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hien t h i n g Didn Bien Phu da ghi vao lich sii d i n tpc Vidt Nam trang sii vang chdi Ipi, d i n h d i u sfl trfldng thanh vfldt bac ve mpi mat ciia Quan ddi va nhan dan Viet Nara trong khang chig'n ehdng thfle dan Phap xara Ifldc, md ra thdi ky tan ra va sup dd he thdng thudc dia cua chu nghia thfle dan eu tren pham vi toan thd gidi. Chidn thing Dign Bien Phu da lam "rung dong 5 chau, chan dong dia cau", xua tan bdng dem bao phu blu trdi elc nfldc thudc dia phu thudc, dem lai anh sang binh minh, thflc tinh elc dan tpc vung Ign d i u tranh giai phdng khdi Ich I p bflc bde lot.Chidn t h i n g Dign Bign Phu b i t ngudn tfl sii lanh dao tai tinh, sang sudt cua Dang Cong san Viet Nara, dflng d i u la Chii tich Hd Chi Minh; tfl long ygu nfldc ndng nan, ^ chi tfl lap tfl cfldng va tinh t h i n doan kdt chig'n da'u eiia dan tpc Viet Nam da dfldc hun due qua truygn thd'ng hang ngan nam vdi tinh t h i n "dii phdi ddt chdy cd day Trudng Sdn cUng phdi kiin quydt danh cho diidc doc lap" (1). Chig'n t h i n g Dien Bign Phii cdn nhd sfl ung hd va giup dd het sflc to Idn eua Trung Qudc, Lien Xd, cle nfldc Xa hdi ehu nghia (XHCN) anh em va nhan dan yeu hda binh tren toan thd gidi. Sfl ung hd, giup dd eua qud'c td dd'i vdi cudc khang chien chd'ng Phap cd S nghia dac bigt quan trpng va la kdt qua cua qua trinh hoat ddng
ngoai giao kign tri, sang tao eua Dang, Nha nfldc va n h a n dan Vet Nam trong nhidu nam. Tfl cho the gidi chfla hieu Vidt Nam, chfla biet gi vd cupe khang chidn chong Phap cua n h a n d i n Viet Nam, ddn ehd ung hd va giup dd Viet Nam het Idng, hdt sflc, da gdp p h I n l l m ngn ehidn t h i n g oanh hgt cua n h a n dan Vidt Nam tai Dien Bign Phu vao chidu ngay 7-5 -1954.
Ngfldc trd lai nhflng nam d i u khang chig'n ehdng thfle dan Phap, nhan d i n Viet Nam tien h a n h cupc da'u t r a n h bao vg nln ddc lap vfla mdi gianh dfldc tfl tay dd quoc va phat xit N h a t trong tinh thd hi bao vay, cd lap hoan toan vdi the gidi bgn ngoai. Viet Nara tuyen bd' ddc lap, nhflng nen ddc lap cua Vigt Nam chifa dfldc thg gidi cdng nhan. Triidc dd, t h d gidi mdi ehi bidt ddn c6 mdt Ddng Dfldng thudc Lien hiep Phap. Vi vay, eude k h a n g chie'n eua n h a n dan Vi$t Nam da khdng ed mdt ngudn vi$n trd n^o tfl bgn ngoai giup dd. Do dd, nhiem vu ddng vien toan dan k h a n g chidn vdi tinh t h i n
"khdng chien todn ddn, todn diin, tU lUc canh sinh, diia vdo sHc minh Id chinh"
dfldc tidn h i n h song song vdi nhigm v^ dly manh cac hoat ddng ngoai giao de gidi thidu vd Vigt Nara, vd cudc khang chidn ehdng thflc dan xara liide d l bao vg nen ddc lap dan tpc, len an cudc chig'n t r a n h phi nghia do thflc dan Phap gay ra ddi vdi
' PGS.TS. Vien Sfl hoc
Su ling hfl va giup do dn qudc te... 42 nhan dan Vigt Nam la nhigm vu vd eung
eIn thidt va d p bach.
Sau khi k h a n g chien toan qudc hflng nd (19-12-1946), Chinh phu Vidt Nam Dan ehu Cdng hoa da tidn h a n h vigc thidt lap eae mdi lien he triie tidp vdi mdt sd* nfldc Ddng Nam A, triidc het la Thai Lan, rdi tfl dd md rpng dia ban tigp xue, tuyen truyen qud'c tg', nha't 11 phat trien ngoai giao nhan dan, net dac bidt cua ngn ngoai giao Viet Nam, de t r a n h t h u sfl ddng tinh ung hp cua elc lfle Ifldng tidn bp tren thg' gidi.
