Cac phircmg an giai quyet xung dot van hoa ciia chu nghia da van hoa
Biii Thi Minh Phuffng<*>
Nguyen Thi Phinmg*"'
Tom tdt: Chu nghia da vdn hda ra ddi vd phdt triin d phuang Tay tic thdp nien 60 cua the kyXXvdi tu cdch mgt chinh sdchxd hgi nhdm ung phd vdi tinh trgng da dgng vdn hoa do su xudt hien cua cdc cdng ddng nhdp cu. Khdng chi dicng lgi vdi tu cdch mot chinh sdch cua nhd nude, chu nghia da vdn hda ngdy nay cdn tdn tgi vdi tu cdch mdt ly thuyit vdn hda nhdm giai quyit mdi quan he giiia da dgng vd thdng nhdt ciia vdn hda.
Vdi triet ly cua minh. chu nghia da van hda mang den cdc phuang dn gidi quyit nhiing xung dot vdn hda nhu: bdo ve tinh da dgng vdn hda, giao due da vdn hda vd khoan dung vdn hda.
Tir khoa: Chii nghTa da van hda, Xung dot van hoa, Da vdn hda, Giao due da van hoa, Khoan dung van hda
Abstract: Multiculturalism was adopted as a social policy in several Western nations from the 1960s onward to respond to the cultural diversity resulting from immigrant
communities. Not only a state policy, multiculturalism also acts as a philosophy that addresses the relationship between cultural diversity and unity. In the philosophy of multiculturalism, different solutions are suggested to resolve cultural conflicts including protection of cultural diversity, multicultural education and cultural tolerance.
Keywords: Multiculhualism, Cultural Coniiiet, Multiculture, Multicultural Education, Cultural Tolerance
1. Khai quat ve chu nghia da van hda khoan dung va tdn Ugng ban sac vdn hda Tir thap nien 60 cua thi ky XX din nay, cua cac cdng ddng thieu sd. Nhimg chinh d mot loat cac qudc gia, nhiiu chinh sach sach ndy dugc thuc hien thdng qua cac bien da dua ra myc tieu tdng t h i la thiic ddy su phap ho trg cac hiep hdi cdng ddng va cac hoat ddng vdn hda cua hg, khuyen khich cac hinh anh tich eye tren cac phuang tien
*'' ThS., Vien Thong tin Khoa hoc xS hgi, Vien Han ^^uyin thong vd hoan thien cac dich vu cong lam Khoa hpc xa hgi Viet Nam; ^ . ^ | ^-x^ j - - ^ ^ ^ ^ j ^ ^ ^ . ^iet cd CO sd Email: [email protected] • ^ • ., . . - • -i. ^-s - . . . - van hda ve eia tri. ngon ngu va thuc tien xa '•'TS., Khoa Lv- luan chinh tri, Truong Dai hgc Mo ^^^ ""'^ ^^ ^'^ ' •'','^ ^, ^ , • . . . - fija chit. ' hdi. Nd ciing la dien dan cua ty do va dan
32
chil, thda man khat vgng dugc song cuoc sdng ciia chinh minh trong mot the gidi da mau sdc. Tdt cd nhiing chinh sach vdn hda nhu vay dugc ggi dudi cai ten chii nghTa da van hda.
Da van hda la hien tugng dac trung cua cdc nude phdt Uien phuong Tay nira sau the ky XX, xudt hien trong bdi canh da dang vdn hda duong dai vd mang dau an dac biet cua dao dire thuc dung xd hgi phuong Tdy.
Dd la kha nang phdn iing mdt each nhanh chdng tmdc nhimg bien ddi ciia mdi tmdng xung quanh, khd nang xay dyng nhiing quan niem ly ludn thich iing vdi nhirng thach thiic cua xa hpi.
Thyc tiln cho thay chu nghTa da van hda ra ddi gan lien vdi hai nhdn to sau:
Thii nhdt la phong trao ddn chii nhiing nam 1970 eua cac cdng ddng thieu sd (dan tdc, tdn gido, tinh due) diing len ddu tranh nham khdng dinh sy tdn tai hgp phap vd cugc dau yanh eua phy nir ddi quyen lgi eiia minh.
