Tir CIAI PHONG MIEN NAM, THONG NHAT TO OUOC DEN HOI NHAP OUOC TE
v o KIM CirONG'
1. Dpc l a p d a n t o e , thd'ng n h a t da't ntfdc - cd sd n e n t a n g c u a t i e n t r i n h hoi n h a p quo'c t e
Cupc Tong tie'n cong vfi noi dfiy miia Xuan nam 1975 dupe md mfin bang Chie'n dich Tay Nguyen (tfl ngfiy 10-3-1975 de'n ngay 24-3-1975) da nhanh chong gifinh dUde thang ldi vdi vific giai phdng hoan tofin Thi xa Buon Ma Thupt (ngay 11-3- 1975) vfi sau do lfi sU thfio chay cua quan dpi Sai Gon khdi cac tinh Playcu, Kon Tum.
Dfi'n ngfiy 24-3-1975, dia bfin Tay Nguyfin rgng ldn da dfldc giai phdng hofin tofin. Sau thang ldi nay, Quan giai phong tifi'p tuc md chifi'n dieh tai dia bfin Hufi'-Dfi Nfing (tfl ngfiy 19 dfi'n 29-3-1975) vfi cung da nhanh chong gianh thang ldi. Nhflng chifi'n t h i n g t h i n to'c va ve vang dd da da d i y quan doi Sfii Gon vao tinh the' tuyet vpng. Tifi'p dfi'n, tfl dau t h i n g 4-1975, eae binh dofin chu lUc theo hfldng tie'n ve Sfii Gdn dfi giai phdng eic dia phfldng Phan Hang, Binh Thuan, Binh Tuy, Xufin Loc, dfinh chilm Bfi Ria.
Cuoi thfing 3 nfim 1975, chie'n dich giai phong Sfii Gon, ndi dat tru sd eua eac ed quan d i u nfio eua chinh quyfi'n Nguyen Vfin Thieu da b i t dau dflde chuan bi theo
t u tudng chi dao "Thdn to'c, tdo bgo, bdt ngd, chdc thdng". Ngay 14-4-1975, Bo Chinh tri quyfi't dinh dat tfin "Chie'n dich Ho Chl Minh" cho trfin tong tfi'n cong giai phong Sfii Gdn - Gia Dinh. Ngfiy 26-4-1975, cupc tie'n cong vfio Sfii Gon bat dau vdi sU phoi hdp hiep ddng chfit che cua nfim canh quan ehu lfle ciing cfie luc Ifldng vu trang dia phUdng va sU giup sflc cua quin chung ndi day. Tfl ngay 26 de'n ngfiy 28-4, Quan giai phong da tieu diet mpt bp phan quan trpng Iflc Ifldng dich tren tuyen phong thu vong ngoai Sai Gdn va nhanh chong xifi't chat vong vay xung quanh thanh phd.
Ngay 30-4, vdi sfl hiep ddng chie'n da'u ciia cae lfle Ifldng chinh quy, eac lfle Ifldng biet dong, tfl vfi kfi't hdp vdi sfl noi day cua quin chung, Quan giai phong da than tdc thpc sau, nhanh chong chilm Dinh Dpc lap, Bp Tong tham mflu va Khu Bp tfl lenh cae binh ehung quan dpi Sai Gon, Bifit khu thu do va Tong nha eanh sat, san bay Tan Sdn Nha't, Dai phat thanh... Tong tho'ng vfla nham ehfle Dfldng Van Minh phai tuyfin bd d i u hang khong dilu kien. Dung 11 gid 30 ngfiy 30-4-1975, cd cich mang da tung bay tren ndc Dinh Dpc lap. Trong the tifi'n cong
• PGS.TS. Vifin Sfl hpc
Tir giai ph6ng mi&i Ram, adng nhat To qude.., t h i n toe do, tfl ngfiy 30-4-1975, ddng bfio vfi chifi'n si d m i l n Ddng Nam B6 vfi ddng bang song Cflu Long da ddng loat tie'n cong vfi ndi dfiy. Ngay 1-5-1975, tofin bd lanh thd dfi't lifi'n mien Nam Viet Nam da dfldc giai phdng. Vdi thfing ldi cua Chiln dich Hd Chi Minh, n h a n dan Viet Nam da hofin thfinh sfl nghi$p giai phong dan tpc, giai phong mien Nam, thdng nhfi't To qude; dfi't nudc Viet Nam hoan toan dUdc dpc l^p.
Vdi t h i n g Idi trong Chifi'n dieh Hd Chi Minh mua Xuan 1975, n h a n dfin Viet Nam da hofin thfinh eupe each mang dan tpc dan chu trfin pham vi ca nflde: dan tpc dUdc dpc lfip, To qudc dflpe thdng nhfi't. Tfl thdi diem nay, dan tpc Viet Nam bfldc sang mpt thdi ky mdi - thdi ky xfiy dflng vfi phfit trien dfi't nflde gifiu manh d l c6 the "sdnh vai vdi cdc ci^fng qudc ndm ehdu".
Cd the tha'y, viec giai phdng mien Nam, thdng n h i t To quo'c da trd thfinh tie'n d l d l Vifit Nam gia nhfip to chflc hfing d i u vfi quan trpng nhfit ciia cpng ddng qude te; do la Lifin hdp qudc ( t h i n g 9-1977). Mac d i u tfl trflde Viet Nam da tflng ed nguyfin vpng gia n h i p td chflc nfiy, nhflng khi dfi't nflde con bi chia cat, bdi canh trong nflde vfi qud'c te' chfla t h a t t h u i n Idi nfin Viet Nam chfla t h i tham gia. Trong ca mpt thdi gian dfii dfi't nflde bi thfle dan P h i p do hp, mpi vific giao lflu qudc te' chinh thfle eiia Vifit Nam diu do Phap quye't dinh; eae mdi quan hfi vdi thfi' gidi dfi'u phu thupe vfio chinh quyen thUc dfin. Sau khi Cach mang t h i n g T i m thfinh cfing, ea nudc lai tifi'p tyc cupc trfldng k^ khfing chifi'n chdng thuc dan P h i p . Tfl sau Hi$p dinh Gidnevd (nam 1954), mdi chi c6 mien B i c gifinh dflpc dpc Ifip, con mifi'n Nam lai chiu sU 1^ thupe vfio dfi' quo'c My.
Trong trfit tfl t h i gidi hai cflc, Viet Nam da cd rfi't n h i l u nd lfle d l dfit quan hfi vdi eae nflde xa hpi chu nghia (XHCN) vfi nhie'u nflde t h i gidi thfl ba cung nhu tu ban chu
nghia (TBCN), nhflng cic t h i Iflc thu dich da chdng pha lai nguyen vpng ciia Vifit Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa. Dfi'n sau khi giai phdng mifi'n Nam, hai mifi'n da trd thanh mpt quoc gia thdng nhfi't vfi dpc Ifip vdi su ra ddi cua Nha nude CHXHCN Viet Nam, thi tfl thdi dilm do, dfiu cic t h i lUc thfl dieh vdi nhifi'u mflu mo xao quyfit eung khfing the ngan can sfl gia nhfip ciia Viet Nam vfio to chQc ldn nha't cua cpng ddng qudc tfi' - Lien hdp quo'c.
