Cil Lao Cham trong khong gian bien Champa the ky XI-XV
Nguyen Vdn Kim', Tran VSn Manh^
'•^Tniimg D^i hpc Khoa hpc Xa hOi vk NhSn van, Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha NOi.
Email; [email protected]
Nh§n ngiy 4 th^g 10 nSm 2019. Chdp nhan dSngngiy 17 thing 11 nam 2019.
Tom tat: N5m d vj Ui ypng yeu Uen tuyen giao thuong duyen hai Dong Nam A, tir nhirng thi ky ddu sau Cong Nguyen, Cii Lao Cham dd ndi Ien nhu mpt tien cang quan trpng ciia vuong qudc biln Champa. Trong suot nhiiu the ky, Cii Lao Cham - Dai Chiem hai khau khdng chi Id diem din, trung tam luan chuyin hang hda cua vuong qudc Amaravati, ma con ddng vai Ud kit noi Champa vdi the gidi ben ngodi. Trong ljch sii, ngudi Chdm da dir nhgp tich cyc, gdp phan quan trpng dl hinh thanh n§n
"Con dudng huong lipu", "Con dudng to lya", "Con dudng gom sii".,. d viing Thai Binh Duong - An Dp Duong. Khong chi la cdc con dudng kit giao kinh tl, cac con dudng do con la cac kenh truyin tai v5n hoa, niem tin tdn gido, Ui thitc khoa hpc, ky thu^t... giira Champa vdi cac quoc gia Chau A, dong tlidi, dem lgi nhieu dpng lyc phat Uien mdi, nang lyc sang tao cho cac xa hpi khu vuc.
Tir khda: Cu Lao Cham, khdng gian biln, Chdmpa.
Phdn logi nganh: Sii hpc
Abstract: Situated in a critical position on the sea routes in Southeast Asia, the Cham islands, or Cu Lao Cham, emerged remarkably as an important outport ofthe maritime kingdom of Champa.
Over many centuries, the region ofthe Cham islands and the estuary port ofthe great kingdom of Champa, also called Dai Chiem seaport, not only was seen as a destination and a trade centre ofthe small state of Amaravati, but also played a significant role in linking the kingdom of Champa with the outside worid. In history, Cham people actively integrated into the region and the world, contributing greatly towards the formation o f t h e incense trade route", "the silk road", and "the ceramic trade route" etc. in the Indo-Pacific region. In addition to the economic linkage, they were also used as channels for tlie exchange of cultures, beliefs, religions, scientific and technical knowledge between the kingdom of Champa and Asian counyies, creating new driving forces of development and enhancing the creative capacity in societies ofthe region.
Keywords: Cham islands, maritime space, Champa.
Subject classificatioD: History
Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam, so I - 2020 1. Mddau
Trong ljch sii phdt trien cua nhdn logi, cdc radi quan he kinh te, giao thuong dudng bien ludn cd vai Ud quan trpng. Cac tuyen hdi Ihucmg da gdp phdn thiic day su phdt trien ciia cdc nen vdn hda, bang giao, hgp tdc giiia cdc qudc gia. CJ Chau A, bien Champa tirag ddng vai yd quan ypng yong viec ket ndi Ddng Nara A vdi thi trudng Ddng Bac A vd Tay Nam A...
La mpt cum dao thudc mien Trung Viet Nara, Cil Lao Chdm ttmg giir vj tri tipng yeu tren tuyen giao thuong duyen hdi Ddng Nam A, ddng thdi cd nhieu mdi lien he mat thiet vdi tuyen giao thuong dgi duong, chdy xuyen qua cdc nudc Ddng Nam A hai dao.
Trong nhieu the ky, Cti Lao Cham la lien cdng cua Dgi Chiem hai khdu, rapt thuang cdng trpng yeu ciia the che bien Champa.
Vdi each tiep cgn da chieu, ngdnh - lien ngdnh, bdi viet tap trung phan tich vai ud, vj the cua Cii Lao Cham yong raang ludi giao thuang Ddng A, ddng thdi lam rd radi lien he viing. Hen vting, tinh chat tien cang, cdng ddo, cdng da chirc nang cimg sy chuyen hda vai Ud, chiic nang ciia Cu Lao Chdm trong ljch sii hai thuang Chdmpa ciing nhu thdi ky cam quyen ciia chiia Nguyin d Ddng Trong till ky XVI-XVIII.
