VIET NAM - CAl CACH VA Hdl N H A P
Chien luo'c tang tru'dng xanh qudc gia
sau ba nam thiPC hien: Ket qua bu'O'c dau va thach thu'c'*'
PGS.TS. BUI QUANG TUAN HA HUY NGpC"
Ddi m&i md hinh tdng Iruang vd ldi ca cdu nin kinh le dd dugc khdng dinh Id dinh hu&ng ldng qudt cita Chiin lugc phdt triin kinh ti xa hgi thai ky 2011 - 2020. Muc lieu cita ddi m&i md hinh tdng tru&ng Id nhdm phdt trien theo chieu sdu, tdng cu&ng hiiu qud, ung dung khoa hgc - cdng nghi vd sdng tgo, ndng cao nang luc cgnh tranh, tiet kiem tdi nguyen gdn voi ddm bdo cdng bdng vd liin bd xd hdi, bdo ve mdi truang, phdt huy lai thi cgnh iranh cita Viet Nam trong hgi nhdp qudc le. Tdng tru&ng xanh md Viet Nam dang theo dudi chinh Id nhdm gidi quyet mdt phdn quan Irong cdc nhiem vu cua ddi m&i md hinh tdng tru&ng trin. Bdi ndy de cap din linh cdp thiit ciia chuyen ddi md hinh tdng Iruang theo hu&ng xanh, thdo lugn vi cdc kit qud bu&c ddu sau 3 ndm thue hiin Chiin lugc Tdng Iru&ng xanh, vd tren ca sa do dua ra mdt sd hdm y ve cdc chinh sdch ieu lien nhdm huang t&i xdy dung nen kinh ti xanh a Viet Nam trong giai dogn l&i
Tir khoa: Chien lugc tdng tru&ng xanh, md hinh ldng truang, nin kinh ti xanh.
\. Thuc hien tang trudng xanh la thuc hien hipu qud va ndng sudt chua dugc coi frgng.
thay doi mo hinh tang trudng Men nay Danh gia sy ddng gdp cfta cdc y l u td vdn, lao LL Sie chn tkiit pkai ckuyin ddi mo hlnh "Jong va nang sudt nhan td tdng hgp (total factor tang tru&ng tkeo ku&ng xank productivity - TFP) vdo tdng tmdng cho thdy Vidt Nam can thiel phdi chuyin ddi md linh chung trong 20 nam qua, vdn la nhan td hinh tang tnrong bing thuc hien tang tritong '^•''^ ''»° '^"'> ^^ tang truemg, dong gop toi 46%
xanh bcri nhung ly do sau: Thu nhdt, tang " ^ ^ *^ tang truong, nhan to lao dgng kha on tnrcmg kinh tk hien nay tiSp tuc dua chu ygu ''>'*• * ' '^'"™ '>" ' i ^ ' " ' " ' ' * ' ' " ' ° " ^ ° >>' ™"B vao ySu t6 v6n va lao dpng, trong khi y i u t6 '^^^ "^ 1 ™ '^ '='"^'" ^''°''°' "^'^^ ^ ^ S "S^^
cang di xudng, mac du trong mpt sd it ITnh vuc nhu cdng nghe thdng lin, vidn Ihdng, nang
*Vi^n Nghien ciru Phit trien bin vfrng Ving luong, xay dung, sinh hoc nhiing cdng nghd - V i | n Dja Ijva Nhan v3n tien tidn da duoc ap dung mang lai thanh tuu rd
^ 'Nghien am duac Ihuc hien duai su ho tra hoi Quy .' . , ' • Nafosiedirongdiiiiimasdtn.4-2011 21. r?'- Trong thcri gian 10 nam gan day, tac dpng
- Nhiing vin di KINH Tfi VA CHiNH TR| THf GI&I So 8(232) 2015
.BuUiuang Tudn - Ha Huy Nggc Chidn lugc tdng trudng xanh qudc gia...
cua nhan td tang trudng theo chilu sdu chi con 20%, xdp xi bdng nhan td Iao dpng 2 1 % , trong khi nhan td vdn da tang len tdi 59%'.
Thu hai, nen sdn xudt dua vao khai thac cdc ngudn tai nguyen, nhung hieu qua sft dung thap.
Trong CO cau nen kinh tl, cdc nganh dya vao ngudn lyc ty nhien vdn cdn chilm rapt ty trgng ldn vd xu hudng giam cham. Ndng, ldm nghiep vd thfty sdn, cdng nghiep khai khoang nam 2000 chilm 34,3% GDP, din ndm 2013 van cdn chilm 33,1%1
Nganh khai thdc khodng san dugc phat friln hdu nhu theo cdch ty phdt nhara chu ydu cho xudt khdu thd, keo theo he qua Id cac ngudn tai nguyen khoang san dang bi khai thdc lang phi, can kiet, sft dung kem hieu qua, mdi trudng bi tan phd, te nan xa hpi gia ldng. Sd doanh nghiep thara gia khai thdc md dd tang nhanh tft 427 ndm 2000 ldn d i n gdn 2.000 nam 2012, ihupc ldl ca cdc thanh phdn kinh Id, chua ke hang nghin nhdm tu nhdn khai thac khoang san tu do khdng dang ky va khdng chiu su giam sat cua chinh quyen. Trong hom 4.000 gidy phep khai thac khoang san da cap, cd rat it dy an che bien sau, neu cd thi cung la nhiing dy dn chd bien vdi cdng nghd dan gian, khdng cd gid tri cao vd mat kinh te. Bao cao giam sat ciia Chinh phu ve vide thyc hien chinh sack, phap luat ve quan ly, khai thac khodng sdn gan vdi bao ve radi tmdng trinh Qudc hpi ngdy 15/8/2012 cho biet, 90% co sd san xual, kinh doanh khai thac, chd bien khoang san vi phara phap luat ve bao ve mdi irudng.
Cudng dp sft dung ndng lugng cua Viet Nam cd xu hudng tang do qua trinh tdng cudng cdng nghiep hda, tft 350 kg ddu quy chudn (OE) cho 1.000 USD GDP nam 1990 len 487 kg ndm 2000 vd khoang 955 kg nam 2007, cao hcm rat nhieu so vdi cac nudc phat trien. Hien nay, cudng dp ndng lugng cua Viet Nam gdp 1,5 ldn cua Thai Lan va gdp 2 ldn mftc binh qudn ihl gidi^. Da sd cdc ' Vu Tuan Anh vk Nguyin Quang Thai (2011): £)du tu cong. Thuc trgng va tdi ca cdu. NXB, Ttr diln Mch khoa.
