NGUYEN TAG CAN BANG LOfI ICH CUA
CHU SO HUU TRI TUB VA LOI ICH CUA XA HOI TRONG
B A T B U O C
CHUYfiN GIAO QUYfiN SU DUNG SANG
C H £LE THI NAM GIANG *
1. DAT VAN DE
Mdt trong nhung nguyen tdc co ban cua he thdng sd hifu trl tue (SHTT) la nguyen tdc cdn bdng lgi ich ciia chu SHTT va lgi Ich ciia xd hdi. Nguyen tdc nay dugc the hien xuyen sudt qud trinh bao hd tir xdc lap quyen, duy tri quyen cho den viee bao ve quyen SHTT. Viec thuc hien diing nguyen tdc nay cd y nghia rdt Ion cho qud trinh bao ve vd khai thdc quyen SHTT, dac biet ddi vdi cdc nudc dang phdt trien nhu Viet Nam. Trong bdi viet trude (da dang trong tap chi khoa hgc phdp ly sd 03/2009), tdc gia dd tdp trung vdo phdn tich cdc ndi dung co ban ciia nguyen tdc cdn bdng lgi Ich cua chu SHTT vd lgi Ich ciia xd hdi vd nhtfng thdch thuc ddi vdi he thong SHTT etia Viet Nam trong viec thuc hien nguyen tdc. Trong bdi viet ndy, tdc gia se tdp trung vao phdn tich ndi dung nguyen tdc ndy trong mdt linh vuc het sue dac thti dd Id bat budc chuyen giao quyen sti dung sdng che (BBCGQSDSC). Viec phdn tich duqc tiln hdnh dua tren cdc quy djnh cua phdp ludt Viet Nam dudi gde do so sdnh vdi cdc dieu udc qudc tl.
2. NHUNG N O ; DUNG CO BAN CUA NGUYEN T A C CAN B A N G LOI ICH CUA CHU SO HUU TRI TUB VA LOI ICH CUA XA HOI TRONG B A T BUOC CHUYfiN GIAO QUYfiN SU DUNG SANG cui
Sdng chi Id giai phdp ky thudt dudi dang san pham hodc quy trinh nhdm giai quyet mdt vdn de xdc djnh bang viec irng dung cac quy
ludt tu nhien'. Tuy nhien mdt giai phap ky thudt ehl dugc cdp bang dde quyen sdng che khi dap ung cac tieu chuan do phdp luat quy djnh, thudng la cdc tieu chuan ve tinh mdi, tinh sdng tao hodc tinh khdng hien nhien va kha nang dp dung cdng nghiep. Sang che la mdt trong nhiing ddi tugng cua quyen SHTT dugc phap ludt bao hd va Id ddi tugng cd vai trd quan trgng trong viec thiic ddy su phdt trien khoa hgc cdng nghe khdng chi ciia mdt qudc gia don le ma etia ca cdng ddng qudc te. Mdt trong nhtfng tieu chi ddnh gid trinh do phdt trien khoa hgc ky thudt cua mdt qudc gia la dua tren sd lugng van bang bao hd sdng che dugc cap cho cdng ddn, phap nhdn ciia qudc gia dd. Sang che cung la doi tugng SHTT ma chti sd hifu quyen dugc bao hd dgc quyen d muc rat cao. Nhdm khuyen khich sir sang tao, trong sudt thdi ban bao hg (thudng Id 20 ndm), nha nudc bdng phap ludt ghi nhdn vd bdng he thdng thuc thi dam bao chi ed chti sd hifu sdng chi Id ngudi cd cac dgc quyen su dung, cho phep ngudi khdc sir dung sdng che^; dgc quyen ngdn elm ngudi khdc sir
* ThS. Luat hpe, Trudng DH Lual TP. Hd Chi Minh nay.
' Diiu 4 khoan 12 Luat SHTT
- Dieu 124 khoan 1 Luat SHTT quy dinh: "Su dung sang che la viec thuc hien cac hanh vi sau day:
a) San xuat san pham dugrc bao hp;
b) Ap dung quy uinh dugc bao hp;
c) Khai thae cdng dung cua san pham dugc bao hp hoae san pham dugc san xuit theo quy trinh duac bao hd;
d) Luu thdng. quang cao, chao hang, tang trir dl luu thdng san pham quy dinh tai diem c khoan nay;
d) Nhap khau san pham quy dinh lai diem c khoan
dung sdng che^ va quyen djnh doat sdng che.
Dieu dd cting cd nghia Id bdt ctr chii the ndo khong dugc phep cua chii sd htfu sdng che thi khong the khai thdc, sudung cdc sdng che dang trong thdi ban bao hd.
Ddp lai nhiing dgc quyen dugc hudng, phdp ludt Cling quy djnh chu sd htfu sdng che phai thuc hien cdc nghia vu tuong xung. Nhtfng nghia vu do la nghia vu ddng ky, bdc Id cong khai ban chdt ky thudt etia sang che khdng chi trudc coquan co thdm quyen md cdn trudc cdng chting vd nghia vu sudung sdng che. Ddy chinh la sir the hien budc ddu eiia nguyen tdc cdn bdng lgi Ich giiia chu SHTT vd lgi Ich ciia xd hgi. Tuy nhien, trong trudng hgp nhdm bao dam muc tieu qudc phdng, an ninh, ddn sinh vd cdc lgi Ich khdc cua Nhd nudc, xd hgi, phdp ludt quoc te cung nhu phdp ludt ciia rdt nhieu nudc cho phep Nhd nudc c6 quyen cdm hodc han che chii sd htfu sdng che thuc hien quyen cua minh hodc budc chu sd htfu sdng che chuyen giao quyen sir dung sdng che theo quyet djnh .ciia CO quan nhd nudc cd thdm quyen''
(BBCGQSDSC).
