Nguyin Chi Tang, Pham VSn Hieu
Phat trien tif duy phe phan cho sinh vien thong qua day hpc phan Tam ii hpc dai cifdng
Nguyen ChJTang\ Pham Van Hieu^
' Email; chitarg_sp@yahoo com.vn ' Email; [email protected] TrKOig Cao fl^ng SU ptiam BS Ria - VDng Tiu 689 each Mang Tiiang TSm, ttiSnh pho Ba Ria, tirh Ba Ria - Vurg Ttii, Viet Nam
TOM TAT: Td duy phe phin cd vai trd het sdc quan trgng va can thiet doi vdl mdi ngudi noi chung vi ngddi hgc ndi rieng. Tuy nhien, nhdng nghien cdu vS su hinh thanh ra phit trien tu duy phe phin cho hgc sinh, sinh vien trong qui trinh day hgc van con ban che. Trong bai viet niy tac gii phin tfch va lim sing to mgt so vin dell luan cabin vS tuduy phe phin (Khii niem tuduy phe phin; fvJdt sd kT ning de phit trien td duy phe phin; Mot sd dau hieu chdng td sinh vien cd tu duy phe phin), ddng thdi dUa ra md hinh thiet ke bai day trong hgc phan Tam li hgc dai cUOng nham phit trien tu duy phe phan cho smh vien.
lis KHOA: Phat trien tu duy phe phan; tti duy phe phan; Tam li hqc dai cifdng.
•> Nhan bai 15/8/2019 -> Nhan ke't qua phan bien va chinh sila 20/9/2019 • • Duyet iJang 25/10/2019
1 . Dat van d e
Nghi quyet Hoi nghi Trung ucmg 8 khoa XI ve Doi moi can ban, toan dien giao due va dao tao (Nghi quyet so 29- NQ/TW) cua Dang da neu ro: "Doi moi can ban, toan dien giao due va dao tao la doi mcri nhimg van de Ion, cot loi, cap thiet, tu quan diem, tu tucmg chi dao den muc tieu, ngi dung, phuang phap, ea che, chinh sach, dieu Icien bao dam thuc hien". "Chuyen phat trien giao due va dao tao tir chu yeu theo so lugng sang chu trong chat lirgng va hieu qua, dong thoi dap iing yeu cau so lugng". De quan triet quan diem nay, Dang ta cQng da de ra nhiem vu, giai phap rat cu the, do la; "Tiep tue doi mcri manh me phucmg phap day va hpc theo huong hien dai, phat huy tinh tich cue, chii dgng, sang tao va van dung kien thiic, kT nang (KN) cua nguoi hgc, khac phuc loi truyen thu ap dat mgt chieu, ghi nho may moc. Tap trung day each hgc, each nghi, khuyen khi'ch ttr hgc, tao eo so de nguoi hge ty cap nhat va doi moi tri thuc, KN, phat trien nang lire". Nhu vay, doi moi phuang phap day hgc (PPDH) la mgt yeu cau biic thiet can dugc coi trgng trong mgi nha truang, trong hoat dgng ciia moi giao vien (GV).
Thuc tien viee doi moi PPDH trong nha truang hien nay da dugc trien khai, GV tieh cue hudng iing nhung hieu qua chua dugc nhu mong muon. Co khong it GV van truyen thu kien thiic theo loi truyen thong, mgt chieu, hgc sinh ITnh hoi tri thirc thu dgng. Doi moi PPDH khong chi van dung dugc PPDH hien dai vao trong nha truang ma dieu co ban la giup nguoi hgc tham gia hoat dgng nhan thiic tieh cue, dgc lap sang tao va biet each hgc. Trong qua trinh day hgc, GV phai chu y den cac phuang phap phat trien tu duy cho hgc sinh, dac biet la nhiing tu duy bac cao nhu tu duy phe phan (TDPP). Day la mgt viee Iam khong he de dang, doi hoi phai CO nhimg nghien ctiu, tim toi, iing dung va chia se kinh nghiem ciing dong nghiep. Xult phat tir nhijng li do tren, trong bai vi6t nay, chiing toi trinh bay viec doi mai phuang
phap giang day hgc phan Tam h' hgc (TLH) dai cuong nham phat triln TDPP cho sinh vien (SV).