Tfl nam 1946, cd quan dai dien ciia Chinh P h u Vigt Nara Dan ehu Cdng hda (cdn gpi la Phai vien quan) difdc thanh lap, dat tru sd tai phd' Lang Xudi d Bang Cdc (Thai Lan), do dng Nguyen Dfle Quy phu trach. Phai vidn quan dflde hiidng quy che nhfl mot cd quan ngoai giao nhd tranh thu chinh sach ehdng th\ic dan, ung hd nhan dan Vigt Nam da'u t r a n h chd'ng xam Ifldc eua Chinh phu Thai Lan do Thii tfldng Pridi Pandraidng dflng d i u . Ddng thdi thanh lap Phdng thdng tin ra ban tin tid'ng Viet, tig'ng T h i i , tieng Anh dd trao ddi thdng tin gifla cac lanh dao Dang v l Nha nfldc Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hoa dang d Vigt Blc vdi thg'gidi bgn ngoli.
Tidp dd, t h i n g 2 nam 1948, cd quan dai dien Chinh phii va Phdng thdng tin dfldc t h l n h lap tai Rkng gun. Mien Dien (nay la Mianma), dfldc Chinh phu Mien Didn dai thp toan bp kinh phi hoat ddng; ngoai ra, Chinh phu Mie'n Dien quyg't dinh giti 500 k h I u sung, mpt sd' thudc men va didn dai di chuyen qua dfldng Bang Cdc (Thai Lan) (2) vd Vidt Nam, giup n h a n dan Viet Nam khang chidn chd'ng thi^lc dan Phap.
Ngoai cd quan dai dien Chinh phii d Bang Cdc va Rang gun, Viet Nam cdn lap Phdng thdng tin d P r a h a (Tidp Khle), Paris (Phlp), Niu Deli (An Dp), New York (My),
Hdng Kdng, Luan Ddn (Anh)... Trong thdi gian tfl nam 1946 ddn nam 1949, khi Viet Nam eon dang hi bao vay chat che, Thai Lan da trd t h a n h ciia ngd lien lac quan trpng gifla trong nfldc va ngoai nfldc, la ndi trung chuydn tai lieu va can bd gifla hai mign Nam Bac Viet Nam. Dfldng dly lign lac nay theo hanh trinh tfl Nam Bd qua Campuchia, sang Thai Lan, sang Lao rdi trd vd Khu IV cua Viet Nam; ddng thdi Thu dd Bang Cdc la ndi diing chan qua canh eua eae doan Viet Nam ra nfldc ngoai tham dfl elc cudc hdi nghi qud'c te va la ndi tap kg't hang hoa vien trd trflde khi dfldc chd vd trong nfldc phuc vu eho cudc khang chidn (3).
Cae doan eiia Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda da tham gia nhieu hdi nghi qudc td nhfl Hdi nghi Thanh nign dgn chii thd gidi hpp vao thang 2-1948 d Praha (Tigp Khle), Hdi nghi Thanh nien lao ddng the gidi d Ba Lan t h i n g 8-1948, Hdi nghi d y ban kinh td - xa hdi chau A Thai Binh Dfldng (ESCAP) hpp t h i n g 3-1949 d Bang Cdc (Thai Lan), Hdi nghi Hda binh thd gidi d Paris (Phap) thang 4-1949, Hdi nghi lign hiep Cdng doan thd gidi thang 6-1949 6 Milan (Italia) (4)...
Tai cae hdi nghi, dai bieu Viet Nam da gidi thidu vd cudc khang ehidn eua nhan dan Viet Nam va t r a n h thu sfl ung hp eiia cac nfldc. NhQng phat bieu eua dai didn cac doan Viet Nam tai cae hdi nghi nay da gly dfldc nhidu cam tinh eua nhan dan thd gidi dd'i vdi cudc k h a n g chidn cua nhan d i n Viet Nam. Ngoai ra, cdn to chflc Phdng Thdng tin va tridn lam tranh anh d thu dd mdt sd nfldc. Qua dd tin tflc v l hinh anh vd cupc khang ehidn cua n h a n dan Viet Nam da dfldc n h a n dan yeu hda binh trdn thd gidi hieu ro hdn cudc da'u tranh chinh nghia cua nhan dan Vidt Nam va s i n sang ung hd, doan ket vdi n h a n dan Vigt Nam trong eude da'u tranh chd'ng xam Ifldc.