Bat huge chuyen giao quyen sir dung sdng che la viec co quan Nhd nudc co thdm quyen cua miit qudc gia ra quyet djnh budc ngudi ndm dgc quyen sdng che phai chuyen giao quyen sir dung sdng che cho ed nhdn, td chuc khdc sif dung dua tren cdc can cu vd vdi nhirng dieu kien dugc quy dinh trong phdp ludt md khdng can sir dong y ciia ngudi ndm dde quyen. Trong ngon ngif tieng Anh, bat budc chuyen giao quyen sudung sdng che dugc sir dung vdi thudt ngtf non-voluntary licensing (li-xdng khdng tirnguyen), bode compulsosy hsencing (h-xdng cudng buc). Tai Viet Nam, trong cdc vdn ban phap ludt trudc ddy chiing ta sti dung thudt ngtf Li-xdng khong tu nguyen' tuy nhien hien nay chting ta chinh thiic sudung thudt ngtf bat budc chuyen giao quyen sudung sdng che*.
Thoat nhin, co ve trong che djnh ve BBCGQSDSC nguyen tic cdn bdng lgi ich gitfa chu SHTT vd lgi Ich cua xd hdi dd khdng dugc dam bao vi d ddy rd rdng lgi Ich cua nhd
nudc, lgi Ich cua xd hdi da dugc uu tien ban so vdi loi Ich cHathu sdhtfu sang chi khi md viec chuyen giao quyen sudung sang che dugc dua tren quyet djnh ciia co quan nha nudc co tham quyen md khong phu thuge vao y chi ciia chu sd htfu sdng che. Tuy nhien, trong cdc quy dinh ve BBCGQSDSC, nguyen tdc cdn bdng lgi Ich giiia chii SHTT vd lgi Ich cua xd hdi vdn Id mdt nguyen tdc quan trgng vd dugc the hien ttr quy djnh ve cdn cu bdt buoc chuyen giao den dieu kien chuyen giao vd quy djnh mirc tien den bti cho chu sd hifu sdng che hodc ngudi ndm gitf dgc quyen sdng che. Cu the nguyen tdc ndy dugc the hien d nhtfng khia canh sau ddy:
Thu nhit, quyit dinb bit buqc chuyen giao quyin sir dung sang che cbi duqc
ban binb dira tren cac can cu da duqc phip luat quy dinb cu the
Cdn cu BBCGQSDSC chinh Id co sd phdp ly ldm phat sinh quan he chuyen giao quyen su- dung sang che md khdng cdn su dong y cua chu sd htfu (hay ngudi ndm dgc quyen) sdng ehl. Dudi gde do phdp ludt qudc te, can cif bat
' Tai Viel Nam van de nay dupc quy djnh tai Dieu 125 Luat SHTT
^ Dupc quy dinh tai Dieu 5 Cdng udc Paris 1883 ve sd hihi cdng nghiep, Dieu 31 Hiep dinh TRIPS. Tai Viet Nam. v^n de nay dirpc quy dinh tai Dieu 7 va Di6u 132 khoan 3 Luat SHTT 2005. Di6u 132 Lu|t SHTT quy dinh vl cac yeu to han chii quyen sd hihi cdng nghiep nhu sau: "Theo quy dinh ciia Luat nay. quyen sd hQu cong nghiep co the bi han che bdi cac yi-u id sau day;
1. Quyin cuangudisudung trudc ddi vdi sang che, kieu dang cdng nghiep;
2. Cac nghia vu cua chu sd huu, bao gdm:
a) Tra thii lao cho tac gia sang che, kieu dang cdng nghiep. thiet ke bd tri;
b) Su dung sang che, nhan hieu.
3. Chuyen giao quyen sirdung sang che ihco quyel dinh cua co quan nha nudc cd tham quyen".
' Duac quy dinh trong Diiu 802 BLDS 1995, Diiu 51 Nghi dinh 63/CP
*• Dune quy dinh tai cac Dieu 145; 146; 147 Luat SHTT. Dieu 24 Nghi dinh 103/CP ngay 22/9/2006 quy dinh chi tilt va huxVng dan ihi hanh mdt sd dieu cua Luat SHTT vl SHCN
budc chuyen giao quyen sirdung sdng che dugc dua ra ldn ddu tien bdi Dieu 5 Muc A khoan 2 Cdng udc Paris 1883 ve sd htfu cdng nghiep (ban sua ddi ldn thtf ba ndm 1925). Theo dd, cdn ctf BBCGQSDSC duy nhdt dugc Cdng ude ghi nhdn la su lam dung dde quyen, nhu viec khdng su dung sang che. etia ngudi nam gitf dgc quyen. Thdi ban de dugc cdp phep su- dung sdng che bdt budc tren cdn cu hdnh vi vi pham tai Dieu Muc A khoan 2 Cdng udc Paris la sau khi het thdi ban bdn ndm ke tu ngdy nop don xin cdp bang dgc quyen sdng che hodc ba ndm ke ttr ngay cdp bdng dde quyen sdng che, tuy theo thdi ban ndo ket thiic mudn hon.