^ T6ng cue Thfing ke, Nign gidm thong kS nam 2005 vi 2013, ' Han Qu6c sir dung 0,317 tan dau quy chuin cho 1.000
USD n3m 2009 va dir ki6n se giam con 0,233 tdn nSm 2020 (Chiln lugc tang tnnjng xanh cua H^n Quic),
ngdnh cdng nghidp la nhiing nganh thupc loai cd cudng dp su dung ndng lugng cao.
Tinh todn can ddi cho thay trong giai doan 2000 - 2015, khai thac cdc ngudn ndng lugng so cap trong nudc ludn vugt tren nhu cau, can can ndng lugng cfta Vipt Nam nghieng ve xu the xual khdu rdng. Song tft sau ndm 2015, Viet Nam bdt dau thieu ngudn nhidn lieu. 0 phuong an CO sd, lugng thieu hut khoang gan 53 trieu TOE nam 2020 va len tdi 143 trieu TOE ndm 2030, Neu khdng cd nhung ngudn radi bd sung, ty le phy Ihupc vao nang lugng nhap khdu Id 36% ndm 2020 va len din 57% ndm 2030.
Nguy CO can kiet ngudn nudc cang ngay cang Id rd. Den ndm 2020, do qua trinh gia tang dan sd va nhu cdu cho san xual ngdy cang tang cao cpng vdi tac dpng cua bidn ddi khi hau, kha ndng ddp img nhu cau ve ngudn nudc se cang ngay cdng giam. Theo ddnh gid cua Vien Khi tugng thuy vdn, mac du tai nguyen nudc d Viel Nara la kha phong phu, tuy nhien, mftc dam bao nudc trung bmh/dau ngudi mpt nam da gidm tft 12.800 mVngudi nam 1990 xudng cdn 10.900 m^/ngudi ndm 2000, va cd khd ndng chi cdn khoang 8.500 ra^/ngudi vao ndm 2020. Den ndm 2025, Viet Nara cd the se frd thdnh qudc gia thieu nudc vdi raftc nudc frung binh dudi 4.000 m^/ngudi. Thdi gian vfta qua, mpi sd vimg mien Trung cua Viet Nam da bdi ddu gap phdi tinh trang khd han va sa mac hda rdl manh, de dga den an ninh luang thyc vd sinh ke cua ngudi dan.
Viel Nam cung dang phai ddi mat vdi nhumg van de trdm Irgng luomg ty do gia tang lugng chdl thai va d nhidm trong cdng nghiep. Theo dy bao cua Ngan hang The gidi (WB), vdi muc ldng GDP khoang 7 - 8%/nam nhu hien nay, ihi mftc dp d nhiem mdi Irudng bdi chat thdi vao ndm 2020 cd the gap 4 - 5 lan hidn nay. Lugng chdt thai rdn cdng nghidp dy bdo se tdng, bat chdp nhiing cd gdng trong viec dp dung cdc gidi phap san xual sach hom do vide gia tang nhanh hcm sd lugng cac co sd cdng nghidp cho den ndm 2020. Ddc bidt, tinh chdt cfta chat thdi rdn cdng nghidp cung se thay ddi theo hudng tdng dan ty le chdt thai nguy hai do phat trien ihem
NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHINH TR! TH^ Giai So 8(232) 2015-
Chien lugc tang trudng xanh quoc gia... Bui Quang Tudn - Ha Huy Nggc nhilu ngdnh cdng nghiep mdi nhu hoa chat,
dien tft, Igc hoa ddu, del nhupm...
Thic ba, vai tro cita khoa hgc - cong nghe chua dugc phdt huy Irong md hinh tdng Iruang.
Dilu nay Ihl hien d chi sd kinh Id fri thuc cdn rdt thdp. Theo phuomg phdp danh gid do Vien Nghien cftu cfta Ngdn hdng The gidi (WBl) dua ra, thi Chi sd Kinh td fri thftc cua Viet Nam ndm 2008 la 3,02, xlp thft 102 trong sd 133 qudc gia dugc xem xel. Chi sd nay cua Viet Nam tuy cao hon cua nhdm thu nhdp thap nhung thdp hon nhidu so vdi chi sd cua nhdm nudc thu nhap tmng binh thap (4,1). So vdi cdc nudc Irong khu vye, Chi sd Kinh td fri ihftc cfta nudc ta chua bdng mpt nfta chi sd cua nhdm nen kinh te cdng nghidp mdi (Han Qudc, Singapore, Ddi Loan, Hdng Cdng), thap hom kha nhieu so vdi muc cua Malaysia, Thai Lan, Tmng Qudc va Philippines. Nang suat lao dpng tmng binh toan xa hpi thap va tdng chdm. Chdng han frong giai doan 2001 - 2010, tdc dp tang ndng sudt binh qudn dal khoang 4,8%/nam. Ndu so vdi nang sudt lao dpng cua Trung Qudc hien nay, Viet Nam cdn kera khodng 2,6 ldn va kera rauc cua Thdi Lan 4,3 ldn.
1.2. Vai trd cua tdng trir&ng xanh trong md kink tang trir&ng m&i
i) Tdng tru&ng xanh Id hu&ng tai mdt md hinh tdng tru&ng theo chiiu sdu vd ben vung trong diiu kiin biin ddi khi hdu
Tdng Imdng xanh khdng chi Id dpng lyc phuc hdi nen kiiih te sau khftng hoang, ma cdn la phuang thftc thyc hien phat tridn bin viing vdi 3 thdnh td: i) phat tridn kinh tl; ii) dara bao an sinh, phuc lgi xa hdi; iii) bdo ve mdi tmdng.
