NOI DUNG KHAC
LENIN v o l VIEC BAO VE VA PHAT TRIEN
• •
SANG TAO QUAN NIEM CUA CHU NGHIA MAC VE CHUYEN CHINH VO SAN
Nguyen Van Tinh * TOM TAT
V. I. Lenin (1870 - 1924) - vj lanh tu vT dai cua giai cap vo san, ngudi da ddu tranh khong met moi dl bao ve tinh dung dan ciia chii nghTa Mac. Bdng nhimg nghien ciru va kit luan khoa hoc cua minh, V. 1.
Lenin da lam phong phu chu nghia Mac, dua chu nghia Mac sang mpt giai doan mdi cao ban, giai dap nhirng van de ca ban ma thdi dai dat ra cho giai cap vo san qule tl. Nhin nhan nhung dong gop to ldn ciia V. I. Lenin doi vdi ly luan ciia chu nghia Mdc, chung ta khong thi khong nhdc tdi cong lao cua Ngudi trong viec bao ve va phat triln quan niem chuyen chinh vo san, mot trong nhung dilm dac sdc va trong ylu nhdt ciia chu nghia Mac.
Tir khda: C. Mdc. V. I. Lenin. Chuyen chinh vo sdn
ABSTRACT
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870-1924) the great leader ofthe proletariat, who tirelessly struggled to defend the legitimacy of Marxism. Based on researches and scientific conclusions, V. I Lenin enriched Marxism, bringing Marxism to a new higher stage, answering the fundamental problems posed by the era for the intemational proletariat. Recognizing the great contributions of V. I. Lenin to Marxism theoretic, we cannot fail to mention his contribution to the protection and development ofthe proletarian dictatorship, one ofthe most important cachets of Marxism.
Keywords: C. Marx. V. I. Lenin. Dictatorship, proletariat
C. Mac cho rang giai cap cong nhan mudn giai phdng minh dong thdi giai phong toan xa hoi, trudc het phai chiem lay chinh quyen, thyc hien chuyen chinh vo san. Trong tac pham Phe phan cuong ITnh Gota, C. Mac viet: "Giira xa hgi tu ban ehu nghTa va xa hgi cgng san chu nghTa la mgt thdi ky cai bien each mang tir xa hgi ng sang xa hgi kia. Thich ung vdi thdi ky dy la mgt thdi ky qua do chinh trj, va nha nudc cua thdi ky ay khdng the la cai gi khac ban la nin chuyen chinh vd san"(l)
Thdng nhat vdi quan diem ciia C. Mac, Angghen cdn nhan manh them: "vl nguyen tde, giai cdp cong nhan khdng cdn con dudng nao
khac la phai gianh lay chinh quyen va thiet lap nen chuyen chinh cua minh thong qua con dudng each mang xa hgi chii nghTa". Nhu vay, theo ehu nghTa Mac, chuyen chinh vo san thyc chat la sy thong trj cua giai cap cdng nhan, do each mang xa hgi chu nghTa sinh ra va cd su menh xay dyng thanh cong chu nghTa xa hoi.
Den giai doan Lenin, yeu cau tong ket, khai quat, bao ve va phat trien sang tao quan niem eua chii nghTa Mac ve chuyen chinh vo san dugc dat ra het sire cap bach. Sd dT nhu vay vi theo Lenin, tir dau the ky XX, mau thuan trong Idng eac nudc tu ban ngay cang the hien mgt each ro net, chii nghTa tu ban ehuyen sang
* ThS. GVC, Khoa Ly luan chinh trj, Truang DH Ngoai ngu - Tin hoc TP.HCM
61
Tap chi Khoa hpc Truang Dai hpc Ngoai ngu - Tin hpc TP.HCM - So 6 (7/2018)
giai doan ehii nghTa de quoc - giai doan "dem trudc ciia each mang vo san'" Ben canh do, trong hang ngu nhirng ngudi cgng san da xuat hien nhung phan tir co hgi, chong lai nhirng quan diem co ban eua ehu nghTa Mae ve ehuyen ehinh vo san nhu E. Bextanh, C. Causki.
