DayvaHpc 5612-2015
iHif// 61
CHU NGHIA HIEN THUC HUYEN AO MY LA TINH
ThS.NGUYiNTH!HAO Vifn Khoa hpc Gilo due Vift Nam
CATVANDi
Chu i^hla hifn tiiflc huyen do la rapt bfing hoa Ig rai ran hpe My Latinh dem din eho khu vfldn ran hpc t h i gidi. Sfl mdi me troi^ i^uyln tic sdng tie, nghf thugt "lg hda" tfl i ^ , phi thdi
^an,... da dem din nhflng hdi thd mdi cho van hpe thi gidi. Cho din nay, nhilu ten tudi efia ddng van hpc hifn thflc huyen lo My
^ Latinh d l tid thinh thdn thufic vdi dpc gid trin thi gidi, cd the 1^
din cic n h i vin b^c thdy efia chfi i^hia hifn thflc huyin lo nhfl:
Gabriel Garda Marquez, Alejo Carpentier, Miguel Angel Asturias.
1. THUAT N G 0 " C H U NGHIA HIEN THLTC HUYEN AO"
Thu|t i ^ "ehfl i ^ a hifn thflc huyin do" (tilng Anh: Magic Redism; ti&lg Phip: realisme magique; tilng Tay Ban Nha:
realismo migico) dflpc sfi dyng trong linh vflc vin hpc Iln ddu tiln vdo nam 1935 bdi Angel Flores trong Mac^cal Realism in Spanish American Fiction (Chd n^ia hien ihUc huyin do trong vdn tec Tdy Ban Nha). Ong djnh nghla: "TVong chfi nghia hifn thyc huyin io, chflng ta tim thiy sy chuyin hda ciia cdi ehung vio eai gay kmh nggc va cdi phi thfle. Dd chfi ylu Ii mpt nghf thugt cua nhflng dilu nggc nhiln. Thdi gian tdn tai tiong mfit dgng cfia ddng chiy phi thdi gjan v i cli phi thflc xay ra nhfl mfit phdn cfia hifn thflc. Mpt khi i ^ d i dpc e h ^ nhgn d i da roi (the fait aceomph), thi mpi cdi khde di theo sau vdi sfl chmh xdc logic"'.
I ^ tfl dfi, nhilu djnh nghia khic nhau ve chfi nghla hifn thyc huyen lo dflpc dfla ra. Luis Leal eho rang chfi nghla hifn thyc huyin i o l i "thii dfi ddi vdi hifn thflc" (an attitude toward reality).^ Thii dp niy c6 the dien t l bang hinh thfle "dgi chflng" (in porpular) hay "bac hpc" (cultured form), thfing qua phong cich tinhtf (ekiborate stjde) hay "tiifi mfic" (rustic style). Trong dfi, nhi van ddi difn vd khim phd ra hifn thfle.
Mircea Eliade - nhi huyin thogi hpc Phip khi nghiin efilu vl tfl duy huyen thogi di din kit Iuan rang huyen thoai khdng phli la doi tri hay ao anh. Nd li kinh nghifm tdn tgi efia con ngfldi cd xfla, nhd dd m i hp tim tiily Igi mmh va hilu dflpc ramh. Hifn thflc md huyen thogi nfii Iln II hifn thflc thieng liing nam bit dflpc sfl ton Lhttp-J/www.public.asu.edu/~aarios/resoureebank de^Hitions/:"Mag^ctd realism we find the transformation of the common and die everyday into the awesome and the unreal. It is predominantly an art of surprises. Time exists in a land of timeless fluidity and the unreal happens as part ofredity. Once the reader accepts thefait accompli, the rest follows with logical precision".
2. Luis Led, Magfcal Redism in Spanish American literature.
Ma^cal Realism. Ed. Zamora and Paris, p. 119-123.
tgi vi nguon gdc efla nhflng ^ nglua d ehieu sdu cfia chfing. Tfl dd, Eliade gidi thich sfi khdng cy dai dang cfia tfin giio dfii vdi nhflng biln doi xl hfii la do sy bin vfing cfia d c siiu mlu, chIng hgn nhfl cic ed mlu vl tiiiln dfldng dd mit, sy trd ve vinh eihi...