44 Rghian ciiru liieh sJr. s6 4.2014 Phong trao n h a n dan the gidi iing hd
cupc da'u tranh chinh nghia ciia nhan dan Vigt Nam da nd ra ngay cang manh me va rpng k h l p . Tieu bidu la cdng nhan, thanh nien, tri thfle, binh linh va nhan dan lao dong cae nfldc Phap, Italia, Dfle, Ao, Oxtraylia, Angieri, Tuyniri, Mardc, Madagatxca... r i m rd xudng dfldng mit tinh, bidu tinh phan ddi cupc ehidn tranh xam lifdc ciia thiic dan Phap d Ddng Dfldng.
NhQng ngiidi bidu tinh da hd vang cac khau higu ddi c h i m dflt ehidn tranh, keu gpi thanh nign khdng di linh sang danh nhau d Ddng Dfldng. Nha't la phong trao da'u tranh ciia nhan dan lao ddng Phap do Dang Cdng san Phap va cac td chflc Cdng doan, doan thd xa hdi d Phap phat ddng tfl nam 1946 phat trien ngay eang manh me diidi nhidu hinh thfle phong phu. Tieu bieu la hanh ddng ciia chi Raymond Dien td eao
"cupe chie'n tranh b i n thiu" va n l m ngang tren dfldng ray tau hoa ngan can cae chuydn t l u ehd vu khi sang Ddng Dfldng, anh Henri Martin to chflc cac doan de'n Geneve dKa yeu sach khi d dd dang hpp hdi nghi qud'c te. Hp la nhflng anh hflng dai dien eho thd he thanh nien Phap d i u tranh VI hda binh, chd'ng chig'n tranh xam liide;
nhieu cupc bai cdng da diin ra d h l u he't cle cang Marseille, Toulon, Le Havre, Dunkerque, hoac tig'n hanh phan phat truyen ddn, lay chfl ky ddi hda binh, cang bieu ngfl, td chflc mit tinh, bidu tinh, thu hut hang van ngfldi tham gia, gay nen sfl ehia re Idn trong ndi bd nfldc Phap. Trong cac hoat ddng dd, dang chii y la eude mit tinh eua hdn 30.000 ngfldi tai Trfldng dua Mua Dong d Thu do Paris va cudc bidu tinh cua 600 phu nfl dai dien cho nhflng ngfldi me CO chong con ehdt t r a n d Ddng Dfldng tfl eae tinh ciia nfldc Phap keo vd Paris ddi cha'm dflt chien tranh va ddi dfla xac ehdng con hp ve nfldc (5). Dac biet la da cd ra't
nhidu kien nghi eiia gidi tri thflc Phap td cao chinh sach thiie d i n cua chinh quydn Phap trong sudt thdi gian diin ra cudc ehidn tranh. Ngay ea bao chi Phap tfl ch§
"hiem, t h a m chi r a t hidm" nhflng ldi ehi trieh ddi vdi Chidn dieh Castor di den chS nhieu td bao da len I n va chi trich nang ng ve sfl yeu kdm cua cac ddn vi P h l p trong
"ehidn dieh mang tinh chig'n iKde Idn" cua Tfldng H. Navarre. Bao France Soir ngay 22 va 23-11-1953 da dKa ra ldi dfl bao "Vigc ehiem lai dflde Dien bien Phii chle chan la mdt t h a n h cdng, tfl nay lam thay ddi tfldng quan Iflc Ifldng tai vung Thfldng Lao va Thai. Nhflng se r l t khd cd the gifl vflng diide Lai Chau va Didn Bign Phu neu nhu nhflng ngfldi Vidt tung ra mdt eude tan cdng d at", va Bao L Humanite ngay 31-12- 1953 vidt "hang ngan ngfldi bi vay kin tai Dien Bien Phii la thiie trang bi d i t ngay tii ngay d i u tign"; Cung nhfl vay, trdn td L Aurore ngay 7-1-1954 vie't "Phe ddi nghich cd the dfldc t r a n g bi vu khi hang nang, v6i so' liidng du dg lam nhflng ke bao ve cum ciE diem phai lo l i n g : phao dai bac 105 ly v^
75 ly khdng giat va phao cdi 120 ly " (6). Co thd khang dinh r i n g phong trao d i u tranh cua nhan dan P h a p da gay nhieu khd khan eho chinh quydn Phap d ngay tai chinh qud'c va d Ddng Dfldng, gay tac ddng va anh hfldng ra't Idn ddn tinh t h a n binh linh Phap dang t h a m chidn d Ddng Dfldng, n h l t 11 tai chien trfldng Didn Bidn Phu.
