Quy luat ba giai doan phat triin
trong triet hoc thuc chung cua Auguste Comte
Nguyen Thinh NhSn'
' Khoa Khoa hQC Chinh trj, Tniimg C^i hpc Clin Tho.
Email: [email protected]
Nhita ngiy 25 thing 7 n5m 2019. Chdp nh|n dSng ngiy 10 thing 9 nim 2019.
T6ni dit: Quy lu|t ba giai doan phat trien dupc xem la co scf Iy luan co ban, dong thoi cung la phircmg phip nghien cihi va trinh bay trong toan bg h^ thong triet hgc th\rc chitng cua A. Comte.
Ong cho ring, timg ca nhan cho den cpng d6ng va a hau khip mpi ITnh v\rc cua tri thiic ciia nh§n loai d^u trai qua ba giai d o ^ phat trien: than hpc hay hir cau; sieu hinh hay trim tupng; va khoa hpc hay th\tc chung. Dii co nhihig han che nhat dinh so v6i s\r tien bp tu tuong cua nhan loai, nhrnig quy luat ba giai doan cua A. Comte 1^ mpt trong nhihig triet ly vT dai dupc xay dyng ijr the ky XIX.
Tir kh6a: Auguste Comte, chii nghTa thuc cbiing, quy lu^t ba giai doan.
Phin lo^i nganh: Tri€t hpc
Abstract: The law of three stages of development is considered the fundamental theoretical foundation and the method of research and presentation in A. Comte's entire system of positive philosophy. He deemed that each individual and community in almost every field of human knowledge does undergo three stages of development: theological or fictional; metaphysical or abstract; and scientific or positive. Despite certain limitations compared with the progressive thought of humanity, A. Comte's law of three stages is one of the great philosophical ideas developed in the 19"' century.
Keywords: A. Comte, positivism, law of three stages.
Subject classification: Philosophy
l.Mfrdau cua triSt hpc phuang Tay hi$n dai. Song trong b6i canh cua nudc Phap soi dpng bai Trilt gia nguoi Phap A. Comte (1798-1857) nhitog phong trao each mang va su troi day la nha sang ISp chu nghia thyc chitng va ngiy cang manh me c i a cac thanh tuu khoa nganh xa hOi hpc, d5ng thai la mpt trong hpc, A. Comte da no luc thong nhat cac nhiing nguM d^t nhn m6ng cho sif ra dM dong chay cua tri thiic khoa hpc de tim
Khoa hoc xa hpi VietNam, so 11-2019 kiem nhiing phircmg an nham tai thiet xa hpi tucmg lai. Quy luat ba giai doan phat trien la ca sa ly luan nen tang cua he thong triet hpc thuc chiing cua A. Comte. Qua do, ong da de xuat mpt each nhm mm ve tien trinh lich su tu tucmg nhan loai mang tinh khoa hpc hon so voi nhung nha tu tucmg duong thoi va co siic anh hucmg 1cm den cac nha triet hpc. Bai viet nay giai thieu nguon goc hinh thanh va nhiing npi dtmg tu tuang CO ban cua quy luat ba giai doan phat tri^n trong triet hpc thuc chiing A. Comte.
2. Sy hinh thanh quy lu^t ba giai do^n phat tri^n cua A. Comte
Quy lu^t ba giai doan phdt trien duac xem la CO so Iy luein co ban trong toan bp h?
thong triet hpc thuc chiing cua A. Comte, dong thai no cGng la phucmg phap Iuan khong the thieu de tien hanh nghien ciiu va trinh bay trong hau het cac truoc tac cua ong. Chinh A. Comte ciing "coi quy luEit n^y la each t6t nhat de giai thich triSt hpc thuc chiing la gi" [14] va thong qua hpc thuyet n^y cho thSy quan diem cua A.
Comte ve tien trinh lich sii tu tuong ciia nhan loai. Trong Ioi giai thieu cho quyen Gido trinh triet hgc thuc ehung, A. Comte viet: "De hieu duac gia tri dich thuc va dac diSm Clia triet hpc thuc chiing, chiing ta phai CO quan diSm ngan gpn chung vS tiln trinh cua tu tuong con nguoi, xem nhu la tit ca; khong co mot quan niem nao co th^
duoc hiSu khac hon la thong qua Iich sii cua no" [8, tr.25].