2. VAl NET VE VAN HOC Mf UTINH
Van hpe My Latinh la nin van hpc cfia 20 nfldc, tiong dfi cfi Brazin ndi tilng Bfi Dio Nha vi 19 nfldc ndi tilng Tiy Ban Nha nhfl: Columbia, Urugoay Achentina... Tuy khfing phii li mfit khdi ddng nh^, nhflng eic nfldc My Latinh diu cfi hoin d n h ljch sfl gan gidng nhau, Igi bit ngudn tfi nen van hpe gde T3y Ban Nha ra Bfi Dio Nha nin bin cgnh nhflng nit riing, van hpe ede qufic gia tiong khu vflc niy cfi nhflng diem tfldng ddng. Hdn nfla, tiong qui tiinh phat tiriln, nin van hpc cfia d c qudc gia ndy cd Inh hfldng lan idiau ro net. Cie n h i ran d luc dja niy cd f thflc cao ve sfl diam gia cfia din tpc minh vio v|n mfnh chung cfla the gidi. Hp nghiin cflu nhflng d$c trflng quoc gia trong mfii quan hf vdi nhflng van de mang tinh nhdn logi. Carpentier (nhi van Cu ba) tam sfl: "Mfit tfie nio dly, chu nghia dja phfldng l i khfing t h i trdnh khdi. Gid day, vin de 11 phii rfit ra tfi nhflng truyin thdng riing bift cfia minh nhflng gil tn toin nhan logi".
Tfl sau chiln tianh till gidi thfl hai, van hpc Chiu My Latinh d l khang dinh dupe vj fri cfla minh, gay tilng vang rpng rai frf n ran din the gidi, die bift Ii tiln Iinh vflc tieu thuylt Bflde sang die ki XX, khi cdc nfldc phflpng Tiy cfing khai nfii din cufic khiing hoang tieu thuylt cung Id luc tilu thuylt My Latinh bflde vio thdi ky hodng kim vdi sfl ra ddi v l phit trien cua chfi nghia hifn thfle huyin lo.
3. CHU NGHlA HIEN THLTC HUYEN A o TRONG V A N HOC MY LATINH
Chfi i^hia hifn thflc huyen lo Id trio lflu ran hpc quan trpi^ eua van hpc My Latinh. gdt hai dflpc nhfli^ thdnh cdng n ^ rd nhat vio nhflng nam 50, 60 cfia the ki XX v ^ ele ten tufii nfii tieng: Alejo Carpentier vfii VUdng qude ti'dn ffon (The Kingdom of Ms World), Miguel Angd Asturias vdi N^di vd N^ (Men and Mdze){l949), Gabriel Garcia Marquez vdi Trdm ndm c6 ddn (One km^vd years cf Solitiide, 1967)..
Sfl xuat hifn cua chfl i ^ a hifn tiiflc huyin lo Id rapt bflde phat trien radi cfia chfl nghia hifn tiiflc phi phan efia vin hpc chiu My Latinh Ddng van hpc niy la ddi tren cP sd ke thfla ede fruyen thfing van hpc co diln cfia ngflcfl Anh dieng vd cdc bilu hifn cfia huyin thogi cung nhfl nghf thugt hifn dgi cua vdn hpc phflpng THy
Chau My Latinh dflpc mfnh danh la chiu lye cd "thflc tgi by dj' (real maravilloso). Nhd phi binh van hpe Arama vilt vl lyc dja
62 _ — —
bflng chiy cfia minh: "Chflng ta khdng chl song trong tiie kl XX.
Trong hifn tiiyc cfia chfing ta, tit ei d e tiidi dgi cua nhan logi deu song song tdn tgi, bat dau tfi thdi dgi cfi xfla nhat, nguyen tiifiy phong kiln, bfi lgc, tii bin chfl nghia, hi|n dgi. sieu hifn dgi, cfing nghifp v i may min thay el each mgng nfla. Nfii mfit each khic, chflng ta ed d dly mfit ldi kit hpp nhin ra thflc tgi hon logn"^ Thflc tgi ky do d dly la thflc tgi diu tianh giai cap, dau franh din tpc dien ra d nhflng nfldc cdn mang nang tin tich efia qui khfl Uxing ddi song tinh tiian con ngfldi. Thflc tgi ky lo la mfit lye dja tfin tgi cflng mfit Ifie nhflng hmh tfiii xa hpi each bift nhau ve tiinh dp.