2. Bien Champa trong cac tuyen hai thuong Chau A
Ljch sir hai thucmg Chdu A gdn lien vdi sy hinh thdnh cac trung tam, vimg kmh tl va tuyen giao tiiucmg. Ngudi ta timg biet din vai trd, vj tlie va dnh hudng ciia ba trung tam van minh ddng tiidi la ba thj tiudng ldn ctia the
gidi: Trung Quoc, An Dp va Tdy A. Cimg vdi cac tamg ldm kinh te, nhieu qudc gia Chau A Cling tung cd vai trd quan trgng trong cdc boat dpng giao luu kinh te, gdp phdn kien lgp nen hai tuydn thuong mai chinh yeu ket ndi phuong Ddng vdi phuong Tdy. Nhieu nhd nghien ciiu thudng gpi dd la cdc "Con dudng to lua yen ddt lien" (Continental silk route) va
"Con dudng to lya tren bien" (Maritime silk route)^. Tren thyc te, cac con dudng dd khong chi la huyet mach kinh te raa cdn Id cdc kenh truyen tdi vdn hda, tri thiic khoa hpc, kJ' thugt, tdn gido vd tpc ngudi... Tren nhieu phuong dien, he tiidng giao thuong qudc te dd dem lgi nhieu dpng lyc, sire phat yidn mdi, ndng lyc sang tao cho cdc xa hpi Chau A.
Ndm d trung tam cua tuyen hdi tiinh Ddng A, tir nhung the ky ddu sau Cdng NguySn, bien Chdmpa, mgt khdng gian trpng yiu cua Bien Ddng hien nay, timg la diem den, d6ng tiidi cting la chdn di ve ciia nhieu dodn thuang thuyen tir Ddng Bde A xuong, tii Ddng Nam A, Tay Nam A sang. Cd thi tiiay, khdng gian bien Chdmpa, vdi cai nhin t6ng the vd su phan lap tucmg ddi (tiieo khdng gian cdc tieu qudc), khdng chi ddng vai yd kit ndi giu:a cdc mandala thudc vuang qudc Chdmpa md yen binh dien rdng ldn hon, cdn cd chiic nang ket tu Chdmpa vdi nhieu vung, khdng gian lanh tiid Chdu A [18, y.29-53]. Vdi cdc hogt ddng hdi thuong, giao luu vdn hda biln, ngudi Cham da dy nhdp tich cyc, gdp phdn quan trpng dl hinh thanh nen "Con dudng huong lieu", "Con dudng to lua", "Con dudng gdm su"... qudc te chay xuyen qua Thai Binh Duong, An Dp Duong, ndi tir cang Alexandria vimg Dja Trung Hdi din cac tiiuong cdng fliudc vinh Bde Bd (Viet Nam) va thi trudng Nam Trung Hoa vdi cac tiiuong
Nguyen Van Kim, Tran Van Manh cdng: Quang Chdu, Phiic Kiln, Chiet Giang
[50, y.446-447], [26, y.59-83,247-361]...
Trong khodng 10 the ky ddu Cdng nguyen, cung vdi sy thiet lap cdc vuang qudc Lam Ap (192-749), Hodn Vuong (758-859), Indrapura (875-982), d duyen hdi mien Trung dd ndi Ien mpt sd The Iyc bien (Sea powers) va ty xac lap cho minh mpt khdng gian bien rdng Idn. Khdng gian bien ndy, ttr cdi ngudn, vua mang dac tinh ty nhien ciia phan vimg Trung Hoa - Nhat Ban vira cd the manh ciia phan viing An Dp - Md Lai va ca hai phdn viing nay deu thudc tdng viing Tdy A Thai Binh Duong. Vi the, the ludng nguyen, trii Iugng tdi nguyen thien nhien phong phii ciia Bien Chdmpa da dugc nhieu ban dd, ngudn tu lipu, cdng trinh nghien ciiu trong nudc, qudc le ghi nhan [33, tr.178-179], [45,lr.89-137], [8,tr.291-314].
Ve tdi nguyen vd cdc sdn vat ciia Chdmpa (Cliiem Thdnli), Tong sic - Ngogi quoc Iruyen ghi rd: "Thd san cd tien huong, tidm huong, cau, gd d mdn, td mdc, bach dang (may trdng), hodng lap, vdi hoa bdng, vai to ben, vai bgch chien, chieu mdy, chieu Id bdi da, vang bgc, sdt diic khdi... Ngii cdc khdng cd mach, cd gao nep, ggo le, dau, vimg. Quan cap gidng mdt hpc, tinh thue mdt Uara hoc.
