CHINH SACH Md cCfA THl/ClNG MAI CUA TAY BAN NHA
6 THUOC D!A PHILIPPINES (1789 - 1898)
TRAN THI QUE CHAU*
Tom, tdt: Trong tiin trinh lich sd cda Philippines, thi ki XIX dUOc nhin nhdn Id giai doan dien ra nhung thay doi mang tinh budc ngoat ue kinh te vd xa hpi. Mdu chot dua din sU phdt triin ndy xudt phdt td sU chuyin hUdng trong chinh sdch cai tri cua Tay Ban Nha ddi vdi thudc dia Philippines, td "dong cda", co lap sang "md cda" vd hpi nhdp.
Chinh sdch "md cda" dUgc thUc thi tren nhiiu linh vUc khdc nhau nhUng quan trgng nhdt vdn la tren linh vUc thuang mgi thong qua viec md cda cdng bien, cho phep cdc Lanh sU ud cdng ty nUdc ngodi dwc thdnh lap d Philippines, cdng nhU gidm thui xudt- nhdp khau hdng hda. Bdi viit tap trung phdn tich boi cdnh, npi dung vd qud trinh thUc thi chinh sdch "md cda thuong mgi" cHa Tay Ban Nha d thupc dia Philippines td cuoi the ki XVIII din cuoi thi ki XIX.
Tii khoa: "md cda thi&mg mgi", Tdy Ban Nha, thupc dia, Philippines.
1. B6'i c a n h TSy B a n N h a thtfc thi chinh s a c h moi cvla thitoTng m a i ct thuOc d4a Philippines
Trong khoang hai thap nidn dau sau khi thie't lap dia vi thdng tri d Philippines (1571-1593), d l eanh tranh vdi "ngfldi lang gieng" Bo Dao Nha, Tay Ban Nha theo dudi ehinh sach khuyd'n khich thfltfng mai, thu hut cae n h a budn ehau A dd'n Philippines. Tfl cudc tan cdng cua hai tac Trung Qud'c nam 1574 de'n ke' hoach xam ehie'm cua Thien hoang Nhat Ban (1592- 1593) cdng vdi nhflng tac ddng tidu cflc cua
thfltfng mai Manila GaUeon'^' dd'i vdi cdng nghiep ttf lua Tay Ban Nha la nhflng nguyen nhan chu yd'u d i n dd'n chinh sach
"han che' thfltfng mai" thudc dia Philippines vao cud'i thd' ki XVI. Trong gin hai thd' ki chinh quyln Tay Ban Nha thflc thi ehinh sach b a n ehd' va ddc quyen thfltfng mai (1593-1762), d Philippines chi tdn tai mpt hoat ddng kinh te' chu ye'u mang tinh c h i t dinh ki dd l i thflflng mai thuyin budm Manila Galleon. Tay Ban Nha chl md mdt eang duy nhat la Manila d l trao ddi hang hda, ap dung he thdng
* TS, Tran Thi Que Chau, Khoa Lich sit, TrUcfng Dai hoc Sif pham - Dai hoc Hul
Trdn Thi Que Chdu - Chinh sdch md cda thuang mgi cUa Tdy Ban Nha...
mua si hang hda; nhiftig thfltfng n h a n chau A khdng dfltfc phep t h a m gia trflc tid'p vao thflOng mai Manila Galleon eiing nhfl ndi thflOng Philippines ma chi ddng vai trd la nhflng ngfldi cung cap hang hda.
Bflde sang the ki XVII, XVIII, sfl vfltfn len m a n h me cua cflc nfldc Ha Lan, Phap, Anh da de dpa de'n sfle manh tren bien va thd ddc quyen thflOng mai cua Tay Ban Nha. Thdm vao dd, sfl r a dfli cua nhihig hpc thuyet kinh te' mdi la Chu nghia
"thang dfl thflflng mai"'^' va Chu nghla "tfl do thflOng mai" (Laisser faire) da tae dpng den n h a n thfle cua cae nha hoaeh dinh ehinh saeh eua Tay Ban Nha. Nhflng tfl tfldng kinh te-ehinh tri mdi da dflpc cac nha cai each Tay Ban Nha tie'p thu va ap dung fl cac thudc dia. Dac biet, sfl kidn Anh chie'm Manila trong 2 nam (1762- 1764) da phpi bay cho thd' gidi t h i y t a t ca nhiftig diem ye'u n h a t cua dd chd' Tay Ban Nha, budc hp phai cd sfl thay doi trong chinh sach de phuc hdi thfltfng mai va duy tri quyen thdng tri d Philippines.
Tfl nam 1764, Tay Ban Nha bat d i u thflc hidn chinh sach "ndi long b a n chd' thfltfng mai" d Philippines bang vide xue tie'n thid't l i p tuyen thflflng mai trfle tid'p gifla Philippines va Tay Ban Nha (Manila- Cadiz) cung nhfl ke' hoach phuc hoi thflcftig mai vfli cae nfldc chau A. Thdng qua eae bien phap nay, vua Chales III va chinh quyen Tay Ban Nha d Philippines mud'n dfl bd nhflng rao can thfltfng mai trong ndi bd dd' qudc, dong thdi khuye'n khich md rdng boat ddng thflflng mai ndi A.