Dgc bift, rapt phin quan trpng cua dan chung d dly li thfi dan Anh diing vl ngflW da den. Hp mang trong minh y thfic da than dgm nit eflng mfit kho ting diln tiiogi phong phfi. Mat khic. bat man tnidc thflc tgi chju nhieu nd djch, con .ngfldi cfi xu hfldng dara minh vio tfldng tflpng hfl io de tim sfl an ui, Maguel Angel Asturias gidi fliich rafit cdch ey thi rang mpt ngfldi dan da dfi hogc mfit ngflM din Iai sdi^ trong mfit ling nhfi rat cd thi md t i d c h tiific anh ta tiily mfit ting da Idn hda Uiinh mfit ngfldi dan fing khfing 15 till nio. hoJc mfit ddm raly biln thanh mfit tdng dd ra sao. Dd khfing phdi 11 rafit thye tgi ta sd thay dflpc. rai 11 mfit tiiflc tgi cfi liln hf tdi sfl hieu biet sflc mgnh sieu nhiln. Mfit thilu phy rdt xuong vye sau Ific di lay nfldc vi mpt rfii ro nao dd, hogc rafit ngfldi cfldi ngfia bj nga ngya. Ngfldi ta cfi till gpi do Ii chuyfn vyn vgt, nhflng nhflng chuyfn vyn vgt dd co the biln thanh than ky Bdng dflng, frong mat ngfldi thfi ddn, hogc ngfldi dan kia, ngfldi thilu phy da khdng rdt xudng vflc rad chinh cai ting da ma cfi dgp ddu phli hay dfing nfldc ma ed da chit duoi trong dfi da gpi ed, Cfl nhfl v|y, cie truydn trd thanh truyen ky hoang dfldng. Nen van diflPng efia tiifi din da dfi efing nhfl sach vfi cua hp viet ra trflde kia, trflde khi ngfldi Chdu Au chinh phye Chau My, nhflng fruyf n Popul hole Los Andes losXdhil da nhufim raau thflc tgi trung gian.
Nhflng huyin thogi efia din tpc Mala va thfi dan My Latinh phan Inh ddi sfing tinh thin phong phfl eua hp.
Thyc tgi cua chau My Latinh vdi nhflng dgc dilm phflc tap ve dja I^, ljch sfl, chflng tfie, xa hpi vl van hfia nhfing dge dilm khiln eho My Latinh khic bift hdn vdi nhflng nin van minh hmh thinh mfit cdch fin djnh d Chau Au eung nhfl 6 "till gidi thfl 3" da de ra tnidc mit cac nha van cfia lyc dja ndy nhflng nhifm vy phai tira tfii rafit phypng phdp nghf thugt thich hpp d l thi hifn thyc tgi dfi trong tat d dge trflng cfia nfi. Muon vgy, nha van phii nhin theo nhilu gdc dfi vl sfl chuyin tdi phai phu hpp vdi til duy da than cfia thd din Anh dieng Vdi nhflng h do dd. vin xufii hfl cau ma tilu bilu 11 chfi nghia hifn thyc huyen io frong van hpc My Latinh ra ddi. Ngfldi dgt nin mdng cho chfi nghia hifn thflc huyen io tiong
•ran hpc My Latinh la Carpentier. \ ^ Mirquez da dfla chfi nghia hifn thyc huyen do din din^ cao.
Nguyen tSe sdng tdc efia nha van hifn thflc huyen do la "bien hifn diyc tiiinh hoang dfldng mi khfing danh mat tinh chan tiiflc"'. De igo hifu qui, d e tie gil sfl dyng nhflng hinh tiipng bilu trflng, ngu y, dra thj, khoa ti-ong, hod lan thflc vi hu. dao lpn trat ty khfing. tiidi gian.. . Cie tic gid tiifldng mflpn nhfing tmyen Uiuylt din gian cfi xfla 3. Nguyin Ddc Nam, Mgt khuynh hUdng trong tiiu thuyit hien tiin bd ngdy nay d Chdu My Latinh: Chu nghia hiin thUc huyin do, Tgp chi vdn hgc sS I ndm 1975, trll2.