Dua tren nhftng lgi the dang cd va cftng vdi dinh hudng thyc hien tang Irudng xanh, Viel Nam cd nhidu liem ndng d l thuc hien nen kinh t l xanh va bin viing. Chuyin dich co cdu kinh le theo hudng thu hep khu vye "kinh t l ndu", md rpng khu vuc "kinh le xanh" iren ca sd lgi Ihd so sdnh ve "von tu nhiin", vj tri "dja - chiin luac", vdn ngudi vdi co cdu "ddn so vdng" la nhiing ylu td tiln d l d l cd Ihl Ihyc hien tang tmdng xanh. Bdn canh dd, mpt thi chl thi
tmdng khoa hgc - cdng nghe theo hudng "xanh hod", Irong dd dinh rd vai trd cua Nha nudc trong viec hinh thdnh va thuc ddy cdc thd che tren thi tmdng khoa hgc - cdng nghe thdn thien vdi mdi tmdng, d l tft dd biln sdn phdm khoa hgc - cdng nghd thanh mpt ddu vao quan trgng cho viec tang nang sudt tdng hgp cua nen kinh t l , ndng cao nang luc canh Iranh, va chuyen hudng tft mdt nen kinh te tdng trudmg dua vao cac nhan td san xuat la vdn vd lao ddng sang mpt nin kinh t l tdng trudng ben viing dua vao viec tdng ndng suat cac nhdn Id tdng hgp.
ii) Huang t&i nin kinh li xanh chinh Id qud trinh ldi cdn bdng cdc nguon luc cho phdt triin, ICU tiin ddu lu cdc ngudn luc vdo cdc ngdnh, linh vuc "xanh hod " nen kinh ti.
Qud trinh chuyen sang nen kinh te xanh cung chinh la qua frinh tdi phan bd lai cdc ngudn luc cho phat friln frdn toan cau va d mdi qudc gia.
Trong hai thap ruen gdn ddy, phan Idn cac ngudn lyc dugc dau tu cho sdn xuat vat chat, lai chinh... dau tu cho "kinh te ndu" ma thieu quan tdm ldi sy can kidt cfta vdn ty nhidn va he sinh thai. Chinh md hinh nay da gay ra nhiing tac dpng ngoai bien hau nhu khdng kiem sodt dugc ddi vdi xa hpi va mdi tnidng, gdy dnh hudng nghiem trgng den cudc sdng cua thd he ngay nay cung nhu de Iai nhiing thdch thftc, rui ro cho the he tuong lai. Nhiing cudc khung hoang lien liep gan day Id minh chftng cho nhdn dinh nay. Vi the cac chinh sdch phdn bd lai cdc ngudn luc, lap tmng ddu tu nhieu hon cho "kinh te xanh" la rdt quan Irgng de tdi cdn bdng md hinh ldng tmdng theo cac uu tidn: i) chat lugng ldng trudng kinh le; ii) hieu qud sinh thai; iii) ben vftng radi trudng.
iii) Buac chuyin dich sang nen tdng cdng nghe m&i (cdng nghi xanh vd ndng lugng thay thi) dang tao ra nhirng dpng lyc tang tmdng mdi cho ndn kinh te the gidi. Ddy la mpt xu hudng khach quan. Viet Nara khdng thi dftng ngoai xu hudng do. Vi vdy, Viet Nam phdi lya chgn phuang thftc tang tmdng xanh d l cd Ihl tien kip hoac it ra khdng bi tut hdu xa hon so vdi cdc qudc gia tren the gidi vd khu vye. Ddi vdi cac trudng hgp cua mpt sd nudc dang phat
m>^
- NhOng vin di KINH Tt VA CHINH TRj TH^ GIOI Sp 8(232) 2015gu[Quang Tudn - Ha Huy Ngoc Chien luoc tang trudng xanh qudc gia..
fridn me mdi Iheo dudi "kinh tl nau" dd phat frien nhanh, vide sau ndy phdi radl thdi gian dieu chinh dl trd lai quj dao cua kinh tl xanh se la CO hdi cho Viet Nam cd thd dudi kip cdc nudc dd ndu Viet Nara quylt Idra theo dudi tang tmdng xanh tft bdy gid.
2. Chien lugc tang trudng xanh sau 3 nam thuc hien: Nhung ket qua budc dau
2.1. Nhirng kit qud bu&c ddu
O Viet Nam, tang tmdng xanh da sdm dugc the hien bdng cac chinh sdch, hoac dugc ldng ghep frong nhieu van ban cua Dang va Nhd nudc. Ndi bat nhat Id, Chien lugc Phat triin kinh le - xa hpi cua Vipt Nam giai doan 2011 - 2020 da khdng dinh ydu cdu cap Ihiet ciia viec chuyen ddi phuomg thuc tieu dftng theo hudng ben vihig nhdm bao ve va cai thien chdt lugng mdi tmdng, chu dpng ftng phd cd hieu qua vdi bien ddi khi hdu: "Nang cao y thftc bao ve mdi tmdng, gdn nhidm vu, myc tidu bao ve mdi tmdng vdi phat frien kinh te - xa hdi; Chft frgng phat trien kinh te xanh, than thien vdi mdi tmdng; Thyc hidn sdn xudt vd tieu dftng ben viing; Tftng budc phdt trien nang lugng sach, san xudt sach, tieu dftng sach".
Sau do la Chiln lugc Phdt trien bin viing giai doan 2011- 2020, trong dd xac dinh rd hudng kinh te can uu tien nhdm thyc hien san xuat va tieu dung ben viing frong giai doan 2011 - 2020 Id i) Ddy raanh dp dung rpng rai san xudt sach hon de nang cao hieu qua sft dung tai nguyen thien nhien, nguyen vdt lieu, nang lugng, nudc, ddng thdi giam thidu phat thdi va han chl mftc dp gia tdng d nhiera, bdo ve chdl lugng mdi tmdng, sue khde con ngudi, ddm bao phdt friln bin vumg; ii) Xay dung vdn hda tidu dftng van minh, hai hda va than thien vdi thien nhien. Timg budc thuc hien dan nhan sinh thai, mua sdm xanh. Phat trien thi Irudng san phdm sinh thdi va sang kien cpng ddng ve san xudt va tidu dung ben viing. Ap dung nhiing chinh sdch dilu chinh nhihig hanh vi tieu dimg khdng hgp ly.
Dac biet, ngay 07 thang 9 nam 2009, Thu tudng Chinh phft da ky Quyet dinh sd 1419/QD-
TTg Phe duyet "Chien lugc sdn xudt sach hon' frong cdng nghiep den nam 2020" frong dd muc lieu tdng qudt la "San xuat sach hon dugc dp dung rpng rai tai cac ca sd san xuat cong nghiep nhdm ndng cao hieu qua sft dung tai nguyen thien nhien, nguyen Heu, nhien lieu, vat lieu; giam thieu phat thai va han chd mftc dp gia tang d nhidm; bdo ve vd cdi thien chat luong radi trudng, sftc khde con ngudi va bao dam phdt trien ben viing".
