan quyen va dan quyen ciia Phap nam 1789). Cac ban tuyen ngdn nay tuy khdng nam trong ndi dung chinh cua Hien phap, nhung chiing deu dugc thira nhan la mdt bd phan hien phap. Tuyen ngdn nhan quyen cua Anh la mdt ngudn quan trgng ciia Hien phap bat thanh van ciia Anh qudc. Ldi md dau cua Hien phap nam 1958 hien hanh ciia Phap trinh trgng tuyen bd: "Nhan dan Phap trung thanh vdi ban Tuyen ngdn nhan quyen va dan quyen 1789" Dieu do cd
nghTa ban l\iyen ngdn nay nhu la mdt noi dung chfnh ciia Hien phap.
Cdch thir hai, ghi nhan trong ban phu truang ciia Hidn phap, nhu Tu chinh an 10 cua Hien phap My.
Cdch thir ha, quy dinh thanh chuang, dieu trong ngi dung ciia Hien phap. Vf du:
(huang 2 cua Hidn phap Nga ve cac quydn va lu do cLia con ngudi va cdng dan; Chuang 2 ciia Mien phap Trung Qudc ve quyen va nghTa vu ca ban cua cdng dan; Chuang 3 Hien phap Nhat Ban ve quyen va nghTa vu ciia nhan dan.
Dii quy dinh theo each nao. cac qudc gia deu coi quyen con ngirdi la ngi dung quan trpng ciia Hien phap.
I lidn phap nudc Cdng boa xa hdi chii nghTa Viet Nam nam 1992 the hien che dinh quyen va nghTa vu ca ban ciia cdng dan tai (Thuang 5. Cd the thay. each thuc qu>' dinh
\ e quyen con ngirdi. qu> en cdng dan d nudc ta ca ban da theo tieu thirc hien dai, tuc danh ban mdt chuomg (Hien phap 1946 - Chuang 2. Hidn phap 1959 - Chuomg 3. Hidn phap 1980 \a 1992 - Chuomg 5) dh long trpng ghi nhan. Dieu can ban bien nay la nd nen xep d chuang nao?
Ve diem na\ chiing tdi xin neu va tan thanh y kien ciia ed giao su luat hgc Hoang van Hao rang: "Chinh \ai trd gia tri cua quyen eon ngudi. qinen cdng dan ma trong tu duy ehinh tri ciia nhan loai. van de quyen con ngirdi. quyen cdng dan trd thanh mdt noi dung ehinh ciia lich sir lap hidn. Luat vd cac qu>'en cua Anh sau Cach mang 1689, Tuyen ngdn ddc lap va Hien phap cua My, Tuyen ngdn nhan quyen va dan quydn cua Phap, Hien phap cua tat ca cac nudc, dii d chd do xa hdi nao (tu ban, xa hdi chu nghia, cac nudc dang phat tridn) deu cd chd dinh quydn con ngudi, quydn cdng dan. Dd la ndi dung ca ban nhat cua mdi Hidn phap, ndi dung quan trgng den muc ndu khdng cd chd dinh quyen con ngudi, quydn cdng dan, thi cung khdng thd cd ban than Hidn phap, ngi dung
CHE DINH QUYEN VA NGHIA VU ...
do chi phdi ket cau eiia ban Hien phap, che dinh quyen edng dan thudng duge dat len hang dau trong Hien phap ciia nhieu nudc" Theo tinh than do, nen nghien ciru sap xep lai vi trf eiia chuang ve che dinh nay d vi trf long trpng va thfch hgp ban. Tii' kinh nghiem Hien phap cae nude va eac Hien phap nude ta trude da\. nhat la Hien phap nam 1946, viee xep che dinh nay d Chuang II la hgp ly nhat.
Mdt diem nira can ban la: trong cae quy dinh ve ehe dinh qu>en va nghTa vu ea ban cua cdng dan thudng cd cae quN djnh eo tinh nguyen tac (chir khdng phai la eac quyen \ a nghTa vu) nhu qu} dinh ve edng dan \a qudc tich, quy dinh ngu>en tae ton trpng quyen con ngudi, quyen khdng tach rdi nghTa vu.
quyen va nghTa \'ii edng dan do Hien phap va luat dinh, mpi edng dan deu binh dang trude phap luat. Trong qu> dinh sap tdi nen chang can tach rieng nhung dieu ve nguyen tac ve quyen va nghTa vu cdng dan va nhu'ng dieu ve quyen va nghTa vu cdng dan.