Vdi sfl kifin giai phong miln Nam, thdng nhfi't To qude tie'n d l de Viet Nam hfldng ra eae nudc khu vUc Dong Nam A dfi hinh thfinh. Dfl lufin cac nudc trong khu vUc da ddi chifi'u, mudn hpp t i e vdi Viet Nam; va trong thfle te hp da di theo xu hUdng nhfl Thii tudng Thai Lan Chatichai Choonhavan Iue bfi'y gid da tuyfin bd: "Bien Bong Biicfng tii chidn tnidng thdnh thi triidng". Die'u nfiy cung cd nghia la mue tieu cua eae nudc ASEAN mong mud'n hudng tdi hdp tfie vdi Viet Nam va dd Ifi ed sd thufin ldi dfi Viet Nam b i t tay vao tie'n trinh hpi nhfip khu vflc.
Nhfl vfiy, CO the noi rfing, de eo t h i di theo eon dfldng p h i t trien nhu hifin nay thi d i u tifin phai xua't p h i t tfl ye'u tdchu quan, CO nghia chinh tfl nhu eau eua npi tai da't nudc. Trong giai doan trUde khi giai phdng mien Nam, muc tifiu hfing d i u ciia cieh mang nUdc ta dupe khfing dinh vfi theo dudi Ifi gianh dpc lap hofin tofin cho da't nUde, giai phdng mifi'n Nam khdi sU lfi thupc vfio de' qudc My, thdng nhfi't giang sdn ve' mpt mdi, de trfin cd sd do xay diing mpt dat nUde Viet Nam gifiu manh, phdn vinh vfi di theo con dfldng p h i t t r i l n mfi Dang da Ifla ehpn. Nhfl vfiy, de phat trien vfi hpi nhfip vdi qudc te mpt each tofin difin, trflde tifin phai co dpc Ifip dan tpc, phai co tu chu tuyfit ddi, hoan toan; eon neu nhfl vfin phai ehiu Ie thupc vfio bfi't ky mpt ehu
Rghien cihi luch sit, sd 4.2Q15 the nfio thi khong thd noi dfi'n hpp tac va
hpi nhfip. Ddl vdi moi mpt chu the Ifi qudc gia thi vfi'n de toi quan trpng d i u tifin lfi Ipi ieh qudc gia, ldi ich qude gia phai dfldc xfiy dijtng. Cling cd vfi bao vp tren n i n tang dpc Ifip d i n tpe. Nfi'u nhfl khdng cd dpc lfip dan tpc thi khong the nao ndi dfi'n Idi ich qudc gia. Dpc lfip dan tpc la nen tang ed sd d i u tifin d l xay dflng dfldng III hpi nhfip, tfl chu, md rpng quan he vdi ben ngoai vi muc tifiu xay dflng va phat trien quo'c gia-dan tpc hung cfldng. Sfl kifin lich sfl giai phong hoan tofin m i l n Nam, thdng nha't To qudc da mang Iai eho d i t nflde mpt ed hpi mdi, ed quyfi'n Ifla chpn con dfldng phat trifin eua dfin tpc Vifit Nam.
2. Q u a t r i n h h o i n h a p quo'c t e h i e n n a y la sfl t i l p nd'i c u a lich suf da'u t r a n h cfich m a n g v a t r u y e n t h o n g d a n t o e Viet N a m
Cpi ngudn cua hpi nhfip qudc t l , cd le dfldc hinh thfinh tQ rfi't sdm, gfin vdi sfl phfit trifin lich sii cua cfie qude gia-dan tpc trong giai doan phfit t r i l n tfl ban ehu nghia. Song thufit ngfl nay mdi chi dfldc sfl dung nhie'u tren the' gidi vfio euoi nhQng nam 50 ciia thfi' ky trflde. Mac d i u co n h i l u cieh d i n giai k h i c nhau nhung tUu trung
"hpi nhdp quoc td' la sfl tham gia cua mpt quo'c gia-dan tpc vao cic hoat dpng qude tfi', tQ da phUdng de'n song phfldng. Dflng trfin khia eanh ngfl nghia cua thuat ngQ nfiy thi cd thfi ndi "hpi nhgp qudc te" la mpt vfi'n de hoan toan mdi doi vdi Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, sau khi Dang vfi Nhfi nflde ta khdi dpng eong eupe "Boi mcH" vfi nha't la tfl sau Chien tranh Ltinh, vdi sfl ket thuc eua trfit tfl hai cflc Yanta vfi sfl thay ddi sfiu sfic vfi toan difin efla tinh hinh the' gidi thi sQ c i n thie't cua vfi'n d l hpi nhfip qudc tfi' mdi trd nen c i n thifi't va ro ndt. Trong nhQng tfii lieu ehinh thflc cua Dang va Nha nflde Viet Nam, thufit ngfl nfiy l i n d i u tifin dupe de
cfip dfi'n trong Vfin Idfin Dai hpi Dang l i n thfl VIII (nfim 1996): "Xay dflng mpt nfi'n kinh t l md, hpi nhfip vdi khu vfle va thfi' gidi, hudng manh ve xufi!t k h i u , ddng thdi thay t h i nhfip khau bang nhQng san phim trong nUde san xufi't c6 hieu qua" (1).
Mac d i u vfiy, tren mpt ham y rpng hdn va muc tieu xuyen suot eua each mang Vi$t Nam thi hpi nhfip ciia Vifit Nam dfldi sU lanh dao cua Dang, nhfl da trinh bay 5 trfin, trflde h i t dfldc xay dflng tfl n i n mdng cua nfi'n dpc Ifip dfin tde. Chu tieh Hd Chi Minh khfing dinh: "Khong co gi quy hcfn dpc lap, tti do", n i n dfic lfip eiia qu& gia-dan tpc lfi trfin he't. "Bit co doi cd ddy Tnidng Sctn ciing phdi gidnh cho diicfc dpc lap ddn tpc". Dpc l^p la ne'n tang cd ban nhfi't cho Vipt Nam tham gia vao eae hoat dpng qudc t l , gia nh^p cac the che quoc te' va quan he vdi cpng ddng quo'c te'.
Trong tie'n trinh lanh dao cieh mang Viet Nam, Dang dat mue tieu dpe lap dan tpe Ien hfing d i u . Ta't nhien trong tifi'n trinh dd. Dang luon chu trpng tdi vifie gfin ke't hai vfi'n d^ ehu y l u la dpe lap dfin tpc vdi trfio Iflu each mang thfi' gidi; sflc manh dfin tpc kfi't hdp vdi sflc manh thdi dai. Vifit Nam phfi'n di.\x trd thfinh thfinh vien cua dai gia ^ n h cac nflde trfin the gidi, mudn hdp tfie vdi tofin the cac quoc gia. Dieu nfiy dfldc t h i hifin ro trong cic vfin kien cua Dang vfi Nhfi nUdc ngay sau ngay Caeh mang thfing Tfim nfim 1945 thanh cfing.
