Anh hiToihg cua Giao due khdi nghiep den Thai do khdi nghiep
va Y djnh khdi nghiep cua sinh vien cac tru'dng dai hoc tai TP. Ho Chi Minh
NGavlNTRANSY*
Tdm t^t
Nghien cffu dugc thuc hien nham kiim dinh dnh hudng cda Gido due khdi nghiip de'n Thdi do khdi nghiep vd Ydinh khdi nghiip cda sinh viin cdc trUdng dgi hgc tai TP. Ho Chi Minh.
Bang phuang phdp nghien cffu dinh luang. nghien cffu da chffng minh Gido due khdi nghiip cd Idc ddng ciing chieu den Thdi do khdi nghiep vd Y dinh khdi nghiip. Dong thdi. Thdi do khdi nghiip cdng tdc dgng cung chiiu di'n Y dinh khdi nghiep cda sinh viin cdc trUdng dai hoc tai TP. Ho Chi Minh.
Ttf khda: gido dixc khdi nghiip, thdi do khdi nghiip. y dinh khdi nghiip. TP. Ho Chi Minh Summary
This study is conducted to test the impaci of Entrepreneurship education on Attitude towards entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurial intention of university students in Ho Chi Minh City.
By quantitative method, it has proved that Entrepreneurship education creates a positive impact on Attitude towards entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurial intention. At the same time. Attitude towards entrepreneurship has a positive infiuence on their Entrepreneurial intention.
Keywords: entrepreneurship education, attitude towards entrepreneurship. entrepreneurial intention. Ho Chi Minh City
Giai THIEU
Khdi nghidp kinh doanh tao cd hdi cho thanh nidn, sinh vidn phdt huy tinh than sdng tao vd y chi ttf lap, dp dung nhffng kie'n thtfc da lmh hgi dd' tao ra cdc dtf dn khdi nghidp, gdp phan chuyen dich cd cd^u kinh te, cd cd'u lao ddng va ndng cao stfc canh tranh cua nen kinh td'.
Nhieu qud'c gia tren the' gidi ra't chu trong de'n gido dtic khdi nghiep, y dinh khdi nghidp va xem dd la thach tbtfc dd' thuc da'y tang trtfdng kinh td', tao viec Idm. O Viet Nam, vai trd vd tim quan trpng cua giao due khdi nghidp ndi chung, gido due khdi nghiep trong trtfdng dai hgc ndi rieng da dtfdc nhdn thtfc ngdy cdng diy du vd rd net. Song, dtfdi gdc dp hpc thuat, gido due khdi nghiep van cdn Id vd'n di kha mdi d Viet Nam. Nghidn ctfu nay gdp phin chtfng minh giao due
khdi nghiep ddng vai trd quan trpng, gdp phin tao ra thdi dp khdi nghidp va y djnh khdi nghiep ciia sinh vien cdc trtfdng dai hpc lai TP. Ho Chi Minh.
C a s d l Y THUYET VA MO HINH NGHIEN COl) Cd sof ly thuyd't
Gido due khdi nghifp
Gido due khdi nghiep dtfdc coi la mgt chudi cac hoat ddng nham trao quyen cho ca nhan de thuc day va cai thidn cdc ky ndng, kid'n thtfc dd' phdn lich va giai quyd'i van de kinh doanh (Neck vd Greene, 2011; Peterman vd Kennedy, 2003). Theo Gerba (2012), gido due khdi nghidp la mdt nd Itfc cd y thtfc cua cac cd nhdn dd' tdng kie'n thtfc ve khdi nghiep kinh doanh. Gido dtic khdi nghiep khdng phai la tiep thi hay bdn hang, md giao due ai do trd thdnh mdt doanh nhan (Nurseto, 2010).