Mat khac, de chuan bi nen tang phdp ly tao da cho qua trinh xanh hod nen kinh td, Thu tudng chinh phu da ban hdnh Quyet dinh sd I393/QD-TTg, "Quylt dinh phd duydt Chiln lugc ldng tmdng xanh thdi ky 2011 - 2020 va tdm nhin 2050", Irong dd cd 2 nhidra vu quan frgng Id xanh hod sdn xudt va xanh hod tieu dftng .
D I timg budc cu the hoa Chien lugc Tdng imdng xanh qudc gia, Bp Ke hoach va Dau tu da xay dyng Ke hoach hdnh ddng qudc gia ve tdng tmdng xanh giai doan 2013 - 2020. Trong do da chu frgng vao 4 npi dung Id xay dyng the chl va kl hoach tdng tmdng xanh tai dia phuomg; gidm cudng dp phat thai khi nhd kinh va thuc ddy su dung nang lugng sach, ndng lugng tai tao; thuc hidn xanh hda sdn xudt; thyc hien xanh hda loi sdng va tieu dftng ben vung.
Ben canh dd, Chinh phft Viet Nam cdn timg budc tham gia cdc sang kien cap khu vye ve lieu dung va sdn xuat xanh. Chdng han nhu, Quyll dinh sd 159/QD-TTg, ngay 27 Ihang 1 nam 2014, cua Thft tudng Chinh phu, ve viec Viet Nam ddng y tham gia dy dn khu vuc:
"Thftc day tieu dftng va tham gia sdn xudi cdc san phdm xanh thdng qua mua sdm cdng bdn
* Hai npi dung nay dirge thi hi^n cu th6 \t: i) xanh hod san xu3t, thirc hien mpt chiln lugc c6ng nghi§p hod sach thong qua ra sodt, dieu chinh nhiJng quy hoach ngdnh hien co, su dung tiet kiem vd hieu qua tai nguyen, khuyin khich phdt triin cong nghe xanh, nong nghiep xanh; ii) xanh hod loi s6ng va thiic ddy tieu dung ben vSng, kit hop l6i song dep tmyln thdng vdi nhung phirong tien vdn minh hien dai de tao n6n doi sflng tien nghi. Chien Itrgc tSng tnrong xanh Id co so phdp \j quan trpng de xay dimg cac chinh sdch lien quan den tieu diing xanh o Vigt Nam trong giai doan toi.
NhOng vin di KINH Tt VA CHJNH TRj TH^ GIOI S6 8(232) 2015
Chien lugc tdng trudng xanh quoc gia.. BDi Quang Tudn - HajHuyNggg.
vung va nhan sinh thai" do UNEP tai trg, vd giao Bd Tai nguyen vd Mdi tmdng lam co quan ddu mli. Td chftc Phdt triin edng nghiep cua Lien hgp qudc (UNIDO) da giftp Viet Nam thanh lap "Trung tam San xudi sach Viet Nam"
Irong khuon khd du dn US/VIE/96/063 do Chinh phu Thuy Sy tai trg thdng qua UNIDO.
Du an da hoan thanh nhiem vu phd bidn rpng rai khai nidm san xudt sach hon vd xuc tiln viec dp dung tilp can chu dpng phdng ngira d nhilm nay vao cac doanh nghidp cdng nghiep d nudc ta.
Trung tam san xudt sach Viet Nam da trien khai dianh cdng chuang trinh ddnh gid san xual sach hon tai fren 300 doanh nghiep ihudc nhilu ngdnh, lmh vye khac nhau. Kit qua thi dilra tai cac doanh nghiep dd dugc ghi nhan vd chung td tinh uu viet ciia sdn xudt sach hon hudng tdi rauc tidu phat triin bin viing, vdi mpt sd dy an tidu bieu:
i) Quy Uy thac tin dung xanh (GCTF): Dugc Ihdnh lap tft mpt sdng kiln hd frg tai chinh cfta Cue Kinh t l Lidn bang Thuy Sy (SECO) danh cho cdc nudc dang phat trien, nhdm thftc ddy dau tu trung vd dai han vao cdng nghe sach hon frong san xudt cdng nghiep va dich vy. Md hlnh nay da dugc SECO friln khai tmdc dd d Colombia vd Pem (ihudc nhdm qudc gia muc tieu cua chuong trinh hd trg ma SECO danh cho cac nudc dang phdt frien). Tft kinh nghiera trien khai tai hai qudc gia nay vd qua khao sdt ddc dilm, hien frang hoat dpng ciia ngdnh ngan hang cung nhu cdc doanh nghiep san xual cdng nghidp va dich vu, cudi ndra 2007, SECO da chinh Ihftc cho ra mdt Quy Uy thdc Tin dung xanh tai Viel Nam thdng qua sy dieu phdi cua Tmng tam San xudt sach hon Viet Nam (VNCPC).
ii) Dy an San xuat cd frdch nhiem (RP) do Chuang Irinh Mdi tmdng Lien hgp quoc (UNEP) tai frg. Du dn nay cd muc lidu la cung cap cho cdc doanh nghiep vfta vd nhd rapt phuang phap tiep can dd dang, cd he thdng de nam bdt va giai quydl cac dp luc ngay cang tang ve gia ca, quy dinh, chinh sdch, nhu cdu giai quyel cac vdn dd ve xa hpi, mdi trudng va dao dftc. Du an giup cdc doanh nghiep vira va nhd phdi trien ndng lyc quan ly
cac hda chdt dpc hai mpt each an loan, tiep can vdi phuang phdp cdi thien lien tuc va cd he thdrig ddi vcd an loan hda chdt va cung cap nhiing chi ddn de cd the nhdn thftc dugc nhftng moi nguy hilm, kiem soat va chdng tilp xuc vdi cac chat dpc hai, giam rui ro tai nan.