Trong bfle thfl gcti Tong Thfl ky Lifin hdp qude (thang 12-1946) Chu tieh Hd Chi Minh da nhfi'n manh: "Vifit Nam sfin sang thfle thi chinh saeh md efla vfi hpp tic trong mpi linh vflc" vdi cae nflde, "chip nhfin tham gia moi td chflc hdp t i c kinh te dfldi sfl lanh dao eiia Lifin hdp qude" (2).
Trong hai cupc chie'n tranh giai phdng, chdng thuc dfin Phap vfi dfi' quoc My, vdi muc tieu cao nhfi't lfi gianh dpe l|i^p dan tpc,
TiJr giAi ph6ng mien Ram. Bidng nhdt Td qude... 57 Viet Nam da nhfin dfldc sfl ung hp vfi giup
dd to ldn cua n h a n dfin vfi chinh phu eua nhie'u nflde tren the gidi, trudc tien la eae nflde XHCN, eac nude t h i gidi thfl ba, nhfin dan cfie nude TBCN, eae to chflc quoc tfi' va toan the lofii ngudi t i l n bp, yeu ehupng hoa binh. Cung trong q u i trinh do, Viet Nam khong ehi la thfinh vifin cua hfi t h i n g XHCN, lfi thfinh vifin cua Cpng ddng tfldng trp kinh tfi' (SEV), mfi cdn la thfinh vifin cua Phong trfio Khong lifin kfi't, eua nhieu td chflc van hoa, giio due... eiia Lien hpp qude.
Cupc ehien dfi'u gifinh dpc Ifip dan tpe cua nhan dan Vipt Nam khd di dfi'n t h i n g Ipi eudi Cling n l u khong cd sfl ung hp, giup dd dd tfl ben ngofii; Dong thdi day eung Ifi die'u kipn thufin I<?i vfi nhan td' khach quan cho dfi't nflde ehung ta d i y nhanh edng eupe hpi nh4p qudc t l hien nay.
Mfic du sau khi tho'ng nhfi't dfi't nflde, Vipt Nam dflng trflde nhieu khd khfin vfi thii thfich thfim vao dd lfi sfl cho'ng p h i cua ea thfl trong vfi giac ngofii. Cho nen cong cupc thflc hifin tifi'n trinh hpi nh^p nhifi'u lfle, nhifi'u khi bj gian doan, hi can trd. Hdn nfla, trong b l i canh trfit tfl hai cflc Yalta v i n cdn tdn tai, su doi d i u nhau giQa hai hfi thdng da t i c dpng khdng nho de'n tien trinh xay dflng vfi phat t r i l n eua nhan dan Vifit Nam. Sau dd, chung ta phai tifi'n hfinh hai cupc chifi'n t r a n h bifin gidi Tay Nam vfi phia Bie n h i m bao vfi chu quyin, lanh thd qudc gia eung vdi eupe chifi'n tranh trfin mat trfin tfl tfldng chong cic lue lfldng thu dich tfl ben ngofii hdng thay ddi the che' chinh tri eua Viet Nam. Nhflng dilu kien d6, c6 n h i l u luc da can trd bfldc tien eiia nhan dan Viet Nam trfin con dfldng xay dflng vfi phat t r i l n dfi't nudc.
Nfi'u nhfl nhin sau hdn vfio b l dfiy cua lich sii dfin tpc, chung ta d i u bifi't rfing, vdi nhflng truyen thong quy bau dfldc tich luy qua hfing ngfin nfim, Viet Nam dfi rut ra
dflde nhieu kinh nghifim xfldng m i u v l giao Iflu va md eiia; nhflng hfi qua tich cUc vfi ca tifiu cflc do qua trinh giao luu v i tie'p bifi'n vfin hoa, do viec md rpng cfie hoat dpng thfldng mai vdi cae nUdc trfin thfi' gidi dUa lai; eung nhU nhflng hfi luy do tfip quan
"khep kin" cua van hofi lfing xa, hay la do chinh sfich "dong cUa", "be quan tod cdn^' eua eac trie'u dai phong kie'n trong nhflng thdi ky lich sii nha't dinh gay nfin.
Trong tifi'n trinh lich sfl Viet Nam, d l dfing de nhfin tha'y rfing cic trifiu dai phong kie'n vdi tfl duy khfip kin da dfin de'n nhflng han c h l nhfi't dinh trong vific giao lUu vdi nflde ngoai. Co the ndi, v l tong the, Viet Nam trong mpt thdi gian dfii dflng yen trong vong xoay cua l l thoi tfl cung tU cfi'p, dong cfla doi vdi nhQng xu thfi' giao luu vfi hfldng ngoai. Tuy nhien, trong thuc te thi khfing phai luc nfio cung deu nhfl vay. Mae d i u CO sfl cfi'm dofin, c6 sfl can trd nha't dinh eu,a cic nhfi nudc phong kifi'n trung Udng, nhflng trong nhflng thdi diem nfio do, d nhflng dia phUdng nfio dd, vdi nhflng khia c^nh nhfi't dinh, Vifit Nam dfi tCfng thie't lfip dUdc nhQng mdi giad Iflu vdi the' gidi bfin ngofii, nhfi't Ifi trao ddi thUdng mai, giao luu vfin hoa. NhQng thUdng cang da dfldc xfiy dung, nhflng eon dudng budn ban trfin bien vfi tren bp da hinh thfinh trong suot chilu dai lich sfl da noi Ien tiln de cua vfi'n d l giao lflu hpi nhfip ciia Viet Nam trong lich sfl. Ne'u ehung ta khong tinh dfi'n sfl anh hfldng vfi giao thoa van hda, ton gifio d trfin vung dfi't vdn lfi chu quyin cua qude gia Dai Viet trflde day, ndi vo^n c6 sfl giao lflu vfi tifi'p bifi'n vfin hda vdi An Dp, vdi Trung Hoa vfi nhie'u nen vfin minh khae (va day Ifi dilm chii yfi'u, cd ban), vi dilu nfiy ai ciing nhin thfi'y ro va da dUdc nhilu nhfi nghifin cflu da tQng ban lufin trong vo sd eae eong trinh khoa hpe eua minh. Do vfiy, ehung toi xin khong de cfip thfim va chi bo sung vfio
Rghien eiiu Lich siSr. sd 4.2015 tien trinh giao lflu do vdi nhiing dia ban
con it dfldc chfl y. D6 la nhQng dia ban ma hien nay thupc ve chu quyfi'n eua Viet Nam, nhflng trong mpt thdi ky nfio do trong lich sfl dang nam ngoai ranh gidi Dai Viet. Nfi'u nhin ludt qua'vfio viing d i t phfldng Nam, va cu the hdn thi doi vdi lanh thd Champa hoae la sau hdn, vfldng qudc Phfl Nam tQ nhflng nam d i u thifin nifin ky trflde thi day eung lfi mpt minh ehflng ro rang. Cd the thfi'y anh hfldng cua van hoa An Dp dflde the hien ro net qua eie di ehi khao eo, qua cic di tich ton giio, qua eie bia ky ma de'n hifin nay vfin eon tdn tai. Dfi'y la nhiing minh chiing v l sU lan truyfi'n, pho bifi'n, hien dien cua Hindu giao mfi n l i bfit lfi efic giio phai Shiva va Vishnu dUdc eU dan ban dia du nhfip va ban dia hoa, Ifim cho cic Ioai hinh ton giio nfiy trd thfinh nhiing giao p h i i mang ban sac rifing cua dia phUdng.