Theo Mary Pickering, djnh Iuat nay da den voi A. Comte trong mpt buoi sang dau nam 1822 trong hai d^m dai tap trung suy nghi cao dp va hau nhu ngay lap tiic sau do
ong dem ap dung no vao trong he thong phan loai khoa hpc cua ong va no nhu la m6t hinh thiic khong th§ tach red [11, h:.199]. A. Comte cho rSng, ong khong sang tao ra mpt ly thuydt mod ma chi la phat hi^n ra mpt dinh luat khoa hpc cho phep ong kham pha nhiing gi ma nguoi khac phat minh ra. Tom tat ve quy luat nay ong viSt:
"Tir nghien ciiu v^ su phat trien cua tri tue con ngucri, trong tat ca cac m^t, va tat ch cac kha nang, da phat hien ra mot quy luat CO ban Ion, ma no la chu de can thilt, va ciing la mot su kiem chiing co ca sa viing chac, ca trong nhiing mat t6 chiic cua chiing ta va ca trong kinh nghiem lich si cua chiing ta. Quy lu§^t do la: moi mpt quan di6m, moi bp mon tri thiic ciia chiing ta d6u trai qua giai doan ly luan khac nhau: thSn hpc hay hu cau; sieu hinh hay trim tupmg;
va khoa hpc hay thuc chiing. Diu tiSn la diem khai hanh can thiet cua su hieu biet Clia con nguai; thii ba la giai doan no duac c6 dinh va xac dinh; thii hai la chi dan thuan la mpt giai doan chuydn tigp" [3, tr.856], [8, tr.25-26]. Theo Jean Wahl, c6 nhimg diem tuong d6ng nhat dinh giiia A.
Comte va Hegel: "Ca hai dhx cho rang tinh than Clia con nguoi da diln tiln theo mpt nhip ba, ca hai dku la nhimg trilt gia \k xS hpi va t6ng hpp, ca hai dlu dat Iai con nguoi vao hoan canh lich sir, dlu khing dinh tu tuang (y thuc) dinh hinh nen thi giai..." [7, tr.l 18].
Ve ngu6n g6c tu tuong, Jean Wahl cho rang, A. Comte da kl thua "truang phai vi dai bat tu cua Diderot va Hume, mpt truang phai da that sir tao cho thi ky XVIII nhilu dac dilm dang kl bang each kit n6i thi k^
nay vai Diderot qua trung gian FonteneUe va voi Hume nha mpt Condorcet" [7, tr.l 11]. Co thi khang dinh ring, Condorcet
Nguyen Tharih Nhan la nguoi c6 anh hudng true tiep den su hinh
thanh tu tucmg trilt hpc ciia A. Comte.
Chinh A. Comte ciing da thua nhan Condorcet la ngucri tien nhiem tr^rc tilp cua minh [8]. Muc dich ma Condorcet theo du6i trong cu6c dcri ong la mang Iai cho cac van dl x5 h6i nhftng quan didm v^ phuang phap cua cac khoa hpc tu nhien, dk cho no tra thanh m^t khoa hpc xa hoi mai, dat den su th6ng nhat giua khoa hpc chinh tri va dao duK. Khoa hpc xa hpi mcri nay s5 la hinh thiic lien ket thiet yeu gifta cac tien bp khoa hpc va tiln bp dao diic, ctmg cap nhiing tri thiic cin thiet cho vipc xay dung mpt che dp chmh hi on dinh va xa hpi hgp Iy tinh.
Dac bi?t, trong quan didm vd su phat triln ciia lich su (day la quan diem A.
Comte chiu anh hucmg nhidu nhdt trong he thdng tidt hpc cua minh) quyet dinh su hinh thanh ly thuyet ba giai doan phat tridn, Condorcet cho rang, sir tidn bp khong gioi han Clia tri tu? con ngucri la tu nhidn ma khong can doi hoi phai giai thich. Moi quan tam thirc su ciia Condorcet la nhim den su tieu diet nhutig tra ngai lam can tro qua trinh phat tridn cua ly tri lam ch^ch hu6ng sir phat trien lich sii tu tuong ciia nhan loai kh6i tien trinh logic v6n co cua n6. Ong hy vpng sir phat trien cua tri tup trong tuong lai sS dy:a tren hai didu kidn: thir nhdt, cupc cich mang khoa hpc, cong nghd va chinh tri sS tidu di^t nhung yeu to ngSn can su truydn ba kien thiic cua con ngucri nhu su chuyen che, nhftng dinh kidn, sir ngu dot, nhftng suy doi ve chinh tri va su chi phoi ve tu tudng Clia nhftng tu tucmg kidt xuat trong x3 hpi cu; thie hai, dua trdn nhftng kham pha tam \f hpc ciia nhftng nha theo thuyit duy cam sd lam cho no co thi trinh bay ro nhiing nguydn tic ca ban cua khoa hpc xa hOi [15]. Condorcet ciing chi ra rang moi
the he ddu phu thupc vao nhung thanh tuu ma cac thi h? trong qua khii dd lai, sir dong gop lin luprt cua cac thi he do dinh hmh nen ndn van minh nhan loai, do ciing chinh la van dl ban chit quylt djnh su tiln bp ciia nen van minh.