Dieu 31 Hiep djnh TRIPS dd khong true tiep liet ke cac cdn cu BBCGQSDSC ma de cdc qudc gia thdnh vien quy djnh, nhung cd dua ra yeu cdu " Viee cdp phep sudung phdi duqc xem xet theo tinh hudng cu the"\ Ben canh dd. Hiep djnh quy djnh, cac nudc thdnh vien cd quyen cdp phep su dung sang che md khdng cdn su cho phep cua ngudi ndm gitf dgc quyen "trong tinh trang khdn cdp qudc gia hodc cdc trudng hqp dde biet cdp bdeh khdc hodc trong trudng hqp su dung vdo muc dich cdng cdng. khdng nhdm muc dich thuang mai'^. Tuy nhien, Hiep djnh TRIPS khdng liet ke cdc trirdng hgp dugc coi Id trudng hgp cdp bdeh hay sif dung vdo muc dich cdng cdng hay cac can ctr de xdc dinh cdc trudng hgp nay. Do dd, quy djnh tren dd tao dieu kien cho qudc gia thdnh vien, phti hgp vdi dieu kien ciia minh dugc quyen tu xae djnh cdc trudng hgp khdn cdp hay cac trudng hgp su dung vdo muc dich cdng cdng, phi thuong mai trong phdp ludt qudc gia. Ngodi ra, theo Hiep djnh TRIPS, bdt budc chuyen giao quyen su dung sang che con co the dugc ap dung ddi vdi nhtfng boat ddng bj co quan xet xif bode hdnh chinh coi la chdng canh tranh'' hodc trong trudng hgp nhdm sudung bdng sdng che phu thudc'°
Tai Viet Nam, Diiu 145(1) Ludt SHTT ghi nhdn bdn cdn cu ma bdt ky cd nhdn, td chifc ndo cd dii dieu kien theo quy djnh cua phdp ludt deu cd the nop don den co quan cd thdm
quyen de xin cap phep sif diing sdng che bdt budc. Cdc can cudd bao gdm:
1. Viec su dung sdng che nham muc dich cdng cdng, phi thuong mai, phuc vu qudc phdng, an ninh, phdng benh, chifa benh, dinh dudng cho nhdn ddn bode ddp ting cdc nhu cdu cdp thiet etia xa hdi. Cdn cir ndy dugc dua ra tren co sd cua Hiep djnh TRIPS nhung cd md rdng ban vd cung la cdn cudugc quy djnh trong phap ludt cua nhieu nudc, dac biet Id cdc nudc dang vd kem phdt trien. Vdi cdn cu ndy, viec BBCGQSDSC hodn todn xudt phdt tii nhifng tinh the cdp bdeh nhdm bao ve lgi Ich cua xa hdi vd lgi Ich cua nhd nudc chu khdng phai tif hdnh vi vi pham phdp ludt cua ngudi ndm giif dde quyen sang che.
2. Ngudi nam dgc quyen sir dung sang che khdng thuc hien nghia vu sir dung sang che sau khi ket thtic bdn ndm ke tii ngay nop don ddng ky sdng che va ket thiic ba ndm ke tif ngdy cdp Bdng dgc quyen sdng che. Nhu da phdn tich d tren, ddy Id cdn cii duy nhdt dugc ghi nhdn trong Cdng udc Paris 1883 vd dugc ghi nhdn trong phdp ludt nhieu nudc. Quy djnh ndy dugc dua ra dua tren quy dinh cua phap ludt ve nghia vu sir dung sang che ciia chii sd hiiu. Nhd nude cdng nhan va bao ve cac dgc quyen ciia ehu sd hiiu sang ehl trong thdi gian ludt dinh" va nhd nudc cung doi hdi vi lgi Ich cua xa hdi, mdi sang ehl dugc cdp bdng dgc quyen phai dugc khai thdc sir dung bdi chinh chu sd htfu sang ehl hodc ngudi dugc chti sd htfu sdng chi cho phep.
NIU trong mdt khoang thdi gian hgp ly ma ngudi ndm gitf dde quyin sdng ehl khong su dung sdng ehl thi ngudi ndm giu dgc quyen sdng chi da vi pham nghia vu su dung sdng che do dd nhd nudc bdng quyin lire
' Xem Dieu 31 muc a Hiep dinh TRIPS ' Xem Diiu 31 muc b Hiep dinh TRIPS
•* Dieu 31 khoan k Hiep dinh TRIPS '" Dieu 31 khoan 1 Hiep dinh TRIPS
'' Theo phap luat cac nude hien nay thdi gian nay thudng la 20 nam . . .
cua minh se bat budc chii sd htfu sdng che phai chuyen giao quyen sudung cho ngudi cd nhu cdu.
3. Ngudi cd nhu cdu sudung sdng che khdng dat dugc thoa thudn vdi ngudi nam dgc quyen sir dung sang che ve viec ky ket hgp ddng sir dung sang che mac du trong mdt thdi gian hgp ly da cd gdng thuong lugng vdi miic gid vd cdc dieu kien thuang mai thoa ddng. Dieu nay c6 nghia rdng, trudc khi dugc cdp phep su dung sang che bdt huge, ngudi cd nhu cdu da cd gdng thiet lap hgp ddng vdi chu sd htfu nhung khong thanh cong. Quy djnh ndy dugc dua ra nhdm muc dich ngdn chdn su lam dung dgc quyen cda chii sd htfu sdng che.
4. Ngudi nam dgc quyen su dung sang che bj coi Id thuc hien hdnh vi ban che canh tranh bj cam theo quy djnh eua phdp ludt ve canh tranh. Can cu ndy the hien moi quan he chat che gitfa Ludt canh tranh vd Ludt SHTT trong qua-trinh bao hd quyen SHTT. Thdng qua viec cap cho chu so htfu bdng dgc quyen sang che, nha nudc dd cdng nhdn cho chii the ndy cdc doc quyen doi vdi sdng che vd bao ve cac quyen do. Ngugc lai, dp dung Ludt canh tranh ttfc Id ha nudc sir dung cdc cdng cii dac thti de kiem scat, ban che sir lam dung dgc quyen ciia chii sdhthi CO thi gdy thiet hai cho xd hdi.