Hoa trdi cd sen, mia, chudi, dira. Chim tiiu tiii nhieu cdng, le ngim. Vdt nudi nliieu bd, trau ma klidng cd lira. Ciing cd thii scm nguu, khdng cay bira dugc, chi de giet ciing te quy Uian. Klii sap giet tiii cho thay ciing khan cdu:
"A la hda cap bat", (Sdm cho may tiiac sinh).
Dan chiing bdt dugc le, voi deu mang den cho vua. Ngudi trong nudc phan da cudi voi, hodc kieu nhd, hodc cQng dimg ngya mua d Giao Chdu. Hay dn thit son duong, thuy hiiy.
Phong tuc, y phuc ciia Chiera Thanh tuong ly nhu Dai Tliyc" [11, ir.286-287].
Trong sd cdc san vdt thudng xual sang phuang Bac. cd nhimg thuong phdm dugc khai thdc, xudt di tu cac cang biln Champa vd nhieu khd ndng Id cd tu Cii Lao Chdm. Vao thi ky Xil, nhd dja ly Maroc Id Edrisi ghi nhan:
"Cac dao trong bien ciia Champa sdn xudt go Id hpi va cac loai nudc hoa khac... Tren cdc bd bien ciia nd la lanh thd ciia vua Maliaradja (cd the Id phien am cua Maharaja Dai vuong/vua), ngudi ndm gitr nhieu hdn dao cd ddng ddn cu sinh sdng, mau md va bao phii bdi cdc cdnh ddng (liia) va ddng cd, va san xuat nga voi, long nao, nhue dau khdu, dinh hucmg. gd Id hdi, tiido qua, lieu tlidt va nhiiu sdn vat khac dugc tim thay d day, la hang hda bdn dja d day... khdng mpt dng vua nao d An Dp CO nhieu ciia cai hon cac hdn ddo nay, nai ma thuang mgi cd vj the quan tipng va rat ndi tieng. Mpt Uong nhirng hdn dao dd Id Mayd.
Nd bao gdm rat nhieu phd, rpng Idn vd mdu md bon ca Mudja... Nha vua sd huu cdc nd le da den vd da trdng ctmg cdc hoan than... Ddy la noi ma cac lau thuyen Trung Hoa den tir cdc hdn dao tu hpp Igi \ a tha neo. Day la noi ma hp hudng tdi va tu do hp cd the di den bat ky nainao"[55,tr.l91].
Do cd vj yi dia Iy thudn lgi ddng thdi chju nhieu tac ddng ciia cac yeu td trong nudc, qudc te, cac trieu dgi qudn chii Champa da tap yung phdt trien kinh te bien, thiic day hoat ddng giao thuong, bang giao khu vyc, qudc te. Ngudi Cham da tao lap nen mot he thdng cang thj, mang ludi giao thuong rdng Idn, cd mdi lien he chat che vdi nliieu thi trudng, yung tdm nguyen lieu, luan chuyen hang hda [37, y.72]. Lay dai bd bien mien Trung lam CO sd, coi tiem ndng kinh te bien Id the manh, cac cpng ddng ngudi thupc vuong qudc
Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, sd 1 - 2020 Chdmpa da thiet lap "rapt he thdng thuong cdng giiip cho viec trao doi thuang mgi vdi cdc qudc gia ben ngoai. Cdc thuang cdng ndy da ddng mdt vai trd quan upng trong viec hinh thanh "Con dudng to lua Uen bien" vdo the ky IX-X va phdn thinh trong cdc the ky sau"[38,y.346].
Nhieu ndm khdo ciiu vimg duyen hai mien Trung, dua tren ddu tich khdo cd hpc va ngudn tu lieu ljch sir, nha nghien cim Le Dinh Phung da xdc djnh mpt hp tiidng thuong cdng cd ciia cac mandala Chdmpa trdi dai tir Bde den Nara. He tiidng dd bao gdm: (1) Katligara d vimg Qudng Trj, cd the gan cdng Ciia Viet; (2) Jilina thudc kinh thdnh Hue, vimg cang Tu Hien, Tu Dung hien nay; (3) Indrapura la thuong cdng quan tipng, cua ngo ciia kinh do Indrapura vuon ra bien. Dd chinh Id "Dgi Chiem hai khdu" ndm d vimg dat Hdi An thupc Quang Nam; (4) Vi Ja Sa hay Thi Ngi (Cri Boneithilibi Nai), la cdng Thj Ngi (Nudc Man) thupc Quy Nhan, Binli Dinh; (5) Lingaparvata nam ven tiij xa Tuy Hda, Phii Yen; (6) Kautiiara thudc thdnh phd bien Nha Trang, Khdnh Hda; (7) Panduranga chinh Id cang Phan Rang hien nay.
