KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
5606/2020
Giai phap giam chi phi logistics
trong xuat nhap khau hang hoa tai cac cang a TP. Ho Chl Minh
• TS. PHAM VAN TAI - TrUdng Cao ddng Kinh tiddi ngoai
T Q M TAT: Bat bao nghien cuu cac van de lien quan den chi phi logistics trong xuat nhap khau hing hda tai cic cing 6 TP, Ho Chi Mmh nhu cac nhan to i n h hudng den chi phi logistics, cac yeu to c i u thanh chi phi logistics, cung nhu thyc trang chi phi logistics tgi cac cing d T P Ho Chi Mmh se duoc phan tich mdt c i c h chi tiet. Tu do, de xuat d|nh huong phit t n l n va mdt s6 giii phap toi uu hda chl phi logistics tai cac cing 6 TP. Ho Chi Minh nhim tao dieu kien thuin IQI cho cac hogt dpng thuong mgi qudc te, tao gia trt gia tSng va nang cao loi t h i canh tranh cho hang hoa xuat nhip khau trong viing v i c i nudc
TO K H 6 A : Chl phi logistics, c i n g TP Hd Chi Minh, xuat nh|p khau hang hda,
ABSTRACT; This article was aimed at analyzing logistics cost of import-export commodities at the seaports of Ho Chi Mmh City such as influencing factors to logistics cost and its sub-costs and current cost formulation at the seaports of Ho Chi Mmh City Those issues will be concretely analyzed.
Basing the analysis, the developing onentation and solutions will be proposed to minimize logistics cost at the seaport of Ho Chi Mmh City which will bnng more competitive advantages, added values to local and international trading operations KEYWORDS: Logistics cost, seaports of Ho Chi Minh City, import export commodity.
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Ngoii vile ddng vai trd I I mpt thj trudng tieu thu ddi d i o , TP. Hd Chi Minh edn 11 mdt trong nhCfng trung t i m logistics Idn nhat c l nude. Sd hifu he thdng c i n g hiing h i u nhu Cit Lii, Tin Thuin, H i l p Phudc, Ben Nghe, Tin Cing..., t h i n h phd trd t h i n h 6\a diem trung chuyen cua h i u h i t d c h i n g hda xuat nhap nhau t d d e tinh/thinh v i cie noi t r l n the gidi. Ngoii ra, cic tuyen dUdng bd dupe x i y dung tuong ddi ddng bd k i t ndi giLfa cle eing, tao d i l u k i l n thuan Ipi eho eic hoat
ddng van chuyen, tuu thdng h i n g hda. X l t ve dja ly.TR Hd Chi Minh cd mdt vj tri quan trpng trong t u y l n h i n g h i i trong y l u t r l n bien Ddng. Tuy nhiln, vdi mdt vi t h i Idn nhu viy, nhLfng hoat ddng logistics tai Vilt Nam lai cd nhiifng budc p h i t trien chlm chap v i tdn tai nhilu b i t cap do ehi phi logistics v l n cdn l i v l n d l Idn. Theo sd l i l u tif Sich Tring - VLA 2018, ehi phi logistics tuong duong vdi GDP eua Viet Nam d mde 16-17%, trong khi con sd n i y d Singapore l i 8,5%,Thli Lan 15%, Maylaysia 13%, Philipines 13% (tham khio trang 59, Sich Tring VLA 2018). Nhu vay, so vdi khu vUe Ddng Nam A, ehi phi logistics cua Vilt Nam cao hon 4 - 8%. D i l u niy se khiln nang lUc canh tranh h i n g hda eung nhu eie hoat ddng thuong mai ciia Vilt Nam ndi chung v l TR Ho Chi Mmh ndi rieng trd n l n k i m hieu q u i .
Xuat phat t d tinh d p t h i l t d n p h i i gd dupe "nut t h l t " v l ehi phi logistics, d i e b i l t l i chi phi logistics tai d n g d TR Hd Chi Minh eiing nhU c i nudc, b l i b i o vdl chu de "Cli t h i l n ehi phi logistics trong xuit n h i p khau tai d c d n g d TR Hd Chi Mmh" 6uac nghiin cufu dua tren nhifng thue trang, nguyen nhin khiln chi phi logistics eao hon so vdi khu vuc v i t h i gidi trude khi d l xuat nhiifng dinh hudng v i g i i i phap thuc t i l n n h i m d t g i l m nhung eon sd n i y v l mu^e tdi uu.