Vdi t a t ca nhfltig sfl thay doi dd, giai doan 1764-1789 cd the xem la thfli ki
"chuyen tid'p" trong chinh sach cai tri eiia Tay Ban Nha d thude dia Philippines. Tay Ban N h a dan tfl bd ehinh sach "ddng efla"
va ed lap dflflc thflc thi tfl eudi the ki XVI.
Dd la mpt bflde quan trpng d l "md efla"
thupc dia vdi thflflng mai the' gidi. Cung nhfl nhiftig chinh sach do la d i u hieu bao trflde eho xu hfldngtfl do thflong mai vao the ki XIX.
2. Npi d u n g v a q u a t r i n h thifc t h i c h i n h s a c h mof c ^ a thifotng m a i (1789- 1898)
2.1. Thifi ki "mit cita han che" (1789 -1834)
Trong sfl chuyin ddng eua cdng cudc cai each thflong mai cua de' che' Tay Ban Nha tfl nam 1765^3)^ ^g-^ n^m 1789, Tay Ban Nha ban h a n h sac lenh "tfl do thflcftig mai"
dd'i vdi Phihppines, trong dd quy dinh
"thuyen cda bdt cd quoc gia ndo deu di^e cho phep budn bdn udi Manila mien la khong mang hdng hoa td chdu AK"'^'.
My la nfldc tidn phong ehdp lay co hdi nay d l budn hfln trfle tid'p vdi PhUippines.
Theo dfl Iidu chi tid't v l viec budn ban eua ngfldi nfldc ngoai d Manila vao eudi the' ky XVIII cua Nathaniel Bowditch - ngfldi phu trach ban hang tren tau Astrea cua Mi, n a m 1796, tau Astrea, Salem, Massachusetts la nhCfng tau dau tien de'n Philippines trfle tiep ma khdng ghe qua Trung Qud'e hay ba't cfl eang nao d Ddng Nam A. Day la nhOfng chuyd'n tau tidn phong cua tuyen thfltfng m a i My Philippines. H a n g h d a mang de'n Philippines gdm cd la ban, mu, rflpu manh.
Tau Salem mang trd v l My khoang 726.000 pounds dfldng, 29.767 pounds thudc nhupm cay cham, 63.695 pounds tidu va 1.500 thudc da'^'.
Theo ghi chep cua liifl trfl Archivo General de Indias (AGI) d Seville, Tay Ban Nha va dfl lieu eua Hai qu£m Manila, tfl L/6/1797 dd'n 31/5/1801, thuyen ehau Au
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chid'm 56% tdng sd thuyen den PhOippmes, trong khi sd thuyin cua Tay Ban Nha ehi chid'm 9%^^\ Nhiftig san pham dflOe chd tren thuyen budn cua cac nflde Au- My chflng td mdt eupe each mang trong ndng nghidp dang d i l n r a d Philippines. Sfl b a n chd' thfltfng mai Manila Galleon va Cdng ty Hoang gia dang bi de dpa bdi sfl cd mat cua cac thuyen budn nflde ngoai va quan trpng l i cau true kinh td' cua quan dao dang bi ehuyin doi mpt each nhanh ehdng bang vide nhan ra r i n g xuat khau tfl nhflng vu mua la ngudn Iflc cua sfl thinh vfltfng.
Vao diu thd' ky XIX, ehinh sich md cfla thfltfng mai dflpc thuc day m a n h me dfldi sfl tae dpng eua nhiing yd'u td ca trong lan ngoai dd' chd' Tay Ban Nha. Thd nhdt, do la sfl can dfl ngay cang sau cua Anh va Phap d Ddng Nam A, phan a n h mdt tham vpng thflong mai va hang hai mdi dfldi tae ddng cua cupc each mang cdng nghidp. Anh vd'n cd truyen thd'ng lau dai dd'i vdi thfltfng mai Viln Ddng chic chan se khdng bo qua ctf hdi nay de chid'm lay viee cung cap hang hda eho chau A va nhan nguyen lieu bae, cao su, dfldng, thude la, gai diu. Nam 1809, Anh gianh dflpe quyln t h a n h lap phdng thflpng mai diu tidn d Manila. Thd hai, vao thdi diem nay, sfl ehu y cua Tay Ban Nha lai t i p trung chu yd'u vao bd ben kia Thai Binh Dflctog, do la phong trao gianh dpe lap cua cac thudc dia d chau My. Dae biet, phong trao gianh dde lap cua Mexico vao nam 1820 da tac ddng trfle tie'p de'n sfl suy tan cua dd' ehe Tay Ban Nha bdi vi cho den lue dd, Manila phu thude vao Mexico ea tai ehinh va chinh tri*'''. Philippines dang d tanh the' phai d i y manh cai each de tang cfldng sfle manh eua thude dia.