iii) Ddi mdi san phdm b i n vCmg (SPIN) do Chuang trinh SWITCH ASIA-Lien minh chdu Au tai trg. Du an cd muc tieu hd trg cdc doanh nghiep va t l chftc cfta 3 nudc Viet Nam, Lao, Campuchia ndng cao ndng luc canh franh va lgi nhudn thdng qua thyc hien ddi mdi san phdm theo hudng b i n vumg, ddng thdi gidm tac dpng mdi tmdng, nang cao trach nhiem xa hpi frong sudt vdng ddi cua san phdm. Dy an nhdm tdi muc tieu trong 4 ndm xay dyng nang lyc ddi mdi sdn phdm cho it nhdt 500 doanh nghiep, ldi thilu 1.000 sdn phdm mdi vdi su hd trg tryc liip cua cdc chuydn gia thilt k l san pham va marketing qudc t l , dao tao 100 chuyen gia phdt triin sdn phdm cho khu vye.
iv) Du an Sdng xanh Viet Nara (GetGreen)
"Sdng xanh Viet Nam" la du an thuc ddy tieu dftng b i n viing tai Viet Nam, tap trung vao thftc ddy phong cdch sdng vd lam vide ben viing ciia nhiing ngudi cd thu nhap trung binh tai khu vuc thdnh thi. Gidng nhu SPIN, "Sdng xanh Viet Nam" dugc ddng tdi frg bdi chuang trinh
SWITCH-Asia cua Lien minh chau Au. Du an hudng ldi muc tieu thdnh lap 50 nhdm "Sdng xanh Viet Nam", tu do hom 1.000 ngudi tieu dung se trd thanh nhiing "hat gidng thay ddi" ve lieu dung ben vung.
Sau khi kit thuc dy an, cd it nhat 50 nhdm ngudi tieu dimg bao gdm ca hp gia dinh va vdn phdng dugc thanh lap, ddng nghTa vdi viec 1.000 ngudi tieu dftng nhan rpng cac phuang phap cua dy an vao cpng ddng. Khdng chi cd the, vdi mang ludi san cd cua SPIN ddi vdi cdc doanh nghiep san xudt san phdra bin viing, dy an cd dieu kien thuan lgi de ket ndi giira phia cung va cau, nhdm sang tao ra cdc sdn phdra ben viing cd tinh kha dung va di vao cudc sdng.
- NhOng vin di KINH Tt VA CHINH TRj THt GIOI S6 8(232) 2015
.g^iOuang Tudn - Ha Huy Nggc Chidn lugc tang trudng xanh qudc gia...
D y an Hgp phdn San xudt sach hom frong cdng nghipp, dudi su tai frg Chuong frinh Hgp tdc Phat triin Mdi tmdng Viet Nam - Dan Mach, do Bd Cdng thuomg thyc hien dd ho trg cac dia phuang xay dyng K I hoach hanh dpng sdn xuat sach hom fren dia ban cac tinh giai doan 2011 - 2015, vdi cdc muc tieu: han che muc dp gia tdng o nhidra mdi tmdng do cac
hoat dpng cdng nghiep; nghien cftu, chuydn giao va iimg dung cac cdng nghe sach; tuyen tmydn, gido due va ndng cao nhan thuc cua cpng ddng ve bao ve mdi tmdng (BVMT); thuc ddy dp dung san xudt sach hom frong cdng nghiep. Den nay, da cd khoang 30 linh, thdnh xay dung Kd hoach hanh dpng sdn xuat sach hom (xem Bdng I).
Bdng I: Xay dung ke hoach san xuat sach hon d cac dia phucmg Ke hoach hanh dong san xuat sach hcm d cac tinh/thanh 1. An Giang
2. Bdc Giang 3. Ben Tre 4. Binh Dinh 5. Binh Phudc 6. Ca Mau 7. Ddng Nai 8. Ddng Thap
9. Ddk Ldk 10. Ddk Ndng 11. Gia Lai 12. HdNdi 13. HdTTnh 14. Hai Duong 15. Khdnh Hda 16. Long An
17. Nghd An 18. Ninh Thudn 19. Phu Tho 20. Qudng Nara 21. Quang Tri 22. Sdc Trdng 23. Tidn Giang 24. Thanh Hda
25. Thai Nguyen 26. Thai Binh 27. Yen Bdi 28. Ba Ria - Vung Tdu 29. VTnh Long
Nguon: Bd Cdng thuang, 2013.
Song song vdi vide hd Irg Chinh phft va cac dia phuomg xay dung kd hoach san xuat sach hom du dn cdn td chuc dao tao, tap huan, hd trg cho cac doanh nghidp ddi radi thiet bi, ddy chuyen san xuat, tiet kiem dien, va he Ihdng xu ly chat thai gdp phan xanh hod sdn xuat cdng nghiep d Viet Nam. Cd khodng hom 40 doanh nghiep da dugc du dn ho Irg, dien hinh la: Cdng ty cd phdn (CP) Mudi Nghe An, Cdng ty CP Plato Viet Nam, Xi nghiep Tdm lgp Thdi Nguyen, Cdng ty TNHH Viel Tidn, Cdng ly CP Mia dudng Sdng Con, Cdng ly Bpt sdn Thanh Chuang, Cdng ty Che Khanh Hod, Cdng ty TNHH Due Phong... Ngoai nhiing dy an dien lunh neu fren thi cdn cd rat nhieu cac chuomg trinh du dn khdc do cac td chftc qudc td, td chuc NGOs tai frg cho cac du dn lien quan den tieu dftng bin vftng d Viet Nam.
Ben canh cac dy an do qudc te tai trg ihi cdc bg nganh, cac cdng ty cung da bdt ddu thyc hien
cdc chuomg trinh lien quan ddn tieu dung xanh, nhu gdn nhan sinh thai, liet kiem dien...