Ben cgnh dd, tdc gid ciing xac nhdn nhieu dja diem, vimg bien khdc d mien Trung la dja diem thuan tien cho tdu thuyen neo dau nhu:
Vting Bdng (Qudng Ngai), Vting Rd (Phii Yen)... Nhu vay, cimg vdi Thj Nai ciia Vijaya, Dai Chiem hdi khdu Id cdng thj ldn, ddng vai Ud ddc biet quan trpng yong ljch su vd ljch su kinh te ddi ngogi cua Chdmpa.
Cling vdi cdc cang ldn, giti vi tri ypng yeu, nhieu dja diem khdc cting cd tiie Id cac ben bdi, nai tau thuyen thudng hay neo ddu de cat thera hdng hda, mua bdn Uen nhtmg tuyen ngdn, trdnh bdo, lay thuc phdm vd nudc ngpt [28, tr.630]. Nhu vay, yong khdng gian Bien
Champa, cdc tilu qudc Chdm da kien lgp nen rapt he tiidng cdc thuong cdng ven bien.
Ngudi Chdm da chii dpng dy nhgp vao mang ludi hdi thuong khu vyc, qudc te, ddng thdi qua do ket ndi cdc thuong cdng dd vdi "Mang ludi giao thuong Chdu A" (Asian commercial network) md bien Chdmpa la mpt bg p h ^ hgp thanh. Qua cdc boat dpng giao thuong, ngudi Chdm da phdt di va nhan ve nhieu ngudn luc kinh te, gid trj van hda mdi vd chinh nhiing nhan td dd da gdp phan kien tao nen cac di sdn vdn hda rye rd cua mpt thdi dai.
Trong nhieu cdng trinh nghien ciiu, cdc tdc gid Tran Qudc Vugng, Tran Ky Phuong, Ngd Vdn Doanh, Le Dinh Phung, Kikuchi Seiichi, Momoki Shiro, Lam M^ Dung, Biii Minh Tri, Le Hdng Khanh, Dinh Bd Hda, Nguyen Chi Tiimg, Trdn Vdn An, Do Trudng Giang...
Uen ca sd klido sal thyc dia, nghien cim tiiyc te cung da nlidn ragnh ldi vai trd cua cdc cdng thj viing cira sdng ddc biet la vj the trung tdm ciia ciia Dai Chiem d luu vyc sdng Thu Bon.
Theo do, dudi thdi vuong qudc Chdmpa, thuang thuyen ngoai qudc, tren tuyen dudng tir Arap, An Dp, Ddng Nam A sang Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban hodc nguge lai, thudng gh6 vao Dgi Chiem hai khau de budn ban, trao doi sdnvat[60,tr.l05-il0].
Trong sudt nhieu the ky cua "Ky nguyen thuang raai sdm" (900-1300), bien Champa khdng chi Id nai hpi smh ma cdn la trung tam ket ndi ciia "Tuyen giao thuong can duyen"
(rapt sd ngudn tu lieu ghi Id Tay Duong chdm Id). Tir the ky XI-XII, nhd su trdi day cua cdc vuong qudc bien, lien bd ciia tri thuc hang hai, sdng che ra hdi ban, thuyin mdnh dugc cdi tiin... ma Ddng Nam A lai cd them con dudng bien thii hai: "Tuyen giao thuong dgi duang" (Ddng Duong chdm Id), chdy xuyen
Nguyen Van Kim, Tran Vdn Manh qua cdc qudc gia viing Ddng Nam A hai dao.