Nhirng ngudi nay ehii truang tien tdi ehu nghTa xa hgi bang con dudng hoa binh, phu nhan tinh chat giai cap eua nha nudc. Mat khae, eye doan ban, nhiing ngudi theo ehii nghTa vo ehinh phu con chong lai bat cir mgt quan niem nao ve to chirc nha nudc, ke ea nha nudc chuyen ehinh vd san.
Thyc hien nhiem vu dat ra d thdi dai ciia minh, V I. Lenin da bo sung va phat trien quan niem chuyen chinh vo san qua nhieu tac pham nhu: "Nha nudc va each mang", "Cach mang vo san va ten phan boi Causki", "Sang kien vT dai", "Kinh te va chinh trj trong thdi ky chuyen ehinh vd san" Trong cac tac pham do, Lenin tiep tuc nhan manh quan niem chuyen chinh vd san ciia chu nghTa Mac, phe phan manh me nhirng ke co hdi chii nghTa ve nha nudc muon tien tdi chii nghTa xa hgi bang con dudng cai luong. Ngudi khang dinh quan niem chuyen chinh vo san cua chu nghTa Mac "tuyet dli khong the dung hoa vdi ehii nghTa cai luong, no da thang vao nhiing thanh kien ca hgi chii nghTa thudng thdy va nhirng ao tudng tilu thj dan vl sy tiln triln hoa binh cua ehl do dan ehii" (2).
V. I. Lenin vach rd, tdt ea nhirng ngudi theo chii nghTa co hgi, xa hgi sovanh va Causki deu lap lai nhu nhau rang giai cdp vo san edn ed nha nude, diu qua quylt rdng, do la tu tudng, hgc thuyet ciia Mac. Tuy nhien, dilm quan trgng nhat la giai cap vo san can tdi nha nudc nao, va thyc hien bang each nao thi chimg diu CO tinh dem sy lap Id, mo hi va trim tugng thay cho each dat vdn dk Ijch sir cy thi, nhu thi tuc la chiing khong hilu gi ca hoac cl tinh "khong hilu" hgc thuylt cua Mac. Ngudi khdng djnh rang: "Chi nhiing ngudi da hilu rdng chuyen ehinh eiia mgt giai cdp la tdt ylu khong nhimg cho mgi xa hgi co giai cdp noi chung, khong nhirng eho giai cdp vo san sau khi da lat dd giai cdp tu san, ma con eho suit ca thdi ky Ijeh su tu ehl do tu ban ehu nghTa din "xa hgi khong
CO giai cap", den che do cgng san chii nghTa, ehi nhung ngudi do mdi thdm nhuan dugc thuc chat eiia hge thuyet Mae ve nha nudc" (3).
Luan chiing ve sy can thiet eua ehuyen ehinh vo san, V 1. Lenin cho rang chua bao gio CO mdt giai cap bj ap bue nao dat dugc dja vj thong trj ma lai khdng trai qua mgt thdi ky ehuyen ehinh, nghTa la lai khong gianh lay chinh quyen va khdng diing bao lyc de de bep sy khang cy tuyet vgng nhat, dien cuong nhdt, ehang tir bat cir mgt tdi ac nao, mgt sy khang cy ma bgn bdc lot ludn luon tien hanh. Viec
"thira nhan sy thong trj ehinh tri ciia giai cap vo san" (4) la kit qua hgp logic tir viee dau tranh giai cap van dung vao van de nha nudc va each mang xa hgi chu nghTa. Ngudi viet: "Hoc thuyet dau tranh giai cap ma Mac van dung vao van de nha nudc va van de each mang xa hoi chii nghTa tat nhien phai dua den sy thong tri vl ehinh trj cua giai cap vd san. Chuyen chinh ciia giai cap do, tuc la mgt chinh quyen khong bj chia se vdi ai het, va tryc tiep dya vao luc lugng vu trang cua quan chiing. Giai cap tu san chi co thi bj lat do khi nao giai cdp vo san trd thanh giai cap thong trj du sire trdn ap sy phan khang khong thi tranh khdi, tuyet vgng cua giai cap tu san, va du sue t l chuc hit thay qudn chung lao dgng va bj bdc lot dk xay dyng mdt ehl dp kinh te mdi"(5).