Trong sudt 3 nam (tfl 1950-1953), nhflng ngfldi cdng san P h l p , giai d p cong nhan, eae lien doan t h a n h nien va phu nfl Phlp da lien tue td chflc da'u t r a n h ddi hda binh cho Ddng Dfldng, tao t h a n h sfle manh chfla tflng tha'y d k h l p t h l n h thi va ndng thdn nfldc P h l p . Trong dd c6 ehidn dich ddi tra lai tfl do eho Henri Mactanh (7). Trflde khi thd da'u t r a n h m a n h me cua phong trao quan chflng, ngay 2-8-1953, Tdng thdng
Stf ling h& vii giup ddr ciia qutfe te.. 45 Phap da phai ra lenh tra tii do cho Henri
Mactanh, Bao Nhdn dao (L Humanite) coi
"Day la t h i n g ldi eao dep cua thdng n h l t va ciia hanh ddng vi bao vg tfl do va hoa binh d Viet Nam" (8).
Cd thg ndi sfl phdi hdp cd hieu qua gifla eude chidn da'u eua Quan dpi va nhan dan Vigt Nam tren chig'n triidng vdi phong trao da'u tranh eua n h a n dan P h l p va nhan dan elc nfldc yeu hda binh tren thd gidi ddi eha'm dflt ehidn t r a n h xara Ifldc da gdp p h I n lam eho uy tin va dia vi qudc tg cua Viet Nam ngay cang dfldc nang eao, pha tan dflde am mflu bao vay, bflng bit, xuyen tae sfl t h a t ciia ke t h u doi vdi cudc khang chidn anh dung cua nhan dan Vigt Nam.
Sfl bien chuydn cd y nghia dae bidt quan trpng ddi vdi cudc khang chidn cua nhan dan Vigt Nam kd tfl d i u thap nien 50 cua the ky XX da lam cho tinh hinh Viet Nam va the gidi ed nhidu thay doi. Hinh thai hai phe XHCN va Tfl ban chu nghia (TBCN) cua cupe Chidn t r a n h Lanh da hien Idn ro ndt. Dae bidt la sfl ra ddi eua nfldc Cdng hoa Nhan dan Trung Hoa (nam 1949) do Dang Cdng san Trung Qud'c lanh dao da lam xoay ehuyin tinh hinh thd gidi, lam eho he thdrig XHCN da trd ngn ndi trdi hdn he thd'ng TBCN, tao ra mdt cue didn mdi 5 khu vflc Ddng A, lam cho dg' qud'c My va phfldng Tay phai lo sd. Thflc te d Viet Nam, Quan dpi nhan d i n Vidt Nam ngay cang Idn manh, dang gianh quyen ehu ddng tren eae chidn trfldng chinh, ed y nghia Idn ddn chieu hfldng chign tranh.
Ngay 14-1-1950, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ra tuygn bd: "Chinh phii Viet Nam Dan ehu Cdng hda san s i n g dat quan hg ngoai giao vdi chinh phu nfldc nao trpng quydn binh ding, chu quyen lanh thd va ehii quyen qud'c gia eiia nfldc Vidt Nam, de cung nhau bao vd hoa binh va xay d i p dan chu thd
gidi" (9). Ngay 15-1-1950, Chinh phu Vidt Nam Dan ehu Cdng hoa tuygn bd cdng n h a n Chinh phu Cong hda Nhan dan Trung Hoa. Ngay 18-1-1950, Chinh phu Cong hda Nhan dan Trung Hoa, quoc gia d i u tign tren the gidi, cdng nhan va dat quan hg ngoai giao vdi Chinh phu Viet Nara Dan chu Cdng hda. Tiep sau dd la Chfnh phu Lign Xd (ngay 30-1-1950), rdi rapt loat ehinh phu eae niidc dan ehu nhan dan l l n lifpt cdng nhan Chinh phu Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hoa. Sii kidn ngoai giao nay ed y nghia dae biet to Idn. Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da gpi t h i n g ldi ngoai giao d i u nam 1950 la "... M l y nam khang ehidn da dfla lai cho nfldc ta mdt cupc t h i n g ldi to Idn nha't trong lich sii Viet Nam, tflc la hai nude Idn tren the' gidi - Lien Xd va Trung Qud'e dan chii va cac nfldc dan ehu mdi da thfla nhan nfldc Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda la mpt nfldc ngang hang trong dai gia dinh dan ehii the' gidi" (10).