Nguoi thii hai, co anh huong true tidp ddn sy hinh thanh thuydt ba giai doan phat triln ciia A. Comte la Saint Simon. NhGng nam thang trong vai tro lam thu ky cho Saint Simon (tii nam 1817 din 1824), cho thay su dinh hinh vd mat tu tuong trilt hpc Clia A. Comte. Dieu nay duac chiing minh bai trong bai tieu luan dau tien cua A.
Comte vidt vao khoang thang bay, nam 1819, cho thay svr chuyen d6i tu tuang ciia ong tir quan didm img hp nhftng chii truong ciia Dang Cpng hoa ve cong bang va binh dang sang quan diem ve mpt "giai doan dac bidt ciia nhftng nha tu tuang vT dai" (tftc giai doan thuc chiing). Dac bipt trong Ke hogch nghien ciru khoa hgc di to chuc lgi xd hgi duac vidt vao nam 1822, khong chi chiia nhung y tuang khoa hpc chinh ma A.
Comte da phat triln trong Gido trinh triet hgc thuc chimg, ma con co ca nhiing y tucmg vd su cSn thidt cua mpt chinh the duoc thidt l£ip dua trdn siic manh tinh thin trong cong trinh He thong chinh the thuc chirng cua ong.
Su ran mit trong quan h | ciia A. Comte va Saint Simon bit nguIn tir nhiing ti-anh chip vd tac quyen co lien quan din viec xuit ban Ki hogch nghien cuu khoa hgc di tS chiirc lgi xd hgi ciia ong. A. Comte cho ring, Saint Simon la ngucri danh cip cac ^ tuong Clia mmh [11, tr.2]. Tuy sir kit giao cua hp chi t6n tai bay nam nhung da lam tiiay d6i mot each sau sic su phat triln tri tud cua moi ngucri. Cho du A. Comte choi bo su kl thfta tu tuang tft Saint Sunon,
Khoa hpc xa hpi Vi§t Nam, so 11 - 2019 nhung CO mdt thuc td, chinh moi quan he do da cung cap cho ong khong chi quan didm vd su phat tridn Men tai ciia cac ITnh vuc chinh tri, tu tudng va tam ly, ma con dinh hinh cho ong mdt boi canh nhat dinh trdn quan dilm khai quat hem va mpt each nhin xa vd nhftng xu huong van dpng xuydn suot cua lich su.
Theo Mazlish, co nhiing tranh luan cua gioi hpc thuat xung quanh vide xac dinh ddu la nhung quan diem ma A. Comte dS ke thua tu tucmg cua Saint Simon va dau la nhung quan didm cfta chinh A. Comte [10, tr.410]. Co thd thiy ring, ca hai ong da ddu bdy to quan didm cua minh truac nhiing thay ddi dang dien ra nhanh chong cua cupc each mang Phap cung nhu cua nhiing thanh tuu khoa hpc va each mang cong nghi?p. ca hai deu tim kidm mdt khoa hpc m6i va sii dyng no lam cong cu trong no luc tai cau tnic xa hpi cua minh, ma Saint Simon gpi no la sinh ly hpc xa hpi (social physiology), con A. Comte gpi do la xa hdi hpc (sociology). Song quan didm cua hp l?i khac nhau trong vide thu hiit su dong tinh va anh huong trong cong chiing. Luon la nha hoat dpng xa hpi ndn Saint Simon quan tam den su can thidt phai cai each xa hpi ngay lap tiic, truac het ong mudn truydn cam hiing cho cac nha tu ban cong nghiep va tu ban ngan hang, nhftng nguai ung hp dng de thuc day cac bidn phap thuc hidn cho viec to chiic lai xa hpi Phap.