2. Npi d u n g nghien eu'U 2.1. Cd si li luan ve \ti duy phe phan a. Khdi niim TDPP
Theo R, Ennis (1987), TDPP !a: "Su suy niem hgp li tap trung vao viec quyet dinh nen tin dieu gi hay lam dieu gi".
Mgt nguai co TDPP thuang: 1/ Danh gia do tin cay ciia cac nguon thong tin; 2/ Xae dinh ket qua, nguyen nhan va gia thiet; 3/ Danh gia chat lugng cua cac luan ehiing, bao gom ea su thiia nhan nguyen nhan, gia thiet va bang chimg; 4/
Phat tnen va bao ve quan diem ve van de; 5/ Dat nhiing cau hoi lam ro thich hgp; 6/ Lap ke hoach thuc nghiem va xem xet de cuong thuc nghiem; 7/ Xae dinh cac dieu khoan phu hgp voi ngii canh; 8/ Cong bang, khach quan, khong thien vi; 9/ Co gang thu thap day dii thong tin; 10/ Riit ra ket luan khi da dugc chimg thuc, nhung voi su than trgng [ 1, tr, 1 SO].
Paul va Scriven cho r5ng: TDPP la mgt ti6n trinh tu duy tieh cue va thanh thao trong viec khai niem hoa, phan tich, tdng hgp, va danh gia nhimg tin tire thu nhan dugc tir su quan sat hay do kinh nghiem, suy niem, li luan, hay giao tigp (voi cac ngudn tin khae) de huong dSn hanh dgng va su tin tuang. Richard Paul va Linda Elder dk ra mgt eau tnic CO ban vSn thuang dugc ggi chung la cau tnic Paul-Elder, cho viee giang day va dao tao KN TDPP, g6m ba phan- 1/
Phan tich tu duy; 2/ Danh gia tu duy; 3/ Cai thien lu duy [2], Eichhom (2014) dua ra dinh nghia: TDPP la mgt su tu duy CO ki luat, tu dinh huang, phan anh mgt trinh do cao vk KN va kha nang tu duy - tu duy vk su tu duy eua chinh minh trong liic suy tu dg lam cho su tu duy ciia minh tro nen tot hem [3].
Phan Thi LuySn da cong b6 mgt s6 cong trinh nghien ciiu ciia minh vk dk tai nay va tac gia da dua ra dinh nghTa:
"TDPP la tu duy co suy xet, can nhSc, danh gia va Hen he mgi khia canh ciia cac nguon thong tin vai thai do hoai
NGHIEN COTULfLUAN
nghi tieh cue, dua tren nhiing tieu chuin nhat dinh dk tim ra nhiing thong tin phii hgp nhat nhkm giai quyet cac vkn de datra" [4].