Vifit Nam vdi eae nflde trong khu vUe co nhflng nfit tfldng ddng tren n h i l u mat: lieh sfl, vfin hoa, dia ly tfl nhifin, chung tpe, ton giio, trinh dp phat trien... D6 la nhflng ed sd hinh t h a n h va la die'u kifin phat t r i l n cho quan he gifla Viet Nam vdi eae nflde trong khu vflc noi rieng, vdi thfi' gidi noi chung. Nhin Iai tien trinh Hch sfl cua eae nflde trong khu vfle, ne'u nhu trflde day, cae nflde Dong Nam A lfi khu vuc ehiu sfl anh hfldng eua vfin minh Trung Hoa, van minh An Dp vdi sfl du nhfip cua Phfit gifio, Hdi giio. An Dp giao... dfldc hon dung vdi n i n tang van hoa ban dia, thi vao thdi efin dai lai eo them sfl tifi'p xuc, trao ddi vdi vfin minh phfldng Tay, vdi Kitd gifio... Nhflng nhfin to' nfiy da trd thfinh nfi'n tang cho vific giao luu hpc hdi cua nhan dfin Vifit Nam trong nhie'u thdi ky. Lich sfl da dfla ra nhie'u Vl du cu the trong vfi'n d l nfiy. Tfl rfi't sdm da xufi't hien nhifi'u trung t i m thfldng mai qudc tfi' Idn nhu Pho' Hifi'n (3), Thang
Long, Van Ddn, Hpi An (4), Hfi Tifin... vdi sfl trao doi thUdng mai va van hda gifla Viet Nam va nudc ngoai. N h i l u t r i l u dsti phong k i l n Viet Nam edn bay td mong mudn dfldc thiet Ifip quan hfi thfldng mai vdi cac nudc. Vi du, trong bfle thfl giii cho Tofin quyin Hfi Lan d Dai Loan ngay 24-7- 1649, chua Trinh da td y muo'n ngudi Ha Lan dfi'n buon ban d Dang Ngoai (5). Ngoai ra, n h i l u trilu dai ciing da cho ngudi ra nflde ngoai de hpe hdi eae ky thufit tien tifi'n, tifi'n h a n h cac thUdng vu mua ban eong nghfi/ky thufit de sau do ve nUdc nghifin cflu tifi'n h a n h cong viec due sung dai bac (vi du vao nam 1631 d Thufin Hda da thfinh lfip mpt xfldng due sung dai bic vdi khoang 100 ngfldi thd. Ky thuat due Sling ciia ngudi Phfldng Tay dfldc ap dung nfin "phao dpi cua cac chua Nguyen da- trfldng thfinh vfldt bfie") (6), dong thuyg'n ddng, md ra eic nganh nghe san xufi't mdi...
Tuy rang, nhflng eong viec nhu vfiy cdn qua it di, nhflng nguyen vpng cua dfin chiing van luon dflde nuoi dfldng.
Mae d i u nhu e i u giao lflu hpi nhfip cua Viet Nam p h i n nhieu it dupc eae trieu dinh phong kie'n c h i p nhfin, nhflng nhflng sfing kie'n v l vfi'n de nay cua dan chiing, nhfi't la tang ldp tri thflc, cung dfi ehflng td tim quan trpng cua nd. Cd t h i Iiy vi du trfldng hdp Nguyin Trfldng Tp (1828-1871) Ifim vi du dien hinh eua vfi'n de nfiy. Lien tuc trong vdng 10 nfim Nguyen Trfldng To da lien tiep giii Ifin t r i l u (finh Hufi' 58 ban die'u t r i n nham cha'n hflng da't nflde vdi phfldng cham tang efldng giao lflu hpe hdi tfl bfin ngoai. Nguyen Trfldng Tp da 'Tdidng mpt mdi" nham pha vd "bfle tfldng lac hfiu kinh khiing v l hpe vfi'n, ve khoa hpe, sfl mu mSm trong dau cac quan Iai eao cfi'p, ke ea dfi'ng ehi ton" cua t r i l u Nguyin (7).
Bfing each "thdu tom tri khdn cua thien hg 500 ndm nay" (8), Nguyin TrUdng Tp da
Tir giii ph6ng m i ^ Ram, thdng nhat Td quQc...
nhieu l i n di nghi t r i l u dinh quan tfim d i n vific md mang bufin ban trong nUde vfi giao thfldng vdi nflde ngofii, mdi eac eong ty nflde ngoai den giup khai thae tai ldi, sfla ddi thue khofi lfim sao cho "niidc gidu ddn cUng gidu"... Tuu trung, ong khuyen trie'u dinh nen hpc theo eon dfldng eic nude dang trai qua de chfi'n hUng dfi't nudc. Ngoai ra de tfing cfldng sfle manh qude gia trflde nguy ed xam lupc cua thfle dan Phap, ong de xua't e i n chinh ddn quan dpi, cd chinh sach Uu tien binh sy, nghien cflu d l bifin soan binh phap, dfio tao si quan, tfing cfldng mua s i m khi gidi, t i u thuyfin hifin dai, xay dflng cac tuyfi'n phdng t h u ea d thanh thi Ifin ndng thfin... (9).
Sau khi Phap dfit xong ach do hp thuc dan, nhfi nudc phong kifi'n Viet Nam khong cdn giQ dUde vai trd dpe Ifip cua minh trong quan hp qudc te', Ilnh vflc nay hoan toan do thfle dfin P h i p chi phoi, quyfi't dinh. \ ^ thfi', vfi'n de giao Iflu vfi hpi nhfip eOia Vifit Nam khong cdn nam trong tay eiia t r i l u Nguyen;
khi khong con dpc lfip dan tpe thi khong the nao ndi de'n vfi'n d l giao lflu va hoi nhfip.
Viet Nam vfla phai bupc nam trong vong xofiy eiia mdi quan he gifla Phfip vdi eae nude Idn ndi chung, vfi gifla Phfip vdi tflng nflde trong khu vfle ndi rieng. Dieu nay dfi.
d i n dfi'n hfiu qua hai ehilu cua qua trinh giao lflu vfi hpi nhfip: vfla phai chiu sfl le thupc vfio P h i p , ddng thdi sfl xfim nhap cua Phap trfin mpt goe dp nao dd cung cd the ndi da dem lai nhflng cd hpi mdi chd Vifit Nam bfldc vfid the gidi. Hifip Udc nam 1874 giQa Phfip vfi t r i l u Nguyin quy dinh gifi'u 3) mpi quan he thfldng mai gifla Vifit Nam vfi nflde ngoai deu phu thupc vfio nUdc Phap (10). Nhfl vfiy, eon dfldng cd ban vfi chu ye'u cua thdi bfi'y gid de giao Iflu-hpi nhfip vdi the gidi hoan tofin bi Phap kho'ng che'. Tuy nhifin, chung toi cung ddng tinh vdi y kifi'n eho r i n g vdi sfl xam Ifldc Viet
Nam, P h i p da tQng bfldc "bifi'n thi trUdng Dong Dfldng (mpt bp phfin khfing khit ciia thi trfldng Dong A) t h a n h mpt thi trfldng phu thupc vao he thdng dfi' qude chu nghia Phfip" (11). Dilu nay cung eo thfi la dieu kien de n i n kinh tfi' Viet Nam nhan bifi't, tifi'p xuc vdi sfl vfin hfinh eua he thdng kinh te the' gidi. Sfl khfic bifit lfi nam d chd do:
thong qua Ifing kinh khach quan de tie'p cfin the' gidi.