Nguprc lai, doi voi A. Comte, ong nhan manh ring cong tac Iy luan phai dugc ddnh su uu tien hon so vai cac hoat dpng cai each, ong cho rang, su thidt lap nhftng ndn tang cua cac hpc thuyet khoa hpc la quan trpng hon so vai vide thirc hidn bat ky bien phap thuc td nao.
Khi A. Comte cong bo quy luat ba giai doan phat tridn cua minh ciong gay ra nhieu tranh cai trong gidi hpc thuat. Co nhieu y kidn cho ring, ong da vay mugn y tudng nay tu Samt Simon hay tham chi truac do la tii Condorcet. Mac du Saint Simon la ngudi dd xuit y tudng nay trudc, nhung chinh nhiing kiln thftc khoa hpc dugc dao tgo tai trudng Ecole Polytechnique lam cho thuyit vd ba giai doan phat tridn cua A. Comte co luan cft khoa hpc va vugt xa so v6i quan dilm cua Saint Simon, dieu dd tao ndn s\r khac biet vd chit trong quan dilm cua hp.
Chinh vi Iy do nay ma M. Pickering cho rang, quy Iu$t ba giai doan phat trien cua A.
Comte trinh bay da vugt xa so vdi tu tudng cua nhftng ngudi da dugc cho la dng da vay mugn [11, tr.202]. Han nfta, tu tudng ciia Saint Simon phat trien theo khuynh hudng chu nghia xS hdi khdng tudng, trong khi dd tu tudng A. Comte lgi dugc phat trien theo khuynh hudng nhu mpt hpc thuyit triet hpc hay khoa hpc.
3. Nyi dung tir tir&ng chik yeu quy Iu|t ba giai doan phat trien cua A. Comte 3.1. Giai dogn thdn hgc
A. Comte cho ring, dac dilm cua giai doan than hpc la "tu tudng con ngudi, tun kilm ban chat thilt ylu cua su tdn tai, nguydn nhan dau tien va kit qua cudi cCmg (ngu6n gdc va muc dich) ciia tit ca cac hidn tugng - CO nghia la, tim kilm tri tiiuc tuyet ddi, bang each gia dinh ring tit ca cac hien tugng dugc tao ra bdi nhung hanh dpng cua dang sieu nhidn" [8, tr.26]; Con nguiri trong budi binh minh cua nin van minh nhdn Ioai buoc hp phai tra Idi cho dugc nhung ton tgi
Nguyen Thanh Nhan quanh minh. Vi v$y, con ngudi trong thin
diim 4y dS rod vio mpt vong lu4n quAn
"giiia s\r can thiet phai quan sdt cac sir ki^n dj hinh thanh mfit 1;^ thuySt va su c§n thiSt phai c6 mOt ly thuy6t ii quan sat cac su kijn" [8, tr.27]. Cho nen tu trong ban chit ciia s\r hiiu biet ciia minh d3 bupe con ngucri nguyen thuy bat dau voi h$ thdng thin hpc de co thh tho4t khdi v6ng luan qu§n giGa thyc te va ly thuyet chi bang each t^o ra cdc gid thuyet do la than thoai ih giai thich vii tru. Theo ong, "ddy la ly do co ban cho nhiing ddc diem than hpc thoi ky trilt Iy nguyen thuy" [8, tr.27].
Theo A. Comte, .trong giai doan than hpc tu tuong cua nhdn loai trai qua ba giai doan dan phdt trien do la bai vat gido (fetishism), da than gido (polytheism) vd nhat than gido (monotheism), tuong ling voi ba giai doan thin hpc, sieu hinh vd thuc chiing a giai doan than hpc. Giai doan ndy ciing nhu cdc giai doan khdc. A, Comte kh6ng xac dinh thcfi gian bdt ddu vd ket thuc cu the cua no, boi ong nhdn thay rdng cf timg giai doan duong nhu deu co mam mong cua tu tuong thirc chdng. Theo do, ong chi cho rdng n6 bat dau cung vai thai diem khdi ddu cua nen vdn minh nhan loai va phat trien dat den dinh diem vdo khodng thh k^ thii XII, thdi ky cue thinh cua cdc nha nudc ton gido d Chau Au. Theo dng, "Bdi vat gido la nen tang Clia triet hpc thdn hpc, thdn thdnh hoa moi th\rc th6 hodc hien tuang, nd thu hut sir quan tdm ciia con ngudi thdi nguyen thuy, va n6 van cd thh duy tri thong qua tfa cd cdc bien doi ciia nd cho dSn giai doan cudi cimg (hiSn dai)" [8, tr.547]. Til dd, cd thS thdy tang, doi vdi A. Comte, bdi vdt gido la hinh thilc dau tien cua tu tudng con ngudi, bdi vi no phi hpp vdi nhu cau tinh thdn cua con ngudi trong thdi tha du. Hon nfta bdi vat
gido ciing ldm thod man nhu cdu vh mdt cam xiic cua ngudi nguyen thuy khi md d thdi diem xiic cam vupt len tren so vdi ly tri.