Tir viee nghien ctiu, tim hiSu cac khai mem vk TDPP tren day, ehiing toi nhan thiy, cac tac gia da d^ cap tai tinh tich cue, ki luat, su tin tuong va hoai nghi, sir suy xet, can nhlc, phan tich, tong hgp va danh gia trong khai niem. TiSp thu nhirng tu tucmg tren, chiing toi dua ra khai niem vg TDPP nhu sau lam khai nigm cong cu trong bai viet eiia minh:
TDPP la each nghT va lap luan logic tich cue, co ki luat su dung cac thao tac tri tug vao viec phan tich, tong hgp, danh gia su viee, xu huong, y tuong, gia thuygt... tir su quan sat, kinh nghiem, chting cii, thong tin, su suy xet, li le nham muc dich nhan thirc dung, chinh xae va khoa hge ve su vlt va hien tugng (diing - sai, tot - xau, hay - do, hgp li - khong hgp li, nen - khong nen, can - khong can, each duy nhat - nhieu each ...) va nit ra quyetdjnh, each irng xii cua ca nhan, nha do ca nhan dua ra quygt dinh phii hgp de giai quygt van dg tot nhat,
b. Mgt so KN dephdt triin TDPP
• KN quan sAt: KN quan sat la each nhin nhan hien tugng, su vat mgt each chi riet, co phan tieh va phuc vu cho muc dich ro rang. Khac voi quan sat thong thucmg, KN quan sat khong nhin mgi thu' mgt each ngau nhien, ma quan sat CO chii dieh, roi ghi nho, xau chuoi nhirng dieu lien quan de van dung giai quygt van de mgt each toi im va nhanh chong. Trong bat ki ITnh vuc nao deu doi hoi con nguai phai CO KN quan sat. Dg ren luygn KN TDPP cho SV, rlt cln toi KN quan sat, vi no giiip SV nhan ra ban chat van de nhanh chong, tir do co nhan thiic chinh xae, khoa hgc, dua ra nhung phuang phap, y tuang thieh hgp nhlt, Quan sat la mgt KN bai no khong don thuan phu thuge vao thi giae ma no con CO the ren luyen dg phat trien han nira. Va ren luyen eae KN mem trong do co KN quan sat se giup ich rat nhieu cho su phat trien cua ban than,
Cdch quan sdt de dgt hieu qua cao:
- Quan sdt di tim ra y nghia: Quan sat khong ehi la mo ta lai nhiing gi nhin thay ma phai di liSn vai su phan rich, binh gia dg tim ra y nghTa, gia tri cua chi tiet, su kien,
- Quan sdt phdi cd suy ludn, phdn dodn: Quan sat khong CO nghTa chi la nhin, trong ma la thay duoc sir vat, hien tugng. Quan sat khac voi hoat dgng nhin, trong vi quan sat CO su tham gia cua hoat dgng tu duy nhu: phan tich, tong hgp, suy luan, phan doan...
- Quan sdt trong su so sdnh: So sanh nhiing gi quan sat duge a sir vat, hien tugng nay vai su vat, hien tugng khae hoae so sanh vai ban than chiing trong cae thai diem, hoan canh, giai doan.,, khac nhau de lam noi bat ngn nhirng net dac s^c cua chiing. Chinh sir so sanh, doi chieu nay lam eho sir quan sat co chieu sau hon.
- Huy dpng cde gidc quan Irong quan sdt vd than trgng khi kit ludn: Quan sat phai co sir tap trung, chii y eao do.
Khi quan sat cln sir dung cac giae quan dg nhan biet eae dac digm, tinh chit rlt da dang cua cac sir vat, hien tugng.
- Lua chpn thai diem di quan sat bai vi nuat uvc^ -.
sat chi thuc hien dugc trong thai gian, khong gia" "^^ ^i^^i doan dien rign nhlt dinh nao do cua sir kien. Quan sat nen ket hgp vai cac phuang phap khae di dam bao dg tin cay va CO so phap li cho thong tin da thu thSp,
Cdc bu&c quan sdt thu thap thong tin:
- Buae thii nhlt: Phai xae dinh dugc mot each so bg (diach thg eiia quan sat, can chi ra nhirng dac trung, cac tinh huong va nhung digu kien hoat dgng cua doi tugng quan sat va nhirng bign doi eiia chiing.
- Buac thii hai: Phai xae dinh duoc thoi gian quan sat, dia digm va thai di6m d6 thuc hien quan sat, tho'i gian va each thiie tiep can voi doi tugng.
- Buac thii ba: Lira chgn each thiic quan sat. Can eii vao ngi dung quan sat, can cii vao tirng doi tugng quan sat eu thg va timg loai quan sat ma lua chgn cho phuang phap cho phii hgp dg thu thap thong tin.
- Buoe thii tu: Tign trinh quan sat thu thap thong tin.
- Buae thii nam: Thuc hien viec ghi chep thong tin tir quan sat.
- Buoe thii sau: Tign hanh kiem tra.