Phdn tich cdc cdn cir tren cho thdy cd hai ly do chinh de cd the cdp phep bdt budc chuyen giao quyen sif dung sdng che. Thu nhdt, vi lgi Ich cua qudc gia bode lgi Ich ciia cdng dong trong nhtfng trudng hgp dac biet. Thii hai, co sir vi pham phdp ludt cua chti sd htfu sdng che, nhu khong su dung sdng che trong thdi gian phap ludt quy djnh, vi pham cdc quy djnh ciia phap ludt ve canh tranh hodc su lam dung dgc quyen cQa chti sd hthi sang che. Nhu vdy dd CO su cdn nhdc gitfa lgi ich ciia chti sd htfu sang che va lgi Ich cua xd hdi trong viec dua ra tung can ctf va quylt dinh BBCGQSDSC chi cd the dugc dua ra dua tren nhtfng cdn ctf dugc quy djnh chat che trong phdp ludt qudc gia.
Ben canh dd. phdp ludt Viet Nam cung nhu phap ludt quoc te'^ vd cdc nudc diu khdng djnh ngudi ndm dgc quyen su dung sang chi co quyen yeu cdu chdm dut quyen su dung khi cdn cii bdt buoc chuyen giao dugc phdp ludt quy djnh khdng cdn ton tai vd khong co kha ndng tdi xudt hien vdi dieu kien la viec chdm dut quyen su dung do khong gdy thiet hai cho ngudi dugc chuyen giao quyen su dung sang che.
Tbu bai, vi$c bit budc chuyen giao quyen su dung sing che pbii tuan tbu cic diiu ki$n dirqc phip luat quy dinb
Dieu kien BBCGQSDSC thuc chdt Id nhirng quy djnh nhdm ban che toi da thiet hai md chu sd htfu sang che cd the phai gdnh chju trong viee chuyen giao sang che theo quyet djnh bat buoc. Mac du viec chuyen giao ndy khong phu thudc vdo y chi cua chu sdhuu sdng che nhung nhd nudc vdn bao ve cdc quyen vd lgi Ich chinh ddng cho chu sd htfu sang che. Ddy chinh Id sir thl hien rd net nhdt nguyen tdc cdn bang lgi Ich gitfa chu sd htfu sdng che vd lgi ich etia xd hdi. Hiep djnh TRIPS cting nhu phap ludt cdc nudc deu quy djnh cu the cdc dieu kien BBCGQSDSC. Cdc diiu kien ndy thudng bao gdm:
1. Quyin su dung duqc chuyen giao phii thuqc dang khdng dqc quyen.
Diiu kien ndy dugc quy djnh trong Dieu 5 muc A diem 4 Cong udc Paris, Dieu 31 diem d vd diim e Hiep dinh TRIPS. Tai Viet Nam, diiu kien nay dugc quy djnh tai Diem (a) Dieu 146(1) Ludt SHTT.
Phdp ludt thifa nhdn hai hinh thuc chuyen giao quyin su dung sdng che co ban Id hinh thiic chuyen giao dgc quyen vd hinh thifc chuyen giao khong dgc quyen. Vdi hinh thuc chuyIn giao dgc quyin thi trong pham vi va thdi han chuyIn giao. ben dugc chuyen quyen
'= Xem Diiu 5 muc A diim 4 Cdng udc Paris, Dieu 31 diim g Hiep dinh TRIPS
dugc dgc quyen sudung sdng che. ben chuyen giao quyen khong dugc ky ket hgp ddng su- dung sang che vdi bdt ky ben thtf ba ndo vd chi dugc su dung sang che dd neu dugc phep cua ben dugc chuyen quyen. Trong khi do, voi hinh thtic chuyen giao khdng dgc quyen thi trong pham vi va thdi ban chuyen giao quyen sudung.
ben chuyen quyen vdn cd quyen su dung sang che, quyen ky ket hgp ddng su dung sang che dudi hinh thiic khdng dgc quyen vdi ngudi khae. Muc dich ciia viec BBCGQSDSC khdng phai nhdm tudc quyen sdng che ciia ngudi ndm quyen ma nhdm phuc vu lgi Ich cua xd hdi, cua nhd nudc hay Id bien phdp che tdi ddi vdi cdc hdnh vi vi pham phdp ludt ciia ngudi ndm quyen. Do dd, de ban che thiet hai cho ngudi ndm quyen ddi vdi sdng che, viec sif dung sdng che trong BBCGQSD phai Id hinh thiic sudung khdng dgc quyen. He qua tdt yeu ciia quy djnh ndy Id quyen sudung sdng che trong BBCGQSD phai khdng the chuyen nhugng dugc.
2. Quyin sir dung duqc chuyen giao cbi duqc gidi ban trong pham vi va thdi ban dii de' dap ung muc tieu chuyen giao.
Ddy Id khoang thdi gian vd pham vi su- dung cdn thiet de Ben nhdn chuyen giao thuc hien nhtfng hdnh vi cu the nhdm dat dugc muc dich cua viec chuyen giao. Dieu kien ndy dugc quy djnh trong Dieu 5 muc A diem 4 Cdng udc Paris, Dieu 31 diem d vd diem c Hiep djnh TRIPS. Tai Viet Nam, dieu kien nay dugc quy djnh tai Diem (b) Dieu 146(1) Ludt SHTT. Khi cdc cdn cir cho viee bdt budc chuyen giao quyen sudung sang che khdng cdn ntfa vi du nhu su chdm dtft hdnh vi vi pham cua chii sd htfu hodc ngudi ndm giif dgc quyen sang che, nhu cdu cdp thiet etia xd hdi dd dugc ddp ung, cdc nguy co gdy thiet hai nghiem trgng cho cgng dong khdng cdn tdn tai... thi tat yeu viee BBCGQSDSC phai dugc chdm dut.