2.2. Ve lira chgn, xdc dinh dung cdc quyen cd tinh chat cff ban de hien dinh vd nhitng dieu diing Id quyen cong dan khong lan sang cdc quy dinh ve npi dung khdc;
xdc lap Cff che trdnh phdn biet doi xir giira cac quyen hien dinh vd khdng hien dinh
Viec quy dinh eac quyen va nghTa vu cdng dan trong Hien phap mac nhien dua chiing trd thanh cac quyen va nghTa vu ca ban CO y nghTa rudng cpt nen tang, va ham y c6 tinh long trpng cao ban so vdi cac quyen va nghTa vu khac khdng dugc chpn. Tuy nhien, su lira chpn nay la do eon ngudi eac nha lap phap dua ra khdng tranh khdi eae
Hoang Van Hao, Hien phdp Viet Nam vd vdn de quyen con nguai, quyen cong ddn, in trong: Trung tam Nghien cuu quyen con nguai Hgc vien Chinh trj qudc gia Hd Chi Minh va Vien Raoul Wallenberg ve Quyen con nguai va Luat nhan dao - Dai hgc Lund - Thuy Dien: Hi6n phap, phap luat va quySn con nguai - Kinh nghiem Viet Nam va Thuy Dien, Hd Ngi, 2001, tr. 148.
yeu td chii quan. Van dc dat ra la can chpn lira nhirng dieu dimg nghTa la quyen va nghTa vu ea ban de dua vao Hien phap, ddng thdi xac lap mpt ca che de tranh sir phan biet quyen hien dinh va khong hien dinh.
Cac quyen va nghTa vu ca ban lua chpn dua vao Hien phap nude ta md rpng qua tii'ng thdi ky va den nay ea ban la day dii va phii hgp. Co mpt so npi dung (mpt sd dieu) theo ehiing tdi khdng ban la quyen eong dan ma co tfnh chat nhu quy djnh ve ehe dp xa hpi nhu cac quy djnh \'e che dp hdn nhan gia dinh, ve tre em, ve thanh nien... d eac Dieu 64, 65, 66 can nghien ciru loai ra khoi che dinh nay de dua ve che dinh khac phii hgp ban.
Van de xae dinh nguyen tac khdng phan biet eac quyen eung can phai dat ra. Viec liet ke mpt sd quyen trong Hien phap khdng cd nghTa la phii nhan ha\ ha thap nhiing quyen khac ciia ngirdi dan \a Nha nudc khdng duge ban hanh nhiJTig dao luat tudc bo quyen eon ngudi mpt each bat hgp phap.
Kinh nghiem cac nude ve van de nay nhu sau: Trong Hien phap My. dieu bd sung, sira ddi thu 9 Quyen ciia nhan dan cd neu:
"Viec liet ke mpt sd quyen trong Hien phap khdng CO nghTa la phii nhan hay ha thap nhimg quyen khac eiia ngudi dan"
Hien phap Lien bang Nga (Dieu 55) quy dinh: "1. Viec liet ke eac quyen va lu do ea ban trong Hien phap Lien bang Nga khdng CO nghTa vu la phii nhan hoac xem nhe cac quyen va tu do khac cua con ngudi va cdng dan da dugc thira nhan rdng rai.
2. (j Lien bang Nga khdng duge ban hanh nhiing dao luat tudc bo hoac xem nhe cac quyen va tir do eiia eon ngudi va cdng dan"
Thiet nghT tai lan sira tdi, chiing ta ciing can cd nhiing quy dinh the hien nguyen tac do.
2.3. Ve cdch thirc ghi nhgn cdc quyen vd nghia vu cff ban cua cong ddn phii hffp v&i nguyen tac ton trgng quyen con ngirdi
Nhu da neu d lien, tai Hien phiip nam 1992, nguyen tae ton trpng quyC'ii con ngudi khang dinh: "(/ inrdc Cony, hod xd ligi cln'i nghTa I'iOl Nam. cdc ijuycn con nguiri vc chinh tri, ddn su; kinh te. van hod vd xd hgi dugc tdn trgiifi, the hien o' cdc (/uyen cdiiy, ddn vd dugc (/uy djnh Irony, Hien phd/) vd ludt" (Diiu 50).