Tvr bdi vat giao chuyin sang da thdn gido trong giai doan thdn hpc la mpt budc phdt trien tf nhien thudc ve bdn chdt cua con ngudi, theo A. Comte, bdi vi thupc ti'nh bam sinh cua con ngudi la cd thi quan sdt so sdnh, trim tuang vd khdi qudt. Vi vdy theo 16 duong nhien, con ngudi thdi nguyen thuy da d ^ quan sdt thay nhilu dilm tuong dong ciia cdc hiSn tupng, tir dd di din su khdi qudt vd tim kiem su lien quan din nhirng quan niem than hoc tuang irng vd ddy chinh la nguyen nhdn dua din s\r biln ddi tir bai vdt gido sang da thdn gido [8, tr.558-559]. A. Comte ciing cho rdng:
"Trong sd cdc giai doan cua trilt ly than hpc deu la tam thdi, thi da than gido la giai doan bSn viing nhdt; trong khi nhat thdn gido la ngan nhat de cham diit hodn todn chl dp thdn hpc, nd dupc trang hi tit nhdt de hudng dan nen van minh ciia nhdn loai thong qua sir chuyin ddi tir co dai sang triet hpc hien dai" [8, tr.562].
Theo A. Comte, cd ba hinh thitc Ciia da thdn gido thdi cd, ddu tien la thdn quyin da thdn (theocratic polytheism) thi hi$n d chl dp than quyin cua Ai Cap, noi nd nhd vi tri dia 1^ uu dai cho su phdt trien tri tue va ddng cdp tdng lii sd hiiu dpc quyen ve quyin luc vd tri tue. Thii hai vd thii ba Id qudn dpi da thdn (militaiy polytheism) d Hy Lap va La Ma [9, tr.589]. Chl do qudn dpi da than Hy Lap dai diSn cho sir phat triln r\rc ra cua tri tuf con ngudi, d che dp ndy xudt hito mpt tang ldp nhflng nhd tu tudng dpc lap khdng thudc tdng Idp tang lii, tdng ldp chinh gitt vai trd phdt trien nhflng tu tudng tinh hoa cila nhdn loai. d che dp nay, A. Comte cho rdng, khoa hpc todn hpc va
Khoa hpc xa hpi Vi?t Nam, so 11 - 2019 thien vSn ciing da dat dugc mdt so mgt thuc chiing cua nd [8, tr.593]. Ddi vdi che dp quan dpi da than La Ma, the hipn ^ y du nhat cua mpt chd dp chinh tri dua vao quan dpi, tat ca cac mgt ciia ddi sdng ddu dugc to chftc cho mpt muc tidu cua mpt de che cd tham vpng banh trudng toan cSu.
Tin rang khdng cd gi ngau nhien trong lich sft, tit ca mpi thft ddu theo mOt thiet kd da dugc dinh trudc nhat dinh, nd dugc tien hoa tii mpt to chuc trudc do, vj the A.
Comte cho ring, nhit than lugn ciing dugc hinh thanh tren da phat trien cua da than giao Hy Lap va La Ma. Ro rang rang, ddi vdi trudng hgp cua Hy Lgp, do ngudi Hy Lgp qua mpt mdi trudc sir rdi loan va tinh khi that thudng cua cac vi than trong than thoai cua hp nen hp cd xu hudng giam dan cac dang sieu nhien thanh mpt vi thin tnmg tam. Doi vdi trudng hgp cua La Ma, do ydu can can thiet phai thay thd nhidu giao phai di giao bang mpt tdn giao chung, dong nhit de cd the thu hut mpi ddi tugng. Su phat trien va thanh cdng cua nhit thin giao dugc thd hidn d cac nha nudc Cdng giao cua Chdu Au thd ky thft XII, s\r thanh cdng quan trpng la nhftng gia tri vl mat dgo due.