Thu hai, nhimg thdp nien 1960-1970 da chimg kien nhiing ddng di cu d at tir cac nude ngheo chau A, Bac Phi vd vimg Vien Dong den cac nude phuang Tdy. Ddy la nhdn to quan trgng nhat cho sy ra ddi cua chinh sach da van hda d cac nude tiep nhan dan nhap cu. Viee lua chpn da vdn hda phdn anh tinh thuc dung ciia phuong Tdy d chd hg da tim each bii dap nhiing thieu hut ve ngudn nhdn lyc dang ngay cang bi Iao hda bang ngudn Iao ddng gia re tir cac nen kinh te dang phat trien (Kanarsh, 2012).
Mat khac, viec lya chpn da van boa trong ddi sdng chinh tri cua ngudi phuang Tay ciing xuat phat tir chd thuyet ddng hoa, chu nghia biet lap, thuyet can thiep, chit nghTa phdn biet chiing tdc td ra khdng cdn thich dung, ddn hoc Id khiem khuyet va trd nen khdng phii hgp vdi md hinh xd hdi hien dai. Diiu nay dan tdi nhu cdu phai co mdt
chmh sdch mdi, hiru hieu hon ttong viec quan ly cac cdng ddng dan su dang ngay cang da dang v i sdc tdc va van hda bdi di cu va bdi toan cau hda thdng tin.
Tuy nhien, da van hda ciing gap khdng it chi trich bdi nd cd the ttd thanh mdt lyc lugng gay chia re cdng dong dan tgc. Su ling hd tich cue ddi vdi tinh da dang van hda, bay ddi vdi chii nghTa da van hda, cd kha nang khuyin khich cdc xung dot xa hdi, gdy chia re sdu sdc, lam hdi sinh manh me cdc cugc xung dot sac tdc... Nhung bd qua nhung phan ung tten, chu nghia da van hda van cho thdy tinh hgp ly cua minh khi ly ludn cua nd dya tten Idng khoan dung va mong mudn di tim tinh thdng nhdt trong sy khac biet.
Xet tten phuang dien ly luan, chu nghia da vdn hda dua tren co sa cua chii nghia tu do, Idy nhiing nguyen tdc cua chu nghia tu do Idm nin tdng, do la ty do ca nhan va ddn chil. Thuyit da van hda la mot gidi phap cho sy bat dn cua xa hdi tten co sd bu dap cho nhirng khiem khuyet cua chu nghia ty do. Ddng thdi, chu nghTa da van hda ciing Idy triet ly co ban nhdt ciia chit nghia cdng ddng lam co sd cho minh, dd la con ngudi sdng ttong mdt xa hdi phai la thdnh vien ciia it nhdt mdt cdng ddng ndo dd, vd bao ve ban sdc van hda ciia cdng ddng cung chinh la khdng dinh sy tdn tai cua ban than (Xem: Biii Thi Minh Phugng, Nguyin Thi Phuang, 2015).
Sy ra ddi vd phat ttien cua chii nghTa da van hda da cd nhiing anh hudng tich eye tren nhieu phuang dien nhu: phat ttiin n i n ddn chil va hudng tdi sy binh ddng giiia cac cdng ddng van hda; thiic ddy hda hgp dan tdc vd hdi nhdp cdng ddng ciia cdc cdng ddng thieu sd, cdng d i n g di cu, mang lai cdi nhin phan bien tii phia cdng ddng van hda yeu the va thdi thiie hp khdng dinh
33 ban sac. Ben canh do, khoan dung van hda
da va dang dugc cdng ddng t h i gidi thira nhdn la mgt ttong nhiing nguyen tac iing xit giua cac cdng ddng van hda tten pham vi toan cdu, diSu dd cha thay siic anh hudng ciia chii nghTa da van hda vdn dugc cu the hoa ttong ddi sdng hien thyc. Giao due da van hda dang trd thanh xu hudng giao due tuang lai bdi tinh m d cua nd.
2. Cac phtrong an giai quyet xung dot cua chii nghia da van hda trong boi canh toan cau hoa
Ngay nay, ttong bdi canh todn cau hda, viec cac cdng ddng van hda gap gd nhau ttd nen de dang b a n bao gid het, tao mdi tmdng cho xung dot van hda ttd nen manh me. De giai quyet cac xung dot nay, chu nghia da van boa dua ra cac phuang an sau:
Thir nhdt, da dang van hda duy tri su ton tgi vdphdt trien.
