CHON DIA DIEM FDI DONG DEN QUYET DINH G0IY GIAI PHAP CHO VIET NAM

KINHTE

G0IY GIAI PHAP CHO VIET NAM

DUA T R E N C A C Y E U T O T A C DONG DEN QUYET DINH ^LITA CHON DIA DIEM FDI

t NGUYEN THI PHUCJNG Y

TOM TAT:

Diia vao nghien cthi tdng hdp Nielsen thifc hien nam 2017, bai bao da tie'p can cde ye'u to' tdc ddng dd'n quyd't dinh \da chgn dia diem dau tif tnic tie'p n\S6c ngoai ciia cac cdng ty da quoc gia. Bai bdo lua chgn mot so yen to'phii hdp va thUc hidn phSn tich doi vdi tinh hinh Viet Nam, de ti^ do difa ra gdi y giai phap nham tdng cifdng suf thu hut dan tu" tit cde cdng ty da qud'c gia, cde giai phdp lidn quan dd'n vide phat tri^n quy md thi trifdng, cd sd ha ting kinh td', tnnh do va ky nang ngu'di lao dgng, the che, phat trien quy hoach cac khu cdng nghiep theo hu'dng cd nhilu dac trulig.

Tiif khda: Dia diem nham FDI, thu hut FDI, quyd't dinh lUa chgn dia diem FDI.

I. Td'ng quan cac yd'u to' tac dong dd'n It/a ehpn dia didm d i u tii trtfc tid'p nu'dc ngoai ciia cac cdng ty da qud'c gia

Cd rS't nhieu cdng trinh nghien ciiu ve ye'u to' tac ddng de'n quyd't dinh lifa chgn dia diem dau t\i tri/c tie'p nifdc ngoai (FDI) cua cac cdng ty da qud'c gia (MNC). Nam 2017, cde tac gia Bo Bemhard Nielsen, Christian Geisler Asmussenc va Cecilie Dohlmann Weatherall da tdng hdp 153 nghidn cu'u dinh lu'dng du'dc thifc hidn tit nam 1976 de'n nam 2015 lien quan de'n ye'u to'tdc ddng dd'n quyd't dinh ma cac MNC ida chgn dia diem FDI vdi nhieu hu'dng tie'p can, phifdng phap nghien cu'u khdc nhau. Tong hdp cua 153 de tai la 6 nhdm ye'u to', g6m nhdm ye'u td' kinh te' thuan

tuy (de cap den tdc ddng cua quy md thi trifdng, thud'sua't, mat bdng lifdng, cd sd ha tang, trinh do lao dgng,...), the' che', cum cdng nghiep, mifc do tap trung cac nganh cdng nghidp va sif phat trien cua dia diem nhan FDI, dac trdng cdng ty me, sif ke't nd'i giila cdng ty me va dia diem nhan FDI (md'i lidn ke't gii?a dia phddng nhan FDI va cdng ty me, khoang each dia ly, sif khac biet van hda,...). Ke't qua nhifng nghien cu'u nay cho tha'y cac yd'u to'du'dc kiem dinh khong phai ye'u td'nao cung cd tac dong manh de'n quyet dinh liJa chgn cua MNC, ma cd nhifng yd'u to'tac ddng manh va ciing chieu, cd ye'u td'tac ddng yd'u. cd nhO'ng yeu td' tac ddng ngifdc chieu va nhifng yen to' chifa gidi thich difdc.

So 17-Thdng 7/2020 163

Co the tha'y rang, cd nhdm yd'u to^la dac diem cua chinh dia diem nhan FDI, cd nhom ye'u td' thugc ve dac diem cua MNC, ciing cd nhdm ye'u to'thugc ve md'i lien quan giiJadia diem nhan dau tif va MNC. Tuy nhien, trong pham vi bai bao nay chi de cap de'n cac yd'u to thudc ve dia diem nhan FDI, dong thdi cung la nhifng ye'u td'cd tac ddng tich c\ic de'n quye't dinh cua MNC trong vide lifa chgn dia diem FDI.