4. Li Bd Hdn, Igi Nguyen An..., TU diin thudt ngd vdn hoc, Nxb Gido due, 2006, trlO.
S<512-2015 P g l / w f f o c d l tgo ra ele huyen tiiogi radi ve hifn thflc xl hfii Chau My Latinh Vl till, sang tic cfia ddng vin hpc niy thfldng dui^ chfila d ylu t ^ U ki, huyin io vi hifn thfle, dera din cho ngfldi dpc d m gidc vS cdc hien tflpng nghich II. Ylu td huyen io cdn the hifn qua nhflng giie md cua nhin v^t. Chfi nghla hifn thflc huyen do khfing mai^ tfoh phdng tfldng vi ciing khfing tiuyin tii nhfing eufic thi nghifm f tfldng. Nd thugt Igi nhflng elu chuyfn tfi gfic dfi nhflng i ^ d i cfing sdng frong thi gidi cua chflng ta vl trii nghifm mfit tiiflc tgi khic bift so vdi cdi ma chflng la gpi II thflc tgi khaeh quan, Nlu cfi m$t con raa frong cdu chuyfn tiiln ky, thi nd khfing phii li huyfn hldng rai la mpt thflc chflng tiong ddi sdng hifn tgi. O dd, ngfldi ta tin Id da cfi ma va da ti^ qua nhflng kinh nghifm cfi thflc ve ma. (^61 dpc se hda than hoin toin vdo d i thflc tgi khde bift ndy din n6i thong sufit nd, Nlu nhfl sau khi dpc xan% mpt d u chuyfn huySn tfldng ve ma mj, phfi tiifiy cfia An Dfi hay cfia Australia, flii khi gjp sleh Igi chfing ta bill chac chan ring elm gilc sp hai 11 do nhfli^ ^ vfia dpc xong tgo la, Thi nhiing, khi dpc xong rafit huyin thogi ^&
nhflng nhdn v|t dd, nhfl Nghi li cfia LesUie Marmon Siko hay Dat da cfla Joi^e Amado cdm gidc vl mfit till gidi cfi fli|t cfia nhflng phfi thuy raa raj cfing chung sfing gan nhfl Ii tuyft ddi. Nhfing di tfldng chflng nhfl khfing tiie Igi trd thinh cfi the. Cye nfldc di ml nhfing ngfldi Digan dem den Macondo-ll mfit eye nfldc dl Hnh thfldng ay the rad fl5 Igi Ilm cho ele nhin v|t tirong chuyfn kinh sp den mflc khflng biet milu td nhfl till nio. Ngdi tong &i6ng cfia Asturias eo giie md cfla Difn mgo thifn thin kl lg vdi tili^ din lye huyen, tilng xfldng vyn ra Uong cufin tfl dien Im u vd him tlL Trong giae rad cfia nhdn v|t Camila ed nhilu giae md dan xen vdo nhau vl ca hifn tiiflc: nhflng vi tinh hi ti^ chuyfn, hflPng xi phong, hang cpp, tieng tifing. tilng gfi cfla Iln Ifin.
Muc dich sang tdc efia ddng van hpc hifn tiiflc huyin do nhim vgch fran cdc thf Iflc den tfii efia cdc ehl dfi dfic tii, phi phdn tinh trgng sfing khep kin cfla eon ngfldi. Vsn hpc hifn thye huySn Jo efi tinh chiln dau cao. Bang ngdi bflt tinh tl. Asturias dl vilt bin an danh thep len dn chl dfi dfic tdi dang hoinh hdnh tiln qu£
hfldng. Thih dnh sdng cfia Carpentier (1962) phdi biy nhflng quy lugt cieh mgng siu sic d My Latinh. Dat dfl (1943) cfiajo^e Amado la bfic franh sdng dfing vl hifn thflc dau flifldng cda manh dat efia nhflng vfl difu Samba; nhflng rfing ca cao u6i^
no raau ngfldi de nd ra hoa ving rflc rd. Brazin till kl XX11 sin phira ky quii efia chl dfi Uiflc dan nfla phong kiln vl cic thi Iflc tfl san ngogi bang vi tfl sin dan tfie. Clu chuyfn dflpc long vao bfii eanh huyin thogi, d dd cfi ylu ma hifn la trong dfm tfii.