«
Sau khi trd thanh giai cdp cam quyen thi giai cap vd san phai nam vung cong eu chuyen chinh, kien quyet trdn ap nhung thi lyc di ngugc lai vdi lgi ich ciia nhan dan dk bao ve thanh qua each mang nhdm xay dyng thanh cong chii nghTa xa hgi.
Nhu vay, neu "Nha nudc, tuc la giai cdp vo san dugc to chuc thanh giai cdp thing tri"... thi
"chuyen chinh vd san, la sy thdng tri chinh trj cua giai cdp vo san"(6). Nhung luan dilm nay cua V I . Lenin cd thi xem la sy trinh bay co dgng nhat thyc chat cua chuyen chinh vd san.
Ben canh do, V. I. Lenin cung da phat trien sang tao quan niem cua chii nghTa Mac khi cho rang chuyen chinh vo san la nha nudc kilu mdi, nha nudc khdng con theo nghTa den ciia tir nay, no la hien tugng nha nudc mgt nira nha nudc.
62
NOI DUNG KHAC
Do vay, theo V. 1. Lenin chuyen ehinh vo san la nin "chuyen ehinh kilu mdi"(7).
Chuyen chinh vd san dugc coi la nen
"ehuyen chinh kilu mdi" vi no cung the hien sy thong trj chinh tri eiia mgt giai cap nhung ve ban chat lai khae xa so vdi nen chuyen chinh ciia cac giai cap boe lot trudc dd.
Chuc nang cua chuyen chinh vd san khong chi phai la bao lyc doi vdi bgn bdc lot, va khong phai chu yeu la bao lyc ma mat co ban ciia no la to chuc, xay dyng toan dien xa hgi mdi - xa hgi xa hgi chii nghTa va cgng san ehii nghTa.
Mat khac, trong Ijch su, cae giai cdp sau khi tan cdng vao nhirng trat tu lac hau, vuon len thanh giai cap thong trj da khong bao gid quen va buong lai vai trd chuyen chinh cua minh, no chi xac lap nen dan chu eho sd it nhiing ke giau CO, phyc vu cho lgi ich cua nhiing ngudi thugc tang Idp tren. Ngugc lai, giai cdp vo san la giai cap bj bdc lot cudi ciing trong ljch sir, co lgi ich thong nhat vdi toan thi nhan dan lao dgng bj ap buc bdc lot, viing len gianh idy quyen lanh dao, giai phong minh ddng thdi giai phdng toan xa hgi, xac lap nen dan chu cho toan dan. Dieu do cho thay, nen chuyen chinh vd san ve nguyen tac chinh la nha nudc cua dan, do dan va vi dan.
Vi vay, V. I. Lenin da nhan manh rang ehuyen chinh vd san la nen dan ehu eao nhat, rgng rai nhat, la nen dan chii thyc sy eua nhan dan. Do cung la diem khac nhau co ban giiia ehuyen ehinh vo san vdi cac nen chuyen ehinh khae trong ljch sir.