Will Kymlicka (2010: 33) cho rdng, chii nghia da van hda theo nghTa quy chuan dugc md ta la "tan duong sy da dang vdn hoa sac tdc, khuyen khich cdc cdng dan thira nhan va iing bp viec the hien cac phong tuc tap quan, cac tmyen thdng... tdn tai ttong mot xd hdi da sac tdc". Trgng tdm eua nd la y niem mang tinh khang dirih ve sy thira nhan vd tdn ttpng ehung ddi vdi mdi cdng dong va nhuug gia tri dgc dao cua hp tao nen mot xd hgi. Chu nghia da van hda dugc cho la thach thiic cac he thdng thir bdc sac toe va chimg tgc tmdc kia khi nd iing hp niem tin cho rdng khdng cd nen van hda nao tot hon hay xdu ban - vd khdng nen van hda nao cd quyen chi phdi nen van hda khac (Kymlicka, 2010: 37-38).
Ciing gidng nhu da dang cua ty nhien, da dang van hda giiip cac dan tdc tren the gidi giao luu, hpc hdi Idn nhau de cimg tdn tai va phat ttiin. Mdi n i n vdn hda cd nhiing uu vd nhuge d i i m rieng cua minh, chinh
da dang van hda vd thdng qua giao luu van hda md cac nen van hda khdng ngimg ty hoan thien minh.
Trong khdng gian cua nhd nude - dan tgc, thudng thi tinh thing nhdt dugc d i cao hon tinh da dang; cdn d pham vi todn thi gidi, tinh da dang lai dugc coi trpng. Thong nhat van hda ciia nha nude - dan toe ddm bdo cho sy dn dinh va phat ttiin cua ddt nude, cdn khang dinh tinh da dang van hda tren pham vi toan the gidi tao ra moi tmdng binh dang giiia cdc ddn tdc.
Nghien ciiu cua Pham Thai Viet (2006) nhan dinh, tren thyc te, cdc nha nude da lien ket lai vdi nhau tao thanh mot khii thdng nhdt tren phuang dien kinh te, chinh tti vdi muc dich phat huy tdi da nhung lgi the cua timg nude nhdm tao mot hgp lyc manh me de xay dung khdi thinh vugng chung, nhung lai khdng the tao ra mdt nen vdn hda ehung. Sy bien ddi ciia nen chinh tti the gidi dang cd xu hudng hinh thanh cac sieu nhd nude nhu: Lien minh Chdu Au, ASEAN... 6 ddy, van hda cua cac dan tpc dugc tdn trgng ttong mdi tmdng lien minh, ddng thdi quyen binh ddng sac tpc vdn dugc bao luu trong khdng gian nha nude dan tpc.
Dieu nay cd t h i hiiu, nhdt the hda van hoa d cac cdng ddng lien minh chi cd the dugc thyc hien d nhiing diem chung nhdt nhu: he thing phdp ludt, ,eac quy tdc ling xir chung va nhiing gia tri vdn hda chung nhdt (tdn giao doi vdi Lien minh Chdu Au hay nhiing gia tti ciia van hda tring liia nude ddi vdi cdng ddng ASEAN).
Nhu vay, nhiing cdng ddng lien minh dugc hinh thanh tren co sd thdng nhat ve kinh t i , chinh tti se khdng tao ra mot thii van hda duy nhdt va dgc tdn cho cd khu vyc, va ciing khdng he lam tieu bien eae nen van hda dan tdc khac, ma trai lai, nd Idy tinh da dang van hda cua cac nen vdn
Thong Hn Khoa hpc xa npi. su i hda ddn tdc lam co sd d i phat triin. Toan
cdu hda vdn hda se khdng "de" ra mdt thii van boa duy nhat va dgc tdn cho toan t h i gidi va ciing khdng he lam tieu biin cac nen van hda ddn tgc khde; ttai lai, no Idy tinh da dang cua cac nen van boa ddn tgc lam CO sd phat trien. The nen, viec hirih dung rdng toan cdu hda se "xda sd" cac nen vdn hda bdn dia de thay bang mdt sy nhdt dang ve van hda la het siic phi ly - dieu nay ciing giong nhu viec ngudi ta hinh dung ve mot cdng dong ma khdng cd ca the trong dd (Pham Thai Viet, 2006: 335).