Tinh hinh dd budc Tay Ban Nha phai dfla r a sfl huy bd nhflng b a n che' cdn lai
trong thfltfng mai thudc dia. Tfl n a m 1810 dd'n n a m 1813, Hdi dong lap phap Tay Ban Nha (The Spanish Cortes) da ban h a n h dao luat quan trpng "huy bo doc quyin thUOng mgi Manila-Acapulco, cho phep tu do thuong mgi d Philippines"^^\
Chuyen t h u y i n bu6m Manila-Acapulco mang t e n n h a phat kid'n dia li vT dai Magallanes khdi h i n h vao n a m 1811, quay trfl v l Manila vao n a m 1815 la cudc h a n h t n n h eudi cting eua boat ddng thfltfng mai mang tinh dde quyen cua thudc dia trong 2,5 the ky. Sfl ket thue cua thflong mai t r u y l n thdng Manila Galleon da day n h a n h qua t n n h mfl cfla thfltfng mai Philippines. Khi Mexico gianh ddc lip vao n a m 1820 t h i thflong mai Phihppines dfltfc md cfla dd'i vfli Mexico, California, Peru va Ecuador.
Viec md efla thfltfng mai ddi vdi cic nfldc phflcfng Tay da dan dd'n sfl thay ddi Idn trong md hinh thfltfng mai cua Phihppines vao cud'i the' ky XVIII. NhCftig thflong nhan chau Au da n a m l i y co hdi Manila md CLO cho thuyen budn nfldc ngoii d l md rdng thfltfng mai cua ho d chau A. Nhflng hoat ddng cua ho da ke't ndi Manila - Quang Ddng mdt caeh hieu qua. Trong khi do, sfl suy t a n cua thfltfng mai Manila Acapulco keo theo sfl suy giam eua thfltfng mai truyen thd'ng gifla Phuc Kid'n - Manila.
Ve ly thuyet, ed the ndi sac Idnh nam 1789 da gan nhfl bid'n Manila thanh eang md efla eho ngoai thflflng. Tuy viy, sfl quan li cua chinh quyen Tay Ban Nha d Philippines giai doan nay v i n con nhilu qui dinh can trd sfl phat trien thfltfr^ mai.
Chang b a n , nhflng t h u y i n budn d Philippines dflpc ca'p phep trong trao doi hang hda d ehau A budc phai trfl lai Manila mdt each trfle tid'p ma khdng qua bat cfl cang trung gian nao; hay nd'u vfltft qui sd
Trdn Thi Que Chdu - Chinh sdch md cda thUcfng mgi cua Tay Ban Nha...
kien hang, cac tau phai tra khoan tien phat rat nang la 1000 duros hoac sfl phan loai hang hda mpt caeh ddc doan dflpc thfle hien dd'i vdi t h u y i n budn chau Au.
2.2 .Chinh sdch ^'md cdCa rqng rai"
(1834 -1898)
2.2.1. Chinh sdch md ctCa cang hien vd cho phep si^ thiet Iqp ciia Lanh sw", Cong ty nU&c ngoai
Sfl cham dflt Manila Galleon nam 1815, sfl t h a t bai trong kinh doanh eua Cdng ty Hoang gia Phihppines ehflng td rang nhflng nd Iflc cua Tay Ban Nha trong vide gifl doc quyen thflOng mai d Philippines hoan toan t h a t bai. Ngay 17/7/1834, nfl hoang Isabel II da ban h a n h sac Idnh buy bd Cdng ty Hoang gia Philippines va Manila mfl efla ddi vdi thflflng mai the' gidi.
Day la bflde chuyen Idn nhat trong chinh sach thflcftig mai cua Tay Ban Nha fl thudc dia Philippines sau g i n 3 thd' ky eai tri.
Mdt tae ddng ngay lap tfle eua vide md cfla Manila dd'i vdi thflpng mai thd' gidi dd la sfl thiet lap cua cac Cdng ty thfltfng mai va Lanh sfl nfldc ngoai. Nam 1856, ed 13 Cdng ty thflcfng mai nfldc ngoai d Manila (2 cua My, 7 cua Anh, 2 eua Thuy Si, 1 eua Dflc, 1 cua Phap) '^', trong khi dd nhiftig Lanh sfl cua Phap, My, Dan Mach, Thuy Dien va Bi ddng d dd'^^"'.
Lanh sfl My Edward thdi dd vidt: "Quan diim dugc dp u bdi Todn quyen eUa qudn ddo ndy [Philippines] H&n quan tdi tit do ngogi thuong bdy gid dd trd thdnh chinh sdch on dinh, cho phep xudt khau Ida gao mpt cdch tu do eho thuyen budn nUac ngodi. Diiu ndy Id rdt thuan lai cho thuyin budn cua chung toi din Qudng D6ng"'-^^\
Mae du budn ban My - Philippines tang Idn mdt each dang ke tfl 1834 de'n nhOiig nam 1850 nhflng v i n dflng thfl hai sau
Anh. Dieu nay gifl nguydn cho den he't t h i ky XIX. Khi Manila tuyen bd trd t h a n h cang tfl do, nhOftig hang budn Idn cua Liverpool, London, Boston da t h a n h lap mdt den hai dai li dai didn d Philippines.