3 . Dflcteg 16'i h o i n h a p h i e n n a y Sau khi tifi'n hfinh cong cupc Doi mdi, qua trtnh giao lUu va hpi nhfip eua Viet Nam vdi the' gidi ben ngofii ed nhflng bfldc chuyen bien manh me ca v l lUdng vfi chfi't.
Nhin nhfin sfl thay ddi eua tinh hinh thfi' gidi, Dai hpi VI da khang dinh rang: "Mpt dfic dilm ndi bfit cua thdi dai l i cupc each mang khoa hpc-ky thufit dang difin ra manh me, tao thfinh budc p h i t trifin nhay vpt ciia lUe lUpng san xufi't va day nhanh qufi trinh qude te' hoa lue Ifldng san xufi't"
(12). Tuy r i n g lue nay chfla d l cfip cu the de'n k h i i niem toan ciu hda vfi hpi nhfip quo'c te, nhflng vdi khfii niem qudc te' hda vfi tham gia vfio sfl phan cong lao dpng quo'c te'. Dang da nhfi'n manh den tinh tich cflc eua qua trinh quo'c tfi' hda vfi Viet Nam e i n thie't phai md rfing, tfing cudng hdp tfie qudc te'. Dang chu trUdng: "Phai tham gia sfl phan eong lao dpng qude tl..., tranh thu md mang quan he kinh tfi' vfi khoa hpc-ky thufit vdi efic nude thfi' gidi thfl ba, cfie nflde cong nghifip p h i t trien, eic to chflc qudc te vfi tu nhan nflde ngoai trfin nguyen tfie binh dfing eung co ldi" (13).
Tie'p de'n Dai hpi Dang l i n thfl VII vfi Cudng linh nam 1991 da cd nhQng difi'u chinh ldn trdng quan he doi ngeai eua Viet nam. Viet Nam da ed nhflng bfldc dpt p h i trong quan he ddi ngoai, tang cfldng giao Iflu vfi hdp tfie vdi bfin ngdfii di c6 t h i tfin
Rghien a h i Ijcfa siS-. sd 4.2015 dung thfinh qua cua each mang khoa hpe -
cong nghfi tren t h i gidi vfio cong cupc xay dflng va phat trien da't nflde mpt each cd hieu qua nhat. TQ phfldng cham "them ban, bdt thu", Vifit Nam da bfldc sang giai doan
"mud'n iam ban vdi ta't ea eae nflde trong cpng ddng the' gidi, p h a h da'u vi hda binh, dpc lfip va p h a t trien" (14). Cu the hda npi dung nay Van kien Dang chi ro: sfl can thie't phai "md rpng, da dang hoa va da phfldng hda quan he kinh te doi n ^ a i trfin nguyen tac gifl vflng dpc lap chu quyin, biiih dang va eung co ldi" (15). Nhfl vay, co the thay sdi ehi dd xuyfin sudt trong qua trinh doi mdi tfl duy la vaji d l dpc lap dan tpc, do ia nguyen t i c tdi thfldng cua dfldng ldi phat trien hfldng tdi hpi nhap quoc te ciia Viet Nam. Cupc Tong t i n cdng mua Xuan n a m 1975 la hoan thanh sfl menh gianh doe lap dan toe va trong giai doan tifi'p theo la cung ed dpe lap dan tpe, dfla da't nflde phat trien len mpt tam eao mdi.
Trfin nen t a n g ciia tu duy mdi, ngay sau khi Chifi'n tranh Lanh k i t thue, vdi viee giai quyet xong van d l Campuchia, Viet Nam binh thfldng hda quan he vdi cac td ehfle tin dung quoc te' nhU vdi Quy tifi'n tfi quoc te - IMF, Ngan hang The gidi - WB, Ngan hang phat trien chau A - ADB (thang 10-1993). Tiep den, Viet Nam ehmh thfle binh thudng hoa quan he vdi My ( t h i n g 7- 1995), ky k i t Hifip dinh khung hdp tac vdi cpng ddng ehfiu Au (thfing 7-1995) va gia nhap ASEAN (thang 7-1995) vfi nhanh chdng ky kfi't t h a m gia Hifip dinh thfldng mai tfl do ASEAN (AFTA). Vdi nhflng sfl kifin nay, co t h i khfing dinh rang, Vifit Nam da hofin toan bfldc r a khdi bao vay eain van, bfit dau tie'n trinh hpi nhap khu vuc vfi qudc te, tfl hpi n h a p kinh te' dfi'n hpi nhfip tofin dien v l kinh te', chmh tri va van hda-xa hdi.
Dfic bifit va d i l n hinh lfi sU kifin Viet Nam gia n h a p ASEAN. Tfl t h i n g 7-1992, Viet Nam chinh thflc ky Hifip fldc Bah, trd t h a n h quan sat vifin cua ASEAN. Hea ngfiy 17-10-1994 Viet Nam gfli ddn s i n gia nhfip ASEAN va vfio ngay 28-7-1995, Viet Nam trd t h a n h thfinh vien thfl 7 eua td chflc nfiy.
Day la mpt cpt moc quan trpng, danh d i u sfl khdi dau ciia qua trinh Viet Nam tham gia hpi nhap khu vflc va qudc t l trong giai doan mdi. Sfl kien nay la ket qua ciia mpt q u i trtnh no lfle ed gang tfl hai phia Viet Nam va ASEAN vi ldi ich eua ea hai ben vfi phu hdp vdi xu thfi' khu vflc hda va toan ciu hda dang difin r a m a n h me va soi dpng tren the' gidi.
Sfl kifin gia n h a p ASEAN mang y nghia quan trpng trong tien trtnh khdi dpng hpi nhfip qudc tfi'cua Vifit Nam. Bdi vi:
Thti nhdt, vific gia nhfip td chQc nay gop p h i n nang cao vi thfi' qaoc te eila Vifit Nam tren trudng quoc td. V l mat IHnh te, Viet Nam dupc cpng ddng quoc te thfla nhfin vdi tfl each la thfirih vien d i y dii ciia mpt td chflc khu vuc. La thfinh vien chinh thfle, Viet Nam se c6 nhieu thufin Idi trong viee dam phan, giai quye't cfie vfin de an ninh vdi cae quoc gia cd hfin quan.