2. CO S d L V T H U Y I T v l CHI PHl LOGISTICS 2.1. Chi phi logistics (cic y l u to cau thanh, Inh hudng) Chl phi logistics de e l p tdi vilc sd dung d e ngudn luc khic nhau, bao gdm n h i n lUe, h i n g hda, t i l n bae, thdng tin de thuc h i l n dich vu chlm sdc khach h i n g , nd dupc tinh b i n g khdi lupng tien t i l u thu, Khi g i n vdi ddng chu chuyin hang hda thuong mai, ehi phi logistics dien ta sd tien dupe ehi eho he thdng phan phdi dieh vu h l u mai, ngudn cung dng h i n g hda v i vile d i l u h i n h sin xuat (ed lien quan true t i l p tdi lUu chuyin hang hda) (Giio trinh Logistics v i van t i i qudc t l , NXB. Thdng tin v i Truyin thdng).
Chi phi logistics g i n lien vdi luu chuyin v l p h i n phdi nguyen lieu, h i n g hda, vi v i y trong eic t l i l i l u ngudi ta thudng ndi tdi ehi phi phan phoi (muc dich cua IL/U chuyin hang hda) nhU la mdt eieh gpi khic cua chi phi luu thdng. Bin canh nhdng chi phi de n h i n biet thude v l chi phi logistics nhu chi phi van chuyen, chi phi luu kho thuong mai thi cdn ed nhdng chi phi m i khdng de d i n g xie dinh ed thude ehi phi logistics hay khdng
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KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
5606 2020
nhu chi phi luu kho neng, ehi phi do t h i l u va bu d i p cho h i n g b; do vd, chi phi kiem soit p h i n phdi...
Cd nhifng ehi phi p h i t sinh do p h i n phdi vat lieu sau khi h o i n t h i n h sin pham v i n i m ngoli vilc kiem soit thu mua va kiem soit sin x u i t , do l i nhCmg chi phi p h i n phdi v i t t u v i khdng phai l i ehi phi logistics (Gilo trinh Logistics v i van tai qudc t l , NXB. Thdng tin v l Truyin thdng).
2.2. Chi phi logistics tai cing
H I thdng djch vu d n g b i l n thdng thudng se dupe chia t h i n h 6 he thdng thd d p , bao gdm:
- H I thdng ho trp h i n h trinh cua tau;
- He thong phuc vu t i u vao eing;
- H I thdng x i p d d ;
- H | thdng phue vu h i n g qua d n h ; - H I thdng lUu kho;
- He thdng l i l n k i t v l n t l i npi dia
Trong quy trinh logistics tai eie eing, h i thdng thdng tin se dupe tich hop de hd trp 6 h i thdng niy d l d i m b i o hoat ddng logistics dien ra duoc thdng sudt, nhanh chdng va chinh xic, Trong md hinh nay, mdi he thdng s i phdi hpp vdi mdt hoic nhieu he thdng khic tiiy v i o ti/ng ludng h i n g hda dupc xCf ly tai cing, Nhu viy. ehi phi logistics tai cing se l i nhifng chi phi m i doanh nghiep p h i i t r i l i l n quan d i n 6 he thdng niy.
2.3.T5ng quan d c nghlln cufu c6 liln quan trUdc dly Hyuk-soo Cho (2014) vdi de t i i "Determinants and Effects of Logistics Costs in Container Ports: The Transaction Cost Economics Perspective" khio sit thue nghilm k h i n i n g ndi tai v i mdi trudng b i n ngoli cCia chi phi logistics v i lupng luu thdng h i n g hda tai d c cing container rilng I I , Tie g i i sd dyng kinh te ehi phi giao dich (TCE) d l hd trp v i g i i i thich nhCfng k i t q u i thuc nghilm t r l n . Vdi k i t q u i dat 6ugc, t i e g i l dUa ra nhdng y l u td I n h hudng eua chi phi logistics tai d c eing container.