• KN thu thap thong tin: KN thu thap thong tin la biet thu thap thong tin co trgng tam, bao dam thu thap cac thong tin cln thiat, khic phuc tinh trang thu thap thong tin dan trai, thilu cac thong tin can thiet.
- Xdc dinh nhu edu bdo dam thong tin- Moi SV co nhu cau khac nhau doi vol van dg bao dam thong tin eho hoat dgng hgc tap, nghien ciru cua minh. Khi xae dinh nhu cau bao dam thong tin, can phai tra loi ddy dii cac cau hoi: VSn de dang giai quyet can co nhixng thong tin nao? Thong tin hien co eon thieu nhung ngi dung gi? Nhijng thong tin quan trgng nhlt de xii li van de?
- Xdc dinh edc kenh vd ngudn thdng tin: Tren co so xae dinh nhu clu thong tin, vigc xae dmh kgnh va ngu6n thu thap thong tin la buac tigp theo eua qua trinh thu thap thong tin. Ct day, chii the thu thap thong tin cln xae dinh ro thong tin se thu thap tir ngu6n nao. Nguon thong tin tren thuc tg CO the phan loai theo nhirng each tiep can khac nhau nhung tdng thg CO thg dugc chia thanh thong tin thir elp va so elp.
- Thiit lap hinh thuc vd che do thu thap thdng tin: Dgc va ghi chep; Viec thu thap thong tin thir clp gin lign v6i viec dgc va ghi chep tai lieu. Khi thu thap thong tin qua nguon thir cap can chii y kT thuat dgc va ghi chep, sao chup mgt phln hoae toan bg van ban, tai lieu. Viec sao chup van ban, tai lieu can dugc lua chgn khoa hge, xae dinh diing ngi dung can sao chgp dg thuan lgi trong qua trinh xii li, tranh su qua tai vi kh6i lugng tai lieu sao chup; Thao luan nhom dg thu thap thong tin; Th6ng kg s6 lieu, tinh ti lg, tinh xae suit; Quan sat, so sanh va d6i ehieu thong tin thu thap dugc eo tir nhigu ngudn khac nhau, phan loai, so sanh, phan tich trinh tu, nguyen nhan tac dgng, mo hinh. Khi phan loai so sanh, phan tich trinh tu, nguygn nhan tac dgng, md hinh cln chil y: Ngudn thong tin bat ngudn tir dau? Thdng tin co phan anh \k ciing mgt ddi tugng hoae vl cac ddi tugng co
u TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
Nguyen Chl TSng, Pham Van Hieu
dac diem tucmg ddng nhau khong? Thdng tin dugc thu thap blng kT thuat nao? Mirc do dang tin cay ciia cac ki thuat thu thap thdng tin?
• KN xu- li thong tin: KN xir li thong tin lit bigt xir li thdng tin chinh xae, khoa hgc dat hieu cao ddi vdi hoat dgng cua ca nhan,
- KNxir li thdng tin ticc thai: Trong hgc tap, eo trudng hop truoc nhiing thong tin vira thu nhap dugc, SV phai dua ra nhiing cau tra lai, nhiing quyet dinh va bien phap giai quyit cu thi, ngay tai thdi diem tigp nhan thdng tin ma khdng co thdi gian de nghign cim, xii li. Ddi vdi truong hgp nay, viec xu !i thdng tin cSn phai duge thuc hien chu dgng, tich cue dg cd the dua ra quyet dinh diing dan.
- KNxir li thdng lin theo quy trinh: Tap hgp va he thong hoa thdng tin theo timg van dg, ITnh vuc, Phan tich va kigm tra do chinh xae ciia cae thdng tin, ti'nh hgp li cua cae tai heu, sd lieu; Cung cap, phd bien thdng tin; Bao quan, luu hU thdng tin.
- Ung dung cdng nghe thdng tin trong xir li thdng tin.
