Chinh sach cua nha Nguyen trong cuoc dau tranh gianh lai Phong Thu va Binh Lu
Nguyen Thj Thu Thuy\ Pham Thi Lan Phuofng^
' Truong Dai hpc Su pham Hd Npi.
Email: thuynt@ hnue.edu.vn Email: [email protected]
Nhan ngdy 6 thang 4 ndm 2018. Chap nhan dang ngay 19 thang 10 nam 2018.
Tom tat: Qud trinh ddu tranh gianh lai hai dpng Phong Thu vd Binh Lu Id thdnh tyu ngoai giao tieu bieu cua nha Nguyen trong moi quan he vdi nhd Thanh d Tmng Qudc. Bang cdc bipn phdp quan sir Cling rdn cimg chinh sach ngoai giao mem deo, nha Nguyen da gidnh l^i hai dpng Phong Thu, Binh Lu (chdu Chieu Tan, phii An Tay, Hung Hoa). Ket qua ciia cupc ddu tranh nay Id bai hpc kinh nghipm cho c6ng cupc dau tranh, bao vp chu quyin vting biPn gidi hien nay.
Tur khda: Phong Thu, Binh Lu, nha Nguyin, ddu tranh ngoai giao.
Phan loai nganh: Sii hpc
Abstract: The process to regain the two conununes of Phong Thu and Binh Lu is a sahent diplomatic achievement ofthe Nguyen dynasty in its relation with China's Qing dynasty. Applying both stong military measures and a flexible foreign policy, the Vietnamese side regained the two communes, which were in the chdu of Chieu Tan, the phu of An Tay {chdu and phu were administrative units under the dynasty). Hung Hoa province. The process provides a lesson to leam for Viemam's cause of safeguarding its sovereignty in the border area today.
Keywords: Phong Thu, Binh Lu, Nguyen dynasty, diplomatic struggle.
Subject classification: History
l.Mofdau Lang gon, Tuyen Quang, Ha CJiang, Ldo Cai, Lai Chau, Dien Bien, Y6n Bai, Son La, Vtmg^bien gidi phia Bac Viet Nam thdi mpt phin tinh Phd Thp va mpt phin tinh Nguyen gdm cac hin ciia tinh Quang Yen, Thai Nguyen); cac trin do gidp vdi cac tmh Cao Bang, Lang San, Tuyen Quang, Hung Van Nam, Qudng Tay, Quang Ddng ciia Hda (nay Id cac tinh Quang Ninh, Cao Bdng, Trung Qudc. Ke tyc su nghipp cua nhirag
Nguyin Thj Thu Thuy, Pham Thj Lan Huang trieu dai trudc, cdc vua nha Nguyen da thyc
hien nhieu bien phap tfch cyc nhdm bdo ve chii quyen bien gidi lanh thd cua qudc gia.
The nhung, do nhilu If do khdc nhau, van cd nhiing viing dit bi nha Thanh xam lan.
Nghien ciiu ve viec giai quyet tranh chap lanh thd bien gidi Viet Nam va Trung Qudc thdi Nguyen da dupc de cap den trong mpt sd cdng trinh nghien ciiu nhu Dia chi Cao Bang, Lich sic tinh Cao Bdng, Bia chi Thdi Nguyen, Bfa chi Lgng Sem, Dia chi Tuyen Quang.,. Dong thdi, mdt so nhd nghien ciiu, nhu Pham Thi Lan Phuang, Nguyin Thi My Hanh da budc diu de cap din cupc ddu hanh gidnh lai hai dpng Phong Thu, Binh Lu khi nghien ciiu cdc van de lien quan den chfnh sdch an ninh quoc phdng cua viing bien gidi phfa Bac ciia trieu Nguyen [4]; su kien xung dpt giiia quan nha Nguyen vd quan nha Thanh d ddn Phong Thu nam 1831 [1]. Tuy nhien, den nay, chua cd cdng trinh nao de cap rieng bipt ve qua trinh dau tranh gidnh lai hai ddng Phong Thu va Binh Lu thdi Nguyen. Bdi viet'' neu nhiing ghi chep ve dpng Phong Thu va Binh Lu trong sii sach;
trinh bdy chfnh sach ngoai giao va qudn sy cua nha Nguyen trong cudc dau tranh gidnh lai dpng Phong Thu va Binh Lu.