V. I. Lenin cung khang djnh rang thyc hien dan chii cho nhan dan cung la dieu kien dam bao su ton tai va phat trien ciia chuyen chinh vo san, eiia chu nghTa xa hgi. Ngudi viet: "Phat triln dan chii den cimg, tim ra nhirng hinh thirc ciia sy phat trien ay, dem thi nghiem nhirng hinh thuc dy trong thyc tien.. ."(8) la mgt trong nhiirng van de co tinh quy luat ciia sy phat trien va hoan thien nin chuyen chinh vo san de tiln tdi chu nghTa xa hgi, chii nghTa cgng san. Tuy nhien, dk tien tdi chii nghTa xa hgi, chii nghia cgng san, nin chuyen chinh do cdn phai thu hut ddng dao qudn chiing tham gia vao qua trinh quan ly va xay dyng xa hgi mdi. Vdi y nghTa
do, chuyen ehinh vo san eung la hinh thuc dac biet eua lien minh giai cap giira giai cap cong nhan vdi dong dao quan chimg nhan dan ma try cot ciia sy lien minh ay la giai cap cong nhan, giai cap nong dan va tang Idp tri thiic.
Quan niem chuyen chinh vo san qua sy phat trien sang tao eiia V. I. Lenin da dugc chirng minh qua thyc tien each mang cua nudc Nga (Lien Xo cu). V I. Lenin da phat hien thay cac Xoviet ra ddi nhd sy sang tao each mang ciia giai cap cong nhan Nga la mgt hinh thirc chuyen chinh vo san. Ngudi eung nhan ra rang nhat djnh se co rat nhieu hinh thuc ehinh trj khac nhau cua viec to chuc nha nudc trong thdi ky qua do, tiiy theo nhirng dieu kien Ijch sd cu the ciia cac nudc khac nhau. Mac dii vay, "thyc chat cua nhirng hinh thuc ay" - nhung hinh thuc chinh trj khac nhau "chi la mgt, tire la chuyen chinh vd san"(9).
Xem xet chuyen chinh vo san la "thdi ky chinh trj qua do" va ro rang la ca nha nudc cua thdi ky dy cung la qua do tir nha nudc den phi nha nudc, tuc la nha nudc theo diing nghTa cua no, V I. Lenin eiing chi ra rang mac dii khong mat di chirc nang tran ap bang bao lyc nhung trong xu the phat trien, chuyen chinh vo san tat yeu di den chd ty tieu vong.
Nhu vay, eo the thay rang quan niem ve ehuyen ehinh vo san giii vai tro het sue quan trgng trong ly luan cua chii nghTa Mac, chinh vi vay nen day ehinh la mgt trong nhu'ng diem ma ke thu cua ehii nghTa Mae luon nham tdi de xuyen tac, da kich tien tdi phii nhan nd. De bao ve chii nghTa Mae, bao ve gia trj ciia quan niem chuyen ehinh vo san, V. Lenin bang sy phan tich khoa hge sau sac va tinh phe phan triet de da dau tranh khong khoan nhugng khdng chi ddi vdi ke thii ciia chii nghTa Mac, ma cdn ca vdi nhirng ke nhan danh ly luan cua Mac tren ldi noi nhung thyc te la chu nghTa xet lai, hoac it ra da xa rdi hgc thuyet ciia Mac. Qua nhirng tac pham eiia minh, Ngudi da vach ro bgn theo ehu nghTa ca hgi da tam thudng hoa chii nghTa Mac nhu the nao, qua do phan biet quan niem chuyen chinh vo san vdi nhiing sy xuyen tac, tam thudng va tho thien. V. 1. Lenin khdng 63
Tap chi Khoa hpc Truang Dai hpc Ngoai ngu - Tin hpc TP.HCM So 6 (7/2018)
nhirng bao ve quan niem eiia ehii nghia Mae ve ehuyen ehinh vo san ma con phat trien mot each sang tao quan diem do len mdt nac thang eao ban eho phii hgp vdi tinh hinh mdi. Ngudi da ehi ro vai trd, nhiem vu, tinh uu viet va xu hudng phat trien eua ehuyen ehinh vo san, lam ro sy khac nhau giira ehuyen ehinh vo san vdi eac nen chuyen chinh khae trong Ijch sir.