2. Tang cifdng cac yd'u td'dd Vi^t Nam tSng kha nang dif^c luTa chon lam dia didm nhgn FDI

Dau tien, Viet Nam can nd life tang GDP de trd thanh qud'c gia cd quy md thi tnfdng tu'dng dd'i, vi ke't qua nhiJng nghien cdu tnfdc cho tha'y quy md thi trifdng la ye'u to' tae dgng tieh ede de'n quyd't dinh chgn dia diem FDI cua cac MNC.

(Bieu do 1)

Theo di? lieu nam 2019 cho tha'y dd'i vdi Vidt Nam thi chi tieu GDP khong phdi la the' manh so

vdi cac mfdc trong khu vu'c. Tuy nhien, hign tai dich benh dien ra toan cau ndn nen kinh te toan cau bi dnh hifdng nang ne. Viet Nam dang la mot trong nhffng qud'c gia phdng chong dich cd hieu qua va dang phuc hdi kinh td' sau djch kha dn so vdi cac nu'dc trong khu v\ic. Co the ndi, so sanh tu'dng quan ve td'c do tang trifdng GDP vdi cac mfdc trong khu vifc thi ke't qud nay la mdt diem nha'n cua Viet Nam trong viec thu hiit FDI trong thdi die'm hidn nay. (Bieu dd 2)

Thdi diem hien tai, doi vdi cac qud'c gia trong khu Vifc thi viec duy tn va phat trien kinh td'phai di ddi vdi vide phdng chd'ng vk kh^c phuc hau qud cua dich benh, Viet Nam da rat cd' gang de giii dddc td'c dd tang trifdng GDP difdng, dd la thanh qua ddng ghi nhan. Nhifng ve lau dai, viec duy tri sif on dinh va tdng tru'dng kinh te" phai du'dc chu trgng, dddc xae dinh la nhidm vu lau dai eiia toan xa hdi, phai chu trgng dong bd dd^n ngu6n nhan life, vd'n dau tif, cdng nghe, xu^t kh^u va tai nguyen thien nhien.

Bieu dS I: GDP cac quae gia tong khu vtJc nam 2019 (ty USD)

800

Vi?t Nam

I

Thai Lan

I

365 Malaysia

I

377 Indcnesia Philipmes

Ttteo: Tradiii , ,„

KINH TE

Sieu dS 2: Toe dp tang trUdng GDP quy 1 nam 2020 cac quSc gia Irong Ictiu vUc

5.00%

4.00%

3.00%

2.00%

1.00%

0.00%

-1.00%

-2.00%

-3.00%

-4.00%

-5.00%

-6.00%

3.82%

I

Vi?t Nam ^ ^ V i \ ^ ^ H a I n ^ H i a

.9 9no/„ -2.00% ™ .

Theo: Tradingei

Chinh vi cd sd ha ting kinh te' la mdt trong cde ye'u td' ma cde MNC xem xet de' quye't dinh lifa chgn dia diem dau tuf ndn Vidt Nam cIn chii trpng de'n ye'u to' nay. Khi so sdnh vdi cac qud'c gia ciing khu vdc thi td'c do tang chi tieu danh cho cd sd ha ting la mdt bie'n so' difdc quan tam phan tich. Theo Pwc tdng hdp trong giai doan tif 2012 de'n 2016 thi Viet Nam ed td'c do tang chi tieu cho cd s6 ha tang cao. Theo Ngan hang Phdt trien Chau A, trong nhifng nam g i n day, Viet Nam van la mfdc din diu chi tidu danh cho dau tif cd sd ha ting (chie'm 5,7% GDP). Vdi thifc te nhif vay, ehung ta hoan toancd the tin tu'dng vao the manh nay ciia Viet Nam so vdi cac qud'c gia trong khu vifc va tie'p tuc gifl" vifng the' manh nay.

(Bieu d6 3)

Ngoai ra, khi lifa chgn dia diem FDI, cac MNC coi xet ye'u to' ve lao ddng, trong do ed quan tam de'n trinh dd, ky nang cua ngifdi lao dgng tai dia phifdng nhdn vd'n dau tif. Wi van d l nay, ngifdi lao dgng Viet Nam da cd sif de'n bd qua thdi gian.

cu the la nang sua't lao dgng tinh theo gid da tdng tit 2 len 6 USD tinh tff nam 2000 de'n nam 2018.