2. Ghi chep ve dong Phong Thu va Binh Lu trong su* sach
Phong Thu vd Binh Lu tir thdi Hdu Le vdn la hai dpng thudc chdu Chieu Tan, phu An Tay, Hung Hda** giap huyen Kien Thiiy, phu Lam An, Van Nam. Hai ddng nay bi nhd Thanh chiim tu thcd Le - Trinh. Khdm dinh Viet su thong gidm cuang muc chep sy kipn nay nhu sau: "Canh Ty (1780), thang 11, ngudi thd
nha Thanh chiim dit 6 chau trSn 10 chau d phii An Tay. Mudi chau d phii An Tay (Chieu Tin, Quynh Nhai, Lai Chau, Ninh Bien, Qudng Ldng, Hodng Nhai, Hpp Phi, l i Tuyin, Khiem Chau vd Tuy Phy) thupc Hung Hda, rilp giap vdi dat dai Van Nam"
[7, tr.680]; 'Tho dan nhd Thanh ciing phin nhilu vupt trdn sang chiem dat d cac chau ay dl b, thanh ra Qudng Lang vd Khiem Chau hi huypn Kiln Thuy thudc phu Khai Hoa chiim cii. Trilu ^nh nhilu ldn tu gily bien bach, chua dupc nha Thanh trd ldi. Din nay, bay tdi giu trin Hung Hda lai bao cdo ve trilu Id Bdn chau Hodng Nham, Tuy Phy, Hpp Phi vd Le Tuyen deu bj huyen Kien Thuy xdm chiem. Hp cii thu thue theo ndc nhd hipn co" [7, y.754-755]. Vhng ddt hi chiem nay md rpng ra dia gidi 6 chdu la Quang Ldng, Khiem Chdu, Hodng Nham, Tuy Phy, Hpp Phi va Ld Tuyin va mdt phdn cua chdu Chi6u Tdn (dpng Phong Thu vd Binh Lu), sau do dupe nhd Thanh ddi ten thanh 6 trai Manh Lai, Manh Thich, Manh Dinh, Manh Thoa, Manh Bang, Manh Long (diu thupc huyen Kien Thuy, Trung (^udc).
Quoc su qudn trieu Nguyen ciing cd ghi chep vl lai lich cua hai ddng Phong Thu, Binh Lu nhu sau: "Manh Thoa la Mudng Thu cua chdu Chieu Tan, Manh Lpi Id Mudng Thfch cua Lai Chdu, hai mudng nay d heo ldnh nai bien gidi, Ian ldn vdi dan huyen Kien Thuy nudc Thanh. Va lai hai dpng Phong Thu, Binh Lu thudc chdu Chieu Tan vd dpng Hodi Lai thudc Lai Chau deu bi bon quan lai nha Thanh d bien gidi lie hiep thu thue bac (ba dpng Phong Thu, Binh Lu, Hoai Lai bj huypn quan nudc Thanh mdi nam thu thue bac mdi dpng 220 langr[6,t.l,tr.667].
Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, sd 12 - 2018 Ve viec hai dpng Phong Thu, Binh Lu bj nhd Thanh chiim vd thu thui bac, Dgi Nam thuc luc viit: "Hai ddng Phong Thu, Binh Lu chdu ChiSu Tdn tilp gidp vdi trai Manh TMch nudc Thanh (nguyen la dit Lai Chau, Hung Hod, bj mat vdo nudc Thanh da lau), tu ddi Le trudc bj ngudi nudc Thanh ngam chiem, gpi la yai Manh Thoa, thudc vao huypn Kiln Thuy, cdp cho thd ty hp Deo lam Chudng trai thu thui bdng bac" [6, t.3, y.58].