•KN ra quyet dinh, lap ke hoach va giai quylt van de:
KN giai quygt van de va ra quylt dinh la mgt trong nhiing yeu to quan trgng dg dat duge thanh cong ma bat ki ai cung can phai biet. KN ra quygt djnh la mdt qua trinh lua chgn CO y thiic giija hai hoae nhieu phuang an dg chgn ra mgt phuong an, Dudi day la 6 budc de giai quyet vin di;
Bu&c 1: Phat hien van de, phan rich thdng tin, sa bg di ra nhiem vu,
Bu&c 2: Tun ra nguygn nhan.
Bu&c 3: De ra giai phap.
Bu&c 4: Chgn ra hudng giai quygt tdi uu (buae ra quyit dmh).
Bu&c 5: Lap ke hoach va rign hanh giai quyet van de.
Bu&c 6: Quan sat va danh gia chat lugng.
Vi du minh hga: Dgy chuang IV - Hoat flong nhan thirc
Khi day bai cam giac tri giac, de giiip SV hieu ro khai niem cam giae, dae digm cua cam giac, hau het giang vien khi d£iy deu tiin hanh mgt thi nghiem dan gian chii khong chi dung thuygt trinh, chang han thi nghiem nhu sau: Giang vien ggi mgt SV lgn tham gia thi nghiem, yeu clu SV d dirdi chii tam quan sat thi nghiem. Giang vign cho SV tham gia thi nghiem quay mat xudng ldp, dimg khan vai bit mat, yeu cau xde ban tay phai ra va dua ra trudc mat. Giang vien dat mdt vat (hdn bi) vao tay SV tham gia thi nghiem va hdi"
Hien tai, em nhan biet dugc gi? Hinh dang vat the nhu thg nao? Kich thudc ra sao? Nang hay nhe? Ciing thdi diim do em cd nhan bigt dugc tat ca nhiing dieu giang vien hoi treo khdng? Ciing nhirng cau hdi tren nhung lan nay (lan 2) giang vien ygu clu SV dugc nam ban tay lai va cu dgng nan bop vat the. Cung nhirng cau hdi tren nhung lan nay (lan 3) giang vien md khan bjt mat SV len tham gia thi nghiem ra.
SV quan sat chi tigt, ti mi va so sanh kgt qua tra ldi eiia SV len tham gia thi nghiem. Cd KN quan sat SV dg dang tigp nhan khai niem va dac diim cua cam giac.
Khi d^y bai tudng hjgng, giang vien ngu van di: Hay neu quan diim ciia ban than vi y kign eua Gorki cho ring, ban chat Clia tudng tugng cung la tu duy ma thdi, nhung la loai tu duy chu yiu blng hinh anh. Di dua ra dugc quan diim Clia ban than vi y kiin ciia Gorki nhu da neu thi SV phai cd KN thu thap thdng tin (thu thap thdng tin thii cip) qua dge, nghien cim giao trinh, tai lieu, sach bao cd Hen quan, truy cap ngudn thdng tin dang tin cay tren mang intemet.
Khi da thu thap dugc thdng tin thi cln KN xir li thdng tin.
Thdng tin dugc xir li tdt se la co sd di giai quyit vin di ed hieu qua.
c. Mdt sd ddu hieu chimg to SVcd TDPP
Dg danh gia TDPP ciia mdt ngudi khdng phai la dl, vi thi can phai chi ra dugc nhiing diu hieu rit cu thi, do la:
- Quan sat nhiiu khia canh toan dien chir khdng chi quan sat be ngoai, phdi hc^ dugc cac giac quan tiin tdi phan anh dugc ban chat van de;
- Khdng riep thu thu dgng, luon nghi ngd va di ehung minh do tin cay;
- Khdng bang idng vai nhimg gi da dugc nhan thiic ma ludn td md tim higu va dat cau hdi, ddng thdi chii dgng tim cau tra ldi cho thich dang;
- Bigt xau chudi van dg mgt each logic;
- Xem xet rat kT van dg trudc khi dua ra quyit djnh;
- Nhan thiie khach quan, khoa hgc khdng cam tinh;
- KN dua ra quyet dinh tot: Phat hien ^an de, nguyen nhan, giai phap va thuc hien hoan chinh,
2.2. Thiet ke bai day trong hoc phan Tam \\ hoc dai ciMng nham phat trien td duy phe phan cho sinh vien Vg cau tnic bai day, gidng nhu mdt gid day thdng thudng gdm cd: 1/ Muc tigu bai day (vg kien thiic, ve KN, vg thai do); 2/ Phuang phap, phuong tien day hge (phuong phap, phuang tien); 3/ Chuan bi (giao vign, SV), 4/ Tien trinh lgn ldp (On djnh td chiic; Khai quat kign thiic, KN da hgc cd lien quan den bai hgc va dat van de vao bai mdi; Giang bai;
Ciing CO bai hgc; Giao nhiem vu ve nha).