Chuomg trinh Dan nhan sinh thai da dugc Bd Tai nguyen vd Mdi trudng frien khai tu nam 2010 vdi viec phe duyet cho tieu chi Nhan xanh Viel Nam cho 3 nhdra san phdm la bpt giat, bong den huynh quang vd bao bi nhya lu phan huy sinh hgc dftng gdi hang khi mua sdm. Nam 2012, Bp Xay dyng va ban hdnh tieu chi chftng nhan Nhan Xanh Viel Nam cho sdn phdm ac quy; cac san pham may linh xdch lay, may in laser, myc in laser cd tieu chi chftng nhan Nhan Xanh trong nam 2013. Nam 2014 se la nhdra sdn phdm may tinh de ban, myc in cho may photocopy, pin lieu chudn va nam 2015 dp dung tieu chi dan Nhan Xanh cho ddng sdn phdm dd gia dung vdi 3 nhdra sdn phdm may gial, tu lanh, ti vi. Sdp tdi, Bp Tai nguyen va Mdi tmdng se ky thda thuan ihfta nhan lan nhau ve
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Chidn lugc tang trudng xanh quoc gia... Biii Quang Tudn - Ha Huy Nggc
nhdn sinh thai ddi vdi mpt sd qudc gia; khi do, san phdm, dich vu cfta doanh nghiep Viet da dan Nhdn Xanh se duoc hudng uu dai ddi vdi sdn phdra, dich vu dan nhan sinh thdi khi xuat khdu sang nudc khdc. Hien nay, viec dan nhdn sinh thai dang dugc thyc hien ihi dilm vd mang tinh ty nguyen, doanh nghiep khdng mdt chi phi,
Chuang trinh Dan nhan nang luong cung da dugc Bd Cdng thuong ban hanh vd quy dinh cu thd frong thdng lu sd 07/2012/TT-BCT v l dan nhan nang lugng cho cac phuong tien vd thidt bi su dung nang lugng. Cd 2 loai nhdn nang lugng dugc sft dung dd la nhan nang lugng xac nhan va nhan nang lugng so sdnh:
Sft dung san phdm xanh, than Ihien vdi mdi tmdng hien dang la xu the cfta the gidi. Viet Nam cung da cd nhiing budc di dau tien trong vide liep can cac sdn pham xanh trong san xuat va'tieu dung. Tuy nhien, dftng tmdc xu the uu lien sft dung cdc san pham, nhieu doanh nghiep Viel Nam da vd dang cd nhiing budc di ddu tien frong viec sdn xudt, gidi thieu, qudng ba cdc ddng san pham xanh ra thi tmdng.
De Ihuc day hoat dpng mua sdm xanh di len thi nhdt thiel phdi hlnh ihanh thi tmdng san phdm xanh vdi nhilu chung loai sdn phdra. 6 Vipt Nam hien nay, "San pham xanh" cung dd xuat hien trong cdc ke hoach san xudt cua mdt sd doanh nghiep Viet Nam nhu Sony Viet Nam, Viglacera, Vinamilk, Dien quang...
Ngoai cdc hanh dpng cua Bp/nganh thi cdc dia phuang cung da tich cyc triin khai xay dung va Ihuc hien Chiln lugc Tdng tmdng xanh, trong do ndi bdi Id Qudng Ninh, Thanh phd Da Ndng, Ddng Nai, Thanh pho Hpi An - Quang Nam, Thanh pho Da Lat - Lam Ddng, Phu Qudc - Kidn Giang.
2.2. NhUng thdch thdc khd khan cda viec thirc hien Chien Iuac Tdng tru&ng xanh
Ben canh nhimg kit qud dat dugc thi Chiln lugc tdng Trudng xanh qudc gia hien dang dftng trudc nhiing thach ihftc nhu sau:
Thic nhdt, nhdn thftc cua chinh quydn cdp dia phuang v l Chiln lugc Tang Uudng xanh chua ddy du. Theo kit qua khao sat ciia mpt nhdm nghien cftu cfta Vien Han Lam Khoa hgc Xd hpi Viet Nam, cd 15/63 tinh/thdnh cho thdy hdu nhu can bp cac sd/ngdnhAiuydn chua dugc tap huan va chua cd nhan thftc ddy dft v l tdm quan ttgng cua kinh te xanh. Thuc hien tang tmdng xanh va xdy dyng kinh te xanh chua phdi la mdnh ldnh va rang bupc cftng phai thuc hien d cac dia phuang.
Thu hai, hien van cd su triing lap, ddi khi la khdng thdng nhdt vd muc tieu va npi dung cua cac chiln lugc: Chiln lugc Phdt trien ben viing;
Chiln lugc qudc gia ve ftng phd bien ddi khi hau; Chiln lugc tdng tmdng xanh. Cac dia phuong khdng ro la uu tien thyc hidn chien lugc nao, cd cung mdt npi dung khdng, phdi hgp cdc ddu mdi thuc hien nhu the nao.
Thu ba, hdu het cac hoat dpng vd ldng Imdng kinh t l cua Vidt Nam dang dua vao khai thdc tdi nguyen cudng dp cao, cac nganh gay d nhiem mdi tmdng dang chiera ty trgng ldn trong nen kinh Id, trong khi cdng nghd khai thdc lac hau, hieu qud sft dung ihdp, tieu hao ndng lugng ma viec thay ddi cdng nghd frong san xuat la qua trinh khdng de thyc hien ngay. Vide thay ddi cdng nghe trong sdn xudt la mpt Irong cac thach thftc ldn nhdt. Hien nay, ddi mdi cdng nghe d Viet Nam cdn chara, trong khi cdc hoat dpng nghien cftu, uien khai dp dung cdng nghd mdi cdn chua theo kip tdc dp phdt triin kinh tl, chuyen giao cdng nghe chua dat hidu qua cao.
Thir tu, chi phi cho viec dieu chinh md hinh phdt trien, chuyen djch co cau kinh te, thay ddi the he cdng nghe Id rat ldm trong giai doan ban dau. Trong khi dd, cac ngudn luc thyc hien Chiln lugc tdng tmdng xanh hien nay chua ro rang, ngudn ngan sdch chua dugc bdo dam. Nhdt la frong bdi cdnh suy gidm kinh te vd cdt gidm ddu tu cdng d Viet Nam hien nay, cac ngudn lyc tai chi'nh frd nen rdt ban chl.
- NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHINH TRI THt GIOI So 8(232} 2015
gd[Quang Tuin - Ha Huy Nggc Chidn lugc tang trudng xanh qudc gia...
Thii tu, cac muc tidu ciia Chien lugc Tang tnrdng xanh dugc ldng ghep nhu the nao frong cac npi dung cua tai cdu tnic nen kinh Id qudc gia va cac chien lugc, quy hoach, ke hoach phat trien kinh l l - xd hpi cfta cdc tinh, dia phuomg van dang la mdt thach thftc ldm. Bdn than vide ldng ghep nay dat ra ydu cdu phai cd su danh ddi, ddi khi la hi sinh cac Igi ich tmdc mdt. Do vay, can phai cd quyet tdm chinh tri cao, cd tam nhin cua Ianh dao cac dia phuomg mdi cd the thuc hien dugc vide Idng nghep nay.