Gi Tea Yeo, Michael Roe, John Dinwoodie (2008) vdi d l t i i "Evaluating the competitiveness of container ports in Korea and China" da xle dmh va d i n h gia k h i n i n g canh tranh cua d c d n g b i l n Idn trong khu vUe, b l i nghiin cdu xle dinh d c y l u td I n h hudng den k h i n i n g canh tranh v i l i p ra mdt md hinh de d i n h g i i ehung. Dua t r l n eic tai i i l u lien quan d i n vile lua chpn v l mde dd canh tranh cua cic d n g , eie t i c g i i tien hanh k h i o sit eac cdng ty van ehuyin v i ehu t i u d l xac dinh eic n h i n td I n h hudng. Theo k i t q u i nghiin cdu, mdt trong d e n h i n td i n h hudng den k h i nang canh tranh eua eic eing bien d H i n Qudc v i Trung Qudc la ehi phi logistics,
John R Saldanha, John E. Tyworth, Peter R Svifan va Dawn M. Russell (2011) vdi d l t i l "Cutting logistics costs with ocean carrier selection" da t i l n h i n h nghiin cdu khio sit trong vdng hai t h i p ky v i cho thay ring t i m quan trpng eua chi phi logistics vdi d e h i n g tau b i l n . Theo dd, d e h i n g t i u bien d n p h i i t i l n hanh cocau v l elt g i i m ehl phi logistics va ehi phi b i o h i l m xudng mde tdi Uu d l tdn tai va phat trien.
Cie nghien edu trong nudc cung da de c i p den ehi phi logistics ndi chung, tae g i l chua tim thay nghiin euxi
v l chl phi logistics tai eing. D l y chinh l i khe hd n g h i i n cdu m i t i c g i i tim h i l u cho t i i i b i o niy.
3. THUC TRANG V f CHI PH) LOGISTICS TAI CAC c A N G d T P . H 6 CHf MINH
Chi phi logistics so vdi d n g 6 tinh khic dUpc xem l i t h i manh eua cic d n g TR Hd Chi Mmh, d i e bi^t l i c i n g Cit Lii. Cu t h i , cum d n g Cli M6p • Thi Vii sau 6 n i m khai t h i c v l n ehua t h i dat dupc cdng suit thiet k l do chi phi logistics k h i cao. So vdi Cli M l p -Thi Vii, d n g Cit Lai dTR Hd Chl Minh cd he sinh t h i i h o i n t h i l n : thdng tin, h i n g hda, t l i chinh, tien ieh cho khieh h i n g , tde dd g i l l quyet thu t u c Ngoii ra, vdi Ipi t h i I I mdt trung t i m logistics Idn, cing Cit Lii la noi cd sd lupng chuyin t i u g h i len den hang t r i m . Nhd nhung thuan Ipi n i y m l chl phi logistics eung nhu thdi gian xd ly h i n g hda d d n g v l CO b i n thap hon nhdng noi khic,
Tuy nhiln, van de cdt Idi n h i t v l chi phi logistics ndi rieng v i h i thdng v i n h i n h logistics ndi ehung I I tinh trang t i e nghen h i n g hda chua kip xd ly tai cie d n g d TR Hd Chi Minh, d i e b i l t l i d n g Cit Lai dang I I v l n d l Idn. Xuat p h i t t d h i thdng xCf ly tri t r i d i n d i n s6 lupng tdn dong container t i n g d i n g ke trong nhOhg n i m gan diy. Cu t h i , c i n g Cit Lii I I d n g container tdn cua c i nude, chiem 25% thi p h i n v i n t i i b i l n ndi dja, g i n 50% thi p h i n container xuat n h i p k h i u cua d nude v i 92% thj p h i n khu vUc TR Ho Chi Minh, gdp p h i n khdng nhd v i o vai trd thdng thuong cCia khu vUe v i c i nUdc Tuy n h i l n , tinh trang tin t i c trong v i ngoai c i n g dang la b i i t o i n nan g i l i v i dien ra r l t nhilu n i m nay. Tinh trang nay keo d i i se khien h i n g loat chi phi logistics nhu chi phi luu t l u , thdi gian d i u , bdc dd v i di ehuyin eua container dpi l l n gap n h i l u l l n . Cic chi phi niy t i c ddng khdng nhd d i n doanh thu cda eic doanh nghi|p kmh doanh xult n h i p khau, lam g i l hang hda t h i l u tfnh canh tranh, Mac khie, eie eing eung se dau dau khi phii doi mat vdi tinh trang t i c n g h i n k l o d l i , han e h l k h i nang quay vdng h i n g hda. K i t q u i l i n i n g lUc cung d p dieh vu logistics cda eing trd nen k i m h i l u q u i , g i y e ngai cho d c ddi t i e . D i y cung dupe xem I I mdt khoin ehi phi logistics t i l m an khdng he nhd doi vdi eic eing dTR Hd Chi Mmh.