Di phat triin TDPP cho SV, cln van dung cac PPDH truygn thdng kit hgp vdi PPDH hien dai de xay dung chi tiit hoat dgng ciia thiy va trd cimg vai viec. Cu thg: Sii dung PPDH dam thgai, neu van de, thao luan, hoat ddng nhdm, giai quyit vin de thiit ki phan giang bai mdi. Md hinh thilt ki nhu sau (xem Bang 1):
Thiit kg bai hgc nhlm phat trien tu duy phan bien cho SV la viec lam rlt cln thiit va cd y nghTa ldn, giup cho ngudi hgc nhan thirc vin di mgt each khoa hgc, khach quan va the hien rd chinh kiln khoa hgc eiia minh. Song, khdng phai bai nao, phln kiin thiic nao cung dugc thiet ke theo hudng phat tnin tu duy phan bien cho SV ma cdn tuy theo timg ngi dung, timg chuang, bai, kien thiic cu the, dieu kien hge tap va tinh hudng day hgc cu the eho phep, Dudi day ia thiet kl ndi dung va phuong phap ea ban eho mdt gid day trong Chuang 1 ciia hge phln TLH dai cuong lam vi du minh hga (xem Bang 2).
NGHIEN cau LILUAN
Bang 1 : Mo hinh thiet ke phat trien TDPP cho SV
Neu van de. Ngoai each ffinh nghla nay ban hay i3i;a ra each dinh nghla khac ciia minh - Ca nhan suy^ ngfn Cac each dien dat khai niem cd diem gi chung, ban hay phan tich va chiing mmh.
Ban hay neu len vi du minh hpa cho khai mem. - Thao luan Hay neu cac quan diem ve khai niem va phan ticti, danh gia cSc quan diem do cac cau h o i ^ i i a ^
' ' " " ' * « nhom as t r i Mi
Cac noi dung khac GV (Jat cau hoi, chang han:
NOI dung do eo cac hieu nao khae nfla, hay phan tich va ehiing mmh, Chinh xae - Cd the biet them dieu gi chi tiet hdn khong'' Ciiinh xae dieu do la gi?
Nhflng thdng tm ed lien quan den ndi dung bgn da thu thap dUdc la gi? Chiing cd y nghla nhfl the n^o?
Nhflng tai lieu khae ngoai giao trinh, dfla ra noi dung nhfl the nao? Hay Sanh gia va dfla r a y kien cua ban than,
Neu nhin nhan van de d gdc nhin khac thi sao?
- C^ nhan suy nghi tfl t r i Idl c^c cau hoi CLia GV, ^ _ - Thao luan theo nhom de tra Iffl cac cau hdi eua GV.
Bang 2: Thiet ke noi dung cho gitt day trong ChKdng 1 c£ia hoc phan TLH dai ciTOng
Cau hoi kich Ihlch lli duy phan b . CliaSV
1 . DOI TUpNG, NHIEM VU, Vj TRi VA Y NGHIA CUA TLH 1.1. f}ac diem ciia TLH so vdi cac khoa hoc khac
- TLH nghien cflu cac hien tfldng tam li vfla gan gui. cu the, gan bd vdi con ngflcii vfla rat phflc tap, to/u tflflng
- TLH la ndi hoi tu nhieu khoa hoc nghien cflu ddi song tam If con ngfldi.