Tfl ngay 19-1 ddn ngay 11-3-1950, Chu tieh Hd Chi Minh rdi chau Tfl Do (Tuygn Quang) bi raat Ign diidng tham Trung Qudc va Lign Xd. B l n g nhieu nd lfle hoat ddng ngoai giao, dae biet la chuydn tham bi mat nay eua Chu tieh Hd Chi Minh dg'n Trung Qud'e va Lien Xd da md canh ciia ngoai giao cua Viet Nara Dan ehu Cdng hda vdi thd gidi ben ngoai. Trong khi hdi dam vdi Chu tieh Hd Chi Minh, lanh dao Lien Xd Xtalin ndi: Trflde kia do nhieu ngudn tin chfla chinh xac ndn lanh dao Lien Xd chfla hieu tinh hinh Ddng Dfldng va Viet Nam, nay Lign Xo ddng tinh vdi dfldng loi cua Dang Vigt Nara, se eung cac nfldc XHCN cdng nhan Vidt Nam Dan chu Cong hda va tich cfle vien trd eho Vidt Nara trong khang ehidn va dao tao can bd cho xay dflng hda binh; Lien Xo se phd'i hdp vdi Trung Qudc vd va'n de vien trd (11).
nghien cihi Lieh sit. s6 4.2Q14 T h i n g ldi ngoai giao d i u nam 1950 da
cha'm dflt thdi kjf chien da'u ddn doe, h l u nhfl bi each ly vdi bgn ngoai eua Vidt Nam va tfl dd tidp nhan sfl ddng tinh vg ehinh tri va sfl vign trd vd vat chit" (12); ddng thdi t h i n g ldi ngoai giao do da gdp phan tao ndn b l u khong khi hang hai chidn d i u cua Quan dpi va nhan dan Viet Nam trgn k h l p cae chig'n trfldng toan qud'e.
Sau khi thidt lap quan he ngoai giao vdi Viet Nara, nhat la sau chuydn tham khdng chinh thflc cOia Chii tich Hd Chi Minh ddn Matxcdva, Lign Xd da chu ddng phdi hdp vdi Viet Nara tuyen truyen vlin ddng qud'e td, eae bao 16n ciia Lign Xd nhfl Bao Sii that. Tin tUc, Sao do, Hdi quan do, Thanh nhiin, Cong sdn, Lao dong, Thdi mdi... Dae bigt la Dai Phat thanh Matxcdva thfldng xuygn cd chuygn mue phat thanh gidi thigu cupe khang chidn cua Viet Nam vdi nhan dan Lien Xd va nhgn dan the gidi (13).
Cudc gap gd va tiep xue gifla Chu tieh Hd Chi Minh vdi Xtalin va Mao Trach Ddng tai Matxcdva d i u nam 1950 cd f nghia hd't sfle to Idn va da dat dupe kdt qua td't dep. Lien Xd ddng y vign trd cho Viet Nam nhflng hang hda cd y nghia chign Iflde vd quan sfl, kinh te, van hda. Trflde m l t . Lien Xd vien trd eho Viet Nara 1 trung doan phao eao xa 37 va 30 xe van tai Mdtdldva va thudc quan y, Trung Qudc ddng ^ de Quang Tay lara ndi tidp nhan hang vien trd cua Lien Xd cho Viet Nam.
Nhflng hang hda Lien Xo giup Vigt Nam do Trung Qudc van chuydn sang giflp Vigt Nam khang chidn ehd'ng Phap. Vd p h I n minh, Trung Qud'e giup Viet Nam mdt sd vu khi de trang hi cho mdt sd Dai doln bd binh va mdt ddn vi phao binh, ddng thdi Trung Qud'c cdn eii Doan ed va'n sang Vigt Nam gidi thidu kinh nghiera ehidn da'u cua Quan giai phdng Trung Quoc va tao didu kien cho can bd luc quan Viet Nam sang bd
tuc dao tao tai tinh Van Nam. Tfl nam 1950, Trung Qudc da eii 79 cd va'n sang giilp Vidt Nam trong linh vflc quan sfl, kinh td va n h a n dao tao can bd cho mdt sd nganh eua Vi^t Nam.
Sau chidn t h i n g Bien gidi 1950, cle tinh, bien gidi Viet Nam giap Trung Qud'c dai 750km kdo dai tfl Cao Bang den Lai Chau dfldc giai phdng, tfl day Vigt Nam da tholt ra khdi thd hi bao vay cua dd qudc. Cudc khar^
chien eua nhan dan Vigt Nam da cd dieu kien ndi thdng vdi eae nfldc XHCN va cd didu kien thuan ldi hdn de md rdng quan he vdi Trung Qud'c, Lien Xd va cae nfldc dan chu nhan dan, nha't la thuan ldi hdn ra't nhieu trong viec tig'p nhan sfl giup dd c l n thidt vd quan sfl va kinh tg'eua eae nfldc.