Mdt thuc trang l i m gia tang chi phi logistics tal eic c i n g la lUpng container ton d t a i d n g q u i thdi gian luu d n g cho p h i p (90 ngiy) rat cao, khu vue d n g TR H 6 Chi Mmh dang p h l i g i d d i n 14.658 chile container. Tinh trang nay khien khdng gian, mat b i n g d n g bj chilm dung ddng thdi g i y khd k h i n trong viee luu thdng h i n g hda. Cu t h i , de luu chda container mdi va cu, e i n g p h l i l u i n chuyin n h i l u l l n gida c i n g thuy v i eing can, tieu tdn thdl gian va ehi phi eho vi^e bde xep, t r i h i n g l l n t l u bien, chua k l d i n viee eing p h l i tdn them chi phi d l t i l u huy hoic xd ly n l u h i n g trong container eu cd nguy ca g i y hai cho mdi trudng xung quanh. Tu do, l i m gia t i n g ehi phi cho e i d n g , khich h i n g v i hang' t l u ddng thdi g i l m n i n g lUe van hanh cung nhu hieu suit khai thic cing.
Thd ba, v l van d l p h i n bo cdng suit hoat ddnq gida cle d n g , trong khi d n g Cit Lii dang chiu i p i j r
160
rlt Idn t i / vile t i e nghen trong li/u thdng h i n g hda thi nhOtig c i n g khie trong dia b i n TR Hd Chi Minh nhuTan d n g Hilp Phude v i cing Sai Gdn - Hiep Phudc lai van trong tmh trang dU thi/a n i n g luc. K l c l cum d n g Cli M l p -Thi Vli dupe ky vpng se san s i ap lUc cho d e e i n g TR Hd Chi Minh cdng dang hoat ddng dUdi cdng suit thilt k l . Oilu n i y g i y l i n g phi r i t Idn nang luc khai t h i c Do khdng t h i g i i i quylt dUOc tinh trang q u i t l i eua cing Cit Lit - tinh trang g i y ra sU gia tang d c loai chi phi thi vile khdng hoat ddng h i t cdng suit n i y cua d e eing khic vd hinh trung eung gdp p h i n vao vilc l i m cho ehi phi logistics cao hon.
4. GlAl P H A P G I A M C H I P H I LOGISTICS TAI CAC CANGTP.H6CH(MINH
v l v l n d l t i e nghen trong v i ngoli cie d n g , d i e bi|t l i cing Cit Lii, b i l n p h i p l l u d i i la d n dau t u x i y dung phit t n l n d c d n g khie gan vdi C i t Lii nhu d n g Hilp Phude, Phu HCfu n h i m ehia s i lUu lupng h i n g hda xult nh^u khiu, Cy t h i , t i l n h i n h nao v i t cic t u y l n dudng thuy ndi dia k i t ndi cie d n g trong khu vuc Ngoii ra, t i n g cUdng md rdng he thdng giao thdng dudng bd d Cit Lii, triln khai x i y dUng d u Cit Lii ndi TR Hd Chi Minh - Ddng Nai v l dau tUxiy dung tuyen dudng sit k i t ndi Cit Lii vdi cum eing Cii M l p - Thi Vli Mat k h i c de giii quylt tinh trang un t i c b i n trong d n g . d n p h l i cd nhifng b i l n p h i p n h u d t g i i m thu tue h i n h chinh ddng thdi tin hpe hda cie thu thy de rut n g i n thdi gian v i ehi phi cho doanh nghilp cung nhu d c d n g . Tif do, h i n g hda se dupe thdng quan nhanh chdng, tinh trang tri t r i se dupe c i i t h i l n . Theo tinh t o i n cua Cue H l i quan TR H6 Chi Mmh, neu van d l n i y dUpe g i i i quylt, eie ehi phi liln quan d i n hoat ddng logistics tai cic d n g nhu chi phi luu container, d i o container, chi phi bdc xep kiem tra thd cdng, ehi phi n i n g ha container... se g i i m xudng v l t i l t k i l m cho x i hdi 5.000 ti ddng/nam.