Gido due khdi nghidp dtfdc giang day de' tim kid'm nhffng cd hdi kinh doanh va bid't each dd'i mat vdi cac rui ro trong kinh doanh. Gido due khdi nghidp la mdl ngdnh hpc nghidn ctfu \ e cac gia tri, ky nang va banh 'ThS., Trirdng D?i hpc Ngo^i thiidng. Cd sd 11 TP. H6 Chi Minh
l^gdy nhdn bdi; 20/5/2020; Ngdy phdn bi^n 20/6/2020; Ngdy duyet ddng: 25/6/2020
HIMH 1: MO H I N H MGHIEN CHu DE MGHI
Giao due khdi nghiep
Thdi dp khdi nghiap
Ydinh khdi nghiep Ngu.
vi khi dd'i mat vdi nhffng thdch thtfc trong cudc sd'ng de theo dudi cdc cd hdi vdi nhieu rui ro cd the gap phai (Kurniawan, 2013).
Thdi dg khdi nghiep
Theo Supitchaya Niljinda vd cdng stf (2017), thai dp khdi nghidp cd nghTa Id nhan thtfc cd nhdn ve mong mud'n cua ca nhan tham gia vao hanh vi khdi nghidp.
Theo Nicolaides (2011), thai do khdi nghidp dtfdc dinh nghia la mtfc dp, ma mdt ngtfdi ddnh gid tfa thich hodc khdng tfa thich v^ hanh vi khdi nghidp. Do dd, thai dp khdi nghidp la mdt hien ttfdng chu quan cd y thffc. Ttfdng tuf, Miralles, Riverola va Giones (2012) dinh nghTa, thai do khdi nghiep de cap dd'n mtfc do cd nhan ddnh gid tich ctfc hodc tidu ctfc dd'i vdi hdnh vi khdi nghidp.
Y djnh khdi nghifp
Theo Christina Whidya Utami (2017), y dmh khdi nghiep la nhan td' quan trgng nhd't ma mot ca nhan sdn sang khdi nghidp. Y dinh khdi nghiep la mong mud'n cua cac ca nhdn de nam la'y cd hdi vd md doanh nghiep cua rieng minh bang cdch tao ra san pham hoac dich vu mdl. Theo Rasli va cdng sff (2013), y dinh khdi nghidp la mgt y ttfdng khuye'n khich cdc ca nhan tao ra doanh ngiiiep. Y dinh khdi nghiep the' bidn mong mud'n cua mgt ngtfdi dd' bdt dau mgt doanh nghiep mdi hoac tao ra mgt stf dd'i mdi mdi Irong mdt to' chtfc hien cd (Remeikiene va Startiene, 2013).
Md hinh nghien cihi
Theo ly thuyd't hanh vi dtf dinh cua Ajzen (1991), thdi do cd dnh htfdng de'n y dinh hanh vi, tff dd hinh thdnh ndn cdc hanh vi cua cd nhan. Van dung ly thuyd't ndy, trong ITnh vtfc khdi nghidp, cdc hanh vi khdi nghiep dtfdc giai thich bdi y dinh khdi nghiep, y dinh khdi nghidp dtfdc giai thich bdi thdi do khdi nghiep (Krueger, 2007), thdi do khdi nghiep dtfdc giai ihich bdi giao due khdi nghiep (Rusu, 2015). Trdn cd sd dd, cd th^ dtfa ra gia thuye't sau:
Gid thuyi't HI: Gido diic khdi nghiep cd anb budng cUng chieu de'n thdi do khdi nghiip.
Cho (1998) khang dinh rang, tai ndng kinh doanh khong the do bam smh mang lai va gido due khdi
nghiep thuc day, tao ra y dinh thtfc hidn kinh doanh. Bdi vi, gido due khdi nghiep lao ra kie'n thtfc va ky ndng kinh doanh, ndn da kich thich cdc ca nhan cd y djnh thtfc hidn khdi nghidp. Timmons (1999) nha'n manh tim quan trpng cua gido due khdi nghiep bang each tao ra vd duy tri cdc ky ndng khdi nghiep cin thie't dd' cd the thtfc hidn khdi nghidp thanh cdng. Wang va Wong (2004) cho rang, y dinh cQng nhtf gid'c md khdi nghidp cua nhieu sinh vidn bi can trd bdi stf chuan bi khdng day du ve kid'n thtfc, ky ndng kinh doanh va quan trpng hdn, hp khdng sdn sdng chap nhan rui ro dd thtfc hidn tfdc md cua minh. Rd rang, gido due khdi nghidp chuyen nghidp Irong cdc trtfdng dai hpc la mdt cdch hieu qua dd' cd dffdc kien thtfc, ky nang can thie't ve khdi nghidp. Ttfdng ttf, Fatema Johara vd cgng stf (2017) cung cho rang, gido due khdi nghiep cd dnh htfdng de'n y dinh khdi nghiep. Trdn cd sd dd, cd the dtfa ra gia thuyd't sau:
Gid thuyi't H2: Gido due khdi nghiip CO dnh hudng cung chieu di'n y dinh khdi nghiep.