Vdi linh than na\, viec quy dinh cac quNcn edng dan phai ehusC-n iheo hudng coi ciie qu\cn ^.\o la nhirng qii\cn H,r nhiC'n \dn CO eiia con nguoi ma Nhii mr.^' phai thira nhan. Tu) nhien, cae qu\ dinir i:ua Hien phap nam 1992 xe qu>eii cdng dan ve ca ban van theo ldi cii ciia hai I lien phap trude da\
(Hien phap nam 1959 va 1980) "gay" cam giac rang qinen cdng dan khdng phai la quN'cn lir nhien von eo ciia eon ngudi ma do Nha nude ban cho ngucri dan. Le ra qu> dinh
\ e quyen eong dan thi phai dat edng dan d \ i trf ehii the, nhung nhieu quy dinh ve dan quyen trong Hien phap hien hanh da phan dat Nha nude d \i trf ehu the. con cdng dan nhu la ddi tugng dugc ban eho. Chang ban, Dieu 60 quy djnh: "'Cdng dan eo quyen nghien eiiu khoa hpc, ky thuat, phat minh.
sang che. sang kien ky thuat..." hoac Dieu 51 CO neu nguyen tae: ""Qu\en \a nghTa \'u ciia cdng dan do Hien phap \a luat quy dinh"
ludn gay cam giac quyen edng dan do Nha nudc ban cho hoac quy djnh cho. Cung \ di each thirc do, khi ndi ve nghTa vu, traeh nhiem ciia Nha nude thi Nha nude eung xuat hien nhu la chii the tir eho minh "'qu>en eo traeh nhiem" do. Nhfrng cdng thirc thucmg dugc ap dung la: "Nha nudc bao dam...";
""Nha nudc eo kc hoach..."; "Nha nudc ban hanh...": "Nha nudc quy dinh"; ""Nha nude giao..."; "Nha nude cd chinh saeh..."; "Nha nudc tao dieu kien..."; "Nha nude bao hd..."
Vdi each quy dinh theo nhirng edng thire nhu vay, Nha nude nhu la ehii the '"sang tao"
ra quyen con ngudi ehii khdng phai la ehii the "tdn trpng" quyen con ngudi. Can phai hieu rang, Nha nude khdng ehi cd nghTa vu
bao dam, thuc hien, thiic day quyen con ngudi ma trude hdt, Nha nudc phai co nghia vy tdn trpng quydn con ngudi. NghTa vu ton trpng doi hoi cac Nha nudc phai kiem che khdng ean thiep vao viec thu hudng cac quyen eiia ca nhan.
Mudn cho quyen hien dinh cua cdng dan CO thd thuc hien dugc Iren thuc te va dugc cdng dan sir dung de bao \e minh thi. viec quy dinh vc diin quyen phai theo nguyen tac xac dinh dan qu\C-n la khu vuc cam ddi vdi cong qu\C-n. cdng quyen phai thua nhan dan quyen chir khong phai ban cho cdng dan quyC-n C(T ban. Kinh nghiem the gidi ve each the hien ngi dung nay cd nhieu: Hien phap My quy dinh tai lu chinh an thir nhat nhu sau: 'Qudc bgi se khdng dugc ban hanh mot dao luat nao nham thiet lap tdn giao, hoac ngan cam lu do tin ngudng, ban che lu do ngdn luan, lir do bao chi \a quyen ciia dan ehiing dugc bgi hgp dn boa \ a kien nghi len Chinh phii cac Dieu thinh cau, de bay td nhiing ndi bat binh cua bg" Tu chinh an thii 3. 4: "Quyen cua cac cong dan dugc bao dam \e ban than, nha cua. gia\ td. \a tai san, chdng mgi sir kham xet \a tich thu \6 ly, se khdng bi \ i pham. \ a khdng mot trat kham nha nao se duge cap neu khdng cd ly do chinh dang, khdng dugc Idi tii>-en the hoac xac nhan lam sang rd, \ a neu trat dd khdng md la id rang nai can kham xet \ a ngudi va vat bj bat giir..." "Khong ai cd the budc phai chiu traeh nhiem \e mgt trgng tdi. bay mdt tpi xau xa khac, neu khdng cd mdt quydt dinh cao trang do mgt bdi thdm doan dua ra, trir trudng hgp xa\ ra trong luc quan, hai quan. hoac trong lire lugng dan quan du bi, khi dang thi hanh cdng vu trong thdi chidn, hoac trong tinh trang bao dpng. Khdng mot ai CO the bi kdt an hai ldn vd cimg mdt tdi.
Khdng mpt ai eo thd bi ep budc lam chimg chdng lai ban than minh trong mdt vu an hinh su va bj tudc doat sinh mang, tu do hoac tai san, neu khdng cd mdt qua trinh xet xir theo dung luat. Khdng mpt tai san tu him
CHE DINH QUYEN VA NGHIA VU ...
nao bi trung dung vao viee edng ma khdng dugc bdi thudng thfch dang" Lich sii' lap hien nudc ta ciing da ed nhirng quy dinh tdt theo kieu do, vi dii nhu: "Tu phap ehua quyet dinh thi khdng dugc bat bd va giam cam ngudi cdng dan Viet Nam" (Dieu 11 Hien phap Viet Nam nam 1946).