Thdi Le - Trinh, chiia Trjnh Sam da nhieu lan tu giay sang nudc Thanh de doi lai vimg dat tran Hung Hda. Vl dieu nay, Quoc sic qudn trieu Nguyen viet: "Sdm hpp bay tdi trong trilu Idm van thu gdi sang vi6n quan d Van Quy (Vdn Nam - Quy Chau) bipn bach de cuang gidi hai ben dupc diing. Nhung sau do, vi chua Trinh Sdm hi bpnh rdi mat, vipc ly ben thoi. Tir day, ddt dai 6 chau, sudt thdi nha Le khdng sao khoi phuc lai dupc" [7, tr.755].
Trudc nha Nguyen, cac chfnh quyen qudn chu Viet Nam dd ft nhieu quan tam din viec gidnh lai vting dit phu An Tay (Hung Hoa), hong do cd hai dpng Phong Thu vd Binh Lu, nhung d6u khdng cd kit qua.
3. Chinh sach ngoai giao cua nha Nguyen Theo Quoc su qudn trieu Nguyin: "6 chdu Hoang Nham, Hpp Phi, Tuy Phu, Tung Lang, L6 Tuyin vd Khiem, dan cu liln vdi dat nudc Thanh, khdng rd mil vl nudc Thanh tir thdi d^ naol Nay Manh Thoa cua nudc Thanh tiic la Mudng Thu cua chau Chieu Tdn xua, Manh Lai ciia nudc Thanh tiic la Mudng Thii cita chau Lai xua, hai Mudng ndy d ldnh xa nai bien gidi, lan ldn
vdi ddn huypn Kien Thuy nudc Thanh. Lai hai dpng Phong Thu va Binh Lu thupc chdu ChiSu Tan, ddng Hoai Lai thupc chdu Lai, timg bj quan lai bien gidi nudc Thanh hilp thu mdi nam mdi dpng 220 lang bac, nay neu lai dem 2 Manh liet vao biSn hd nudc Thanh thi dat dai hai chau khdng cdn l?i duoc may niia" [5, tr.335].
Nhu vdy, den thdi vua Gia Long, nhd Thanh da chiem trpn 6 chau d phii An Tay, ngodi ra cdn ngam chiem va thu thue ciia ngudi dan a dpng Phong Thu, Binh Lu (chau Chidu Tan) vd dpng Hoai Lai (chdu Lai) ciia Hung Hda. Vi vp.y, cd hipn tupng, ngudi diing diu hai ddng Phong Thu, Binh Lu viia nhan chuc quan cua trieu dinh nhd Nguyin, vira nhan chiic Chudng trai cua trilu dinh nha Thanh. Dgi Nam thuc luc c6 chep: "Hai dpng Phong Thu, Binh Lu chdu Chieu Tdn tiep giap vdi trai Manh Thfch nude Thanh...
Ddu nam Gia Long, thd ty la Deo QuIc Thuyen dupc trao chiic Phdng ngy sii, coi lam vipc chdu. Qudc Thuyen lai nhan chiic Chudng trai cua nudc Thanh, npp rieng thui hai dpng mdi nam 50 lang b£ic" [6, t.3, h-.58]. Dieu nay tao nen gdnh nang thui khda ddi vdi nhan dan viing bien gidi, khiln tinh hinh an mnh bien gidi bit dn va chii quyin lanh thd qudc gia bj vi phjim.
Trudc tinh hinh do, Tong trdn Bac Thanh da tau len vua Gia Long: "Chieu Tan vd Lai Chau chfnh thupc sd Hung Hda ma ngudi Thanh lai dem ddn cac mudng dpng fiai chdu chep lan lam cac trai manh, chdng qua dd id bon quan lai a bien gidi tiiay ddt dai vd nhdn dan ay cd Ipi nSn lap rieng xung hipu, muu toan bd chiim, ma Tong doc Van Quy thi cii mpt myc nghe theo,...