Cac nhd nude - ddn tpc luon cd mdt ddng van hda chii luu ton tai 1dm kim chi nam cho cdc thieu sd vdn hda khac khi giai quyet tinh da dang van hda de dat tdi sy binh dang va dan chii thyc sy. Cdn doi vdi nhiing cdng ddng lien minh, khdng the xdy dyng dugc nhu vay, bdi ngudi ta se khong chdp nhdn van hda Viet Nam mang ttnh phd quat nhat khu vuc Dong Nam A, hay vdn hda Diic se la try cot cho ca khu vyc chdu Au...
Tinh thdng nhdt ve van hda chi cd the dya tten dieu kien ty nhien, dia ly hoac ton giao doi vdi cac cdng ddng lien minh. Do do, cac nha nude - ddn tdc khdng the xdy dyng khoi lien minh neu khdng tim dugc sy tdn ttgng vdn hda ciia nhau, ddng thdi se khdng cd nhu cau lien ket lai vdi nhau neu khong cd su khac biet. Vi vay, tdn trgng da dang van hda ciia chu nghTa da van hda hoan toan thich dung vdi nhiing cdng ddng nhu tten.
Thd- hai, gido due da vdn hda Id mgt mo thiic gido due mdi ciia tuang lai.
Giao due da van boa dugc chu nghTa da van hda het sue de cao. K. Banting vd W. Kymlicka da chi ra: "Chii nghia da van hda bao gdm miic ung hd chac chan ddi vdi cac nen van hda va bdn sdc sdc tpc thieu sd, sy thira nhdn mire dp nao dd quyen tap
thi ciia cac nhdm sdc tdc vdn khdng phu nhdn quyen ty do ciia con ngudi... No mo rdng (dac biet la d Canada) tir cac chuong ttinh gido due danh cho cac nhdm nhap cu cho tdi viec chap nhdn sy ty tri ve mat lanh t h i va quyin ngdn ngii ddi vdi cdc tdc ngudi thiiu sd dan tdc va tdi sy thda nhdn quyen yeu sdch ddt dai va quyen ty qudn cho nhiing ngudi dan ban xii" (Banting, Kymlicka, 2003).
Hien nay, gido due - ddo tao d cac qudc gia phat triin d i u hudng tdi mdt nen gido due da vdn hda. Giao due da van hda vdi quan diim hieu biet ve chinh minh Id chua du. Ben canh viec giao due nhiing gia tri van hda nhu dao diic, tham my, truyen thdng, ttiet ly dugc thira hudng tir bdn sac vdn hda dan tdc, thi cdn phdi hpc hdi, tiep thu nhiing gia tti tir cac cdng ddng van hda khac de hodn thien. Ddy chinh la muc tieu ciia giao due da van hda.
Thdng thudng khi ndi den giao due da van hda, ngudi ta cd xu hudng nghT tdi viec hgc tap ve van hda cua "nude khae".
Tuy nhien, de hieu biet diing dan ve da van hda, trudc tien cdn hieu biet sau sdc, ddy du ve van hoa cua bdn thdn. Tiep do, sy hieu biet sdu sac ve da van hda se dugc tao ra nhd vdo nghien ciiu giao tiep giiia cac nen van hda.
Ngay nay, hdu bet cac qudc gia tren the gidi la da sac tdc va xu hudng da dan tpc hda dang gia tdng trong qua trinh q u i c t i hda. Van de Idn ciia thdi dai ngay nay Id
"cac dan tpc ciing chung sdng" thi y nghia ciia giao due da van hda nhdm tdi su hiiu biet va ciing sinh tdn ttong long qudc gia dan tdc cd y nghTa Idn.
Giao due da van boa kich thich ndng lyc phan bien van hda, hay ndi each khac de hieu dugc ban thdn minh thi phai thdng qua ngudi khde. Tiep can vdi nhiing gid tti
35 vdn hoa khac biet nhdm ddi chieu, so sanh
di hoan thien ban thdn ludn la nhu cau ngi tai ciia moi cdng ddng van hda. Nhin nhdn khach quan nhiing danh gia cua ngudi khde vi ban than minh cung la ndi dung cua giao due da van hoa, bdi viec hgc each Idng nghe de dieu chinh va phat ttien khdng phai Iiic nao ciing dl dang ddi vdi mdi cd nhdn cung nhu vdi mot cdng ddng nao dd. Giao dye da van hda de cd cai nhin tdn trpng sy khac biet va cung la de tdn trpng chinh minh.