Lanh sfl Anh d i u tien de'n quan dao nay vao n a m 1844, dd la Wilham Farren- ed van thfltfng mai cua chinh phu Anh. Vfla dat chan dd'n Phihppines, Farren quyd't tam "tdi se logi ho nhdng cdn trd ddi vdi thiamg mgi Anh vd khuyin khich nguon luc thuong mgi cua qudn ddo, thdc ddy quan he cua chung tdi vdi ehinh quyen d ddy vdi muc ti&u co lai cho nong nghiep, eU ddn cung nhU thUOng nhdn"^^^\
Trong khi Manila trd thanh mdt thfltfng eang sdi ddng thi cac eang b i l n cdn lai d Philippines v i n dang ddng cfla. Nhiftig thflcftig n h a n ung ho chu nghia tfl do v i n chfla thda man bdi vi hp gap phai nhilu bat tien khi van chuyin hang hda xuat khau tfl eae iinh each xa trung tam Manila.
Nhflng san p h i m cua cac tinh Ilocano, m i l n Nam Luzon va Visayas tham ehi la Mindanao, t a t ca phai mang dd'n Manila rdi mdi xua't khau di eae nfldc. Rd rang he thd'ng nay r i t tdn kem v l t i l n bae va thdi gian. Vi the, nhflng thflflng nhan Anh, My da yeu ciu chinh quyln Tay Ban Nha d Philippines phai md cae cang bien khac.
Ngay 29/9/1855, Tay Ban Nha ban h a n h sac lenh mfl cfla cac eang Sual (Pangasian), Iloilo va Zamboanga; mdt s i e lenh Hoang gia tid'p theo cung dfltfc ban hanh ngay 30/7/1860, qui dinh Cebu khdng c i n phai chuyen chd h i n g hda den Manila hay Iloilo de xuat khau; ddng thdi tuyen bd mfl cfla cang Cebu mdt each dde lap. Gang Legaspi va Tacloban md cfla nam 1873. Va di cung vdi viee md cfla cac cang bien khae d Philippines thi cac Cdng ty Au - My eung dfltfc t h a n h lap fl dd*^^'.
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2.2.2. Chinh sach tU do ddu tU sdn xuat vd xuat • nhap khau
Chinh sach nay the hidn qua 3 m a t hang ehu yd'u dfltfc san xuat d Philippines, dd la mia dfldng, thudc la va gai diu.
Mia ducmg: Trflde nam 1850, mia dfldng dfltfc trdng bdi nhflng dia ehu nho ngfldi ban xfl va bi kiem soat bdi cac Tinh trfldng va nhflng dai li da flng trflflc eho hp.
Sau nam 1855, toan canh v l san xuat va xuat khau dflflng sflng sua htfn bdi vi cang Iloilo d Visayas dflpc md cfla dd'i vdi tau thuyen nflde ngoai.
Lanh sfl Anh d Iloilo, Nicholas Loney la nhan vat chu chd't trong vide phat t r i l n san xuat dfldng d Negros va Panay. Ong dfla dd'n 13 may sat, tat ca dlu san xuit fl Anh. Nam 1861, Loney vie't:
"Su md rpng cdng nghiep sdn xudt dudng d Negros ud Panay Id do mpt udi nguyen nhdn: gid cd tdng d Manila, dUa mdy mdc vdo sdn xudt, su gia tdng qui mo Idn ngudi trong, td 2 ngUdi chdu Au vdo ndm 1857 den 13 ngudi ndm 1861. Su tdng len gid tri ddt dai udi viec chinh quyin sdn sdng thiit lap cdc dien trang Idn vd su gia tdng trong tiin lUang cho cong nhdn td 12,5 len 18,75 cent/ngdy. Su md rpng dien tich trdng mia tiip tuc diin ra ud udo cuoi thi ky, Negros la ngudn sdn xudt dudng chinh. Nam 1893, cdc diin trang cua qudn ddo xudt khau tdng cpng 2.242.231 pounds dudng"^^^\
Lanh sfl Anh fl Manila, WilUam Palgrave, cung bao cio r i n g vao nam 1877 dng dfltfc chinh quyen Tay Ban Nha cho phep xay dflng hai nha may tinh luyen dfldng fl Manila (Yengari Manila Sugar quin 11 bdi thflong nhan Anh la R.Tooth). Chung co san Iflpng 8000 tan/nam va la mdc chfla tflng t h i y d thudc
dia nay. Palgrave da tong kd't v l sfl d8i thay trong ndng nghidp Phihppines the ky XIX khi dng vie't: "Su thay dSi d thudc dia ndy hi&n tgi Id chuyen td dde diem co xUa vd dpe quyin sang mpt sU hdi hoa cdn doi han udi nhdng y tUdng chdu Au hien dgi, ... vd sang sU md rdng hogt dpng kinh doanh vd thuong mgi cua ngUdi Anh mpt cdch chdc chdn..."^^^\
Thudc Id:
Ddc quyln thud'c la dfltfc xem la bidn phflp cflu canh cho chinh quyen Tay Ban Nha fl Phihppines trong viee giam phu thupc dd'i vfli tien vien trfl tfl Mexico.