Cd the k h l n g dinh rang, sfl ung hd va giup dd cua Trung Qud'c, Lidn Xd, cac nfldc XHCN va bd b a n t r e n the gidi ra't to Idn, dd la ket qua cua diidng ldi ngoai giao dflng d i n eua Dang va Nha nfldc Vidt Nam DSn ehu Cong hda, song v l n trdn nguyen tdc til minh Id chinh va Viet Nam da lam dflde digu dd. Trai h a n vdi nhflng dieu hoan toan khdng dung sfl t h a t ma chinh gidi My, hay mdt sd' td b i o cua Phap da tung ra, nhfl trong didn van cua Ngoai trfldng M j John Foster Dulles ngay 5-4-1954, m l ngay hdm sau td bao P h l p L Aurore da vidt r i n g
"Dulles td cao sfl cd mat eiia mdt tfldng, nhidu ky sfl va nhieu linh phao binh Trung Qudc d Dien Bien Phu" (14). Tham chi trong bai xa luan trgn Bao Le Monde ngly 7-4-1954, Jacques Fauvet "eho r i n g sfl giflp dd eua Trung Quo'c tang dot bidn" khdng chi ve tai Iflc m a cdn ve n h a n Iflc: ky sfl, lai xe, linh phao binh" (15), Nhflng rdi cung ehinh nhflng b i o P h l p eung phai thfla nhan r i n g "Viec can bd Vidt Minh dflde dao tao b Trung Qud'c, toi ddng y la ed. Vigc cac hang tidp td ddn tfl Trung Qud'e, dd la didu chle c h i n . Vide Nga va Tigp Khle chuydn
Sir ling h$ va giiip dor eiia qu6e te...
tdi day cac khi tai qufin sii, didu dd da dflde chflng minh. Nhiing ke ca thdng tin thira va'n t u binh cung n h ^ cae thdng tin tinh bao dgu cho tha'y khdng ed mdt ngfldi linh Trung Qud'e nao tham gia vao hang ngu quan dpi Vigt Minh" (theo Bio Le Monde ngky 22-4-1954) va sau dd, vao ngay 19-5- 1954, Bao Le Monde tidp tuc thfla nhan la
"Nhiing gi de'n tfl lanh tho Trung Qud'c chi la nhflng trang thidt hi quan sfl chfl khdng phai la n h l n Iflc" (16).
Tren thflc te, tfl n a m 1951 Trung doan phao eao xa d i u tign ciia Vidt Nam do Lien Xd giup trang bi da dflde dfla sang hua'n luygn tai Nara Ninh (Trung Qudc) va trung doan phao cao xa nay da dfla vg nfldc trflde khi ke't thuc khda hua'n luyen de kip tham gia Chien dich Didn Bien Phu. Cle ddn vi phao binh cua Quan ddi Viet Nam da ddng vai trd quan trpng trong viec p h i flu thg' trgn khdng eua dich, sidt chat vdng vay quan Phap trong long ehao Didn Bign Phu.
Cud'i nam 1952, Bd Qudc phdng Lien Xd nhan chi thi cua Hdi ddng Bd trfldng Lien Xo trong nam 1953 cung ca'p eho Chinh phu Vidt Nam 144 p h l o eao xa 37 ly v l 144.000 vign dan, 72 phao cao xa 76 ly va 50.400 vien dan, 200 siing lign t h a n h DSK 12,7 ly v l 2 trigu vign dai, 5 ta'n thudc ky ninh (17), so'vu khi nay da ehuyen cho dai dien Chinh phii Trung Qudc vao t h i n g 3 nam 1953. Sau dd so vu khi nay da dflde chuydn mdt p h I n eho Vigt Nam, gdp p h I n eho cudc chien da'u cua Quan dpi Viet Nam tai Dien Bien P h u dat hidu qua r l t cao.
Dac biet l l n d i u tign bd dpi Viet Nam sii dung loai vu khi Kaehiusa ra't noi tidng, gly cho quan P h a p d Didn Bien Phu noi kinh hoang va hi thiet hai ra't Idn, gdp p h I n lam cho chidn dich Dien Bign Phu kdt thfle nhanh ehdng.
Cflng vdi Lien Xd, sii giup dd eua Dang Cdng san, Chinh phii va nhan dan Trung Qudc cho eude khang ehidn eua nhan d i n Viet Nara vd cflng to Idn. Trong bai "Tim gUdng sang ngdi eua ehu nghia qudc te vo san". La Quy Ba vig't r i n g "Mao Chii tich ludn coi sfl nghigp each mang Vigt Nam nhfl sfl nghigp cleh mang Trung Qud'e, giup dd Viet Nam vdi tinh than qudc tdhoan toan tridt de, vd tfl" (18). Vidn trd vat tfl quan sfl ciia Trung Quo'c cho Vidt Nam diidc b i t d i u tfl niia d i u nam 1950. Sau khi Doan cdva'n Trung Qud'e den Viet Nam, can efl tinh hinh cu the va yeu e l u cua Bd chi huy quan sfl Viet Nam, de dam bao nhu clu tie chig'n trong Chidn dich Dign Bien Phu, Trung Qudc da tang vidn trd r l t nhidu vat tii va trang hi quan sfl nhfl d-to, sung, phao, xang d i u , dan dfldc (19).