3.Cbi duqc cip phep BBCGQSDSC chu yiu di" cung cap ebo tbi trirang noi dia cua Thinb vien cap phep'^
Ddy la diiu kien dugc quy dinh trong Dieu 31 ciia Hiep djnh TRIPS. Tuy nhien cac nudc dang vd kem phat trien cd quan diem cho rdng viec bao hd quyen SHTT d nhifng tieu chudn rdt cao nhu TRIPS se tang vj the doe quyen ve kinh te eho cdc nudc phdt trien va gdy them khd khdn cho cdc nudc dang va kem phdt trien. Dac biet yeu cdu cua Hiep dinh TRIPS ve viec md rdng bao hd sang che den dugc phdm ldm cho da sd ngudi ddn khdng ed du tien mua thudc vd ldm tdng cdc vdn de ve bao ve sue khde trong cdng dong ddn cu. VI du, nhieu nudc dang phdt trien tai Chdu Phi ngdn sach y te vdi mue chi tieu hdng ndm ehua tdi llUSD/ngudi. Tai 38 nudc tren the gidi, chi tieu cho dugc phdm dudi 2USD/ngudi/ndm'"'. Vdi sir nd lire ciia cdc nudc dang vd kem phdt trien, Dieu 31(f) ciia Hiep djnh TRIPS da dugc xem xet, bd sung bdi Tuyen Bd DOHA ngdy 14/6/2001 vd Quyet djnh thi hanh khoan 6 cua Tuyen bd DOHA ngdy 30/8/2003 vd dd bd sung bdi Diiu 31 Bis ciia Hiep djnh TRIPS ngay 6/12/2005'^ Dilu 31bis Hiep djnh TRIPS vd phu luc cua Hiep djnh TRIPS dugc thdng qua cung Nghi djnh thu sua ddi Hiep djnh
" Dilu 31 khoan f Hiep dinh TRIPS
" Tac ddng cua cac Hiep dinh cua WTO doi vdi eac nudc dang phat trien, tai lieu cda Van phdng liy ban qudc gia vl hap tac kinh tl quoc tl va Uy ban thuOTig mai qudc gia Thuy Dien, tr. 205-206
" Dilu 31bis Hiep dinh TRIPS dugc thdng qua ngay cung Nghi dinh thu sua dd'i Hiep dinh TRIPS theo quyet dinh cua Dai hdi dong TRIPS ngay 6/
12/2005. Theo quylt dinh tren, Nghi dinh thir nay dupc md cho cac nudc thanh vien den ngay 01/12/
2005 va cd hieu luc theo quy dinh cua Khoan 3 Dieu X Hiep dinh WTO. Tuy nhien. quylt dinh ngay 18/12/2007 eua Hdi ddng TRIPS da keo dai thdi han nay den ngay 31/12/2009. Do dd Nghi dinh ihu sua dd'i Hiep dinh TRIPS ciing Dilu 3Ibis hien nay chua cd hieu lire.
TRIPS theo quyet dinh cua Dai hdi ddng TRIPS ngdy 6/12/2005. Theo quylt djnh tren, Nghj djnh thu ndy dugc md cho cdc nudc thanh vien den ngay 01/12/2005 vd cd hieu lire theo quy dinh cua Khoan 3 Dieu X Hiep djnh WTO. Tuy nhien, quyet djnh ngdy 18/
12/2007 cua Hdi ddng TRIPS dd keo ddi thdi han ndy din ngdy 31/12/2009. Do dd Nghj djnh thu sifa ddi Hiep djnh TRIPS cting Dieu 3Ibis hien nay chua cd hieu lire.
Nhtfng sua ddi, bd sung tren dugc coi Id nhtfng thdnh cong rdt ldn sau rat nhieu nd luc cua cae nudc thdnh vien WTO la nhtfng nudc dang vd nudc kem phdt trien cho viec giai quyet cac vdn de siic khde edng ddng trudc tinh hinh dich benh ngdy cdng tang d nhifng nudc ndy. Theo cac vdn ban tren, viee cap Li-xdng cudng birc trong linh vuc dugc pham vi sue khde cdng ddng khdng chi gidi han d viec cung cdp eho thi trudng trong nudc ma dugc md rdng den viec xudt khdu den cac nudc thdnh vien khdng cd ndng lire hodc khong CO ndng lire ddy dii cho viec san xudt dugc phdm tif Li-xdng cudng btfc vdi nhtfng dieu kien dugc quy djnh chat che. Muc 2 Quylt djnh ngdy 30/8/2003 cua WTO vl thi hanh Khoan 6 ciia Tuyen bd DOHA ve Hiep djnh TRIPS vd'sife khde cdng ddng, Muc 2 phu luc cua Hiep dinh TRIPS '" dd ghi nhdn dieu kien de thdnh vien cd dii dieu kien nhap khau" cd the sir dung Li-xdng cudng biic Id phai gifi mgt thdng bao din Hdi ddng TRIPS, trongdd:
- Ghi rd ten va sd lugng cdn dugc dap ling ciia san phdm'^;
- Xae nhdn thdnh vien nhap khau khdng dil hay khdng co kha ndng san xudt nhtfng dugc phdm dugc de cap den theo mdt trong nhtfng each thirc dugc thiet lap trong phdn phu luc cua Quylt djnh nay; vd
- Xdc nhdn rdng, viec cdp hay cd y dinh cap Li-xdng cudng biic ddi vdi mdt san phdm dugc dd dugc bao hd sang che tai thj
trudng ndi dia (ciia thdnh vien ndy) phdi phd hgp vdi Dilu 31 eua Hiep dinh TRIPS vd nhtfng quy djnh cua Quylt djnh ndy".