Theo dng, ca cau to chftc va he thdng dgo dftc ciia chinh the thuc chiing vd sau nay se CO ban gidng nhu Cdng giao, nhung se dupc thanh lap tren ca sd cua tri tu| cao hon va khdng cd tinh trgng phan chia gifta triet hpc tu nhien va dgo due [ll,tr.648].
3.2. Giai dogn sieu hinh
A. Comte cho rang: "Giai doan sieu hinh chi la mpt bien tudng cua giai dogn than hgc, tu tudng tin rSng, thay vi vin vao mpt ding sidu nhidn, thi lgi vin vao sue manh triju tugng, cac th\rc thd that (nghia la, trftu
tugng dugc nhan vi hoa hay cdn ggi la sidu nghipm) vdn cd trong mpi tdn tai, c6 khd nang san sinh ra mgi hien tugng. Nhiing gi dugc gpi la giai thich cac hidn tugng thi, trong giai dogn nay, chi la gan cho nd m^t th\rc the tuong ftng vdi nd" [8, tr.26]. A.
Comte phan giai doan sidu hinh thanh hai thdi ky chinh: thft lihit, tii thd ky XIV den hit thd ky XV, day la giai doan ndi len c^c
"phong trao phd phan mang tinh tu phat"
[8, ti-.640]; thft hai tii till ky XVI cho din hit thi ky thft XVIII, day \k thdi ky ma c^c tu tudng mang tinh phd binh va each mang trd ndn quan trpng, nd giiip cho vide thu tidu hoan toan hp thdng cii. "Trong dd su vd td chftc da didn ra dudi anh hudng ngay cang tang cua nhiing hpc thuydt tidu cue va md rpng dan dan sang cac y tudng xa hgi, va chi ra xu hudng ddi mdi cua xa hpi hidn dgi" [8, tr.640]. A. Comte cho ring, thdi ky thft hai nay cd hai hinh thftc ton giao gift dia vi thdng tri la Tin lanh (Protestantism) va Tu nhidn than Iuan (Deism).
Thdi ky tft thi ky XVI ddn gifta thi ky XVII la giai dogn Tin lanh thdng tri vdi xu hudng tvr do tu tudng va hanh dpng, n6 trd thanh nen tang phu dinh tu tudng cua he th6ng sidu hinh. A. Comte chia thdi ky nay thanh ba giai doan: giai doan cita hpc thuyit Luther, giai dogn cua hpc thuyit Calvin va giai dogn cua hpc thuydt Socinus nhim chdng Iai hpc thuyit ba ngoi (Antitrinitarianism, Nontrinitarianism) [8,tr.664-665].
Thdi ky tu giua thi ky XVII din hit till k^ XVIII la giai doan tu nhien thin lugn gift vai trd thdng tri. 6 day, A. Comte cung chia thdi ky nay tiianh ba giai dogn: (1) Giai doan cua nhung tu tudng phan ddi lai nhit than giao da dugc h? thdng hoa vao gifta the ky XVII, dugc tiiyen truydn vao diu thi k^ XVIII va ap dung nd vao trong chinh tri
Nguyln Thanh Nhan Hiia cudi thd ky XVIII; (2) Giai doan thdng
trj vl mgt tu tudng cua cac van sT va cac luat su, hp nhu la nhung ngudi Ianh dgo cua xu hudng each mgng nay. Hp chinh la nhihig ngudi tuyen tmydn tich cue md dudng cho tinh thin giai phdng. A. Comte cho ring "Voltaire chinh la mpt trong nhihig tuydn truyen vien tdt nhit" [8, tr.653]. Ngoai ra dng cdn dd cao vai trd cua Diderot va Rousseau. Dac biet la Diderot dupc A. Comte rat ngudng mp, bdi no Iuc Clia Diderot mudn thdng nhat cac xu hudng tri tue khac nhau cua thdi dgi trong bp Bdch khoa torn thu. Ong cho ring, vdi cdng trinh bp Bdch khoa todn thu do Diderot chu bidn da "ddng vai trd la trung tam cho nhiing nd lire khac biet nhat, va la cdng hidn cho su xuSt hidn mdt he thdng tridt hpc dd tdng hpp nhiing suy doan cdn rdi rgc" [8, tr.679];
(3) Giai dogn cua chii nghia vd than. Theo M.Pickering, "Mge du A. Comte thfta nhgn rang chii nghia vd than la mdt giai doan cuoi khdng the thidu dd chuan bi cho giai doan th\Tc chiing. Tuy nhidn, theo dng chu nghia vd thin la mdt triet ly hoan toan tidu cyc, no khdng cd su ddng gdp cfta rudm tin t6n giao vao sir tidn hoa chung cua nhan lo^i. Va hon nfta ngudi vd than thudng tin vao m^t loai phiem thin lugn sidu hinh, nd khac xa tinh t h ^ cua chft nghia thuc chimg" [11, tr.654].