Do vay, ngoai trir mpt sd dieu da the hien duge tieu thiic nay: "Nghiem cam mpi hinh thiic truy biic, nhuc hinh, xiic pham danh du, nhan pham ciia cdng dan" (Dieu 71); "Cdng dan ed qu>'en bat kha xam pham ve ehd d. Khdng ai dugc tu y \'ao chd a eiia ngudi khac neu ngudi do khdng ddng y. trir trudng hgp dugc phap luat cho phep" (Dieu 73) thi cac quy dinh con lai can chinh su'a lai theo each do.
2.4. Ve viec quy dinh gi&i hgn quyen
y,
con ngu'ffi, quyen cong ddn
Trong mdt sd hoan canh nhat dinh, de dam bao lgi feh chung, Nha nudc co the han che quyen con ngudi d miic dp chap nhan dugc. Tuy nhien, nham phdng tranh sir lam dung quyen lire ciia Nha nude, Hien phap phai quy dinh nguyen tac gidi ban quyen con ngudi, quyen cdng dan.
Tuyin ngdn Ihi gidi ve quyin con nguai ndm 1948 de cap den van de nay nhu sau:
"Dieu 29: (1) Mgi ngudi deu ed nhiem vu ddi vdi cdng ddng nao ma chi trong do mdi thuc hien dugc viec phat trien loan ven va tu do nhan each ciia minh.
(2) Trong viec hanh xir nhan quyen va thu hudng tu do, mpi ngudi ehi phai chiu nhirng ban che do luat dinh - va nhirng ban che nay chi nham muc tieu bao dam su thira nhan va tdn trpng nhan quyen, va quyen tu do cua nhiing ngudi khac, ciing nhu nham thoa man nhiing doi hoi chfnh dang ve luan ly, trat tu cdng cdng, va nen an sinh chung trong mdt xa hdi dan chu.
(3) Trong bat cii trudng hgp nao, nhan quyen va nhiing quyen tu do nay ciing khdng duge hanh xir trai vdi nhiing muc tieu
f r
va nguyen tac cua Lien hgp qudc.
Dieu 30: Khdng mdt dieu nao trong Ban Tuyen ngdn nay cho phep mpt nude, mpt nhom hay mpt ca nhan nao duge quyen vien dan bat cii' ly do gi dc co nhii'ng viec lam ha> hanh ddng nham hiiy diet nhan quyen va lu do duge thii'a nhan trong ban Tuyen ngdn nay"
Cdng live qudc lc ve cdc quyen ddn su;
chinh trj ndm 1966 lai Dieu 4 eung neu: " 1 . Trong klii tuyen bd tinh trang khan truang cdng cpng vi ly do qudc gia bi de dpa, cac quoc gia hoi vien ky ket Cdng udc nay co the ban hanh mpt so bien phap dinh ehi thi hanh Ccic nghTa \'u eiia qudc gia an dinh trong Cong udc na\'. Tuy nhien. nhirng bien phap nay phai CO tfnh each that can thiet vi nhu eau eiia tinh the, va khdng vi pham eac nghTa vu ciia qudc gia phat sinh lir luat phap qudc te, va cung khdng dugc diing de ky thj chiing tpc, mau da, nam nir, ngdn ngii, tdn giao hay ngudn gdc xa hpi"
Cdng udc qudc li vi cdc quyen kinh le, vdn hda, xd hgi ndm 1966 eung quy dinh:
"Cae qudc gia hpi vien ky ket Cdng ude nay nhin nhan rang, xe viec hanh xir nhiing quyen ghi trong Cdng ude, hp ehi eo the an dinh cac gidi ban luat djnh phii hgp vdi ban chat ciia nhirng quyen nay va chi nham miie dfch phat huy sir an lae ehung trong mpt xa hpi dan chii"
Hiin phdp Trung Qudc: Dieu 51 Han che quyen tu do va quyen lgi cdng dan:
"Cdng dan nudc Cgng hoa nhan dan Trung Hoa khi thire hien quyen tu do va quyen lgi eiia minh khdng duge xam hai den tu do va quyen lgi hgp phap ciia Nha nudc, xa hpi. tap the va cdng dan khae"
Hiin phdp Nga: Dieu 17:
"(...) 3. Viee thire hien cac quyen va tu do eiia con ngudi va cdng dan khdng dugc xam pham den quyen va tu do ciia ngudi khae"
Didu 55:
"(...) 3. Cae quyen va tu do ciia con ngudi va cdng dan co the bi gidi ban bdi
phap luat Lien bang chi Irong muc dp can thidt dii de bao ve nen lang ehe^ dp hien phap, dao diic. sire khoe, cac quyen va lgi ich hgp phap eua ngudi khac, biio dam qudc phdng va an ninh quoe gia"
Dieu 56:
""1. Trong didu kien linh trang khan cap, dd bao dam an loan cho cdng dan va bao ve che dp hidn phap. theo mpt Dao luat Hien phap Lien bang, co ihd thidt lap nhung gidi ban nhdt dinh doi vdi cac quyen va tir do vdi dieu kien phai chi rd pham vi va thdi ban ciia nhirng gidi ban do.