- TLH la mpt bd mdn khoa hoc cd ban trong he thong cae khoa hpc ve eon ngflcii, fldng thdi nd la mdn nghiep vu trong he thong cac khoa hoc tham gia vao viec dao tao con ngfldi, hinh thanh nhan each con ngfldi ndi chung va nhan each nghe nghiep ndi rieng.
1.2. Odi Ifldng cua TLH
Ooi tfldng CLia TLH ia cac hien tfldng tam li vdi tfl cSch \h cdc hien tfldng tmh tlian do the gidi khach quan tae ddng vao bd nao eiia eon ngfldi gay nen.
TLH nghien cilu sfl hinh thanh, van hanh va phat then eua hoat ddng tam li, cac quy luat cua hoat dong tam li va cd che tao nen chimg.
1.3. Nhiem vu ciia TLH
- Ngliien cOu ban chat hoat fldng tam li ea ve so Ifldng va chat Ifldng.
- Phat hien cac quy luat hinh ttianh va phat tnen tam li, - Tim ra cd che eiia hien tfldng tam li
- Dfla ra cac giai phap hOu hieu cho sfl hinh thanh va phat then tam li, sfl dung tam li trong nhan to con ngfldi cd hieu qua nhat.
2. B A N C H A T C U A H I E N TlidNG TAM Li NGliill 2 . 1 . Khai niem ve tam l i
• Tfl dien tieng Viet (1998} dinh nghia mpt each tong quaL tam li la y nghi, tinh cam.,, lam ttianh flfll song ndi tam, the gidi ben trong ciia con ngfldi.
- Tam li bao gom tat ca cae hen tfldng tlnh than, tdn tai trong dau dc con ngflcii, dieu khien, dieu chinh cae hoat ddng eua eon ngJdi 2.2. Bdn chat hien tfldng tarn 11 ngifili
a, Quan niem duy tam, cho rang:
- Tam li con ngfldi la do thfldng fle. do trdi sinti ra va nhap vao xae con ngfldi.
- Ouan niem nay khong the giai thich dfldc ban chat hien tfldng tam li cori ngfldi, dan den cho hieu tam li con ngfldi nhfl mdt cSi gi than bi, khong the nghien cflu dfldc.
b, Quan niem duy vat may mdc, cho rang-
- Tam li con ngfldi la do vat chat tnJc tiep smh ra "nao . . . tiet ra mat", - Quan mem nay da flanh ddng tam li vdi sinh li, phii nhgn^vai trd cua chii the, tinh tich cflc nang dpng ciia tam li, ptiu nhan bSn chat xa hdi v^ tinh iich si! cua tam li ngfldi.
Ban hay neu va phan tich nhflng dac diem khac biet ciia TLH so vdi cac khoa hoc khac
Ban hay lay mpt sd vi du de minh hpa cho dac diem ciia TLH so vdi cac khoa hpc khac.
- Ca nhan suy nghi tfl tr^ ldi c^c cau h6l CLia GV, - Thao luan theo nhdm de tra ldi cac cau hoi ciia GV,
Ddi tfldng nghien cflu ciia cac tnJdng ph^i TLH khac nhau cd diem gi chung va rieng?
hay phan tich, chflng minh.
Theo ban TLH cdn cd nhiem vu nao kh^c, cho vi du mmh hoa,
TLH buy tam neu ra nhiem vu ciia TLH la gi? Ban hay neu len nhan xet va danh gia.
Chii nghia duy tam sieu hinh quan mem nhfl the nao ve tam li ngiidi? Quan di^m c u a h p c d h a n e h e g i ' '
Ban hay neu len mdt sd quan diem eiia cac tn/dng phai TLH khSc,
Mat tien bp va han che ciia quan niem duy vat may mde la gi?
16 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
I^p^^^^h
Nguyen Chi T3ng, Pham Van Hieuc. Quan niem khoa hoc (duy vSt bien chflng va duy vat lich sfl) cho rang:
* Tam li ia chflc nang cita nao.
* Tam li ngfldi la siJ phan anh hi^n thflc khSch quan tac fldng vao nao ngfldi thong qua chu the,
Hinh Snh tam li mang tinh sinh dpng, sang tao va tinh chii the.