Tren thuc te, mau thuan, xung dot van hda cung cd nguyen nhdn tir sy thieu hieu biet vi nhau gifia cac cdng ddng van hda. Do vay, phat ttien giao due da van hda se gdp phan giam thieu xung dot nay vi chinh nd la diim khdi dau de nhiing khac biet gap gd, hgp tac va phdt ttien.
Ngdy nay, giao dye dugc coi la mot hang hda, cung nhu tat ca cac hdng hda khac, nd phdi dap img dugc nhu cau cua ngudi sir dung. Cd nhieu qudc gia da vdn hoa, chdng ban Uc, My, Singapore, Canada da thanh cdng trong boat ddng kinh te nay khi thu hiit dugc lugng ngudi hgc da dang tten pham vi todn the gidi. Xudt khdu gido due dang dem lai ngudn ngoai te Idn cho nhieu quoc gia. Cung chiiih qua ttinh giao due nay da thu hiit dugc nhan tdi tten the gidi va tao ra co hgi tuyen chgn cho ddt nude ciia hg ngudn nhdn lyc da dang vol chat lugng cao.
Theo G. Ju. Kanarsh (2012), giao due da van hoa cdn dugc hieu theo nghTa nhiing ngudi vdn xudt than tir cac cpng ddng van hda thieu si dugc quyen thira hudng nhiing gia tri van hda cua hp, nghTa la hg co quyen lua chpn tiep tuc theo dudi nhiing gia tti van hda cdi ngudn hoac tiep can vdi cac gia tri van hda khac.
6 nhieu nude nhu Canada, My, Uc da CO nhung chuong trinh giao due dac biet
danh rieng eho cac cdng ding thiiu so nham duy tri ngdn ngii va van hda cua hp.
Nen dan chu thuc sy can dugc khdng dinh trong ITnh vyc giao due, do la hudng tdi gido due dap iing nhu cau chii khong phdi gido due dp dat. Vi vay, giao due da van hda dang la sy lya chpn cua nhieu qudc gia tien tien tten the gidi va ngay cang trd thdnh mo thiic cho mdt nen gido due tuong lai.
Tha ba, khoan dung Id nguyen tac irng xir ca bdn giira cdc cong ddng vdn hda.
Dudi goc nhin ciia chii nghTa da van hda, khoan dung Id thira nhdn sy khac biet van hda; giiia cac nen vdn hoa khong cd sy phdt trien cao hay thdp, Idn hay nhd ma chi CO su da dang, phong phii hon hay khong.
Chandran Kukathas (2004) nhdn dinh: "Nd [chil nghia da vdn hda] khoan dung tdi miic san sdng chap nhan ben ttong nd cd nhiing ngudi ching lai nd. Song, dong thdi, nd se khdng dua ra su bao hd hay lgi the dac biet cho bdt ky nhdm hay cdng dong cd biet nao.
No se khdng ngan can bat cii ngudi nao theo duoi nhiing muc tieu rieng biet cua hp hay co gdng duy tti nhiing tmyen thong rieng biet, song nd ciing khong de cao hay trg cdp cho nhiing ngudi dugc dac biet yeu thich. Day la thuyit da van hoa khong cd su sg hai hay thien vi".
Chu nghTa da van hoa cho rdng khoan dung phdi xudt phat tir bai hay nhiiu phia, bdi nguyen tdc tdi cao cua chu nghTa da van boa la ty do, binh ddng, khoan dung khdng cd nghTa la thien vi (Kymlicka, 2010). Tuy nhien, cdn luu y rdng chii nghia da van hda rdt gdn vdi chii nghia dan tdc khi dua ra nhiing tuyen bd mang tinh d^o diic nhdm benh vyc cac nhom chiu nhieu thiet thdi nhu: phy nii, ngudi ddng tinh, ngudi khuyet tdt...
Trong bii canh xung dot giua cdc cpng ding van hda ngay cang trd nen phiic tap
va khd giai quyit, thi khoan dung vdn hda dang dugc cdng ddng qudc te va cac qudc gia tren the gidi thira nhan la nguyen tdc ling xu giiia cdc nen vdn hda. Xu budng chung cua cac nen van hda Id hgp tdc, ddi thoai chii khdng phdi ddi dau.