Thud'c la dflpc trdng d nhflng vung nhit dinh dfldi sfl giam sat eua Nha nflde va ban cho ehinh phu vdi mdt gia cd dinh. Hai sic lenh n a m 1780 va 1782 da ban hanh nhOftig quy dinh k h a t khe cua chinh phu dd'i vdi n h a n dan: (1) khdng dfltfc trdng bat efl cay gi ngoai thudc la trong vung da qui dinh; (2) qui dinh tdng san Ifltfng it nhat va nhieu n h i t trdn mpt didn tich da dinh; (3) gia ca mua ban do chinh phu dat ra; (4) eo sfl giam s i t cua Nha nfldc; (5) phan loai la;
(6) vide san x u i t xi ga do Nha nfldc dam n h i n ; (7) cam tfl n h a n xuat nhap khau thud'c la va (8) trflng phat nang nhfli^
ngfldi khdng tuan theo nhiftig qui dinh n^y(i6) TJieo each nay, Phihppines trd t h i n h nflde san xuat thud'c la hang dau phflpng Ddng. Nam 1859, tong Itfi tflc tfl thud'c la la 9.000.000 pesos.
Chinh sach dpe quyen thud'c la cua Tay Ban Nha bi chi trich dfl dpi v i o nfla sau thd' ky XIX. v a o ngay 1/1/1883, sfl doe quyln n h i nfldc ddi vdi thud'c la bi buy bo hoan toan dfldi sfle ep cua nhCfng thflflng n h a n nfldc ngoai va ca thflflng n h i n Tay Ban Nha anh hfldng tfl tflflng tfl do kinh te.
Hp tuyen bo r i n g sfl huy bd nay se dem
Tran Thi Que Chdu - Chinh sdch md ciia thucfng mgi cua Tdy Ban Nha... 19
dd'n sfl mfl rdng eua nganh cdng nghiep.
Cung vdi sfl huy bd ddc quyln, ehinh quyln d l lai mpt vung dat rpng Idn sfl dung eho vide trdng thud'c la trflde dd.
Nhfltig vung dat nay dflpc ban va chinh phu cho phep ngfldi nflde ngoai mua chung vdi dilu kidn la (1) hp phai sd'ng d Philippines va phai ban lai da't neu ho rdi di, (2) cam b a n eho nhiftig Cdng ty nfldc ngoai. Vfli nhCtag dieu kien rang bupc nhfl vay, ngflfli nflflc ngoai cung khdng mao hiem dau tfl vi ho cho rang khd cd t h i thu hdi vd'n ngay lap tflc do sfl khan hiem v l life Iflpng lao ddng d Philippines.
- Ta chuoilGai ddd^'^'':
Gai dau dfltfc xuat khau vdi sd Ifltfng Idn bdi thfltfng n h a n My, Anh. Trong vide thu mua cay chud'i abaca, ngfldi My da t h a n h edng trong viee xay dfltig n h a kho va an dinh sd Iflpng va mua trflc tie'p tfl ngflfli trdng thdng qua nhiftig dai li cua hp. Gai dau hoac ttf chud'i tot n h a t de'n tfl Camarines, Leyte Samar va Cebu. Gifla the' ky XIX, xuat khau to chudi cua My vflpt xa Anh va chau Au.
Vide san xuat to chudi v i n gia tang hang n a m va tfl 1870 den 1880 nd da tang g i p ddi. Mac du Anh bat dau nam sd' Iflflng Idn htfn gai dau vao eudi the' ky XIX, nhiftig My eung n a m gifl budn ban to chudi kha Idn. Nhieu ttf chudi dflOe ehfl dd'n My trdn nhiftig t h u y i n budn Anh. Lanh sfl Pierce ghi ehep rang: "todn bp kinh doanh cd nh&p khdu vd xudt khau Id d trong tay cda ngudi Ml, dieu ndy dung trong cd thi k^, sU thay ddi chi din trong thdp nikn cuoi cung. Vdo nam 1895, xudt khdu ta chimi cda Anh co tong s6 54.366.048kg so vdi 30.684.304 kg cda My"^^^>.
Viec md cfla thflcftig mai dd'i vdi k h i p cac khu vfle fl Phihppines da kich thich sfl
phat t r i l n kinh te'. De'n thd ky XIX, thflflng mai Philippines tang Idn nhanh ehdng.
Dilu nay dfltfc khang dinh qua sd Iidu xuat - nhap khau dfldi diy: Xem bang 1
Tfl bang thd'ng ke tren cho thay, tong sd xuat nhap khau tang Idn m a n h me tfl sau nam 1870, do a n h hfldng Ifln tfl vide md kenh dao Suez nam 1869. Ngoai trfl, eon so suy giam tflOng dd'i vao nam 1873 do nhflng bat on ehinh tri fl Philippines thi, sfl gia tang thfltfng mai dang ghi nh^n n h i t vao nam 1894 vdi tdng tri gia Idn dd'n trdn 60.000 pesos.
