To chuc quan tri
chuoi cung itng tai cac doanh nghiep khach san
Trong xu the hgi nhap kinh te ngay cang sau rong, cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam n6i chung, cac doanh nghiep du lich va kh^ch san noi rieng lu6n phai doi mat vdi sifc ep canh tranh vo cung khS'c liet.
Do do, d l nang cao nSng liJc canh tranh, cdc doanh nghiep khach san c i n td chufc hoat dpng chu5i cung lifng, dam bao quy trinh cung ijfng dich vij cho khdch du lich.
O Sd4-2013
Tam quan t r p i ^ cua quiiii tri chuoi cung vtng trong kinh doanh khach san
Trtfdc stfc dp canh tranh cda the ky 21, cic nha qudn tn khdch san ludn phii can nhic ddn vide id chtfc hoat dpng quin tri chuoi cung tfng cua minh the nao de dam bao cdc ddng hing hda, dich vu vd thong tin dtfdc chia se, sd dgng mpt cdch hidu qua nh^m che bid'n nguydn, vat lidu tho thinh cic sdn pham va dich vu c6 gii tri ddi vdi du khach (Kolhari et ai., 2005). Du lich la mpt dich vu cao cap nen du khdch thtfdng CO nhffng yeu ciu rat khit khe
T H S . T R 4 N M4NH CHi
^ TS. P 6 H G xuJiN BAM
ve chat Itfdng dich vu cijng nhtf cha't Itfdng cda cic hing hda lieu ddng trong thdi gian ItfU trd tai khich san. Do vay, hoal dpng quin tri chudi cung dng dong vai trd sdng con ddi vdi hoat dpng kinh doanh cda khach san nhkm dam bao khich san ludn sin sing phuc vu du khach, cung cap nhffng hang hoa dung sd Itfdng, chat Itfdng cao nhi't... (Feinstein and SlefanelIi,20I2).
Mac dd ddng vai trd vd cdng quan irpng doi vdi stf phai tri^n ben vffng cda doanh nghidp, trong kinh doanh khach san, khai nidm niy chtfa thi/c stf dtfdc su" dung mgt cich rpng rai.
m«M!IIJI!I.I.MJI!IJI«M
^ NGHlgNCL/U-TRA0B6l|
Hinh 1
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tlak 14 IkMtl tfAl v * l U > | M a v | l • » • •
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Khdi nidm "thu mua"
(Purchasing), "phdng thu mua" (Purchasing Department) hidn vdn dang dtfdc sd" dung tai hau hdt cic khich san trdn thd gidi cho dd cdch tidp can cua hp diu the hidn ban ch^t cua hoal dpng quan In chuSi cung dhg.
De cic hoat dpng cua khich san hoat dpng tdt, luon san sdng ddn lidp vd phuc vu khich du lich, hoat dpng thu mua cua khich san phai dam nhidm nhijhg cdng vide chinh sau:
1. Xic dinh ihdi gian ddt hing (Khi nao thi dit hing?)
2. Kidm soil mtfc tdn kho cua cac vat Udu, hing hda
3. Thidl Idp vd xdy dtfng quy chuan chat Itfdng cua eac hing hda, nguydn vat lidu dau vio
4. Cu the hda tidu chuan vd tieu chi ky thudt ddi vdi hing hda, nguydn vdt lieu vd dich vu diu vio
5. To chtfc lay bao gia canh tranh (Ddi vdi mpt sd hoat ddng phai td chtfc da'u thau)
6. Kiem tra vi dinh gia khi ndng dip tfng cung nhtf quy
TAI CHINH DOANH NGHIEP
trinh san xui'l cda cic nhi cung c^p
7. Lap kd' hoach lii chinh, xdc dinh thdi han vi cich thtfc thanh lodn
8. Giim sdt cdng viec giao nhan hing hda
9. Thtfdng Itfdng vl dilu khoan hoan trd hang hda khong dat ydu elu
10. Chinh sda vd thay ddi ve kd hoach mua hang, ddn dit hing
11. Sap xdp vd bd tri Itfu kho cic hing hda va vdt lieu da thu mua mpi each khoa hpc Quy trinh t^ chtfc quan tri chuoi cung tfng trong kinh doanh khach san
De thtfc hien tdt eac nhidm vu trdn, ban quan tri cda bat cd mpt khich san nio diu phdi cin thtfc hien day du cic btfdc nam Irong quy trinh td chtfc mua hing sau:
Chink sdch vd quy trinh mua hdng
Vdi nhiem vu thu mua ddng, dd cic hing hda, nguyen vat lieu va dich vu diu vdo vdi chat Itfdng cao, nhi quan tri
chudi eung ding can phai trao ddi va Idm vide vdi ban lanh dao cap cao cua khich san nham xdy diftig "chinh sdch, quy trinh" dilu chinh cic chtfc nang mua hing tai khach san.
Chinh sich niy cin phai the hidn dtfdc quy trinh htfdng din each thtfc hidn cic btfdc ddnh gid, Itfa chpn va mua hang hda vi dich vu nham dam bao stf van hinh cda cic boat dpng kinh doanh cua khdeh san.