2. Tinh trang khdn cdp co the dugc ban bd tren loan bp lanh thd Lien bang Nga hoac mpt phan lanh thd nhdt dinh khi xuat hien bdi canh va theo trinh tu dugc quy dinh trong Dao luat Hien phap Lien bang.
3. Khdng dugc ban che cac quyen va tu do dugc quy dinh tai cac Dieu 20, 21, 23 (khoan 1), 24, 28, 34 (khoan 1), 46-54 ciia Hien phap lien bang Nga"
Hien phap nudc ta nhin chung chua cd quy dinh ve viec gidi ban quyen con ngudi mdt each true tiep. Chi cd mdt sd qu\ dinh ham y rang viec thuc bien cac quyen \ a tu do cua con ngudi va cdng dan khdng dugc xam pham den quyen va tu do ciia ngucri khac, nhu: ""... Khdng ai dugc xam pham tu do tfn ngudng, tdn giao hoac lgi dung tin ngudng, tdn giao de lam trai phap luat va chinh saeh cua Nha nudc" (Dieu 70). "Mgi hanh vi xam pham Igi ich ciia Nha nudc.
quyen va lgi ich hgp phap ciia tap the va ciia cdng dan phai dugc kip thdi xir ly nghiem minh... Nghiem cam viec tra thii ngirdi khieu nai, td cao hoac lgi dung quyen khieu nai, td cao de vu khdng, vu cao Iam hai ngudi khac" (Dieu 74). Do vay, tai lan sira ddi tdi nay, can nghien ciiu de quy dinh mdt each day dii npi dung tren.
2.5. Bdo ddm su' twffng thich ciia cdc quyen va nghia vu cong ddn so v&i cdc dieu u'&c quoc te ve cdc quyin con ngir&i,
quyin cong ddn md Viet Nam gia nh^p hogc tham gia
Viet Nam da trd thanh thanh vien cua hdu hdt cac cdng udc qudc te quan trgng v^
quyen con ngudi nhu:
Tuyen ngdn qudc td ve nhan quydn nam 1948;
Cdng udc vc cac quyen dan sir, chinh tri nam 1966;
- Cdng udc qudc te ve cac quyen kinh te, van hda. xS hgi nam 1966;
Cong udc bao vc quyen con ngudi va cac quydn tu do ca ban;
Cdng udc qudc le ve bao \e cac quyen ciia trc em nam 1989;
- Quy tdc ciia Lien hgp qudc ve bao ve ngudi chua thanh nien bi tudc quyen tu do;
- Cong udc cua Lien hgp qudc va Quy tdc tieu chuan tdi thieu ciia Lien hgp qudc ve lu phap ngudi chua thanh nien (Quy tac Bac Kinh).
Tham gia vao cac cdng udc qudc te ve quyen con ngudi la mgt chii truomg thudng xu\en va nhat quan ciia Viet Nam, the hien cam ket cung nhu qu\et tam ciia Viet Nam trong \iec bao dam %a thuc hien cac tieu chuan phap ly qudc te \ e quyen con ngudi.
Tir nhirng kel qua dat dugc ciia \iec tham gia va thuc hien cac cam ket qudc te ve qu\ en con ngirdi trong nhimg nam qua, Vi^
Nam da \ a dang khang dinh vdi cdng ddng qudc le nhiimg nd luc khdng ngimg cua minh trong viec thuc hien nghTa vu theo cac cdng udc qudc te tham gia, ddng thdi nhan thay ro qua trinh ddi mdi toan dien d Viet Nam, bao gdm ca vide hoan thien he thdng phap luat, hoan thien ca che dam bao quyen con ngudi, dac biet quan trgng la bang Hidn phap. Thiet nghT, yeu cau ra soat de bao dam sir tuong thich cua cac quyen va nghia vu cdng daii trong Hien phap so vdi cac dieu udc qudc te vd cac quyen cdng dan ma Viet Nam gia nhap hoac tham gia la rdt can thidt.