Theo thdng kg cua Tong cue Hau c l n Quan dpi nhan dan Viet Nam trong Chidn dich Didn Bien Phu, Trung Qud'c da vi$n trd cho Vi^t Nam 1.700 t i n gao (blng 6,8%
tdng sd' gao dung trong ehidn dich), 3.600 vign dan 105 ly, cflng 24 k h I u phao (chidm 18% tdng sd' dan phao 105 ly dung trong ehidn dich); mdt tieu doan DKZ 75 ly, 1 tieu doan Kaehiusa (do Lign Xd eung ca'p), cung 1.136 vien dan (20).
Tinh rigng so dan phao da sii dung trong Chidn dieh Dien bign Phu la 20.000 vien, gdm 11.000 vign ehidn ldi p h I m eua Chidn dieh Bign Gidi, 3.600 vign do Trung Qud'e vign trd, 440 vign chidn ldi phIm d mat t r a n Trung Lao, khoang 5.000 vien thu dfldc cua dich tha dfl tidp td. Sau ehidn t r a n h Tridu Tidn, dan phao 105 ly d Trung Qudc cung r l t khan hiem. Trflde nhu clu ca'p thidt eua ehidn dich, ban da vgt dan 105 tfl cac kho ehuyen eho ta, nhflng 7.400 vien t h i n g 5 nam 1954 mdi tdi khi tran danh da kdt thuc (21).
4& Rghien ciJru Lieh sii. s6 4.2014 Tinh chung tfl t h i n g 5 nam 1950 den
thang 6 nam 1954, Viet Nam da nhan dfldc 21.517 ta'n hang vien trd (siing, dan, liidng thiic, hang quan y, quan trang...) vdi tong gia tri 34 trieu n i p tfl Lign Xd, Trung Qudc va eae niidc dan chu n h a n dan. Trong hoan canh cupc k h l n g ehidn ciia nhan dan Viet Nara luc do dang cdn nhieu khd khan thi sfl ung hp, giup dS cua Trung Qudc, Lign Xo, eae niidc XHCN anh em va be ban ddi vdi cudc khang chie'n chd'ng Phap ndi ehung, Chidn dieh Dien Bien phii ndi rieng eo y nghia ra't quan trpng, giup Viet Nara gianh t h i n g ldi. Khdng chi Trung Qud'e, Lien Xd, cac nifdc XHCN anh era va nhan dan yeu hda binh tren thd gidi, ma eon ed ea nhflng ngiidi la tii hang binh chay sang hang ngu khang chig'n da cd nhflng ddng gdp cdng sfle vao thang ldi eiia nhan dan Viet Nara. Tigu bieu nhu Ecswin Boocsd (hang binh ngfldi Dflc ed ten Vigt Nam la Chie'n Sy) va nhieu ngudi "Vidt Nam mdi"
khac da tham gia tuygn truyen gile ngd cle binh linh trong quan dpi vidn chinh Phap.
Chinh Boocsd la tac gia ciia nhieu truydn ddn vdi nhflng ldi le chan thanh, dg hieu, dd nhd, nhUng tha'u tinh dat ly nhU "Dien Bien Phu dang bi vay ham ngay cang chat che, Quan dan Viet Nam dang chuan bi phan cdng vdi nhflng ddn quyet liet. Chay sang phia Vigt Nara se dUdc bao toan tinh mang va dupe trd ve que hudng vdi vd con va gia dinh, Ngoan cd theo thUe dan Phap se bi ehdt bd mang, bi ma't xac ndi rflng nfli heo lanh nay" (22), nhd dd da giup cho rat nhidu hang binh chay sang chig'n tuyg'n phia Quan dpi n h a n dan Viet Nam.
Sii ling hp, giup dd eua qud'e te' rat quy bau, d i n g t r a n trpng. Song can phai khang
dinh r i n g t h i n g ldi ciia n h a n dan Vigt Nam trong Chidn dich Didn Bidn Phu ndi rieng va khang chien chong thfle dan Phlp ndi chung la do sii lanh dao tai tinh, sing sud't cua Dang, dflng d i u la Chu tich Ho Chi Minh, tfl ^ chi tfl Iflc tfl cfldng, tinh t h i n doan kdt chien d i u kien cfldng bit khuat va sfl hy sinh anh dung eua Quan ddi va n h a n d i n Vidt Nam trong sudt nhflng nam t h a n g k h l n g ehidn trfldng k j day gian lao thii thIch.