* Tam li ngflcii co ban chat xa hdi - ljeh sfl
cau h i i i(ichlhich III duy phan bien bdaSV
Ccic quan diem ve ban chat hien tfldng tam 11 ngfldi ed diem nao giong va khac nhau?
Hay phan tich, chflng minh quan niem ciia duy vat bien chflng va duy vat lich sfl ve ban chat tam ii ngflcii la flung Tam li ngfldi khac xa ve chat so vdi tam li ddng vat, hay cho vi du minh hoa.
3. Ket lu|n
TDPP la thao tac tri tue trinh d o cao, ktiong nhtmg chi phan tich, so sanh, xem xet, tong hop, d u a ra nhan dinh va danh gia nhung thong tin hay lap luan den tir nhieu nguon khac nhau, ma con la su suy nghT chinh ve su suy nghT cua ca nhan minh. Phan tich nhung quan niem va nghiSn cun ban chat cua TDPP, chiing ta cang t h i y d u g c y nghia va t i m quan trong cua viec phat trien T D P P cho SV trong qua trinh
day hpc. Dieu nay rk kho thuc hien, nhung khong phai la khong thuc hien d u g c . Bai vigt nay, chiing toi chia se viec thiet ke bai day hgc phan T L H dai cuong nhSm phat triSn TDPP cho SV. Chiing toi hi vgng, day la nhiing chia se h u u ich ciing dong nghiep dk qua do m6i QV se co nhiJng each thuc tot nhat va hieu qua cao de d6i moi PPDH noi chung va phat trien T D P P cho nguoi hgc noi rieng.
Tai li^u tham khao
[1] Robert H. Emus, R, (1993), Critical Thinking Assessment, Source: Theory into Practice, Vol. 32, No. 3, Teaching for Higher Order Thinking, Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd,pp.l79-186.
[2] Scriven, M, & Paul, R, (1987), Defining Critical Thinking, https://www.criticahhinking,org/pages/defuiing-critical- thinkiiig/766 {10.11 2018).
[3] Eichhom, R, (20\4), Developing thinking skills- Critical thinking at the army management staff college. Retrieved from http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/amiy/cntical/
royhtm.
[4] Phan Thi Luyen, (2008), Ren luyen tuduy phe phdn cua hoc sinh trung hgc phd Ihdng qua dgy hgc chu de phuong
trinh vd bdt phuang trinh, Vien Khoa hoc Giao due Viet Nam, Luan an Tien sT.
[5] NguySn Quang Uan (Chu bien) - Nguyen Van Luy - Dinh Van Vang, (2007), Gido uinh Tdm li hoc dgi cucmg (In ldn thie 6). NXB Dai hoc Su phara, Ha Npi.
[6] Dewey J, (1910), How We Think, Boston. D. C Heath &
Co., 224p
[7] Ennis, R, (2013), The Nature of Critical Thinking.
Outlines of General Critical Thinking Dispositions and Abilities, Retrieved from http://www.criticalthinking,net/
longdefinition.html.
[8] Walton, D, (1989), Dialogue theory for critical thinking. Argumentation (3), p. 169-184,
DEVELOPING CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS FOR STUDENTS THROUGH TEACHING GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
Nguyen Chl Ta^g^ Pham Van Hieu^
' Email. chitarg_sp@yahoo com vn
^ Email, hieupvl [email protected] Ba Ria - Vung Tau College of Education 689 Cach Mang Thang Tam, Ba Ria city, Ba Ria -Vung Tau pravince, Vietnam
ABSTRACT: Critical thinking is very important for all people in general and learners in particular However, the research on the formation and development of critical thinking for students in the teaching process is still limited. In this article, we analyze and clarify some theoretical issues of critical thinking, including its concept; some skills to develop critical thinking; and some indications of students having critical thinking skills, then put forward a model of lesson design in the general psychology module to improve the critical thinking skills for students.
KEYWORDS: Critical thinking development; critical thinking; general psychology.