2.2.3. Chinh sdch gidm thu&' thxKfng mai
Trflflc nam 1830, v l ctf ban t h u l nhap k h i u dfltfc quy dinh nhfl sau: 15% dd'i vfli ta't ea hang hda tfl Mexico (ngoai trfl mat hang rfltfu, ehi tra 5%), 6% dd'i vdi t i t ca hang hda nhap k h i u tfl Trung Qud'e va 3%
dd'i vdi nhCfng hang hda nhap k h i u tfl cac nflflc khac, va thud' xuat khau dd'i vdi hang hda Trung Qud'c va nhOfng hang hda chau A tai xuit k h i u sang Mexico la 10%, va 3%
dd'i vdi nhOliig san p h i m xuat khau khae*-^^'.
Sfl ra ddi cua Cong ty Hoang gia Phihppines mang dd'n nhflng thay ddi, nhflng hang hda eua Tay Ban Nha va eua thudc dia Tay Ban Nha nhap k h i u eho nhOfng thuyin eua cdng ty Hoang gia Philippines, cung nhfl nhiftig hang hda Philippines xuit khau sang Tay Ban Nha dfltfc midn thue' hoan toan.
D l khuyin khich mfl rdng thflcfng mai, sac Idnh Hoang gia ngay 6/4/1828 quy dinh t h u l nhap khau hang hda vao Philippines nhfl sau: Hang hda Tay Ban Nha trdn thuyin Tay Ban Nha: 3%; Hang hda Tay Ban Nha tren thuyen nflflc ngoai: 8%;
Hang hda nfldc ngoai tren thuyin Tay Ban Nha: 7%; va hang hda nflde ngoai tren
20 Nghien cvCu Dong Nam A, sc
B a n g 1; Xuat - n h | i p k h a u c u a P h i l i p p i n e s (1810 - 1894) N a m
1810 1841 1851 1861 1870 1873 1880 1885 1890 1894
Xuat k h a u (peso) 4.795.000 4.270.000 4.172.000 8.065.000 28.000.000 16.753.614 23.450.685 24.553.685 25.167.362 33.149.984
N h S p k h a u (peso) 5.329.000 3.092.000 4.019.968 10.817.444 23.500.000 13.217.836 25.486.461 19.171.468 19.325.674 28.558.552
'3/2019
Nguon:
of the
Ahp, Eufronio.M (1964), Political and Culture History Philippines, 2 vol, Manila Inc, Philippines, tr.92-93.
thuyen nfldc ngoai: 14%.
Dd'i vdi thud' xuat khau, sac Idnh quy dinh: Hang hda tfl Philippines dd'n Tay Ban Nha bang thuyin qude gia: 1%; Dd'n cac nflflc khac b i n g thuyin qudc gia: 1.5%;
De'n Tay Ban Nha b i n g thuyen nflde ngoai: 2%; Dd'n nflde ngoai bang thuyen nfldc ngoai: 3%'^°'.
Chinh sach thue bat diu ed hidu Iflc tfl thang 1/1832 va ap dung dd'n nam 1869, trai qua g i n nfla the ky khi Phihppines bat d i u bflde vao nen kinh td' xuit khau.
Khi kdnh dio Suez dflpe mfl ra, sfl kd't ndi gifla Philippines va Tay Ban Nha dfltfc rut ngin, thflcfng mai dflpe thuc day, Tay Ban Nha bat dau dfla ra cupc cai each v l thue.
Cupc eai eflch chu ye'u nham vao sfl buy bo dd'i vdi thue xuat khau va giam thue' dd'i vdi nhOftig hang hda dfltfc chd b i n g thuyin qud'e gia.
Ngay 1/7/1871, mot sac lenh mdi cd hidu Iflc dflpc ban hanh vdi muc tidu thfle hidn ehinh sach "tfl do thfltfng mai".
Nhiftig tfl tfldng bao hd thfltfng mai khdng edn chid'm flu thd'. Chinh quyln Manila
dflpe eho phep cd quyen mfl cfla cac cang b i l n mfli cho ngoai thflcftig bdn eanh 5 cang b i l n da dflpe Tay Ban Nha tuydn bd md efla trflde dd (Manila, Iloilo, Cebu, Zamboanga vk Sual)'^^'.
Nhflng chinh saeh trdn cho t h i y Philippines da thflc sfl md cfla dd'i vdi thflflng mai the' gidi, nhOiig can trfl cdn lai ddi vdi thflflng n h a n nflde ngoai ap dat bdi ehinh quyln thude dia chi la sfl ap dat thue nam 1871, 1883. Hang hda mang dd'n Manila dfldi danh nghia nfldc ngoai phai tra 14% thue trong khi thuyin Tay Ban Nha chi tra 6%.