Nay xin trudc viet thu h i ldi cho Tdng doc
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Nguyin Thj Thu Thuy, Phjim Thj Lan Huong Van Quy, tdch bach ro rang cuang gidi cita
hai chau yeu cau sai ngudi sang hpi ddng chia vach lai, dl xem y hp ra sao, rdi sau lai se ndi den chuyen cii ve cuang gidi sdu chau. Nhu the thi Tdng ddc Van Quy han la lo ta hoac cd sinh vipc d biSn gidi, khdng the khdng tru lieu, dan hai chdu do do md cung cd the khdi phai thue ma nang ne" [6, t.l, tr.667-668]. Tuy nhien, vua Gia Long eho rang: "Nudc duang liic bdt dau khai sang, chua roi ma lieu edng vipc bi£n cuong. Viec de day khdng tra Idi" [6, t.l, tr.668]. Sau do, van de bidn cuang d Hung Hda khdng dupc nhdc lai d thdi vua Gia Long nira. Nhd Thanh cdp cho thd ty hp Deo 1dm Chudng trai thu thue bdng bac d ddn Phong Thu va Binh Lu.
Chinh sdch ciia nha Nguyen ddi vdi vipc dau tranh gidnh lai hai dpng Phong Thu va Binh Lu trd len manh me vdo nhiing ndm 30 cua the ki XIX dudi tiidi trj vi cua vua Minh Mpnh nhan sy kipn Deo Doan An.
Trong cupc ddu tranh ndy, nhd Nguyin da ket hpp kheo leo giiia chfnh sdch ngoai giao vd chfnh sdch quan sy de gidnh lai hai ddng Phong Thu va Binh Lu.
Ndm Minh Mpnh thii 11 (1830), tiiang 5, Deo VTnh Dien (Tran thdn Hung Hda) phdi Deo Chfnh Djnh (ngudi Lai Chau) giii ddn Phong Thu thay cho Deo Doan An (do Dho Doan An sang nhd Thanh cdu ciiu de ndi chiic cha dng). Sy kien ndy da tao n8n nhiing tranh chap va dpng binh d vung biSn gidi phia Bdc. Dgi Nam thuc luc chep sy kien nay nhu sau: "Den bay gid Doan An sang nudc Thanh cau lam Chudng trai, vd ndi tinh tp bpn VTnh Dien ba chiim, rdi chng dang Id Deo Doan Kien, Deo Doan V5 nhd 300 linh nudc Thanh vay bdt bpn VTnh
Dien dua sang huypn Kien Thuy" [7, t.3, tr.58]. v l sy kien ndy, Minh Menh chinh yeu viit: "Ngudi Dieu (Deo - tac gia chii) Doan An a tinh Hung Hda, dng cha ndi ddi qudn giii ddn Phong Thu. Den nay quan d Bdc Thdnh cho ngudi d Chdu Lai la Dieu Chanh Djnh din thay. Doan An mdi chay sang tinh Van Nam nudc Thanh de cau ciiu dupc ndi chiic ong cha, ngudi nhd Thanh dem 600 quan qua bd eoi de ddi bat ngudi Chanh Dinh" [8, tr.1645-1646].
Viec bat ngudi ciia nha Thanh khdng phdi Id ldn dau. Cung khong phai do Deo Doan An den cau ciiu nhd Thanh thi huypn Kien Thiiy mdi cir ngudi vupt bien gidi sang giup da. Trudc su kien nam 1831, quan huyen Kien Thiiy nha Thanh da tiing vupt dja gidi sang bat Bho Quoc Lan (quan vien ciia tran Hung Hda) dem di, sau dd lai den bdt Cam Nhan Cim, nhung Nhan Cim khdng cy dupc. Quan quan nha Thanh chi lay do lam cd, nhan su kipn Dodn An ma dem quan qua dia gidi de sinh sy, lam anh hudng den an ninh vung biSn gidi phfa bac Vipt Nam.
De ddi phd vdi viec coi thudng bang giao va qudc the ciia quan qudn huyen Kien Thuy, vua Minh Menh va Bp Hinh ban bac vd di den quyet dinh tni6c mdt dung bipn phap ngoai giao, tu giay sang phii Van Qu^
yeu cau nha Thanh tra bien de dn djnh tinh hinh bien gidi. Ve vipc ndy, Quoc sir qudn trieu Nguyen viet: "Gidi han hai bSn dd dinh ro rang, neu cd ngudi ddt khdc pham phdp thi phdi xet cho dich xac va phdi tu giay cho sd tai bat de giao sang... Xin sac cho bp L I dem sy trang may lin huyen Kien Thuy da gdy ra, tu cho Doc phit Van Quy tra bipn, khien tir sau khdng dupc ty
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Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam, s6 12 - 2018 tipn vupt cdi 1dm bay. Nhu the thi qudc the va bang giao on ca" [6, t.3, tr.59].