D l g i l i quyet v i n d l tdn d hang van container tai eie cing d TR Hd Chi Minh, y l u cau eie chu h i n g hda d i m b i o ehuyin h i n g v l hoic di trong thdi gian ngan nhit, trinh luu gid q u i l l u tai d n g , ed trich nhiem thanh t o i n t o i n bd chi phi lien quan den cdng t i c kiem k l hing hda v i v i n chuyin trong cang Trudng hpp cic chu hing hda khdng thue h i l n dung yeu eau, l i p danh sich v i k i l n nghj d c eo quan cd tham quyen ed bien phip xd ly thich hpp, Ddi vdi cic h i n h tieu huy, cle eo quan ehdc n i n g nen chap thuan cho doanh n g h i l p hoac h i n g tau t u t i l u huy theo phuong i n xd ly eua Sd Tii nguyin v i Mdi trudng n h i m d i m b l o khdng g i y d nhiem mdi trUdng v i I n h hudng d i n qua tnnh v i n h i n h t^i cing.
Ngoii ra, v l l l u d i i , d l d t g i l m ehi phi logistics v l mue tdi Lfu thi vile eo eiu v i t h i l t l i p mdt md hinh khai thic d n g bien h i l n dai d i duoc I p dung t h i n h cdng t r l n t h i gidi la d i l u d n thiet. Cu t h i , k i t c l u ha tang hien d^i nhu vile cii t h i l n de, k l c h i n sdng, chinh tn dong ehly .. d n duoc chu trpng. Ddng thdi, dng dung cdng n g h i thdng tin ddng bd trong hoat ddng eing bien nhu cdng n g h i Portnet eua he thdng d n g b i l n Singapore doi vdi q u i trinh boe dd, s i p x I p container. Vdi su phat
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
S6 06 2020 trien v i gia tang sd dung Internet, Portnet h i l n dang phue vu eho 8.000 ngUdi sd dung v i xCf ly kholng 100 t r i l u giao dich moi n i m . Ngoli ra, cle eing cd t h i dau t u x i y dung h i thdng tich hop v l n h i n h d n g CITOS (Computer Integrated Terminal Operations System) dieu phdi v i hop n h i t mpi t l i sin, tif can true, container eho den t i l xe v i hoach djnh vile xep container, Vilc x i y dung CO sd ha t i n g d n g b i l n hien dai, dng dung edng n g h | thong tin ddng bd s i giup xep dd hang hda, g i l i phdng t l u h i n g nhanh ehdng..,, n i n g eao h i l u qua hoat ddng eic dieh vu eing b i l n , qua dd t i l t k i l m dupe d e ehi phi logistics eho d n g , doanh nghilp v l h i n g t i u . Ngoii ra, d c d n g d TR Hd Chi Mmh, d i e biet l i d n g Cit Lii d n h o i n t h i l n eO ehe q u i n ly thfch hop, quy trich n h i l m rd ring eho eic b i n l i l n quan d i n khai t h i e dich vu d n g bien. Cudi cung, d l thUe h i l n dupc nhi/ng g i l i p h i p t r l n thi d n p h l i ed ngudn vdn ddi d i o , do do can p h l i cd k l hoaeh hpp ly trong vilc huy dpng vdn t d t h i trudng ehdng khoin, d e ngudn vdn tin dung, vdn tif eie ddi t i e chiln lupc... de eie d n g dTR HdChI Minh cd t h i phat huy tdi da nhCfng ngudn luc cd sin v i dat dupe mue t i l u tdi Uu hda ehi phi logistics.
5. K ^ L U A N
Mac dif sd hdu nhCfng loi t h i ed sin v l vj tri dja ly va ha tang giao thdng tUong ddi t h u i n Ipi, cic d n g d TR Hd Chi Minh van p h l i ddi m i t vdi nhilu khd khan v i thich thdc Idn l i l n quan d i n chi phi logistics. Tae ddng khdng nhd cua cic khoin chi phf n i y ed the khien n i n g luc canh tranh trong hoat ddng logistics v i hoat ddng xuit nhap khau hang hda eua Vi|t Nam ndi chung v i TP Hd Chi Minh ndi rilng trd n l n k i m hap dan ddi vdi ddi t i c trong v l ngoli nudc. Do dd, de tao duoe bUde ddt p h i trong p h i t trien kinh te bien va logistics eung nhu dat duoc mue t i l u x i y dung TR Hd Chi Minh trd t h i n h mdt d i u mdi logistics quan trong trong khu vUc v l quoc te trong tuong lai thi nhdng g i l i p h i p v l d t g i l m chi phi logistics can p h i i dupc de xuat v i triln khai kip thdi,
Tai l i l u tham k h i o
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[11 ]. Mai Ca (2020), Du bdo linh vuc cdng bien.
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TS. Nguyen Hoing PhUOng