Thli hai, viec gia nhfip ASEAN tao dilu kien cho Viet Nam ciing eo moi trudng an ninh khu vflc. Day lfi l i n d i u tien Vifit Nam tham gia mpt to ehfle chinh tri khu vflc d Dong Nam A. Sau hdn 30 nam hoat dpng, t h a n h tflu ldn n h a t cua ASEAN la dfi giQ viing dflpe hda binh va on djnh giiia cac nUde thfinh vifin. Cd dfldc t h a n h tflu tren lfi do nguyen t i c giai quyfi't eae tranh chfi'p mpt each hoa binh, khong can thifip vfio cong vifie npi bp ciia nhau, khong cho phep mpt bfin thfl ba sfl dung lanh tho chong lai mpt trong cac nflde thanh vifin cua ASEAN.
Cac nguyfin tfie nay da dUdc the chfi' hda
Tir giii ph6ng nAia Ram, thdng nhat T6 qude...
thfing qua Diin ddn an ninh khu viic (ARF). Tham gia ASEAN, Vipt Nam sfi cd dflde mpt vfinh dai hda binh vfi on dinh.
ThU ba, viec gia nhfip ASEAN giflp Viet Nam dat dfldc mpt sd difi'u kifin thufin lpi ve mat kinh te'. Sau khi mfi't di thi trudngj truyfi'n thong la Lifin Xo va Ddng Au, Vifit Nam eoi ASEAN la thi trudng ldn nhfi't cua minh. Ngflde Iai, Viet Nam eung trd t h i n h thi trfldng xufit k h i u va d i u tu hfi'p dfin doi vdi eae nUdc thfinh vifin khae.
Tha tu, gia nhfip ASEAN, Vifit Nam se cd dupe nhflng kinh nghifim bflde d i u quy gia trong hdp tfie da phuong, la mpt bflde tiln len hpi nhfip qudc t l s i u rfing.
Vdi viec dua ra khfii nifim hpi nhdp qudc (Strong vfin kifin ehinh thfle eua minh, Dai hpi Dang I i n thfl VIII (nam 1996) da nha'n manh v l sfl e i n thifi't phai "... day nhanh qud trinh hpi nhgp vdi kinh ti'khu viic vd thd gidi". Hpi nghi Trung Udng l i n thfl 4 khda VIII ciia Dang lam ro thfim nguyfin tie hpi nhfip qude tfi' eua Viet Nam Ifi "tich cUe va chii dfing tham nhap va md rpng thi trUdng qudc te", "chii dpng c h u i n bi cic dilu kifin c i n thie't v l can bfi, lufit p h i p vfi nhfi't la ve nhflng san pham mfi ehung ta co kha nfing canh t r a n h de hpi nhfip thi trudng khu vfle vfi thi trUdng qud'e tl*', "tie'n hfinh k h i n trUdng, vflng chac vifie dfim p h i n hiep dinh thfldng mai vdi My, gia nh^p AFEC va WTO. Co k l hoach cu the de chii dpng thflc hien cam ke't trong khuon khd AFTA" (16).
Budc sang nhflng nfim d i u eua t h i ky XXI, trong bdi canh chung cua tofin the gidi, tinh hinh khu vUc da cd nhieu thay ddi quan trpng. Chinh vi vfiy, dudng Idi cua Vipt Nam cung cd nhiing sfl difi'u ehinh eho phu hdp vdi thuc tien k h i e h quan. Trfin nfi'n tang dfldng ldi da d l ra tfl thdi ky trUdc Cling nhfl phan tich ky vfi mpt efieh khfich
quan sfl thay dfii nhanh chdng cua mdi trfldng qudc t l , Dai hpi Dang I i n thfl IX (thfing 4-2001) da tifi'n thfim mpt budc mdi vdi phudng cham "Vifit Nam san sang lfi ban vfi Ifi ddi t i c tin efiy cua tfi't ca cfie nflde trong cpng ddng the gidi". Dai hpi khfing dinh: "Chu ddng hpi nhfip kinh tfi' quo'c tfi' vfi khu vfle theo tinh t h i n phfit huy toi da npi Iflc, nang cao hieu qua hdp tfie quo'c te', dam bao dpc lfip tfl chu va dinh hfldng XHCN, bao vfi ldi ieh dan tpe, an ninh qudc giai gifl gin ban s i c van hda dan tpc, bao ve moi trudng" (17). Dfi'n Dai hpi X cua Dang (nfim 2006), Vifit Nam edn hfldng tdi mue tifiu la ehu dpng hpi nhap kinh tfi' sfiu hdn vfi d i y du hdn vdi cic t h i che' kinh te' tofin ciu, khu vflc vfi song phUdng, Ifi'y phuc vu Idi ieh dfi't nude lfim muc tifiu cad nha't.
Nghi quye't Dai hpi X ghi ro: "Thuc hifin nha't q u i n dUdng Idi doi ngoai dpc lfip t u ehu, hda binh, hdp t i e vfi phfit triln; chinh sach ddi ngdai rfing md, da phfldng hda, da d^ng hda cfie quan hfi quo'c tfi'. Chu dpng vfi tieh cue hpi nhfip kinh tfi' qudc t l ddng thdi md rpng hdp t i c tren eie Iinh vue khfie"
(18).
Tren ed sd phan tich mpt each khfich quan v l dfic diem ndi bfit trong giai doan hien nay ciia thdi dai la "eie nudc vdi chfi' dp xfi hpi vfi trinh dp phat t r i l n khac nhau cung tdn tai, vfla hdp t i c vfla dfi'u tranh, canh tranh gay gat vi Idi ieh qude gia, dan tpe" (19), Bfio cao ehinh tri ciia Ban Chap hfinh Trung Udng k h o i X tai Dai hpi dai bieu tofin qudc l i n thfl XI da chi ro Vifit Nam ein phai: "ehu dpng v i tich eUc hpi nhfip qudc tfi'; lfi ban, dm t i c tin efiy va thfinh vien cd trfich nhiem trong cpng ddng quo'c te; vi lpi ich qude gia, dan tpc, vi mpt nflde Viet Nam xa hpi ehii nghia gifiu manh". Tfl xufi't phat diem dd, efic nhiem vu eu the dflpc dfit ra la; "Tham gia cfie ed chfi' hdp tac ehinh tri, an ninh song phUdng
Rghien eihi Lich siV. sd 4.2015 vfi da phfldng vi ldi ich qudc gia trfin cd sd
ton trpng cae nguyfin tfie cd ban eua lufit phap qudc tfi', Hie'n chUdng Lifin hdp qude.
Thflc hifin tdt eong viec tai cfie tfi' chflc qud'c tfi', dac biet la Lifin hdp qud'e. Tich cue hdp t i e eiing cfie nUdc, cac td chflc khu vue va qudc te' trong vific ddi pho vdi nhiing t h i e h thfle an ninh phi truyfi'n thdng, va nhfii la tinh trang bie'n ddi khi hfiu; sfin sang ddi thoai vdi cfie nude, eie td ehfle qude te' va khu vflc cd Uen quan v l vfi'n d l dan chu, nhan quyen; chu dpng, kien quyfi't diii tranh, Iam thfi't bai mpi am mflu, hanh dpng ean thiep vfio cong vifie npi bp, xam pham dpc lap, chu quyin, thdng nhfi't, toan ven lanh tho, an ninh quoe gia va dn dinh ehinh tri cua Vifit Nam" (20).