Thang 5 nam 2020, Thu tu'dng Chinh phii da ky ban hanh Chi thi ve day manh phat trie'n nhan life cd ky nang nghe, gdp phan ndng cao nang sua't lao ddng va tang nang life canh tranh qud'c gia trong tinh hinh mdi. Day ciing la chi thj dau tidn cua Thu tffdng Chinh phu ve phat trie'n ngudn nhan life cd ky nang nghe ciia Viet Nam, dieu nay cho tha'y sir quan tam, chii trgng ciia Nha nu'dc de'n cac ye'u td' thu hiit dau tff. (Bieu do 4).

Mot ye'u to'cac MNC xem xet khi quyd't dinh lifa chgn dia diem dau tff dd la the' che'. De thu hiit dffdc sff quan tam eua cac MNC thi Viet Nam da lien tuc hoan thien the che', chinh sdch ffu dai dau tff (ifu dai thue', da't dai...). Ben canh dd, nhffng nghidn cu'u tnfdc cho tha'y so'dae khu kinh te' cua mdt qud'c gia cang nhieu thi khd ndng dffde cde MNC lffa chon diu tff cang cao. Hidn tai, Chinh phu dang quy hoach Van Don, Phii Qud'c, Bdc Van Phong thanh dac khu kinh te vdi

So 17-Thdng 7/2020 165

12.60%

11.50%

10.30%

8.70% 8.60%

Bieu dS 3: Toe do tang ctil tISu danti cho cd sd /ig tdng giai dogn 2012-2016

14.00%

12.00%

10.00%

8.00%

6.00%

4.00%

2.00%

0.00%

Viet Nam Thai Lan Malaysia Indonesia Philqiines

Pwc tdng hap

Bieu do 4: Nang sudt lao dgng linh Iren mdi gid cua lao dgng Viet Nam (tinh bdng USD)

ri

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

3 3 3 3 3 3

6

5 5 5 5 I

4 4 4 4 4 I

3 3 I

II

"> V V V V IT TT '^> T,- a - a - ^>' .^•

KINH TE

nhffng chinh sach ffu dai ddc bidt, ddy la mdt di^m ndi bat trong qua trinh hanh ddng de tang sff thu hiit FDI.

Mdt yd^u td^ quan trgng tdc ddng dd'n quye't dinh phdn bd dau tff cua cde MNC, do la dac di^m edc khu cdng nghidp, cum cdng nghidp, day cung la ye'u td' ma cde qud'c gia can cd de xay difng cde khu cdng nghiep vdi muc tidu thu hiit dau tff nffde ngoai. Mot qud'e gia hoac dia phffdng cd nhieu khu cdng nghiep hoac cum cdng nghidp ciia mdt nganh cdng nghiep eu the thi kha nang dffdc MNC ciang nganh lffa chgn l a m d i ^ m d l u tff cang cao.

Bdn canh dd, nhifng nghien cffu cdn chi ra rang: mdt dia diem cd nhieu khu cdng nghidp va quy md khu cdng nghiep cang Idn thi kha ndng dffdc cde MNC chon lam dia diem dau tff cang cao; sff tap trung so' Iffdng Idn eae doanh nghiep nffdc ngodi tai mot dia did'm thi lam gia tang khd nang dffdc chgn lam dia di^m diu tff; ngoai ra, cde MNC cdn quan tdm nhilu dd'n dia di^m tdp trung nhieu doanh nghidp cua qud'c gia minh dd'n dau tff trffe tid'p; cde dia die'm phat trie'n vifon tdi la mot thanh phd" toan clu thi cd kha nang thu hiit diu tff ciia cde MNC cang cao. Dieu nay cho tha'y, ii cd the thu hiit diu tff, Viet Nam phdi cd nhieu hdn nffa nhffng khu cong nghiep, cum cdng nghidp ciia mdt ngdnh cdng nghiep eu the; phai quy hoach va phdt trien cde khu cdng nghiep va

cum cdng nghidp theo hffdng edc cd sff tap trung, quy md cac khu edng nghiep phai Idn, cd khu cdng nghidp tap trung edc doanh nghidp FDI, cd khu cdng nghiep tap trung nhffng doanh nghiep FDI cua cung mot qud'c gia cu the (dd'i vdi trffdng hdp nhieu doanh nghidp FDI cua mot qud'c gia);

tdp trung phdt trie'n mot so' thanh phd' trgng diem theo hffdng trd thanh thanh phd'toan cau.