Vdi "Tuyen giao thuong can duyen", nhieu tiiuyen budn, van tdi... thudng tu cdc cang nhu Quang Chdu, Phiic Kien, Hdi Nara... di qua vung "bien Giao Chdu", den Champa, Chan Lgp, vdo viing bien Tdy cua Phii Nam, qua eo bien Malacca rdi lien sang vimg Tdy Nam A. Dpc theo tuyen giao thucmg dudng dai dd, hogt dpng mau djch, dich vu hang hai cung ludn dien ra tien nhiing tuyen ngan. Trai dpc theo chieu ddi duyen hdi Viet Nam, hogt dpng giao thuong khdi ddu tu vimg Vgn Ninh (Mdng Cdi), Vdn Ddn den Lach Trudng, Hdi Thdng, Ciia Sdt, Ky Anh, ket ndi vdi cdc cdng bien Chdmpa, vimg Bien Tay (thudc 6 c Eo - Phil Nam) vd diem den cudi cimg la eo Kra (ihl ky II-V!I). Nhung, tir khodng cudi the ky VI y d di, cdc eo bien Malacca, Sunda da dan thay the, danh gianh dnh hudng, ngudn lyc ciia Kra. Sy thay ddi trong he thdng giao thuong qudc te la mot trong nhiing nguyen nhan chinh yeu ddn den su suy thoai ciia vuong qudc - de che Phii Nam [24, y.229-246],[20,y.l82-206].
Trong mdt each tiep can khdc, nhin tu phia tdy sang (tir vimg eo bien Malacca cting nhu Sunda), cdc tiiuyen budn tu Tdy Nam A tdi, tir Ddng Nam A hai dao len, da ddn tu ve viing bien Chdmpa trudc khi tira den cdc cang bien, cdng ciia sdng thupc Bac Trung Bp va he thdng cang ddo vimg Ddng Bac (Dai Viet). Dieu kien dja - kinh le, hai - kinh te ttr nhien, ngudn tdi nguyen phong phii cimg nhfmg sinh lyc phdt trien ma Chdmpa cd dugc tir Ddng Nam A, Tdy Nara A da thdi thiic cdc vuong trieu Chdmpa sdm cd tu duy hudng bien va ndng lyc vuon ra dai duong [25, U.45]. Nhu vdy, ciing vdi "Tuyen giao thuong dai duong", "Tuyen giao tiiucmg can duyen" vdi hai trinh dpc theo cac qudc gia
Ddng Nam A ban dao, cimg vdi nhung moi lien he Bac - Nam, Chdmpa ciing cd nhieu mdi lien he Ddng - Tdy, tiic cd hai thi gidi Ddng Nara A hai ddo vd ban dao''. Hogt ddng giao luu kinh te vd sy thiet lap cdc thuang cdng, thi cdng yen cdc ddo va vimg cua sdng trdi dai sudt ddi bd bien raien Tmng da tao nen nhirng dieu kien thiit yiu d l Chdmpa phdt trien kinh te bien, khai thdc cac tai nguyen bien, giao luu kinh te bien, dyng xdy cac kinh dd, cdng trinh kien tnic ky vT, khoi day ngudn lyc vdn hda tu bien khai.
Trong boat dgng cua he thdng giao thuong Ddng Nam A, mdi tmng ldm kinh te vd qudc gia deu cd nhieu mdi lien he chung, rieng;
vimg, lien vimg. Dieu chde chdn Id, khac vdi cac boat ddng kinh te ndng nghiep, vd d miic dp ndo dd Id thil cdng nghipp, kinh te thuang nghiep dac biet Id hai thuong ludn can nhieu mdi lien he va khdng gian rdng Idn. Ndi each khac, kinh te thuang nghiep, hong dd cd hai tiiuong, chi cd the tdn tai tiong he thdng va phat trien nhd vao he thdng. Khdng gian, he thdng hay mgng ludi lien kel raang linh he thdng la nhu cau thiel yeu cho sy phat trien ciia kinh te ihuong nghiep. Thuc te Ijch sir cho thay, trong "He thdng giao thuong Chau A" (Asian commercial system), cac thuong cdng chinh, tnmg tara kinh te ldn ludn ddng vai yd ddn dat hoat ddng ciia toan bp he thdng. Theo do, cac dao nhu: Van Ddn, Cti Lao Cham, Cti Lao Re, Cdn Ddo, Phu Qudc, Thd Chu... ttmg la diem den, dau mdi giao thuong quan trpng. Do tinh dgc thti, cac cang ddo ndy ludn cd mdi quan he chat che vdi cang bien Chdmpa cung nhu trung tam giao thirong viing Nara Trung Hoa va xa hon ve phia Ddng Bde A la Dai Loan, Luu Cdu, Nhat Ban, Trieu Tien. Thdng qua mdi lien ket cua chuoi cang dao, nhieu trieu dai quan chu Dgi
Khoa hpc .vd hpi Viet Nam, s6 1 - 2020 Viet, Chdmpa da tich cyc dy nhdp vdo cac hogt dpng kinh te ndi A.