Li-xdng bdt budc dugc cdp bdi thanh vien xuit khau theo Quylt djnh ngdy 30/8/2003 vd theo quy djnh tai Diem b Muc 2 cua Phu luc cua Hiep djnh TRIPS nay phai dap iing nhtfng dieu kien sau:
- Chi trong han muc cdn thiet ddp ung nhu cdu eiia (nhtfng) thdnh vien cd du dilu kien nhap khdu co the dugc san xudt theo li-xdng vd phdi gitf dugc tinh trang nguyen ven cua quy trinh san xudt dugc xudt khdu den (nhtfng) thdnh vien da thdng bdo nhu clu cua hg den Hgi dong TRIPS;
- Nhtfng san phdm dugc san xudt theo Li- xdng cudng bifc phai cd ddu hieu de nhdn dang mgt each rd rdng nhu san phdm dugc san xudt theo quy djnh trong Quyet djnh ngdy 30/8/2003, theo quy djnh ciia Dieu 31 bis Hiep djnh TRIPS thdng qua nhdn hieu hay ddu hieu cu the. Nhtfng ngudi cung cdp cdn phdn biet nhtfng san phdm ndy thdng qua each ddng gdi cu the vd/bode mdu sdc/hinh dang cu the ciia cdc san phdm md su phdn biet ndy ed thi nhdn biet dugc vd khdng cd su anh hudng ddng ke len gid ca; vd
- Trudc khi viec gdi hdng len tau dugc bit diu, ngudi dugc cdp li-xdng phai thong
"• Xem Diem a Muc 2 Phu luc cua Hiep dinh TRIPS ban hanh kem theo Nghi dinh thu sua ddi Hiep dinh TRIPS
" Nhung thdng bao chung quy dinh thdng tin dupe ddi hdi theo diem nay ed the dupc thuc hien bdi nhimg to chuc dia phuong (khu vuc) phQ hop vdi khoan 6 eiia Quyet dinh nay vdi tu each la nhirng thanh vien ed du dilu kien nhap khSu su dung he ccr ehl ma la eac ben vdi hp, vdi thda thuan etia nhirng ben dd.
" Thdng bao se dupe lam mpt each cdng khai cd hieu luc (cd gia In) bdi Td'ng thu ky cua WTO thdng qua mpt trang web ciia WTO dupc danh rieng cho Quyet.dinh nay.
'"* Khoan dudi nay khdng lam anh hudng den Dilu 66.1 eua Thda thuan TRIPS.
bdo len website^" thdng tin sau day:
+ Sd lugng dugc cung cdp den mdi dja diem dugc de cap den trong don ddt hdng (in indent); vd
+ Nhung dde diem phdn biet cua san pham dugc de cap den trong don ddt hang (in indent);
Thdnh vien xudt khdu phai thdng bao-^' den Hdi ddng TRIPS viec cdp li-xdng, bao gdm ca nhtfng dieu kien dinh kem theo nd".
Thdng tin dugc cung cdp se bao gdm ten vd dia ehl cua ngudi dugc li-xdng, (nhung) san phdm dugc cdp Li-xdng cudng biic, sd lugng dugc cdp, qudc gia hodc nhifng qudc gia dugc cung cdp san pham va thdi gian ed hieu lire cua quylt djnh BBCGQSDSC. Thdng bdo cQng nen chi ra dja chi ciia website dugc de cap den trong khoan (b)(iii) d tren.
3. Ngudi dirqc chuyen giao quyin su diing khong duqc chuyen nbuqng quyin dd cho ngudi khic, trd trudng bqrp cbuyen nbirqmg cung vdi ca sd kinh doanb cua minh vi khong duqc cbuyen giao quyin sir dung tbu cip ebo ngudi kbac.
Dieu kien ndy dugc quy dinh trong Dieu 5 muc A diem 4 Cdng udc Paris, Dieu 31 diem e Hiep djnh TRIPS. Tai Viet Nam, dieu kien ndy dugc quy dinh tai Diem (c) Dieu
146(1) Ludt SHTT.
Dieu nay cd the dugc ly giai dua tren nguyen tac cdn bdng Igi Ich giifa chii sd hifu sang che va lgi Ich ciia xd hdi va dua vao
( I t i'lf :f:r 'j'.^
^° Ngudi duac cap li-xang cd the sir dung website rieng cda hp cho mue dich nay hoae, vdi sir giup dd cda Tdng thu ky WTO, tren trang web cda WTO dupe danh rieng eho Quyet dinh nay.
-' Dieu nay dugc hieu la thdng bao nay khdng can duxTc su chap thuan (phe chuan) bdi mdt CCT quan cua WTO de sir dung he thdng (each thirc) theo Quyet dinh nay.