Chig'n t h i n g Dien Bien Phu la mdt trong nhflng chig'n t h i n g vi dai d the ky XX thi hien tieu bieu sfl kdt tinh sfle manh tidm tang va to Idn eiia dan tdc Vidt Nam vdi sii dokn kdt, ung hd, giflp dd to Idn ciia Trung Qud'c, Lien Xd, cae nfldc XHCN anh em va nhan dan ygu hda binh trgn thd' gidi.
Tfl khi tig'n h a n h Ddi mdi toan dign dIt nfldc (nam 1986) ddn nay. Dang Cong san Viet Nam ludn ehu trfldng dfldng ldi doi ngoai md ciia va hdi n h a p qud'c td, quan hg vdi ta't ea cae nude ed ehe' dp chfnh tri xa hdi k h l e n h a u tren nguyen t i e binh ding, cflng cd ldi, khdng can thigp vIo cdng vide ndi bp eiia nhau. Vdi chu trfldng doi ngoai da phfldng hda, da dang hda trong quan h$
qud'e te', Viet Nam s i n sang la ban, la doi t i e tin cay vdi ta't ca cle nfldc trong cdng ddng the gidi, pha'n d i u vi hda binh, ddc 14p dan tdc, phat tridn. Hdn bao gid hdt, tinh t h i n Dign Bien P h u lai s i n g mai trong hSi canh qud'c tg' v l khu vflc hign nay, gdp p h I n vao sfl nghigp xay dflng va phat tridn da't nfldc Viet Nam vi mue tieu "ddn gidu, niidc manh, xd hoi ddn chu, cong bdng, van minh" gdp phan cung co, phat tridn ndn hda binh va hanh phflc cua nhan loai tren toan thd gidi.
Sy ling hQ vh giup d& cAn qude te...
Cff C/ THICH
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(7). Do h a n h d6ng d i u t r a n h p h a n d6i cu8c chi^n t r a n h xam lUdc cua thiic dSn P h a p 6 Dong DiicJng, ngn Henri Mactanh da bi canh sat Phap b i t giam.
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(11). D i n theo N g u y i n Dinh Bin (Chu bien):
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nude". Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi. H a Noi, 2004. tr, 497.
(13). D i n theo H S T ^ Luong: SyC giup dd cua Lien X6 doi vdi cudc khdng chien ch6'ng Phap cua nhdn ddn Vtit Nam. Trong sach "Diin Biin Phi tUgoc nhin cia cdc nhd khoa hoc Viit-Phdp". Nxb.
Chinh tri Qu8c gia. H a Noi, 2005, tr. 270.
(14). D i n theo Alain Ruscio: Bien Bien Phi kit thuc mdt do tiidng. Nxb. Lao Dong, Ha Noi, 2011, tr. 55.
(15). Dan theo Alain Ruscio: Diin Bien Phi kit thuc mdt do tiidng. Sdd, tr. 55,
(16). D i n theo Alain Ruscio: Biin Biin Phi kit thuc mdt do tiidng. Sdd. tr, 56.
(17). D i n theo Anatoli Sokolov: Biin Biin Phi trong nhiing biidc ddu tren con diidng chung: Liin Xd vd Viit Nam 1945 -1954. Trong sach "50 nam chien thdng Biin Bien Phi..". Sdd, tr. 195.
(18). D i n theo "Ghi chip vi vien Viet khdng Phdp cua dodn cdvdn qudn sii Trung Quoc". Nxb.
Lich ail Dang Cong san Trung Quoc, B l c Kinh, 2002, tr. 13.
(19), D i n theo "Ghi chep ve viin Viet khdng Phdp cua dodn cdvdn qudn sU Trung Qud'c". Nxb.
Lich sii Dang C5ng san Trung Quoc. Sdd, tr. 252.
(20). D i n theo P h ^ m Mai Hiing: Sii giup dd qudc ti dot vdi cudc khdng chii'n chd'ng thiic ddn Phdp cua nhdn ddn Viet Nam (1945 -1954). Trong sach "50 nam chUn thdng Diin Bien Phu.... ". Sdd.
tr. 538.
(21), Dai tu6ng Vo Nguyen Giap, Diin Bien Phi • Diim hen Itch si. Nxb. Quan doi Nhan dan, Ha Noi, 2000, tr. 348.
(22). D i n theo Co mot chie'n sy nhii the', do mot nhom chien si Nha in Quan doi Nhan dfin vig't ngay 12-12-2013, tr. 8.