Thic ndm, phat trien ngudn nhan luc de dam bao cho cac rauc tieu va ndi dung cfta Chiln lugc Tang tmdng xanh la rapt thdch Ihftc khdng nhd. Viec chudn bi nhan lyc cho thyc hien tdng imdng xanh hdu nhy chua ddt ra. Hau nhu chua CO cac chuomg trinh dao tao ve tang Imdng xanh va kinh te xanh d cac trudng dai hgc va cac trung tam dao tao. Viec nang cao nhan thftc va ky ndng cua ngudi thyc hien cdc ke hoach hanh dpng cdn chua dugc tien hanh rpng rai.
Khu vye doanh nghiep va cdc dcrn vi kinh te frong cac nganh va ITnh vuc chua cd mdt dinh hudng va chuan bi ngudn nhdn luc cho cac dinh hudng tang trudng xanh vd kinh te xanh.
3. Lua chgn chinh sach iru tien cho Vipt Nam de thuc hien tang trudng xanh va htfdng tdi nen kinh te xanh
De Ihyc hien tdng tmdng xanh va hudng tdi ndn kinh te xanh d Viet Nara nhiing dinh hudng chinh sach uu tien sau day cdn dugc xem xet thyc hien:
Thir nhdt, phdi cd nhdn thuc triit di vd quyit tdm chuyen ddi mo hinh tdng tru&ng, lir chieu rdng sang chieu sdu. Chuyen ddi tft md hinh tdng trudng chft yeu Iheo chieu rpng sang md hinh tdng tmdng ket hgp hai hda gifta chieu rdng vdi chieu sdu, tien tdi hinh Ihanh md hinh tang tmdng chu yeu theo chidu sau tren co sd nang cao hieu qua ky thudt, hieu qua phan bd va tiln bp khoa hgc - ky thual nhdra khdng ngimg tang ndng suat lao dpng, chdt lugng vd hieu qua
cung nhu ndng lyc canh Iranh cua nen kinh te theo hudng chu dpng thara gia raang san xuat va chudi gia fri todn cdu, ddng thdi hudng tdi tang tmdng xanh vd ben viing, ciing nhu tang frudng todn dien va cdng bdng.
Trong giai doan 2011 - 2020, npi dung co bdn cfta ddi radi rad hinh tang trudng nudc la ndn dugc hieu rd la "ddi mai cdch thuc tgo ra ngudn gde tdng Iruang kinh li nhdm nang cao chat lugng ldng tmdng, cdi thien hieu qua kinh le, tang ndng suat lao dpng vd ndng lyc canh tranh theo hudng dam bao bdn vftng ve mat an sinh xd hdi va radi Irudng. Ndi mpt each khdc do chinh la viec chuyen ddi hgp ly hcm cdch thftc tao ra tang frudng kinh te dya vao: i) ndng cao hieu qud ky thudt; ii) ndng cao hiiu qud phdn bd; vd iii) tdng cuang liin bd khoa hoc - ky thudt cpng vdi phat trien ben viing Iren cac phuang dien kinh te, xa hpi, mdi trudng, dam bdo tang tmdng la chdt lugng, bao trum va cdng bdng ve xa hpi.
Tha hai, xdy dung chinh sdch thuc day lang Iruang xanh a Viet Nam. Didu nay ddi hdi phai cd khung phap ly rd rang cho ldng tmdng xanh, xoa bd nhiing rao can ddi vdi cac khoan ddu lu xanh; chinh sdch tai chinh can phai theo hudng xanh hod nhu tin dung xanh, he thdng thud, phi dugc thiet ke dd hudng tdi sdn xudi vd lieu dung xanh^; thuc ddy "xanh hod" cdng nghe (ddu tu
* Thul la cong cu dira vao thi truimg va la mpt phuong thiic hieu qua nhdm ki'ch thich dau tu xanh, hien nay do hien tugng gid ca bj sai lech nen khong khuyen khich dugc doanh nghiep ddu tu vdo ITnh vuc kinh te xanh.
Mpt giai phap cho vSn dl ndy la "npi hod chi phi tac dpng ngoai bien" vdo gid hdng hod/dich vu thflng qua thu6 hieu chinh, phi. hodc sir dung cdc cong cu dua vao thi trufmg khac nhu hg th6ng gidy phep giao dich . Thul la cong cu hilu hieu nhat giiip Chinh phii quan ly doanh nghiep giam lugng khi thai, sir dung tai nguyen hieu qua va kich thich doi moi. Cdc loai thue lien quan den moi truong c6 the tam chia thdnh 2 loai: i) Thue ap dung nguyen tSc "nguoi gay 6 nhilm tra tien, danh true tilp va nhd san xudt, hodc ngudi tieu diing do hg gay o nhilm; ii) vd thul tuan theo nguyen tdc "nguoi huong loi tra ti6n, trong do tap trung vdo thue khai thdc, sii dung tai nguyen, djch vu he sinh thdi.
NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHINH TR! THt GIOI So 8(232) 2015 T41.
Chidn lugc tang trudng xanh qudc gia.. BiJi Quang Tuin - Ha Huy Ngoc
vao ITnh vye khoa hgc - cdng nghe mdi, khoa hgc su sdng, ndng lugng mdi, ndng lugng tdi tao.., uu dai khu vuc lu nhan ddu tu vdo ITnh vye kinh l l xanh...). Tdt ca nhiing chinh sach trdn nhdm myc dich "kich thich" xanh hod cac ngdnh/ITnh vye kinh te bao gdm ndng nghidp, cdng nghiep va dich vu.
Thir ba, ddy mgnh khai thdc co hiiu qud cdc ngudn ndng lugng tdi tgo. Xay dyng va thuc hien cdc co che, chinh sach tdi chinh, cdng nghe nhdm ho trg nghien cftu dp dung cdng nghe tien tiln dl khai Ihdc tilm ndng cac ngudn ndng lugng tai tao.
- Phdt trien thi tmdng cdng nghe, hinh thdnh nganh cdng nghiep san xuat may mdc thidt bi ndng lugng tdi lao;
- Phat huy vai frd ciia hpi nhap va hgp tac qudc te frong vide nang cao ndng luc cdng nghe ndi chung va cdng nghe ndng lugng lai tao ndi ridng.