Chinh sdch nay cung phai die hidn ro phtfdng phip sd dung de danh gid cic nhi cung cip, phii gidi thich chinh xic tai sao nhffng nha cung cap do dtfdc Itfa chon. Mpt chinh sich thu mua hing hda I^ ttfdng nen cd phan ddnh gii sd Itfdng nha cung cap tham gia ihi trtfdng;
xu htfdng bid'n dpng trdn thi trtfdng mi hoat thu mua hdng hda can phai can nhic vi die bidt Id quy tnnh cho phep dieu chinh chinh sich thu mua khi cin thidl.
Xdc djnh nhu cdu vd dgc tinh ky thugt
De xic dinh dtfdc chinh xic nhu cau cic hing hda cin thidt cho hoat ddng ldnh doanh cda
80 4-2013 D
Hinh 2
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(OdtowrRctatlMiUp MiuftflKtiSyitca)
N k i c l i t i U i « M i . i r | t n r
Nhi out cip m kkkfe >!•
Cite cip U ^ M l , vfl IV
KkkhiM
Nkidivtdlcfcvf
ThAng*i
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KkkhUi«ciakUchiti
khdeh san, ngtfdi phu trich hoat dpng mua hdng can phai chd dpng tham va'n vi lidp nhdn nhu elu vat W, hang hda iff cic bd phan chlJc ning khic. Thdng thtfdng, bp phin thu mua luon dirdc tham dtf cdc hoat dpng giao ban thtfdng ngay cda khich san dd' chd dong nam dtfdc cdc ydu cau cu the ve vat ttf tff cdc bp phan khic die bidt Ii cic dac tinh ky thudt cda cac hdng hda, vat ttf cin mua. Khi dd cd thong tin chi tidt ve sd Itfdng, chat Itfdng, die tinh ky thuat, thdi gian can...bg phan phu trich vl thu mua se tid'n hinh cic thd tuc dau thau hoac lay bio gii canh tranh theo nhtf quy dinh trong chinh sdch mua hing hda vi vat ttf cda khdch san.
Lua chgn nhd cung cdp Ltfa chpn nhi cung cap tin tffdng, uy tin vi c6 khi ndng cung cap cic hing hda, vat ttf vi dich vu diu vio la mpt nhidm vu rat khd khdn ddi vdi mgt khach san. Nhin chung, mdt khich san Idn vdi so Itfdng
mua Idn se cd sffc dp nhieu hdn trong cic giao dich vdi cic nhi cung cap. Tuy nhidn, cic khich san nhd, it kha ndng dim phin vdi cic nhi cung cap hdn, die bidt Id cdc yeu cau ve chat Iffdng.
Duy tri miic tdn kho hgp Iy Mpt nhidm vu quan trpng cda quan tri chuoi cung dtig trong khich san li dam bao cac hdng hda, vat ttf luon sin sang nhkm ddp tfng tdt nha't nhu ciu tieu ddng cua khdch lifu tru lai khich san. Do vay, b6 phdn phu trdch mua hdng cin phai cd ky ndng quan ly hing hda Itfu kho m6l cich tdi tfu. Qui il hdng hda vi vat tff dff trff trong kho cd the se ldc ddng tidu ctfc ddn kha ning sd'n sing ddn tidp khich, stf hai ldng cua khach trong qua trinh Itfu Iru. Dtf tri?
qud nhieu hdng hda se lam tang chi phi kinh doanh cho khich san (chi phi Itfu kho, can didn tich kho ldn hdn...). Trong thtfc td, de xic dinh dffdc md'c hang hda Itfu kho hdp ij? Id mdt bii toin khd va nhilu khi "ndi thi
de hdn lam". Ldi giai cda bdi lodn Itfu kho n^m trong khi ndng xac dinh ddng sd Itfdng hing hda can mua vi ddng thdi diem cda bo phan mua hing.
Thuang lugng vdi cdc nhd cung cdp
Thtfdng Itfdng vdi cic nhd cung ci'p li mpt ky ning quan trong cda doi ngu nhan vidn quin tri chuoi cung u^g. Trong hoat dgng thu mua cda khach san, phii trich bg phan thu mua phii cd kha ning thtfdng Itfdng vdi cac nhi cung cap trdn nhieu gdc do khac nhau: gia, chat Itfdng, ihdi gian giao hang...
Dtfdng nhien, vj thd thtfdng Iffdng luon phu thuge vio tam quan trpng cda cic ddn ddt hing (gia tri). Tuy nhidn, vdi cich tiep can cda quan tri chuoi cung tfng da tfng dung lai mdt sd khach san trdn the gidi, khich san can stf hdp lie chia se giffa cic nha cung cip vi Idi ich chung cua ca chudi thay vi cic thffdng Itfdng mang tinh dp gii cie nhi cung cap. Mpi thtfdng Itfdng qui chd trgng vao
i^ NGHIEN CL/U-TRAO B 6 | I
ep gid cac nhd cung ci^p sd anh htfdng xa'u den tinh bdn vuhg cda chuoi cung dng vd se anh htfdng khong nhd dd'n ldi nhuan vi mffc do hii Idng cda khich hing (Fantazy et dl., 2010, Paulraj and Chen, 2008).