Hien nay, tdn giao ngdy cang dugc thira nhdn la cdt loi cua cdc nen vdn hda, nen cd the thdy nhirng xung dot giira cac cdng ddng van hda phan nhieu bat ngudn tu sy khac biet ve niem tin giiia cac ton giao vdi nhau. Thudng thi khoan dung va tdn ttpng la hai diic tinh can co vd phai dugc giii gin trong mdt xd hdi da tdn giao. Chinh vi vay, cung vdi viec thuyet giang ve khoan dung, cac tdn giao can cd gdng thuc hanh khoan dung nhdm tao dyng bau khdng khi hda binh va hda hgp trong ddi song xa hpi (Nguyen The Doanh, 2008). Thieu sy khoan dung se rat khd chap nhan viec CO nhieu tdn giao cimg ton tai va thudng ddn den sy ky thi cung nliu each nhin nhan khdng dung ve tdn gido.
Ty do tdn giao co nghia la bdo dam quyen tu do tin nguong cho mgi ngudi ddn, trong do cd cd viec de cao tu tudng khoan dung tdn giao va da dugc ghi nhdn trong Tuyen ngdn Nhan quyen (1948). Chinh khoan dung tdn giao giiip cho ty do tdn gido trd nen dich thyc hon, phii hgp ban vdi hoan cdnh thuc te, do vay, no lam lu md ddn nhung hanh vi bat khoan dung tdn gido vd ly hien dang con tdn tai (Nguyen The Doanh, 2008).
Trong lich sii nhan loai ndi chung, da xudt hien nhieu nhdm xd hpi ddi lap nhau, sy ddi lap nay hoan toan hoac mdt phan la do sy khac biet ve tdn giao. Tay Ban Nha, Phap, Anh, Ha Lan deu da timg chimg kien cac xung dot tdn giao. My ciing da timg trai qua thdi ky nhiing ngudi Tin Lanh dau ttanh va true xudt nhiing ngudi Mode Mong, tdn
cdng nhung ngudi Cdng giao. Hay gan day ban Id sy xung dot giiia ngudi Cdng giao va Tin Ldnh d Bdc Ireland, ngudi Aii gido va H i i giao d Kashnur, thanh lpc sac tgc mang sdc thai xung dot tdn gido d Bosnia yd Kosovo ttong thap nien 1990. Nhung gdn day da xuat hien nhiiu cugc doi thoai ve tdn giao, v i nhdn quyen, giao luu vdn hda Ddng - Tdy dudi hinh thiic song phuang hoac da phuong, khu vyc bode qudc t i vdi cac ten gpi khde nhau. Chu d i chinh la "sy hda hgp tdn giao", "xdy dyng chiee cdu ndi", "thdng nhdt trong da dang",... nhdm muc dich giao luu, trao ddi de tim ra nhiing bien phap hiiu bieu, dua tinh than tdt dep, nhan ai, hudng thien ciia cac tdn giao vdo cugc sdng, gdp phdn xay dyng mdt xa hpi on dinh, hda binh, khdng co khiing bd, ngdn ngira nhiing te nan xa hdi (Nguyen The Doanh, 2008).
Khoan dung la san pham cua nhdn loai trong qua trinh nhan thirc va phyc vu cuoc song. Ldng vi tha vdn cd cua con ngudi la ngudn mach ddi dao nudi duong hanh vi khoan dung va den lugt minh, hanh vi khoan dung nay da ttd thanh nhan td quan trpng gdp phan doan ket xa hdi. Va doan ket xa hpi chinh la ca sd de kien tao mdt nen hda binh, giii viing dn dinh xa hpi d mpi quoe gia vd viing lanh thd tten the gidi (Nguyen T h i Doanh, 2008).