4. Chinh sach quan su- cua nha Nguyin Cung vdi viec sir dung bipn phap ngoai giao, vua Minh Menh ciing chit dpng tdng cudng lyc lupng qudn trieu dinh ket hpp vdi quan dja phuang ciing thd binh d Hung Hda dl phdng bj vting bien gidi, dong thdi cu quan di tuin phdng dd xet. Dgi Nam thirc luc ghi: "Phdi 200 thii binh Thin ca din giii trdn sd, lai luong phdi sau bdy muai ngudi trdn binh chinh bj khf gidi, di hdi vdi thd binh theo dja gidi md tuan phdng dd xet" [6, t.3, tr.59]. Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien su le ciing chep chi du cua vua Minh Menh: "Huypn Kien Thuy nuac Thanh da nhilu lin sinh su, le khdng bd qua dupc.
Vay thdnh sd tai (tir Bac thanh) phdi them quan Thin sach 100 ngudi den coi giii tran sd dy. Tran sd tai phai them bien binh thupc tran 6, 70 ngudi, mac binh phuc nghiem chinh di ngay den chau Chieu Tan cung vdi Thd binh phdi den trudc day, chieu theo dia hat ma tuan tieu, neu ngudi nudc Thanh cdn dam vupt qua coi quay nhieu, chuan cho bien binh cita thanh da phai den, gdp siic ddnh bat, cot bdt sdng dupc tai chd 5, 3 t£n ngudi nudc Thanh ap giai vl thanh, rdi tiic thi tdu len, dpi chi de giai giao cho tinh VanNamxet"[3, tr.373].
Ghi chep ve sd lupng quan duoc Minh Menh phai din chdu Chieu Tin hong sy kipn ndy cd sy khdc nhau. Tuy nhien, nhung ghi chep nay diu thi hien vipc vua Minh Menh rit kien quylt trong viec diu tranh dl bao ve vung dit Phong Thu vd Binh Lu, dting luc lupng qudn su dl giii dit
va sdn sang dpng binh khi can thiet.
Theo Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien su le, ndm Minh Menh tiiii 12 (1831), Bdc Thanh dp tau ring: "Den Phong Thu chdn bdt dupc ngudi nudc Thanh la bpn Tieu Tu Tin 6 ten" [3, tr.373]; sy viec dupe giai quyet khi ddc phii tinh Van Nam cd cong vdn phtic dap tdi Bac Thdnh. Sau mpt thdi gian ban bac, nha Nguydn cho rang: "Huypn Kien Thiiy xet xii ten Deo Chfnh Djnh khdng dupc lai quiy nhieu, phai giii gin ydn on vd ciing khdng ddm ndi den ddi lai nhung ngudi Hdn lin trudc ta da bat dupc, du thay ngudi Thanh ldi le da dudi, tiic nhiSn qud huypn nha Kien Thiiy khong dupc 1dm can gdy hdn niia, vay ta ciing khdng can phai bien luan bdt be nhieu 1dm gi" [3, tr.373].
VI vdy, vua Minh Mpnh da cho rlit qudn ve va can dan thd myc bien gidi chi nSn giu gin bd cdi khdng dupc vupt sang dja gidi ciia nhd Thanh.
Su kien Deo Doan An dupc giai quyet bdng viec quan nha Nguyen ddng d don Phong Thu. Nha Thanh khdng thu dupc thue bac tCr dpng nen mat di mpt ngudn lpi ve kinh te ldn. Nha Thanh khdng phuc nha Nguyen khi nhd nguyen lay lai viing dat.