-- Thdng bao dugc thiie hien cdng khai thich hop bdi Tdng thu ky WTO thdng qua mdt trang web cda WTO dirpc danh rieng eho Quyet dinh nay.
gia tri phap ly cua bdng dgc quyen sdng che, viee BBCGQSDSC phai dam bao rdng, sau khi thuc hien sir cudng che chuyen giao quyen su dung sdng che, chti sd hiiu van tiep tuc Id chu the nam dde quyen ddi vdi sang che. Dgc quyen ndy khdng the dugc ben nhan chuyen giao trong BBCGQSDSC chuyen nhugng quyen dd cho ngudi khdc ma khdng duqc sir ddng y ciia chii sd hifu. Mat khdc, dudi gde do su dung sang che vi cdng ddng, mac dii nguyen tac "uu tien lgi Ich xd hdi"
dugc xem la quan trgng, nhung sir van dung nguyen tac nay van chiu sir rang budc vdi nhiing nguyen tac can bang lgi Ich gitfa chti sd hifu sdng che va lgi Ich ciia xa hdi. Do dd, ben nhan chuyen giao khdng the cd them dac quyen chuyen nhugng lai quyen sudung sang che da dugc chuyen giao.
4. Ngudi duqc cbuyen giao quyin sir dung pbii tri cho ngudi nim dqc quyin mqt khoin tiin din bQ tbda ding.
Dieu kien nay dugc quy dinh trong Dieu 31 diem h Hiep dinh TRIPS. Tai Viet Nam, dieu kien nay dugc quy dinh tai Diem (d) Dilu 146(1) Ludt SHTT.
Tiiy theo quan diem khdc nhau ciia cac chinh pbli ma tinh thda dang nay se dugc xae dinh cu the khdc nhau. Vi du tai Nhat ban, khoan tien den bu dugc xdc dinh trong pham vi tii 2-8%, trong khi dd miic din bu trung binh la 4% vd 5% thudng dugc sudung tai Canada va My^\
Vdi cac nha lap phdp Viet Nam, khoan tien den bti dugc xae djnh dua tren cac co sd: gia tri kinh te ciia quyin sii dung dd trong tung trudng hgp cu the va khung gia din bii do Chinh phu quy dinh. Day la hai co sd dugc dp dung chung cho tit ca cac trudng
-' Musungu, Sisule F. and Oh Cecilia. The Use Of Flexibilities In TRIPS By Developing Countnes: Can They Promote Access To Medicines?. 08/2005 ( w w w . w h o . i n t / i n t e l l e c t u a l p r o p e r t y / s t u d i e s / TRIPS_flexibiliue.s/en/index.html).
hgp BBCGQSDSC vd khong cd them co sd nao bd sung cho tung trudng hgp dac thii nhu chuyen giao vi cdng dong, phi thuong mai hay nhdm che tdi ddi vdi chti sd htfu.
Theo Hiep djnh TRIPS, trong trudng hgp BBCGQSDSC nhdm ngdn chdn sir lam dung ciia ngudi ndm dgc quyen thi lugng tien den bu con tuy thuoc vdo muc do cdn thiet phai chdn chinh cdc boat ddng chong canh tranh.
Theo Dilu 24 Nghj djnh 103/CP ngdy 22/9/
2006 quy djnh chi tiet vd hudng ddn thi hanh mot so dieu ciia Ludt SHTT ve SHCN, gid den bu ddi vdi quyen su dung sdng che bj chuyen giao theo quyet djnh bat budc dugc xae djnh theo gid trj kinh te ciia quyen su- dung dugc chuyen giao, tren co sd xem xet cac yeu to sau ddy:
a) Gid chuyen giao quyen su dung sdng che theo hgp dong;
b) Kinh phi ddu tu de tao ra sang che, trong do phai xem xet den phdn kinh phi dugc hd trg tif ngdn sach nhd nudc (neu cd);
c) Lgi nhudn thu dugc do su dung sdng , che;
d) Thdi gian hieu luc cdn lai etia van bdng bao hg;
d) Muc do cdn thiet ciia viec chuyen giao quyen su dung sdng che;
e) Cdc yeu td khdc true tiep quyet djnh gia trj kinh te cua quyen sudung dugc chuyen giao.
Tuy nhien, khung gid den bti Id khdng vugt qua 5% gid bdn tjnh cua san phdm dugc san xudt theo sdng che, vdi dieu kien bao dam nguyen tdc quy djnh tai khoan 1 Dilu 24 Nghj djnh 103/CP.
Nhuvay, mac du quylt djnh BBCGQSDSC dugc dua ra bdi co quan nhd nudc cd thdm quyen khong phu thudc vdo su cho phep cua chu so hiiu sang che, nhung viec BBCGQSDSC phai tudn thii cdc dieu kien dugc quy dinh bet sue chat che trong cdc dieu udc quoc te vd trong phdp ludt qudc gia chinh
Id nhdm co gang hdi hoa lgi ich cua chu sd htm sdng che^va lgi ich ciia xd hdi.
3. KfiT LUAN
Dudi goc do phdp ludt qudc tl, bit huge chuyen giao quyen sudung sang chi lan diu tien dugc dua ra bdi Cdng udc Paris 1883 vl sd htfu cong nghiep vd dugc phdt trien bdi Hiep djnh TRIPS va dugc coi la nhung "quy dinh linh boat" md Hiep djnh TRIPS ddnh cho cdc nudc dang phdt triln. Quy djnh cua Hiep djnh TRIPS vl BBCGQSDSC dugc coi Id mgt trong nhifng no luc thdnh cong cua cdc nudc dang phdt trien vd nhifng nudc kem phat trien.
Viee dua vdn de bao hd quyen SHTT vdo vong ddm phan Uruguay Id sdng kien cua cac nudc phdt trien. chii yeu Id Hoa Ky vd EU nhdm that chat viec bao hg quyen SHTT vd giai quyet cdc xung dot ve SHTT tren binh dien chinh sdch thuang mai da phuong.