Bdo tgo vd ho trg cdc nhd cung cdp
Hidu qua cda chuoi cung dng trong dd cd hidu qui cda khich san phu thudc rat nhieu vio stf hdp tic, hd trd, chia sd gitfa cic thinh vidn cda chudi cung dng trong dd cd cic nhi cung ci'p (Croom el al., 2000, Fantazy et al., 2010, Kolhari et al., 2005). De ldi tfu hda ca'u tnic chi phi, khd ning sin sing ddn tiep khdch, ning cao stf hii Idng cda khdch hing vl chit Itfdng cic sin pham hing hda mi hp se sd dung trong Ihdi gian Itfu trd lai khich san, khich san can chd dgng, chia se nhi^g thong tin, ydu ciu cua khich hing ddi vdi cac nhi cung cap, ho trd, dio tao hg thay ddi quy trinh san xui't va cung dng nh^m dam bio stf vin hinh hoan hao cua ca chudi.
Quy Irinh tdng quit ltfa chgn nhi cung cap vi thu mua hang hda va vit ttf tai mpt khich san cd the trinh biy
dtfdi dang sd dd theo hlnh I.
Ung dung cong ngh^
thong tin nham nang cao hi^u qu^ ho^t dpng qu£in tri chuoi cung
tfng
Ngdy nay, vdi stf phit trien cda cong nghd thdng tin, boat ddng mua hing cung nhtf quin tri chuoi cung ffng trong khdch san da cd nhffng tfng dung mdi, hd trd vi ddn giin hda cic quy trinh quin I^. Phin Idn cdc khdch san Idn diu da cd nhu^g phan mem quin 1^ tip trung, trong dd he tfidng mua sim vit hr, he thdng theo ddi hing ton kho cho phdp cic nhi quan tri khach san cd day du thdng tin ve chdng loai hdng hda vai ttf b^t cff ldc nio mi hp mudn. 0 cic ntfdc phit trien, hd thd'ng thdng tin ndy cdn dtfdc chia se giffa cic ddi lac chien Itfdc cda loin bp chudi cung tfng tff do nang cao dtfdc hidu qui boat ddng, chSt Iffdng dtf bdo nhu elu cda cic nhi cung ci'p. Tuy nhidn d Vidt Nam, mtfc dp i^g dung cdng nghd thdng tin trong cic doanh nghidp cdn rat khidm tdn do thidu ngdn sich vd tim nhin eua ban lanh dao.
Do vay mffc dd chia sd thdng tin giffa cic thdnh vidn cua chudi cung ffng chffa dat hidu
sua't mong mudn. Hinh 2 se trinh mdt chuoi cung dhg trong khich san vdi lich hdp he thdng thdng tin qudn ly nham ting cffdng mtfc dd chia sd thdng tin giffa cic thinh vidn cda chuoi cung iftig. Day cd thd Id mpt md hinh tham khao cho cic khich san cung nhff he thdng mang Iffdi cic nhi cung cap cd the ip dung de nang cao hidu sua't kinh doanh tdng the cua cd chu6i cung tfng.
Trong bdi cinh canh tranh khdc liet, cic doanh nghiep khich san diu phai ddi mat vdi thich thffc Idn trong vide khdng ngffiig ndng cao chat Itfdng dich du cung d^g cho khach trong qui trinh Itfu tru vdi mtfc gia canh tranh nhat.
Trong xu hffdng dd, qudn tri chudi cung ffng - phidn ban mdi cda quan tri hoat dpng mua hdng - dffdc coi Id mdt phffdng thdc hieu qua giup eho ban quan tri khich san giai quydt dtfdc bii hdc bua trdn.
Stf hdp tic chit che giffa cic thinh vidn trong chudi cung ffng chinh Ii giii phip nang cao chd't Itfdng djch vu hang hda eung d^g cho khich Itfu trd lai khich san, tff dd ndng cao ning Itfc tranh tranh cda khich san.
Tai li^u tham khao:
CROOM, S., ROMANO, P. & GIANNAKIS. M. 2000. Supply Chain Management: An Analytical Framework for Critical Literature Review. European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, 6, 67-83.
FANTAZY, K. A., KUMAR, V. & KUMAR. U. 2010. Supply Management Practices and Performance in the Canadian Hospitality Industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 685-693.
FEINSTEIN, A. H. & STEFANELU, I M. 2012. Purchasing: Selection and Procurement for the Hospitality Industry, Wiley.
KOTHARI, T, HU, C. & ROEHL, W. S. 2005. e-Procurement: An Emerging Tool for the Hotel Supply Chain Management. Hospitality Management. 24, 369-389.
PAULRAJ, L. A. & CHEN, I. J. 2008. Inter-Organizational Communication as Relational Competency:
Antecedents and Performance Outcomes in Collaborative Buyer-Supplier Relationship. Journal of Operations Management, 26.