Theo ly thuyd'l hdnh vi dtf dinh cua Ajzen (1991), thdi dd cd anh htfdng de'n y dinh hanh vi, Trong ITnh vtfc khdi nghiep, y dinh khdi nghidp phu thudc vao thdi dd khdi nghidp cua mdt cd nhdn (Lifian, 2008). Mot so'hpc gia da ung hg da tim tha'y stf anb htfdng ciia thai do de'n y dinh khdi nghidp (Christina Whidya Utami, 2017).
Gid thuyi't H3: Thdi do khdi nghiep CO dnh hudng cung chieu de'n y dinh khdi nghiep.
Phtfdng phap nghien ctfu Dff lieu dffdc thu thap bdng phffdng phdp khao sdt thdng qua bang cau hdi dffdc thid't kd' dtfa trdn thang do ttf cdc nghien ctfu trtfdc. Phtfdng phap chpn mdu dtfdc dung trong nghien cifu ndy la phffdng phdp chpn mdu phi xdc sud't theo hffdng thuan tidn. Doi tffdng khao sdt trong nghidn ctfu nay la sinh vidn cua cdc trtfdng dai hpc tai TP. Ho Chi Minh.
Cu the, da cd 512 sinh vien tham gia tra ldi khao sat. Tuy nhien. sau khi kie'm tra dtf lieu thu thap dtfdc, cd 26 bang bi loai do: ke't qua trd ldi giffa cac cau hdi khdng logic, bd trd'ng d tra ldi nhieu. cdu tra ldi khdng phu hdp vdi cdu hdi. Nhff vay.
kich thtfdc mdu dtfdc dtfa vao phan tich Id 486. Khao sat dtfdc thffc hidn trong khoang thdi gian tff thang 4-5/2020.
118
BAMG 1: KET QUA PHAM TICH EFA Ma
EA2 EA3 EA4 EAI EE2 EE1 EE3 Er2 EI3 EH
N$i dung bilfn
Nghe nghiep la nhil khdi nghiep luon ha'p d3n doi vdi toi Neu cd cd h6i va ngu6n life, t6i rS't thich thu'c hien khdi nghiep Tri3 thanh nha khdi nghiep se mang lai siT hai long ldn cho loi Trd th^nh mflt nha khdi nghi6p mang lai cho toi nhieu ldi the hdn bat idi Chifdng trinh gido due khdi nghiep cua trudng toi gitip tang kien thu'c trong ITnh viJc khdi nghiap
Chu'dng trinh giao due khSi nghiep cua tru'dng toi giiip thuc day mong muon khdi nghiep
Chu'dng trinh giao due kh6i nghiep eua tru'dng toi giiip nang cao nhan thii'e vl c3c cd hoi kinh doanh
Toi d&nh thdi gian de hoc each bSt dau khdi nghifep Toi dif dinh thu'c hien khdi nghiep trong tu'dng lai Tdi thu'dng dpc cac sdch hen quan den khdi nghiep
Thanh phin H i i i d o khdii^bifp
0,841 0,804 0.757 0,644
G^odgc kbdfnghi$p
0,825 0,795 0,636
khcKnghi^
0,926 0,651 0,501
BAMG 2: TOM TAT KET QOA MOT SO CHJ TIEU KIEM DIMH THAMG DO Th&nh phdn
GDKN (BE) TDKN (EA) YDKN (El)
DO tin c$y t^ng hi^p
0,8 0,87 0,78
Phiftfng sai trich 0.57 0,62 0,55
Gia trj hOi tv va ph^n bi$t
Thoa man
Tfnh dcFn hifdng
Thda man
KETQUA NGHIEN CLfU HiMH 2: KET QUA SEM CUA MO HIMH NGHIEM CtfU {CHUAM HOA)
Ddnh gia thang do va ph3n tich nhdn td'kham pha (EFA)
Thang do gido due khdi nghidp, bao gom 3 bie'n (EEl, EE2, EE3) cd he so tin cay Cronbach's Alpha = 0,794 (ldn hdn 0,6) va ta't ca cac Cronbach's Alpha Clia cac bid'n deu nhd hdn 0,794, nen khong phai loai bd nhdn to ndo. Cdc hd so' tffdng quan bie'n long (corrected Item_Total Correlation) cua bie'n quan sat tha'p nha't la 0,58, tien cdc bid'n nay vdn dtfdc stf dung trong phan tich EFA.