3.3. Giai dogn thuc chung
ich cac khai nidm tuyet ddi, vd nguydn nhdn dau tien va muc dich cudi cimg cfta vu tru hay nhftng nguydn nhdn sau xa cua cac hidn tugng, ma chi chu tam vao chinh nhung hien tugng dd dk nghien cftu vl nhihig quy Ii4t cua chftng - dd la nhung tuong quan bit bidn gifta chftng" [8, tr.26]. Theo A. Comte, giai dogn thuc chftng bit diu tft thdi c6 dgi,
"dac biet la ke tft nhiing cdng trinh nghien cftu cua Aristotle va trudng phai Alexandria va sau thdi ky gidi thieu khoa hpc t\r nhidn vao lay Au cua ngudi A Rap" [8, tr.29].
Nhung nlu xet mdt each hgp ly hon thi no bit diu tft thd ky thft XVI "khi tu tudng nhan Ioai trd nen xao ddng bdi cham ngdn tri thirc Id sue mgnh cua Bacon, cac quan niem cua Descartes va nhung kham pha cua Galileo"[8, tr.29].
Dd dat din dugc giai doan thuc chftng thdt sir thi bdn bd phgn can thanh ndn van minh hien dgi phai lan lugt dat ddn trinh dd thuc chung cfta nd trudc. "Cdng nghiep den dau tidn trong thai hien dgi va giftp dd de tilp sinh luc cho nhihig bd phgn cdn lai ma diu tidn la nghe thuat, sau do la khoa hpc va cudi cftng la tridt hpc" [II, tr.655]. A.
Comte tin ring, chinh cdng nghidp la nen tang cua ndn van minh hidn dgi vi vdy nd phai dugc phat triln ddu tidn hit, hon nua cdng nghidp lidn quan ddn nhiing gi gpi la de dang nhit, cu thi nhit va dap ftng dugc nhftng nhu ciu vat chat thuc te ciia da sd ngudi dan. Kd din la nghd thugt, bdi sau nhu ciu vdt chdt thi vdn dd hgp ly phai la nhu cau nghd thugt.
Day la giai doan phat tridn cao nhat cfta Heh Sli tu tudng nhdn logi, myc dich cudi cftng la nhim tai thidt mot trdt tu xa hdi dn dinh va phat triln. A. Comte cho rang: "Trong giai doan thuc chiing, tu tudng con ngudi da tit bd vi^c sau khi tim kilm mgt each vd
4. Ket luan
Quan dilm cua A. Comte vd sir phat tridn cfta tu tudng nhdn loai trai qua ba giai dogn tu thin hpc, sieu hinh rdi din thuc chftng,
Khoa hpc xa hpi Vi#t Nam, so 11 - 2019 tdn tai nhu la mdt quy luat, do dd dng gpi nd la quy ludt vd ba giai doan. De chftng minh cho su tdn tgi cua quy lugt nay, trong Gido trinh triet hgc thuc chung, dng cdn chi ra quy ludt nay nd hidn didn trong tung ca nhan cho ddn cdng ddng va d hdu khdp mpi ITnh vuc cfta tri thftp con ngudi, trong mdi khoa hpc, kd ca tridt hpc, tham chi nd
"cftng ftng nghiem ca trong ITnh vuc chinh tri" [5, tr.288]. Theo tac gia Luu Phdng Ddng,"su phat tridn tri tue cfta mdt cd nhan la mdt loai minh chung ddi vdi quy ludt do"
[1, tr.89]. A. Comte cho ring, ndu mot ngudi nao dd cd the sdng ma khdng chdt sdm cung ddu trai qua ba giai doan phat trien tri tud tuong ftng la thdn hpc, sidu hinh va thuc chftng, nd khdng chi la mpt minh hpa ma cdn la mpt bang chiing gian tiep cfta qud trinh phat tridn tu tudng con ngudi ndi chung. Ong vidt: "Bay gid, moi ngudi chftng ta ddu nhdn thuc dugc rang, neu anh ta nhin lai lich sft cua chinh minh, rang anh ta la mpt nha than hpc trong thdi tho iu cfta minh, mdt nha sieu hinh hpc trong thdi thanh thidu nien cua minh va mpt nha triet hpc ty rihidn trong thdi trudng thanh. Tdt ca mpi ngudi, khi ngudi dy cd mpt dp tudi nhit dinh thi hp cd the xac minh didu nay cho chinh minh" [8, tr.27].