cd phfi thfiy cfldi ngfla rong rufil tiln rapi nio dfldng v&i dfi cdc logi quy Ifln, quy Ig, ma chfi sdi... Dfi chinh II nhflng hinh inh an du cho nhflng tin thflc din, phong kiln sfing sfi d l dly i^fii ddn Brazin vio cufic sfing khfin kho. Tilu thuyet Tinda cua nha vin tdi hifn thfle trgng phan bift chfing tfie, ddi sfing cfing eye cfia ngudi lao dpng rapt cich sinh dpng. Cupc sfing xa hoa, th(M huyenh hoang, hpm ddi vl edeh dfii xfi tin ic, d l man cfia dgi iiy Guxto la hifn thin cfia chl dp bdc Ifit da man d Brazin. TSildi roi vao hit dau khfi niy din dau khd khde. Chj em phy nfl * Bacrokinnha bj bit di chuyin vfi ed, trd flilnh vfi gia cfl.
Cdn chfi y rang luy chfi nghia hifn tiific huyin io phit trifo ed tilp thu va ke thfla kinh nghifm efla nhflng nin vin hpc tifn tiln nhflng khfing he bj ti^n Ian. Carpentier vd Asttirias tflng nfii den quan hf cfia chfi nghla hifn tiiflc huyen lo vdi ede sing
D i J M v a H a c s d 12-2015
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tic cfia chfi nghia sieu thfle. Nhflng rd ring, dilm khic bift cd bin l i d chfi: chfl nghia siiu flifle Ii nhflng tim kilm thudn tfiy tham my, dung chfia y mudn trdn chay thflc tgi tfl bin chfi nghla ciia cic nha van phfldng Tay thi chfi nghia hifn thfle huyin do cfia d c n h i van My Latinh Id cdng cy d l khim phd vd dan tiiln vio tiiflc tgi dau tiifldi^. Nd diln ta Ifldng tdm dich fliyc efia Thi gidi thfl Ba, titc li nhflng x l hpi dflpc tgo thinh cfi mfit nfla.
tirong dfi cai cfi cd ve khdng thflc chong Igi cdi mcfi lira cho ngfldi ta sp, trong dd sfl tiiam nhung thoi nat efing efing efla dira elm quyen v i ndi khiep sp rili^ tfl eua tflng ngfldi, tit d diu tid thdnh hiln iJuen.
K ^ LUAN
Mfit flii^e t l Id: khdng chl cd ngfldi din Chau My.
din da dd, da den mdi dfla ra dflpc nhflng nhan quan . dj bift. Theo nguyfn tie sdng tic cfla chfl nghia hifn thfle huyen ao, bat ky mfit mien dat n i o trin hlnh tinh niy cfing ton tgi nhflng dilu k^ difu. Chfi nghia hifn thflc huyen io cfing khfing phii 11 trao lflu van hpc chl cd d My Latinh, nhflng ed the ndi rang dly l i minh dit mau md eho sfl phit triln efla chfi nghia hifn thfle huyin do./.
TAILI£UTHAMKHAO
1. Le Huy Bac (2009). ChU nghia hien thUc huyen do
& Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Nxb Gido due Vift Nam.
2. Ll Ba Hin chfi biln (2006). TU diin thudt ngd vdn hgc, Nxb Giao dye.
3. Mark P.O. Morford, Robert J.Lenardonp985), Cl(«sicfl/Myf/ioIo^, third edition, Longman, NewYork and London.
4. Mydiohgy, , 04/07/2012.
5. Nguyen Dfle Nam (1975), Mgt khuynh hUdng tivng tiiu thuyit hiin tiin bd ngdy nay d Chdu My Latinh: Chu nghia hien thUe huyen do, Tgp chi van hpe sfi 1 nam 1975, fr l i b -120.