3. Ke't luan

Theo xe'p hang trong bao eao ve tinh hinh dau tff toan eau eiia Hdi nghi Lien hiep qud'c ve thffdng mai va phdt trien thi Vidt Nam xep thff 21 vi thu hiit FDI. Chinh vi vay, viec xdc dinh va phan tieh cac yd'u to' tac dgng de'n lffa ebon dia diem dau tff cua cac MNC la dilu cIn thid't dd' nang cao mffc do canh tranh so vdi cac quo'e gia khdc trong khu vffc. Dac bidt giai doan hien nay la giai doan toan eau dang do'i mat vdi dai dich va Viet Nam dffde ddnh gia la mdt qud'c gia chd'ng dich hidu qua va dang tranh thu phuc hdi kinh td'sau dich. Bai bdo da dffa ra mot so'gdi y ve giai phap lien quan de'n vide diy manh kha nang thu hut dau tff cua Viet Nam, edc gidi phap nham tang trffdng GDP, dau tff phdt trien cd sd ha tang, nang cao trinh dd va ky nang ngffdi lao ddng, phat trien cac dac khu kinh td' va chinh sdch dau tff, phat trien edc khu cdng nghiep theo hifdng cd nhieu dac trffng de' dap ffng ydu can ciia cac MNC •

TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O :

1. Bo Bemhard Nielsen, Christian Geisler Asmussenc va Cecilie Dohlmann Weatherall (2017). The location choice of foreign direct investments: Empirical evidence and mediodological challenges Journal of World Business, 52,62-82.

2. Phan Ngoc Tan (2020). Giai phdp ddi vdi tang tnfdng kinh te VietNam nam 2020. <lnip://iapchicongthuong.vn/

bai-viel/giai-phap-doi-voi-lang-truong-kinh-te-viet-nam-nam-2020-69310.htm>. \cm ngay 30/612020.

X Nguyen Thi Viet Nga (2020). Ban ve chinh siich uU dai dau nf cua Viet Nam doi vdi doanh nghiep FDI.

<http://tapchitaichinii.vn/nghien-cuu-trao-doi/ban-ve-chinh-sach-uu-dai-dau-lu-cua-viel-nam-doi-voi-doanli- nghiep-fdi-314739.hnnl>. xem ngdy 30/6/2020.

4. Special economic zones (2019), World Investment report 2019. United Nation Conference on Trade and Development

So 17-Thdng 7/2020 167

Ngay nhan bai: 11/6/2020

Ngay phan bien danh gia va sufa chCTa: 21/6/2020 Ngay chap nh$n d^ng bai: 1/7/2020 Thong tin tdc gid:

ThS. N G U Y I N T H J PHl/CfNG Y

Khoa Tai chinh - Ng3n hang, Trifofng Dgi hgc Van Lang

ATTRACTING FDI SOLUTIONS TO VIETNAM BASED ON FACTORS AFFECTING THE DECISION OF CHOOSING PLACES TO MAKE INVESTMENT

• Master. NGUYEN THI PHUONG Y Facufty of Finance a n d Banking

Van Lang University ABSTRACT:

Based on a general research published by Nielsen in 2017, this paper examines the factors affecting the decision of multinational companies on choosing places to pour their foreign direct investment. This paper selects some appropriate factors and analyzes these chosen factors in the context of Vietnam's current situation, thereby proposing solutions to attract more investment from multinational companies, support the growth of market size, the development of economic infrastructure, improve the qualifications and skills of workers and enhance the institution, development of industrial park which many characteristics.

Keywords: Places that receive FDI, FDI attraction, decision on choosing places to pour FDI.