Theo hp, dd la thupc ldnh thd Trung Quoc tir thdi vua Khang Hy. Dya vdo "If le" nay, nha Thanh tiep tyc thuc hien cac hdnh dpng quan sy nham tranh chap ddn Phong Thu vdi nha Nguyen. Dgi Nam thuc luc cd ghi chep su kien nay vao Ndm Minh Mpnh thii 12 (1831) nhu sau: "Phii Lam An (huyen Kien Thuy thupc phu ndy) thupc tran Lam Nguyen nha Thanh lai phai muc luypn hon 600 ngudi din ddi lay ddn Phong Thu va ndi: Phong Thu la dit Manh Thoa cu ciia nha Thanh, ddn binh cita ta phdi nit di, khdng dupc ddng nua" [6, t.3, tr.l83]. Hanh dpng ndy cua phii Lam An tiep tyc de dpa
Nguyin Thj Thu Thiiy, Ph^m Thj Lan Huong nghiem trpng den chii quyin lanh thd cua
Viet Nam, khiln cho vua Minh Mpnh khdng the lam nga. Vua lap die lenh cho
"Uy thdng thap ca Nguyen Dinh Phd dem 1.000 biln binh ciia thdnh hat va 10 that voi di gap len ddng giii trdn Hung Hod. Khi den trin, lap tiic trieh ldy 300 ca bien binh ldn trin hinh va thd binh, 5 thdt voi, uy cho quan trin Vii Vdn Tfn va Ngo Huy Trdn dem den Chieu Tdn tim chd ddng lai phdng giii" [6, t.3, tr.l83]. Sau do, vua tu giay sang nha Thanh vdi dai y ndi rang: "Phong Thu Id dat cii cua. ban qude. Tu xua den nay, ddng giii theo dja phan gidi han da ro rang. Cdn cho gpi la Manh Thoa hoac gid cung cd nhung chua dupc nghe noi d vao cho nao. Vay khdng n6n nghe ldi Doan An ma gay ra han khfch" [6, t.3, tr.l83].
Mac dh vay, nhd Thanh van tien biic ddn Phong Thu. Do binh luc khdng du manh, Chic Dinh Thong, Thu ddn Phong Thu khdng chong ndi, phai lui ve ddng Binh Lu.
Tuy nhien, khdng vi the ma nhd Nguyen hudng xudi de nha Thanh chiem lai hai dpng ay. De khdng djnh quyet tam cua minh, vua Minh Mpnh lai lenh cho "Dang Van Thiem dilu tiiem 200 biln binh, 2 tiiat voi cung Vii Van Tfn tien thdng den nai"
[6, t.3, tr.l83]. Ket qua Id, quan quan nha Thanh khdng chiu duoc thuy tho vung nay, bj dm chet nhieu, ngay dan tan ra. Khi Vu Van Tfn den ddn Phong Thu, quan Thanh da bd di trudc, Vu Vdn Tfn thu dupc siing Idn, Sling nhd, guom trdng bd sot lai. Sau khi quan qudn nhd Thanh nit khdi ddn Phong Thu, Vii Vdn Tin phai uy Chdnh dpi trudng suat dpi Bui Van Huang quan ITnh 100 binh (vira trin binh vira thd binh) dl dong giii, rdi lap ddn d chd each song, ehia quan phong giii.
Vdi thing lpi tam thdi ciia nha Nguyen, nha Thanh cd de van thu vdi y mudn giang hda. Vua Minh Mpnh ddng y va ra Ipnh:
"Phdm nhung khf gidi nghi tupng bdt dupc ciia quan Thanh, deu dua tra het. Khdng cin phdi hpp mat vdi hp, lap tiic nit het bien binh vl 0-ln" [6, t.3, tr.l83]. Quylt djnh nay ciia vua Minh Menh khong phai thi hipn su hen kem, nhu nhupc trudc nha Thanh, md nhdm dn djnh tinh hinh bien gidi, tranh dpng binh khi khdng can thiet sau khi da dat dupc muc dfch ciia minh.
Sau nay, ndi ve sy vipc Deo Doan An, vua Minh Menh cdn ndi thSm: "Trudc kia, ngudi nha Thanh vd cd bdng phdi binh Ifnh sang cuang biic chiem ddng ddn bdo ciia ta.