Nhiing dong gop eiia V 1. Lenin doi vdi quan niem eiia ehii nghTa Mae ve ehuyen ehinh vo san CO y nghTa vo eiing Idn lao, bao ve virng chae chan gia trj ciia chii nghTa Mac va gop phan lam sang ro con dudng di len xa hgi chu nghTa, cgng san chii nghTa ciia cac giai cap, cac dan tgc hang khat khao ty do, khat khao hanh phiic, giai phong minh va giai phong toan xa hgi.
Tham nhuan chu nghTa Mac - Lenin, trong suot qua trinh lanh dao each mang Viet Nam, Dang ta luon chii trgng viec cimg co vung chae nha nudc, ciing cd nen chuyen chinh vo san, ddu tranh chdng lai mgi thi lyc thii dich, vi do la dieu kien tien quyet de tien tdi chu nghTa xa hgi. Thyc tien cho thdy mgi sy thdng lgi cua each mang Viet Nam deu khong thi tach rdi vai tro t l chiic lanh dao, quan ly va dilu tilt cua bg
may nha nudc dudi sy lanh dao eiia Dang, dpi tien phong eiia giai cap cong nhan. Nen ehuyen ehinh ma chiing ta xay dyng luon dya tren nguyen tac dan ehii, phat huy quyen lam ehu ciia nhan dan, mgi chu truang chinh sach deu vi lgi ich nhan dan, no kien quylt dap tan mpi muu do di ngugc lai vdi lgi ich nhan dan. Tuy nhien, ben canh nhirng thanh tyu dat dugc, bp may nha nudc, nen ehuyen ehinh cua ta khong phai khong co nhirng khiem khuyet, nhieu vdn de tieu eye nhu tham d, lang phi, quan lieu, cira quyen, ire hiep, sach nhieu nhan dan van luon xay ra.
Ngay nay, trudc tac dgng cua mat trai ca chi thj trudng, sy thoai hoa cua mgt bg ph^n can bg dang vien ciing nhu'ng am muu boat dgng chdng pha cua cac the lyc thii djch, dk giir viing nen chuyen chinh, de nha nudc ta thyc sy la nha nudc cua dan, do dan va vi dan. Dang va nha nudc ta da dua ra nhieu giai phap hiiu hieu.
Tuy nhien, tir phuang dien Iy luan cdn phai noi rang viec kl thira va phat huy nhiing gia trj tu tudng cua chu nghTa Mac - Lenin van la van de het sue quan trgng va mang gia trj to Idn trong moi thai dai.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. 1995, C. Mac va Ph. Anghen: Toan tap, Nxb. Chinh trj quoe 2. 1976, V I. Lenin: Toan tap, Nxb Tiln bg, Matxcava, tap 33, 3. 1976, V I. Lenin: Toan tap, Nxb Tiln bg, Matxcova, tap 33, 4. 1976, V. I. Lenin: Toan tap, Nxb Tiln bg, Matxcava, tap 33, 5. 1976, V. I. Lenin: Toan tap, Nxb Tiln bg, Matxco-va, tap 33, 6. 1976, V. I. Lenin: Toan tap, Nxb Tiln bg, Matxco-va, tap 33, 7. 1976, V I. Lenin: Toan tap, Nxb Tiln bg, Matxcava, tap 33, 8. 1976, V I. Lenin: Toan tap, Nxb Tiln bg, Matxcava, tap 33, 9. 1976, V I. Lenin: Toan tap, Nxb Tiln bg, Matxcava, tap 33,
gia. Ha Ndi, tap 19,tr.47 tr. 30 (tilng Viet)
tr. 43- 44 (tilng Viet) tr. 31 (tilng Viet) tr. 3 (tilng Viet) tr. 3 (tilng Viet) tr. 43 (tilng Viet) tr. 97 (tilng Viet) tr. 44 (tilng Viet
64