Nhdn to' Thai do khdi nghidp, bao
%6m 4 bid'n (EAI, EA2, EA3, EA4), cd hd sd' tin cay Cronbach's Alpha = 0,87
(ldn hdn 0,6) va ta't ca cac Cronbach's - , x ^ Alpha cda cdc bie'n d^u nhd hdn 0,87, sat tha'p nhat la 0,687, nen cdc bien nay van dtfdc stf ndn khdng phai loai bo bid'n nao. Cdc dung trong phdn tich EFA.
h6 s^ ttfdng quan bid'n td'ng (corrected Nhan td Y dmh khdi nghidp, bao gom 3 bien quan Item.Total Correlation) cua bie'n quan sdt (Ell. E12. EI3). cd he sd tin cay Cronbach's Alpha 119
BAMG 3: KET QUA KIEM D[MH MOI QUAN H | MHAM QUA GItJfA CAC KHAI MI$M TROMG MO HiMH MGHIEM CtfCI (CHUAM HOA)
H L . Mtiquanh^
EA <— EE EI < - - EE EI < - - EA
Estimate 0,671 0,216 0,502
S.E.
0.082 0,090 0,072
C J t . I0,SS5
3,147 6,888
P
...
0,002
...
= 0,764 (ldn hdn 0,6) va td't ca cac Cronbach's Alpha cua cdc bie'n deu nhd hdn 0,764, ndn khdng phai loai bd bie'n nao. Cdc he so'tffdng quan bid'n tong (corrected Item_Total Correlation) cua bie'n quan sat tha'p nha't la 0,527, ndn cac bid'n nay van dtfdc stf dung trong phdn tich EFA.
Sau khi phdn tich do tin cdy Cronbach's Alpha, 10 bie'n tren dffdc dtfa vao phan tich EFA. Kd't qua cho tha'y, chi so' KMO and Bartlett's Test nam trong khoang 0,5 va 1 va gid tri Sig. = 0.000 <0,05, ndn phdn tich EFA la phu hdp. Kid'm tra tai diem dtfng vdi Eigenvalues > 1, cd tong phtfdng sai trich > 50%, nen du dieu kidn de phan tich EFA. Ke'l qua phan tich EFA da trich dtfdc 3 nhan to' nhtf Bang 1.
Phan ti'ch nhan to'khang dinh (CFA) Sau khi phdn tich EFA, 3 nhdn to'tren tiep tuc dtfdc dtfa vao de' phdn tich CFA. Ket qua phan tich CFA cho tha'y, GFI = 0,949 > 0,9; TLI = 0.943 > 0,9; CFI = 0,960
> 0,9 vd RMSEA = 0,077 < 0,08, ndn cd the ke't luan, md hinh tdi han phiJ hdp vdi dff lieu nghien ctfu. Ke't qua mdt sd' chi tieu khac dtfdc the' hien d Bang 2.
Vdi nhtfng ke't qua vffa phan tich, ta cd the stf dung 3 nhan to' trdn de kie'm dinh md hinh va gia thuyd't nghidn ciJu.
Kid'm dinh mo hinh va gia thuyet nghidn ctfu Ke't qua phdn tich ca'u true luye'n tinh (Hinh 2) cho thay, GFI = 0,949 > 0,9; TLI = 0.943 > 0,9; CFI = 0,960
> 0,9 va RMSEA = 0,077 < 0,08, nen cd the kd't luan md hinh phil hdp vdi dtf lieu nghidn cu\i.