3. N h ^ x e t
Chinh saeh "han che thflong mai"chilm flu thd' d Phihppines g i n hai thd ky la sfl phan anh cua Chu nghia trpng kim Tay Ban Nha. Bflflc sang the' ki XVIII, sfl vfltfn len manh me cua cac nfldc Ha Lan, Anh, Phap da de dpa dd'n sfle manh trdn biln va the ddc quyen thflflng mai cua Tay Ban Nha. Them vao dd, sfl ra dfli cua nhflng hpc thuyet kinh te' mdi ma diln hinh la Laisser
Trdn Thi Que Chdu - Chinh sdch md cda thuang mgi cUa Tdy Ban Nha... 21
faire (tfl do/khdng can trd) da tae ddng dd'n nhan thflc eua eae n h i hoach dinh chinh saeh cua Tay Ban Nha. Nhiftig tfl tfldng kinh te-chinh tri mdi da dflflc cic n h a cai each Tay Ban Nha tid'p thu va truyen dat de'n cac thupc dia xa xdi. Tuy nhien, nhfl mdt quy luat, sfl diu tranh gifla tfl tflflng truyen thdng vd'n da an sau trong suy nghi cua mdt bd phan qua nhieu the' ky vdi nhOfng tfl tflflng mfli nay nd thfldng dien ra am t h a m nhflng gay gat. Sfl d i u tranh dd the hidn r i t ro trong giai doan "ehuyen tie'p" cua thdi ki thd'ng tri eua Tay Ban Nha fl Phihppines tfl nam 1764 dd'n nam 1789.
Tfl n a m 1789, xuat phat tfl sfl suy giam cua thfltfng mai truyen thd'ng Manila Galleon va nd Iflc g i n kd't thflflng mai vdi cae nfldc chau A, chinh quyln Tay Ban Nha da chuyen tfl chinh sach "ddng cfla"
da tdn tai lau dai sang ehinh sach "md cfla ban che'". Va khi nhOfng cd' g i n g cud'i cung d l gifl ddc quyen thflomg mai t h a t bai vfli sup dd cua Cdng ty Hoang gia Philippines, Tay Ban Nha tid'p tue thfle thi ehinh saeh
"md cfla hoan toan" thudc dia Philippines vao nam 1834. Day la mpt sfl ehuyin bid'n cd y nghia quan trpng vi nd phan a n h dflpe quy luat van ddng cua xu thd' lieh sfl dflong thdi theo khuynh hflflng "laissez-faire" va dap flng dfltfc nhu ciu phat trien ve kinh t l - chinh tri cua Tay Ban Nha va ca thudc dia Philippines.
Chinh saeh md cfla da dfla dd'n sfl tie'n bd rd ret cua n l n kinh te Philippines trong thd' ki XIX tren ca ba linh vfle ndng nghiep, edng nghiep va thflcfng mai. Xuat k h i u tang Idn va nhflng san p h i m npi dia da dan thay t h i hang hda nhap khau tfl eae nflflc phfltfng Ddng khac. Tfl nam 1870, Philippines da co quan he thfltfng mai vdi chau Au, chau Ml va cac nflflc ehau A.
Chinh sach mfl efla thfltfng mai cung da
khuyd'n khich viec thu hut ngudn vdn tfl ben ngoai. Dong thdi, viec ap dung nhOfng ye'u td kl t h u i t tien tid'n cua thdi dai da mfl toang canh cfla cho n l n kinh td' Philippines hgi n h a p vao ddng chay thflong mai thd' gidi./.
CHU THICH
1. Manila Galleon la thuat ngfl diing trong thtfong mai va hoa tidu hang hai gifla hai dau mdi, hai thudc dia cua Tay Ban Nha la Manila va Acapulco. Mot tau budn xuat phat tfl Manila de'n Mexico dfltfc goi la mgt Galleon. Chuyin tau diu tien rdi Manila de'n Acapulco vao nam 1572 va chuyen cud'i cung la nam 1815. Hang nam co mdt din ba chuyd'n tau tfl Acapulco di Manila mat khoang 3 thang, ngiftfc lai, tau tfl Manila di Acapulco phai mat tfl 4 de'n 6 thang do phai dl dudng vong va gap gid Ddng Kuroshio gin Nhat Ban.
2. Chu nghia thang dtf thtfong mai la giai doan phat trien hoan chinh cua Chu nghia trong thuong. Ve ctf ban, cbinh sach kinh te van de cao vai tro cua tich luy tien te nhung da quan tam htfn den phat trien san xua't.