Tie'n xa hdn so vdi giai doan trUdc, Dai hpi l i n thfl XI eua Dang Cpng san Viet Nam da ehlnh thflc dfla ra quan dilm mdi dd la
"hpi nhgp todn dien". Dfic bifit, ddi vdi khu vflc, Viet Nam "ehu dpng, tich efle va ed traeh nhiem cung eic nflde xay dflng Cpng ddng ASEAN vQng manh, tfing cfldng quan hfi vdi cic ddl tae, tifi'p tue giQ vai tro quan trpng trong cae khuon khd hpp t i e d khu vfle ehfiu A - T h i i Binh Dudng" (21). Viet Nam hpi nhfip toan dien tren tinh t h i n chii dpng, tich efle va tie'n trinh hpi nhfip do khfing ehi gidi h a n trong linh vflc kinh tfi' ma md rpng sang eae Iinh vue khae nhfl an ninh, quoc phdng, ehinh tri, van hoa-xa hpi... vi ldi ich qudc gia.
Nhfl vfiy, hpi nhap la muc tieu, ddng thdi cung lfi nghia vu, traeh nhifim ma chung ta c i n phai tie'n h a n h . Do Viet Nam nhan thflc mpt each d i y du v l xu the' khach quan cua the gidi vfi nhu eau npi tai cua nen kinh te da't nudc nfin da ed sfl Ifla chpn chu dpng, tich ciic hpi nhgp. Ndi chung, quan diem hpi nhap cua Viet Nam lufin dfldc t r i l n khai thuc hien tren n i n tang: qufi trinh hpi nhfip qudc tfi' mfi chiing
ta tien hfinh chi la phfldng tien de hfldng tdi muc tifiu c h i n hflng vfi phat trien dfi't nflde; vfi hpi nh^p nhflng phai luon giQ vflng dpc lap dan tpe, bao vfi dflpc chii quyfi'n vfi Idi ich qudc gia. Dpc lfip dan tpc la muc tifiu vfi hpi nhfip la phfldng tifin de tifi'n d i n muc tifiu dd.
Hdn nfla, trong tinh hinh thfi' gidi diy bie'n dpng vfio thfip nien d i u cua the ky XXI thi qua trtnh hpi nhfip qudc tfi' eon gdp p h i n lfim tfing sflc manh an ninh, qude phong eua mdi quo'c gia-dan tpc; difi'u dd cd nghia lfi tang efldng vific bao dam dpc lfip vfi chu quyen quo'c gia-dan tpc. Hpi nhfip qude te se giflp cho cae nflde phat huy dupe tie'm lfle qude gia vfi cac dilu kifin quoc t l de xay dflng kinh t l Idn manh, tao dilu kifin p h i t trien van hda, xa hpi, lfim tifi'n d l vfit chfi't cho vifie tang cfldng qudc phdng, an ninh (22). Ddng thdi, hpi nhfip qudc te ciing tao ra yeu c i u mdi doi vdi qudc phdng, an ninh, bupc qudc phdng, an ninh eung phai ciing cd, phat t r i l n d l cd the dfip flng vdi nhflng ddi hdi ciia tinh hinh mdi. Mfic d i u hifin nay Viet Nam dang lfi nflde dang phat triln, tie'm lfle kinh te' chi mdi bfit diu dupe cac nflde chu y dfi'n nhflng thfing qua cic quan he doi tfie chie'n Ifldc eu t h i v l an ninh va qudc phong vdi mpt sd qude gia c6 the manh, t i l m nang nhfl Nga, Nh^t Ban, An Dp, Trung Qudc... do vfiy, Viet Nam co t h i dfla trfin nhQng Ipi t h i do d l nang t i m quan hfi hdp t i c ca v l b l rpng lfin chilu sfiu trong cfie Iinh vuc khfie, vdi nhilu nflde khfic. Hifin nay, Viet Nam da dfit quan hfi ddl t i e chifi'n Iflde va chifi'n Ifldc tofin difin vdi nhieu nflde phat trien nhfl Nga (2001),
^ 1 Dp (2007), Trung Qude (2008), Nhfit Ban vfi Han Qudc (2009), Anh (2010), Dflc (2011), Itaha, Phap, Indonesia, T h i i Lan (2013)..., trong do dfic bipt da thig't lfip quan hfi d6i t i c ehien lUdc vfi doi tfie tofin dipn vdi 5 nflde ldn la uy vien thudng trflc
T j giiu phdng mi&i Ram, thdng nbit Td qude.. 73 Hpi dong bao an Lien hdp qudc: Anh, Phap,
Nga, Trung Quoic vfi My (ddi t i e toan dien - 2013) (23).
Trflde dfiy, chung ta da tittig nhfi'n manh de'n t i m quan trpng cua vipc k i t hpp sflc manh dan tpc vdi y l u td thdi dai, vfi hifin nay dfic biet nhfi'n manh them va'n d l "phdt huy npi liic" eua da't nUde d l tie'n hfinh hpi nhfip qufi'c tfi'. Cfldng linh xay dflng da't nflde trong thdi ky qufi dp Ifin CNXH (bd sung, phat t r i l n nam 2011) da khfing dinh ro: "Kei hdp site mgnh ddn tpc vdi siic mgnh thdi dgi, site mgnh trong niidc vdi siic mgnh qudc td' (24). Do dd, hpi nhfip qude te'Ifi eon dudng duy nhfi't khong phai ehi dfinh rieng eho Vifit Nam mfi eon dfldng chung cua tfi't ca cic nflde, nhfi't Ifi efic nflde dang phfit trien; qua dd eac nflde nay se cd cd hpi de nang eao tifi'm Iflc qufi'c gia cua minh, hofic it nha't la khdng bi tut hfiu vfi day lfi ldi ieh Idn nhfi't mang tinh chifi'n Ifldc.
Nfi'u chflng ta khong ehi nhin vfio vifie tang cfldng va md rfing md'i quan he song phfldng vdi cac nflde (25), thi viec tham gia vfio cic t h i chfi' khu vflc vfi toan e i u trong thdi gian qua cung cd the minh chflng ro dupe muc tifiu v i ke't qua hpi nhfip qudc te cua Vipt Nam. Ngofii nhflng td chflc nhfl Lien hpp qudc, ASEAN, ARF nhfl da ndi d tren, Viet Nam cdn tham gia Cpng ddng kinh te chau A-Thfii Binh Dudng (APEC), Difin dan efi'p cae Dong A (EAS), tham gia tfch cflc v i cd trfich nhiem vfio cic ed chfi' eua ASEAN vdi ben ngoai nhfl ASEAN+1, ASEAN+3, Difin dan hpp tac A-Au (ASEM);
tham gia dfim phan vfi ky kfi't nhie'u hifip dinh thfldng mai tu do vdi nhie'u nflde va khu vi^e; nhfi't lfi dang tieh cU dam phfin de ky kfi't 2 hifip dinh mang t i m quan trpng dfic, bifit lfi Hipp dinh Ddi t i e xuyen Thfii
Binh Duong (TPP) vfi Hifip dinh Doi tfie hop t i c kinh t l khu vfle (RCEP). Vifit Nam, vdi t u cfich la thanh vifin, dang tich cue, ehu dpng va ed t r i e h nhiem trong tifi'n trinh xay dflng Cpng ddng ASEAN vdi 3 tru cpt, ehinh tri-an ninh, kinh te' va van hda- xa hpi.