Nhu vdy, cd the thay rang, doi vdi A.
Comte thd gidi co dai va thdi trung cd, dai dipn cho giai doan than hpc, trong khi dgi didn cho thdi ky khai sang la giai dogn sidu hinh, cdn d thdi dai cfta dng chinh la su khdi ddu cua giai dogn thuc chung. Mac du dng dua ra nhidu dan chiing de chftng minh, nhung do chi la mpt sd vi dy mieu tk mang tinh hidn tugng chua phan anh chinh xac quy ludt cfta su phat tridn. Didu nay cho thdy quy luat ba giai doan phat tridn cfta A.
Comte dl xuit cd su gugng ep mdt cdch nhdt dinh, mang tinh philn didn va duy tara [6, tr.l 44].
Mac dft quy luat ba giai doan phat trien cfta A. Comte cd nhung hgn che nhdt dinh, kha xa la va trd nen lac hau so vdi sy tien bp cfta tu tudng nhan Iogi ngay nay, nhung day la mpt trong nhung tu tudng trilt Iy vT dai dugc xay dyng d thd ky XIX va dugc gidi hpc thudt thfta nhan. Thdng qua dd dng da dl xudt mpt each nhin mdi ve tien trinh lich sft tu tudng nhdn loai va xa hdi loai ngudi, khang dinh qua trinh phat trien khdng ngiing tft thap ddn cao. Thdng qua each trinh bay hpc thuydt, vdi vide chi ra trong tftng giai dogn tdn tgi ben trong nd nhung tu tudng ddi lap, dau tranh va kd thfta lan nhau, cho thay ly ludn ve ^la gia doan phat tridn cfta A. Comte da ddn gan vdi phep bidn chftng hon.
Ndu xem xet mdt each chi tilt, mpt sd luan didm do dng de xudt cho ddn nay van cdn gia tri. Nhu vide, dng cho ring, ngudi tri thftc hidn dgi van cd thd trd lgi thdi ky bai vat giao dd dap ftng nhu cdu tinh thdn cfta hp, khi hp hi vpng hay sg hai, hp cd xu hudng nhan each hoa va tdn thd nhftng vat thd ma nd thu hut dugc tinh cam cua hp. Vl diem nay A. Comte la mot trong nhiing nha tu tudng kiet xudt cua thdi dai, khi dng chi ra ring bai vdt gido khdng chi la hinh thuc rieng cd cfta thdi dgi nguyen thuy, ma cdn hien didn d ca thdi hien dai, nd khdng phai Iftc nao ciing dai dien cho mpt Ioai y thftc sai hay mdt Ioai tu duy phi logic. Cd thd thdy ring, bit k^- mpt hpc thuyit nao ddu cd nhung gia tri va han chd, vi vgy vide nghien cftu va tim ra nhftng gia tri cua no la mdt
N g u y e n Thanh NhSn
yeu ciu can thiet ddi vdi cdng tac nghien ciiu ly Iugn hien nay.
Tai lif u tham khao
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[8] Comte, A. (1856), The Positive Philosophy, Canvil Blanchard, New York.
19] Copleston, F. C. (1993), History of Philosophy, Vol. IX, Doubleday, New York.
[10] Mazlish, B. (2006), "A. Comte", Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Vol.2, Thomson Gale, New York.
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[12] Pickering, M. (2009), A. Comte: An Intellectual Biography, Vol.2, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
[13] Schmaus, W. (1982), "A reappraisal of Comte's Three-states Law", History and Theory, 2\(2y
[14] Bourdeau, M. (2014), "A. Comte", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/comte/, truy cap ngiy 19 thang 8 n i m 2019.
[15] http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture lOa.html, truy c i p ngay 19 thing 8 n3m 2019.
[16] http://www.vkmaheshwari.com/WP/?p=694, truy c^p ngiy 19 thing 8 nSm 2019 17] http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/Comte_
auguste/plan_des_travaux/plan_des_travaux.ht ml, truy cap ngay 19 thing 8 n i m 2019.
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[19] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Comte.
[20] https://fT.wikipedia,org/wiki/Auguste_Comte.