Thu lu, ddu lu vdo vdn lu nhiin di phdt Irien vd phuc hdi "vdn tu nhien": i) Nghien cftu va ban hanh co chd chinh sach tai chinh vd phuc hdi vdn ty nhien, phat trien ngudn vdn ty nhien;
ii) Xay dyng va thuc hien cdc quy hoach ddi han ve khai thdc, sft dung, du irft vd bao tdn nhiing lodi tdi nguyen trgng yeu ddi vdi nen kinh te; iii) xay dyng he thing tai khodn xanh thdng qua lugng gia ngudn vdn ty nhien; iv) day manh phat frien cac nganh kinh te dya vao cac he sinh thai nhdra phat huy lgi ihl so sanh, ket hgp duy tri va phdt Irien "vdn lu nhien" ciia Viet Nara: dich vy he sinh thai; du lich sinh Ihdi, thu thud, phi dich vu rimg...
Thit ndm, tgo lap vd day mgnh thi Iruang ngdnh dich vu mdi truang: i) rd soat, sfta ddi, bd sung CO che, chinh sdch vd vdn ban phap ludt ve dich vu mdi trudng theo hudng xac lap vi tri xung dang va lao lap mdi tmdng hoai dpng thuan lgi cho phai trien dich vu mdi tmdng, dam bao thuc hidn cac muc lieu phdt triin dich vu mdi imdng da xac dinh; ii) ldng ghep phdt Iridn dich vu radi tmdng vao cdc quy hoach, k l
hoach phat tridn ngdnh vd dia phuong; iii) xdy dyng, cung cd, hoan thidn bp phan quan ly chuyen mdn ve dich vu mdi tmdng trong co cau thdnh phdn td chftc nganh cdng nghiep mdi tmdng d cac cap^; iv) da dang hda cac loai dich vu, cdc td chftc cung cap vd hd trg cung cdp dich vu mdi tmdng, trong dd chu y tdi su lien ket, phdi hgp gifta cac td chftc; v) hinh thanh va phat tridn mang ludi td chuc dich vu mdi tmdng, bao gdm: dich vu quan trdc mdi tmdng;
dich vu phan tich mdi tmdng; dich vu tu van danh gid lac dpng mdi tmdng, kiem todn mdi trudng, dp dung san xudt sach hom; dich vu thu gora, van chuyen, xu Iy, tdi che chat thai; dich vu thilt k l , c h l tao, xay dyng he thdng xft ly mdi tmdng; dich vu tap hudn, ddo tao ndng cao ndng lyc v l bdo ve mdi tmdng^; vi) hd frg, uu dai khuyin khich cdc ho£it dpng vd dich vy mdi tmdng ca ddi vdi td chuc, cd nhan cung cap dich vu va cd td chuc, ca nhdn cd nhu cdu ve dich vu. Ddng thdi, tang cudng boat dpng giam sal, kidm tra thuc hien cdc quy dinh ve bao ve mdi tmdng; vii) tang cudng lien ket gifta co quan nghien cftu, doanh nghiep chd tao thiet bj va td chftc dich vu dd nang cao ndng lyc va hoat dpng dich vu mdi trudng ; viii) phat trien mpt sd doanh nghiep nha nudc vd dich vu mdi trudng dft manh dd gidi quyet cac van de mdi tmdng ldn, phuc tap cfta ddt nudc ; ix) tang cudng sy phdi hgp, lidn kit frong td chftc thi tmdng dich vu mdi Imdng vdi cac thi tmdng khdc (hdng hda, cdng nghe, lao dpng, ...), nhdt Id trong tiep thi, qudng bd cac dich vy mdi trudng, sdn phdm mdi trudng*
De an Phdt trien nganh cong nghiep moi tmong Viet Nam den ndm 2015, tdm nhin din ndm 2025 quy dinh thanh lap cdc co quan chuyen mon ve nganh cong nghiSp moi trugng 6 cdc bg, n g ^ h c6 lien quan vd dia phuong.
^ Gidl phap da xdc dinh trong D I dn Phdt triin ngdnh cong nghiep moi truong Viet Nam din ndm 2015, tam nhin din ndm 2025.
' Giai phap dd xac djnh trong De an Phdt triin nganh cong nghiep moi truong Viet Nam din nam 2015, tSm nhin din ndm 2025.
'Tham khao them De an Phdt trien dich vu mfli truimg din ndm 2020.
- NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHINH TRj THt GIOI S6 8(232) 2015
^ " [ g u a n g Tudn - Ha Huy Nggc Chidn lugc tang trudng xanh qudc gia,., Tai lieu tham khao:
1. Vien C h i l n lugc Chinh sach Tdi nguyen va Mdi trudng (tai lieu dich cua UNEP) (2011). Hudng tdi ndn kinh te xanh,Jd trinh cho phat trien ben vftng va xda ddi giara ngheo, Bdo cdo long hgp phuc vu cdc nhd hogch dinh chinh sdch, NXB.
Ndng nghiep.
2. Tai lieu phuc vu Dien dan ASEM ve tdng tmdng xanh, Ha Npi, ngay 03/10/2011 3. Nguyen Quang Thuan - Nguyen Xuan Tmng (2012): Kinh li xanh trong ddi mai md
hinh ldng tru&ng vd tdi cdu true nin kinh ti Viit Nam trong giai dogn tai. Bai tham luan tai Hpi Ihao gifta Uy ban kinh te Qudc hpi - Vien Han lan Khoa hgc Xa hpi Viet Nam, thang 3.
4. Green Korea 2011: Green grovrth-Chanllenge, Strategy and Cooperation, 15 September 2011.
5. Sukhdev, P. va Nuttall, N. (2010): A Brief For Policy Makers on the Green Economy and Millennium Development Goals, United Nations Environment Programme.
6. Barbier, E. B. (2009): Rethinking the Economic Recovery: A Global Green New Deal, UNEP.
7. Presidential Comraittee on Green Growth (2009b): Road to our'Future: Green Growth, Seoul.
8. Steenblik, R. and J. Kim (2009): Facilitating Trade in Selected Climate Change Mitigation Technologies in the Energy Supply. Buildings, and Industry Sectors, OECD Trade and Environmental Working Papers, 2009/2, OECD, Paris.
9. UNEP (2008): Green Jobs: Towards Decent Work in a Sustainable, Low-Carbon World, September, UNEP, New York.
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