Nhfl vfiy, ed t h i ndi, trfin nfi'n tang nhflng t h i n g ldi da gifinh dfldc trong sfl nghiep dfi'u tranh each mang, giai phdng mifi'n Nam, thd'ng nhfi't dfi't nflde, dudi sfl lanh dao eua Dang, nhan dfin Viet Nam ngfiy mpt vflng vfing bude di theo xu thfi' eua thdi dai vdi mpt 16 trinh hdp ly. Tfl cho ehu trUdng "them bgn, bdt thu.", dfi'n "da phiicfng hda, da dgng hoa cdc quan he qudc td' vfi tifi'p dd lfi "md rpng quan he doi ngogi, chu dpng vd tich ciic hpi nhdp qudc td', Viet Nam da tflng bUde pha vd thfi'bao vay cfi'm vfin eua cae lfle Ifldng thu dieh, hoa giai thanh eong nhflng trd ngai, thach thfle tren eon dfldng phat trien cua minh de ngfiy cang tie'n tdi hpi nhap sau rpng, tieh efle vfi tofin difin vdi thfi' gidi. Nhd vay, ke tfl khi dfi't nflde dflde thdng nhfi't dfi'n nay, Vifit Nam da gifinh dupe nhie'u thfinh tflu quan trpng trong vific giQ gin vfi eiing co' dpc lfip dfin tpe, bao ve ehu quyen quo'c gia, tfing eudng dUde vi thfi' eua qudc gia tren trfldng qude tfi' lfin mpt t i m cao mdi. Tuy nhifin, de diy manh hdn nfla tie'n trinh hdi nhap ciia dfi't nude, Nghi quyfi't 22-NQ/TW ngfiy 10-4- 2013 ciia Bp Chinh tri Ban Chfi'p hfinh Trung Udng cdn nha'n manh: "Chu dpng vfi tieh eUc hdi nhfip qudc tfi' lfi dinh hfldng chifi'n lupc ldn eua Dang nhfim thfle hien t h i n g Idi nhifim vu xay dUng vfi bid vfi To qude Viet Nam XHCN" bdi vi "hpi nhap qudc te lfi sfl nghifip cua tofin dan vfi cua ea he thdng ehinh tri" (26).
Rghien eijru Lich sir, sd 4.2015
CHU THiCH
(1). Dang Cong aan Viet Nam. Vdn kiin Bai hgi dgi bieu todn quae ldn thil VHI. Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, Hfi Npi, 1996, tr. 84-85.
(2). Ho Chi Minh, Todn tdp, tfip IV. Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, Hfi Noi, 2002, tr. 14-15.
(3). Ngudi Ha L a n da den buon ban t^i Dfing ngofii ta nfla d i u ih^\y XVII.
(4). Trong suot the ky XVII Hpi An trd thfinh thuong cang s^m ufi't, ndi hpi t u cua cfie thUdpng nhfin Bo Dfio Nha, Nhat Ban, Trung QuS'c...
(5), (6). Vi^n S i hoc. Lich sv! Viet Nam. Tfip IV (the ky XVII-XVHI). Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hpi, Hfi Noi, 2007, tr. 259, 647-648.
(7). T r i n Vfin Gifiu, LcJi m5 d i u ciia sfich Nguyin TrUdng Td-Con ngUdi vd di thdo ciia tfie gia: TrUcfng Ba C i n , Nxb. Tp. Hd Chi Minh, 2002.
http://www.vnmilitaryhistory.net/index.php?topic=
13703.0;wap2
(8). T h a n h Hai. Nguyin TrUcfng To vd khdt vgng canh tdn. http.//tuanvietnam.net/2010-02-09- nguy en-truon g-to-va-khat-vong-canh-tan
(9).
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_T r%C6%B0%E l%BB%9Dng_T%E 1%BB%99
(10), (11). Vipn Sfl hoc. Lich sv! viit Nam 1858- 1896. Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hfi Npi, 2003, tr.804- 805, 777.
(12), (13). Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam. Vdn kiin Dgi hdi VI. Nxb. Chinh tri Qud'c gia, Hfi Npi, 1987 tr. 34, 81.
(14), (15). Dang Cpng san Vi?t Nam. Vdn kiin Dgi hgi Vll. Nxb. Chinh tri Q u i c gia, Hfi Npi, 1991, t r . l 4 7 , 119.
(l6). Dang Cpng san Viet Nam. Vdn kiin Hdi nghi ldn thti 4 Ban chap khdnh Trung UOng khda VIII. Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, Hfi Npi, 1998, tr.60.
(17). Dang Cong san Viet Nam. Van kiin Dai hdi DC. Nxb. Chinh tri Qu6c gia, Bk Npi, 2001, tr.l20.
(18). Dang Cpng aan Vipt Nam. Vdn kiin Dai hdi X. Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, Hfi Npi, 2006, tr. 112.
(19). CUdng linh xay dUng dfiit nu6c trong thdi kS qufi do len CNXH ( B l eung, p h a t trien nfim 2011)
http://www.xaydungdang.org.vn/Home/vankientuli eu/Van-kien-Dang-Nha-nuoc/2011/3525/CUONG- LINH-XAY-DUNG-DAT-NUOC-TRONG-THOI- KY-QUA-DO-LEN.aspx.
(20), (21). Bdo cdo chinh tn cua Ban Chdp hdnh Trung Udng Bdng khod X tai Bai hgi dgi biiu todn quoc ldn thii XI cua Ddng.
http://www.xaydungdang.org.vn/Home/vankientuIi eu/Van-kien-Dang-Nha-nuoc/2011/3525/
(22). N g u y i n Xuan Thfing (chu bien). Dgc lap tu chu vd hgi nhap qudc tecua Viet Nam trong bdi cdnh mdi. Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hpi. Ha Npi, 2011, tr.75
(23). Cho den 2014, Viet Nam da t h i i t lfip dSi tac chien lU(^ d i y du vdi 13 nUdc, 2 d6i tfie chien ludc trong linh vi^c hep (Hfi Lan vfi dan Maeh) vfi mpt so d6i tac toan dien.
(24). Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam. Van kiin Dgi hgi XI cua Dang. Nxb. Chinh tri Qufi'c gia, Hfi Npi, 2011, tr. 4.
(25). Cho den nay Vipt Nam da thie't lfip quan hp ngoai giao vdi 180 nudc vfi c6 quan h% thUdtig mai vdi 200 qudc gia vfi vfing lanh tho, 43 nUdc cdng nhfin Viet Nam co quy c h i kinh te thi trUdng.
(26). Nghi quyet so 22-NQ/TW ngdy 10/4/2013 cua Bd Chinh trt vi hdi nhgp qud'c te. Bao Dipn tie
Dang Cpng sati.
http://123.30.190.43/tiengviet/tuheuvankien/vanki endang/detail8.asp?topic=191 &5ubtopic=279&lead er_topic=688&id=BT28111360095