Nam 1724, nha trong thucmg noi tie'ng cua Tay Ban Nha Geronimo de Uztariz, da xuat ban cdng trinh "Theorica y practica de Comercio" (Ly thuyit vd thUC hdnh thuang mgi) theo dudng Id'i cua nha trong thfltfng ngudi Phap Colbert, Trong tac pham nky, Uztariz mdt lan nfla khang dinh lai tai san qudc gia chinh la cac kim loai quy, nhiOig dng da dtfa ra nhCftig quan diem mdi, Thd nhdt, mudn gifl dflpc kim loai quy khdng phai bang each ngan chan sfl ro ri cua cac kim loai nay thong qua cac ban che, ma cin nhap va duy tri thdng qua mdt can can thuong mai thuan Ipi. Bidn phap khac phuc chung la thuc day san xuat va td chfle lai giao dich. ThU hai, mdt dan tpc khdng the hung manh ne'u khdng c6 mdt nen thtftfng mai phat trien, va mdt thUtfng mai hflu ich
22 Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A, so 3/2019 thi khdng thi khdng co nhiftig nha san
xuat. Thd ha, giam thue ndi bg, kem theo viec td chfle lai trong thud' quan xuat nhap khiu hang hoa, tang tiSu thu trong nfldc va xuit khau. Tuy nhidn, han che vl sfl xam nhap cua cac san phim nUdc ngoai can dope tiln hanh kit hop vdi sfl phat trien cua nganh cong nghidp qud'c gia. CuSi cung, dng ung hg vide thuc day nganh cong nghiep to nhan, xay dflng Cdng ty thiftfng mai ntfdc ngoai. Ong keu gpi cai each ciia Hdi dong Thuong mai, vdi sfl ra ddi trong do ngUdi dope dao tao va cd kinh nghiem. Ong ung hd viec md tuyen dtfdng thuy va cai thien dtfdng giao thdng va cang.
3. Nam 1765, Tay Ban Nha ban hanh sic lenh gidi ban thtfong mai tfl do chi den quan dao cua ngfldi Tay Ban Nha d Caribbean; nam 1768, tfl do thtfong mai dope md rgng den Louisiana, sau do de'n Yucatan va Campeche vao nam 1770; dau nam 1778, mgt loat sac Idnh md rdng tfl do thoctng mai den Chile, Peru va Rio de la Plata duoc ban hanh. Cud'i cung, vao ngay 12//10/1778, Charles III da cdng bo "Quy dinh tfl do thtfcmg mai" (Raglamento para el comercio libre). [Pham Thi Thanh Huyen (2016), Qua. trinh hogt ddng thuong mgi cda Tdy Ban Nha d cdc thupc dia Ml Latinh (thi ki XVI-ddu the ky XIX), Luan an Tien si Lich sfl, Dai hgc So pham Ha Ngi, tr.95-96]
4. Costa, H.De La (1963), An American in Manila: Early American-Philippines Trade, Philippines Studies vol.11, no.2, tr.370 5. Cushner, Nicholas P., SJ (1971), Spain in
the Philippines, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon, Phihppines, tr.l96 6. (Dan theo) Mola, Marina Alfonso & Shaw,
Carlos Martinez, An international trade port at the end of eighteenth century, http://www.iga.ucdavis,edu/Research/All- UC/conferences/2006-fall/Mola-Shaw,pdf 7. Philippines bi cai tri gian tilp thdng qua
Pho Vuong d Mexico tfl 1565 cho den nam 1821.
8. Alip, Eufronio.M (1964), Political and Culture History of the Philippines, 2 vol, Manila Inc, Philippines, tr.73.
9. Cac CQng ty gIm cd O' FarreU, Steward, Dobell, Apthorp, Kierulf, Peele, Hubbell, Wise, Ker, McMicldng RusseU & Sturgis, Paterso & Co [Legarda, Benito JR (1955),
"Two and a half centuries of the Galleon trade", Philippines studies vol.3,no.4, tr.345-372, tr.242].
10. Zaide, Soria.M (1999), The Philippin - A Unique Nation, All nation pubhshu^ Co.
Inc, Quezon City, t r . l l 9 .
11. Cushner, Nicholas P., SJ (1971), Spam in the Philippines, Sdd, tr.l97.
12. Cushner, Nicholas P., SJ (1971), Spain in the Philippines, Sdd, tr.l98.
13. Benitez, Conrado (1954), History of Philippines, Manila Ginn and Company, 'Philippines, tr.234.
14. Cushner, Nicholas P., SJ (1971), Spain in the Philippines, Sdd, tr.201.
15. Cushner, Nicholas P., SJ (1971), Spain in the Philippines, Sdd, tr.202
16. Alip, Eufronio.M (1964), Political and Culture History of the Philippines, 2 vol, Manila Inc, Philippines, tr.l54.
17. Ttf chudi dupe lam tfl cay chud'i (abaca) la mat hang dac tnftig cua i ^ d i Phihppines, dope cac node phtfOng Tay biet din vdi tdn gpi "Manila hemp" (gai diu Manila) hoac
"grass cloth" (vai cd). [Legarda, Benito, Jr.
(1999), After the Galleons, Ateneo de Manila University Press, tr. 294].
18. Cushner, Nicholas P., SJ (1971), Spain in the Philippines, Sdd, tr.205.
19. Legarda, Benito J., J r (2002), J^er the Galleons: Foreign Trade, Economic Change and Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth- Century Philippines, Ateneo de Manila University Press.
20. Legarda, Benito J., Jr (2002), After the Galleons: Foreign Trade, Economic Change and Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth- Century Philippines, Sdd, tr.l95.
21. Legarda, Benito J., Jr (2002), Afier the Galleons: Foreign Trade, Economic Change and Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth- Century Philippines, Sdd, tr.201.