Quoc the vd bien phong, hai vipc deu la quan trpng, nen mdi phdi binh h'nh den phdng ngira, ciing Id vipc bat dac dT phai lam de ung pho vdi hp, chii ha mudn nhpc siic ngudi de muu dd viec xa xdi dau?" [6, t.3, h-.2D9]. Din nam Minh Menh thii 12 (1831), thang 8, Deo Doan An cimg dd ddng bj bat vd gidi ve kinh. Bp Binh va Bo Hinh khep Doan An vao tpi "trdm giam hau" de chd vua quyet djnh. Tiep dd, vua giao cho cdc tii trudng dja phuang cai quan vd ddng giii ddn Phong Thu, cho Deo Qudc Long, con Deo Qudc Thuyfin quan ly hai dpng Phong Thu, Binh Lu, kiem cai qudn ddn Phong Thu [6, t.3, tr.209].
Sau khi gianh lai dupc vhng dat d dpng Phong Thu va Binh Lu (chau Chieu Tdn, phit An Tdy, Hung Hda), nha Nguyin xac lap lai chii quyen qudc gia bang viec cho quan qudn lap ddn bdt, chia quan phdng giu va cir ngudi qudn ly viing dat dd.
Nam Minh Menh thii 13 (1832), thang 9, vua sai Le Dai Cuang tham dd tinh trang thdi gian gan dd cua ngudi Thanh d dpng
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Khoa hpc xa hpi VietNam, s6 12-2018 Phong Thu tiiudc Hung Hod [6, t.3, tr.366], dl tam bf mat do xet, nam bdt tinh lunh de cd nhiing bipn phap doi phd khi can. Vua Minh Menh nhdn dupc cau trd ldi ciia Le D^i CXrang rdng: "Huyen Kiln Thuy nha Thanh cung thudng sai ngudi din dpng Phong Thu ddi thui nam tixrdc, cdc tiid myc khdng chju nop. Ngudi nhd Thanh ciing khdng dam sinh sy" [6, t.3, tr.366].
Nhu vay, bdng nhiing bien phap ngoai giao cuang quylt kit hpp vdi chfnh sdch quan sy, ddng thdi kheo leo giang hoa vdi nhd Thanh, nha Nguyin da gianh lai dupc Phong Thu vd Binh Lu. Nhd Thanh cung tir bd y dinh quIy nhilu, thu tiiue bac d vting dat nay.
5. Ket ludn
Cupc dau tranh gidnh lai chu quyen d hai dpng Phong Thu va Binh Lu (chau Chieu Tdn, phii An Tay, Hung Hda) dudi thdi Nguyen dien ra trong mpt khodng thai gian khdng dai (tu thang 5 ndm 1830 den thdng 8 nam 1831), nhung dd la qud trinh dau tranh kien quyet bang bipn phdp ngoai giao ket hpp vdi qudn sy. Bdng chfnh sach ngoai giao mem mdng, nhd Nguyin khdng nhiing duy tri dupc mdi quan hp bang giao tdt dep vdi nha Thanh, ma van giu vung nguyen tac bat kha xam pham vl bien gidi lanh thd, gianh lai dupc viing ddt da mit tu thdi Hau Le. Thanh cong trong cupc diu tranh gidnh lai viing dit Phong Thu va Bmh Lu co y nghTa quan ti-png trong vipc khdng djnh chu quyin va toan ven Idnh thd cua qudc gia.
Vipc sir dung cdc bien phdp ngoai giao mem mdng, kheo leo nhung kien quylt kit hpp vdi siic manh qudn sy tir trong cudc
diu tranh gianh 1^ Phong Thu va Binh Lu dudi thdi Nguyen la nhung bdi hpc kinh nghiem quy hdu trong sy nghiep bdo ve chii quyen, toan ven lanh thd qudc gia ngdy nay.
Chu thich
' Bai viit nay la kit qua cua de tai cap Bp: "Chinh sach bien gidi phia Bac Vipt Nam cOa tneu Nguyen va bai hgc dii voi su nghipp bao vp chu quyen lanh thi Vipt Nam hipn nay", ma s6: B2016-SPH-01.