^?a
Chd nghia hi^n thttc huyen do My Latinh da mangTAT
den nhung lan gid mdi cho nen van hgc the gidi Bdi viit tdp trung phdn tich nhimg dgc trung cua chu ngkia hien thuc huyen do My Latinh voi cdc ngi dung, thudt ngd chu nghTa hien thtfc huyen do, Vdi net ve vdn hgc My Latinh; Vd su ra dai, tien trinh phdt then.nhdng dgc diem cua chu nghTa hien thuc huyen do My Latinh
SUMMARY . , . „ , . . . . , Latin America Magic Realism has brought the new wins for the world literaUire. This paper focuses on andyzing the characteristics of Latin America Ma^c Redism, include in contents: the term of "Ma^e Realism", some characteristics of Latin America, and theforming development process and the characteristics of Latin America Maffc Realism.
QUYEN LliC MEM.
(Tlip theo tirang 59)
17*) Vaira, M. (2004). Globalization and higher education o^anizational change: A framework for analysis. Higher education, 48(4), 483-510.
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Criticd Stiidies in Education, 54(2), 160-175; PhiUipson, R. (1992). ELT: flie native speaker's burden? ELT Joumal 46(1), 12-18. doi;10.1093/elt/46,1.12
19*) Minh, D. V (2014). The hitemational Cooperation for Enhandng Quality Education oflhaiNguyen University, Vietnam In Proceeding ofAeSdt Engaging With VietNam - an Interdisdplinary Dialogue Conferencednte^ating Knowledge: The Multiple Ways of Knowing Vietiiam (pp. 184-188). Viefriam:
Thai Nguyen University Publishing House; Nguyen, VK. & Tran, VK.
(2013). Opportiinities and Challenges for Vietnam's Higher Education m the Globalisational Process: Experiences Frora Hanoi University of Sodal Sciences and Humanities. Retrieved from ; Nhi, T. T, & Gross, S, (2014). East Meets West: A Win-Win Modd for Visiting Fore^n Scholars and Their Vietiiamese Counterparts. In Proceeding of M 5di Enga^ng VW(ft VietNam •• an Interdisdplinary Didogue Conference: Integrating Knowledge: The Multiple Ways of Knowing Vietiiam (pp. 189-198), Vietiiam:
Thai Nguyen University Publishing House; Vietnam Education Foundation (2014). Observations on the Current Statiis ofHi^r Education in /^culturd Sciences, Civil En^neenngComputer Science, Eiectried Enffneerin^
Environmental Sciences, Physics, and Transport and Communications at Sdect Universities in Vietnam. Retrieved from
20*) Fals-Borda, O., & Mora-Osejo. L. E. (2003). Context and Diffusion of Knowledge A Critique of Eurocentiisra Action Researdt, J(l), 29-37
21*) Altbach, P.G. (2011). Globalization and flie University: Realities m an Unequal World. Tran, T T (2013b). Limitation on tiie devdopment of skills m higher education ui Vietnam. Higher Education, 65(5), 631-644; Wang, R (n.d.). Education Ministry Supports Formation of Chuiai Tvy L e ^ e . ' Retrieved frora h\ip.ll ;
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Confudan heritage culture's collectivism: confrontation to reveal some culhiral conflicts and mismatch, Asia Europe Joumal, 3(3), 403-419.
24*) Park, J. (2011). Metamorphosis of Confudan Heritage Cultuie and the Possibility of an Asian Education Research Merfiodology Comparcdive Education, 47(3). 381-393; Yang, R. (2011). Educational Reseaichui Confucian Cultural Contexts; Reflections on Methodology Comparative Education, 47(3).
395-405.
Gido m:dgihoc(GDDH)ddti-d thdnh phUdngtienehiyeu^Hoakj'vdVtet Nam dm ra nhQng ddu mii tiin len vd vUdt qua dUdc qud khd dau tiiUdngeda chiin tranh. Bdi viit khai thde cdc dgng life thuc ddy gfUa VietNam vd Hoa Ky khi Viet Nam ehuyen dot he thing GDDH tU md hinh nhd nUdc him sodt sang md hinh cd thi tham ^a tot hdn vdo nen hnh titodn cdu.
B^r education has become a key means by which United States and Vietiiam have sou^t to forge ties and transcend the painful past war. This paper explores the dynamics between two countries as Vietnam shifts its higher education system from a state-eanti'olled model to one Mt can better
• participate in a global economy.
(Ky2:B6lCANHLlCHSlfQUA CACGIAIDOAN)