Cdc nudc dang phdt trien dd thdt bai trong viec phan doi dua van de SHTT vdo vong ddm phdn Uruguay. Tuy nhien. cac nudc dang phdt trien dd gidnh dugc nhifng su uu ddi nhdt djnh. do Id ve giai doan chuyen tiep va quy djnh ve BBCGQSDSC vd mgt sd uu ddi kbac. Khdng dung d dd, cdc nudc dang phdt trien vd kem phdt trien nd luc tim kiem cdc giai phdp nhdm bao ve quyen tiep cdn dugc phdm vdi gid re hon cho cdng chiing.
Vdi nd luc tren, ngdy 30/8/2003, quyet djnh thi hdnh Khoan 6 cua Tuyen bo Doha ngay 14/11/2001 vl Hiep djnh TRIPS vd stfc khde cdng ddng dd dugc ban hdnh nhdm md rdng viec d p phep bit budc doi vdi viec sdn xudt dugc pham xuit khdu den nhung thj trudng cua nudc thdnh vien khdng du ndng luc san xuit. Do do, quy dinh ve BBCGQSDSC trong Hiep djnh TRIPS vd cdc vdn ban lien quan Id mdt cdng cu hieu qua nhdm cdn bdng quyin Igi cua cdng chting vdi van de bao hd quyen SHTT
Doi vdi Viet Nam, Id mdt nudc dang phdt
trien va phai ddi mat vdi nhieu vdn de ve stfc khde etia cdng ddng nhu djch ciim gia cdm, dai djch ciim HlNl, HIV, ung thu...
trong khi gia thudc chua benh dang d mu-c rit cao thi chi djnh BBCGQSDSC Id mdt CO hdi rdt ldn cho chiing ta trong viec san xudt hodc nhap khdu thudc cd gid phai chang trong giai quyet cdc vdn de y te cdng ddng.
Xem xet thuc tien d mdt sd nudc cho thdy viec sir dung hieu qua quy djnh ve BBCGQSDSC da ldm tdng kha ndng rit ldn ddi vdi viec stf dung thudc chtfa benh cho cdng chiing. VI du, tai Malaysia, trong ndm 2003, chinh phu nudc nay dd tdn dung quyen ciia Chinh phu su dung sdng che nhdn danh Chinh phti de yeu cdu cdc ddm phdn giam gid thudc vd den ddu ndm 2004 gid thudc Combivir cua GlaxoSmith-Kline giam 80%, Lamivudine giam 67% vd Zidovudine giam 53% so vdi gid ndm 2001-''.
Tuy nhien, de tan dung nhtfng co hdi dd, chiing ta cQng phai ddi mat vdi khdng It khd khdn. Mdt trong nhifng khd khdn dd Id su dam bdo ve mat phdp ly vd su van dung cd hieu qua nguyen tdc cdn bdng quyen vd lgi Ich cua chu sd htfu sdng che vd lgi Ich ciia xd hdi. Rd rang vi lgi Ich ciia xd hdi, khdng ehl the hien d cdc nhu cdu cdp thiet ve dinh dudng vd siic khde, ve phdng benh, chtfa benh hay cdc nhu cdu xd hdi cdp thiet khdc md cdn the hien ca d viec trdnh sir lam dung dgc quyen eiia ehu sd hifu, dam bao su van hdnh ciia thj trudng theo nguyen tdc canh tranh lanh manh quyet dinh ve BBCGQSDSC mdi dugc ban hanh.
Mac du vdy, ngay ca trong nhifng trudng hgp nay, cdc quyen vd lgi Ich chinh ddng ciia chu sd hiiu van can dugc bao ve mdt cdch thich dang nhdm thu hiit ddu tu va khuyen khich su sang tao. Tuy tif khi xdy dung cdc quy dinh BBCGQSDSC den nay, thuc tien tai Viet Nam chua cd bdt ky trudng hgp nao sang che bj chuyen giao theo quyet
djnh bit bude. Viet Nam cung nhu cac nudc dang phdt triln khdc khdng the khdng sir dung "edng cu" BBCGQSDSC de bao ve an ninh, qudc phdng, su dn djnh kinh te - xd hdi, chinh trj ciia dan tdc minh.
Trong khi Hiep djnh TRIPS ddnh rit nhiiu quy djnh linh hoat eho cdc nudc thdnh vien khi quy djnh vln dl BBCGQSDSC trong phdp ludt qudc gia, tii quy dinh ve cdn eir dln dilu kien chuyen giao quyen den muc din bu vd each thiic den bii cho chu sd hifu din viec xdc dinh co quan cd thdm quyen d p gidy phep bat budc, trinh tu, thii tuc cho viec d p phep... The nhung Ludt SHTT Viet Nam va cdc vdn ban hudng dan thi hanh chiing ta cdn qua It quy dinh ve vdn de nay.
Chiing ta cdn thieu quy dinh ve trinh tu thii tuc tiep nhdn don yeu cdu cap gidy phep bat budc chuyen giao quyen sii dung sang che, quy djnh hudng dan ve ndi dung don yeu cdu cap gidy phep bat budc chuyen giao quyen sir dung sdng che, trinh tu thii tuc ra quylt djnh BBCGQSDSC... Chinh vi vdy, chiing ta phai tiep tuc xdy dung vd hodn thien Ludt SHTT ndi chung vd che djnh BBCGQSDSC ndi rieng trong dd nguyen tac cdn bdng lgi Ich gitfa chii SHTT va lgi Ich ciia xd hdi phai dugc dac biet chii trgng vd phai dugc the hien rd net hon trong cac quy dinh cua phdp ludt. •
-" Xem; The use of flexibilities in TRIPS by developing counUies; Can they promote access to medicines? u. 46