Ke't qua tfdc ltfdng (chua'n hda) cua cac tham sd' (Bang 3) cho tha'y, cac md'i Hdn he gitfa cdc khdi niem trong md hinh cd y nghia thd'ng kd (p < 0,05), nen cd the' kd't ludn thang do Itfdng cua cdc khai nidm dat gid iri lidn he ly thuyd't.
Gid thuyi't HI: Gido due khdi nghiip cd dnh hUdng cUng chieu di'n Thdi do khdi nghiip. Ke't qua tfdc Itfdng cho tha'y, cd moi quan he dong bid'n giffa Giao due khdi nghiep (EE) va Thdi do khdi nghiep (EA) la 0,671 va ffdc Itfdng nay cd y nghia thd'ng ke P = 0,000. Nhtf vay, gia thuyd't nay dtfdc chd'p nhan. Dieu nay cho tha'y, Gido due khdi nghiep td't sd tao ra thdi do khdi nghiep tich ctfc cho sinh vien cdc trffdng dai hpc tai TP. Ho Chi Minh.
Gid thuye't H2: Gido due khdi nghiip co dnh hudng cung chiiu den y dinh khdi nghiep. Ke't qua ffdc Itfdng cho tha'y, cd md'i quan he dong bie'n giffa Gido due khdi nghiep (EE) va Y dinh khdi nghidp lEl) ciia
sinh vidn la 0,216 vd tfdc Itfdng nay cd y nghia thd'ng ke P = 0,002. Nhtf vdy, gia thuye't ndy dtfdc chap nhdn. Dieu nay cho thd'y, Gido due khdi nghiep lot sd lam gia tang Y dinh khdi nghiep cua sinh vien cac trtfdng dai hoc TP. Ho Chi Minh.
Gid thuye'i H3: Thdi do khdi nghiep CO dnh hudng cung chiiu di'n y dinh khdi nghiep. Ke'l qua ddc Itfdng cho thd'y, cd mo'i quan he dong bid'n giffa Thdi dp khdi nghidp (EA) va Y dinh khdi nghidp (EI) la 0,502 va tfdc Iffdng nay cd y nghTa thd'ng kd P = 0,000. Nhtf vay, gia thuyd't ndy dffdc chd'p nhdn.
Dieu ndy cho tha'y. Thai dp khdi nghiep tich cffc se lam tang Y dinh khdi nghiep cua sinh vien cdc trffdng dai hpc TP.
Hd Chi Minh.
KET LUAN
Kd't qua nghien ctfu cho thd'y, cd md'i quan he nhdn qua giffa Gido due khdi nghidp dd'n Thai dp khdi nghidp va Y dinh khdi nghidp cua sinh vidn cac trffdng dai hpc TP. Ho Chi Minh.
Giao due khdi nghidp cd tac ddng dd'n Thdi dp khdi nghidp. Ca Gido due khdi nghiep va Thai dp khdi nghiep deu tdc ddng dd'n Y dinh khdi nghiep cua sinh vidn, nhtfng Thai dd khdi nghiep tdc dpng trtfc tie'p de'n Y dinh khdi nghidp;
cdn Gido due khdi nghidp tac ddng trtfc tid'p va gian tid'p dd'n Y dinh khdi nghidp cua sinh vidn cac trtfdng dai hoc TP. Ho Chi Mmh.
Nghidn cffu dd xay dtfng md binh anh htfdng ciia gido due Ididi nghiep dd'n thai dp khdi nghidp va y dinh khdi nghidp cua sinh vidn cdc trtfdng dai hpc tai TP.
Ho Chi Minh. Kd't qua nghidn ciJu dd ung hd cho md hinh ndy, ddng thdi, cung cho thd'y cdc md'i quan he trong md hmh cd the giup ich cho cdc irtfdng dai hpc TP. Ho Chi Minh nang cao nhdn thffc ve vai trd ciJa gido due khdi nghiep va dffa
ra cdc chinh sdch phu hdp de dd'y manh ra thdi dp khdi nghidp tich ctfc va ndng cao y dinh khdi c6ng tdc gido due khdi nghiep nham tao nghidp cua sinh vidn.Q
TAT I.TF.U THAM KHAO
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Homewood, Illinois: Irwin- McGraw-Hill
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