''Tinh Hung Hoa thoi Nguyen gom cic tinh L4o Cai, Lai Chau, Dipn Bi6n, Ygn Bit, Son La vk mpt phan tinh Phii Tho ngay nay. Dgi Nam thuc luc c6 ghi chep: 'Thing tti 3 phii \k Quy Ho5, Gia Hung, An TSy; 5 huyen la Van Chan, Yen Lap, Tam N8ng, T r k Yen, Thanh XuySn; 16 chSu Ik Thuy VT, Van Bin, SoTi La, Thu^n Chau, Tuan Giio, Mai Sem, An ChSu, Ninh Bien, Mpc Chau, Da Bic, Phii Hoa, Mai Chau, Chieu Tan, Luan Chau, Lai Chau, Qujnh Nhai" [6, t.3, tr.230). Thcri H6ng Diic, tran Hung Hoa CO dia gicri giip phu Lam An vk phij Khai H<5a (V3n Nam, Trung Quoc). Trong do, tran Hung H6a gIm cac phu Gia Hung, phu Dipn Bien, phu An Tay giap huyen Kien Thiiy, phii Lam An; phu Quy H6a giap huyen Van Son, phii Khai Hoa.
^ Th&i Le Cinh Hung, phii An Tay, Hung Hda c6 10 chau, nhung 6 chau Tung Lang, Hoang Nham, Hpp Phi, Le Tuyen, Tuy Phy vk Khiem bj mat ve miijc Thanh, chi con 4 chSu Chi£u Tan, Qu)Tih Nhai, Lai vk Luan [5. tr.332]. Siu chSu bj mSl tr6 thknh siu manh (Manh Lai, Manh Thich, Manh Dinh, Manh Thoa, Manh B^ng, Manh Lpng) cua nhk Thanh.
Chua Trinh Sam da nhieu lan tu giay sang nuac Thanh de doi lai viing dat tran Himg Hda. Thoi Quang Trung, vua da lira biiu xin lai cucmg gidi Hirag Hda, lai bi Ting doc Luong Quang Phiic Khang An bac [7, tr.334]. Thai Gia Long, til trudng 86
N g u y i n Thi T h u Thiiy, P h ^ m Thi L a n H u o n g
Lai Chau vk Van Ban sang cac tran bj mat vao tay nha Thanh de chieu dy dan phiSu tan trd v l . Tong doc Van Quy dua cong van sang trilu nhk Nguyen yeu cau nhk N g u y i n chdm dut dnh tr?ng dy do dan d siu mSnh dd.
Tai lieu tham khao
[1] Nguyen Thi M y Hanh (2017), Quan hi ngogi giao Viet Nam • Trung Quoc thdi Nguyin (1802 -1885), Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, Hk Npi.
[2] Tr4n Thi Nhung (2011), Chinh .sdch an ninh quoc phdng aia trieu Nguyin doi vdi viing bien gidi phia Bdc (1802 -1858), Luan van thac sy.
Trucmg Dai hoc Khoa hpc Xa hpi va Nhan van, D^ii hpc Quoc gja Ha Npi.
Npi c i c trieu Nguyen (1993), Khdm dinh Bgi Nam hgi diin su le, t.8, Nxb Thuan Hoa, Hue.
Ph^im Thj Lan Phucmg (2016), Chinh sdch bdo vp vd,ng bien gidi phia Bdc dudi thdi Minh M$nh (1820 - 1840), Khda luan t i t nghiep, Trucmg Dai hpc Su phsim H i Npi, HJl Npi.
(Juoc su quan trieu Nguyen (2006), Dgi Nam nhdt thong chi, xA, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi.
Quoc sit qu^n trieu Nguyin (2007), Dgi Nam thgc lgc, t.l, t.3, Nxb GiSo dye. Ha Npi.
Quoc sii quin trieu Nguyen (2007), Khdm dinh Vi?t su thong gidm cuong myc, t.2, Nxb Giio dye, Hk Npi
Quoc sii quan trilu Nguyen (2010), Minh M$nh chinh yiu, Nxb Thu§n Hda, Hue.
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