3. Mot vai ban luan va ket luan Di cu vd sy da dang vdn hda ehdc chdn se vdn d mire dp cao trong nhieu nam tdi.
Trong khi do, md hinh va cac qua trinh di cu toan cdu dang tao ra bdi canh cua sy da dang mdi: ngudi di cu dang duy tri ban sdc manh me d nhieu noi khde nhau va cd mdi lien he xuyen qudc gia tryc tiip vdi que huong cua bp. Do vay, cac nha nude - dan tdc can phai cd nhirng chinh sach da van hda rd rang nhdm ddi phd vdi nhiing van de tren. G. Ju. Kanarsh eho rang, niu nhu
37 chil nghia da van hda bi pha bd chac chdn
se phdi cd mdt ly thuyet thay the, hoac can phai nhin nhdn nhiing iing dung eua chu nghTa da van hda d mdt phd rdng Idn hon khong gian nha nude - dan tpc (Kanarsh, 2012). Chinh dieu nay da giup chu nghTa da van hoa cd nhiing phuang an cho viec giai quyit xung dot van hda:
Thic nhdt, thira nhan ban sac tdc ngudi ttong khong gian cua mdt lihd nude - dan tpc la chua du ttong dieu kien toan cau hda.
Da dang van hda can dugc khdng dinh va bao ve d cac cpng ddng lien minh nha nude va tten toan the gidi. Trong mdi tmdng cua nha nude lien minh, yeu cdu ve tinh thdng nhdt van hda khdng dugc de cao nhu ttong moi tmdng cua nha nude - dan tpc. Dieu nay dd khde phuc dugc ban che Idn nhat ciia chu nghia da vdn hda la bao ve cai rieng ma khong quan tam tdi cai chung.
Thii hai giao due da van hda dang ttd thanh xu hudng giao dye tuong lai bdi tinh md ciia no. Todn cdu hda van hda dang ddt nen mong cho mdt nen van hda toan nhdn loai, no xdc lap nen he gid tri chung dai dien cho con ngudi trong quan he vdi ty nhien va vdi nhau. Xu hudng phat trien mdt nen giao due dam bdo ke thira dugc nhiing gid tti cua dan tdc, ddng thdi tiep thu duge tinh hoa vdn hda ciia nhan loai la mdt tat yeu ciia thdi dai ngay nay. Chiing ta dang sdng ttong mot thdi dai ma sy le thudc Idn nhau giiia cac cpng dong ngudi trd nen mat thiet hon bao gid bet, vi vay, hieu biet ve ngudi khac la dieu kien cdn thiit cho sy tdn tai va phat trien.
Thii ba. trong nhirng gia tti dugc chia se tren todn cdu va bao trum len cac nen van hoa, khoan dung la mot gia tri, mdt nguyen tdc vugt len tten nhiing khde biet ve van hoa, van mirih. Nd la co sd tdi cao de cd the thu dugc thanh qua cua mgi cugc
ddi thoai. Vi vay, mpi cuoc d i i thoai diu khuyen khich su khoan dung va su ton ttpng ddi vdi ngudi khac, dong thdi thua nhdn va tudn thu sy da dang vdn hoa tten hanh tinh •
Tai Heu tham khao
1. Nguyin The Doanh (2008), "Vai tto ciia khoan dung tdn giao va doan kit xa hpi trong viec kien tao nen hda binh va giii viing dn dinh xd hdi". Tap chi Triet hgc s i 5 (204).
2. Banting, Keith and Kymlick, Will (2003) "Multiculturalism and welfare", Issent, Vol. 50, Issue 4, October, http://80-global.factiva.com.proxygw.
wrlc.org/en/eSrcb/ss_hl.asp 3. Kanarsh, G. Ju. (2012), "Da vdn hoa:
Quan niem xa hdi va thyc tien xd hdi", Tdi lieu phuc vu nghien ciiu, Vien Thdng tin Khoa hpc xd hpi.
4. Kukathas,Chandran(2004),r/;eorer/ca/
Foundations of Multicuturalism.
http://economics.gmu.edu/pboettke/
workshop/fall04/theoretical_found 5. Kymlicka, Will (2010), "The rise and
fall of multiculturalism?: new debates on inclusion and accommodation in diverse societies". In: Vertovec S., Wessendorf S., ed. (2010), The Multiculturalism Backlash: European Discourses, Policies and Practices, Routledge, London/New York, pp. 32-49.
6. Bill Thi Minh Phugng, Nguyen Thi Phuang (2015), "Co sd ly thuyit vd thuc tiin cua chu nghia da van hoa", Tap chi Thdng tin Khoa hoc xd hgi, so 10.
7. Pham Thai Viet (2006), Todn cdu hda.
Nhung biin ddi lan trong ddi sdng chinh tri qudc ti vd vdn hda, Nxb. Khoa hpc xd hdi. Ha Ndi.