Trong cdc tiie ky Xl-XV, hogt dpng kinh te bien vimg Ddng A ludn dya vdo vai trd ndng ddng cua "bien Giao Chdu", biln Chdmpa vd qudc gia Ddng Nam A hai ddo.
Cimg vdi vinh Bde Bd, vjnh Luzon khdng chi sdm trd thdnh cdc tnmg tam kel ndi, ludn chuyen hdng hda md cdn la thi trudng budn ban, kinh te quan trgng ciia Ddng A. Thuyen budn phuang Bde thudng ghe vdo Philippines de di ve phucmg Nam, den the gidi Malayu vdi cac eo bien Sunda, Malacca. Tren tiiyc le, hogt dpng ciia gidi thucmg nhan kliu vyc da tgo nen khdng gian kinh le sdi dpng vd bien Chdmpa ludn cd dugc sue hiit da chieu bdi tiem nang, vj the dac biet ciia vuong qudc nay [15, y.207-230]. Trong lich su, vi cdc muc lieu phdt trien, cdc the chl Chdmpa da sdm phdt hipn thay va da phdt huy vai Ud lich cyc, chu dpng trong viec lira chpn md hinh phai trien. Chdmpa Id nhiing the che cd tu duy hudng bien. Trdi xuyen qua nhieu the ky, ngudi Chdm vd cac cdng ddng dan tdc sdng trong khdng gian chmh In, xd hpi Champa, dd ty kien dyng cho minh mdt nen kinh tl da dang. Hp dd khai thdc tai nguyen tu chdu thd, nui rimg va ca nhirng ngudn lcri tii dai duong [30, u.105-115]. Ngudi Chdm da khdng chi kliai thac hieu qud md cdn phdt huy cdc ngudn lai nguyen, tri thiic khu vuc trong viec thiet lap, ciing cd the che chinh trj; dung xdy cdu tnic, quan he xa hpi; md mang cdc mdi bang giao vd sdng tgo van hda Nhu dd dugc tiiira nhan rpng rdi, ve bdn chdt Chdmpa Id nhung "The che bien" (Maritirae polities) tir Amaravati (Quang Nam), Indrapura (Ddng Duong), Vijaya (988-1471, Bmh Djnh), Kauthara (Khdnh Hda) den Panduranga (Phan Rang). C^c tieu qudc ndy hgp dianh
Vuong qudc biln Chdmpa tiieo tiuet che lgp quyen lien kit [14, U.25-39]. Vuong qudc nay dd sdn sinh ra nhiiu di sdn vdn hda tieu bi€u khdng chi ciia E)^ng Nam A rad cdn ciia ca Chdu A vd till gjdi [48, u.110-115], [27, y.l28-334], [29,y.573-632].
3 . Cu Lao C h a m - tiem ndng va vj the Tir each nhin dja ly ty nhien, dya tren cdc ngudn tu Ueu Ljch su, Khdo cd hgc, Nhdn hpc... cd till khdng djnh Cii Lao Cham ludn cd mdi quan he ch^t chS vd ban thi cd s\r tucmg tdc tiiudng xuyen, radt thiit vdi cdng Dai Chiem, Amaravati vd vdi Simhapura (Tra Kieu), Indrapura ciing nhu rapt sd tilu qudc lang gieng khdc. Trong sudt nhiiu thi ky, ddi cil lao Uen bien va cdng bien Dgi Chiem Id nhiing thyc the chiem giii vai Ud quan ypng hang dau Uong he thong hdi tiiuong Chdmpa.
Vdn de ddt ra Id, yong khi vai yd cua Cii Lao Chdm, vdi sy hung thinh ciia HOi An (Faifo) va nen hdi thuong Dang Trong Ihl ky XVI- XVIII, da dugc khdng djnh tiii nhdn tiuic chung ciia gidi nghien ciiu ve tiim ndng, vj the cua Cii Lao Chdm trong nen hai ihucmg Champa, khdng gian bien mien Trung cung nhu sy bien ddi chinh yj, xa hgi Chdmpa the ky XI-XV... van Id nhiing van de can tiep tuc ldm sdng td.
Thu nhdt, trong rapt sd nghien cihi gan ddy, so sdnh vdi cac lieu qudc khdc ciia Chdmpa, cd lac gid coi nagara Amaravati nhu mdt phirc thi (i:omplex; todn dien nhit.
Trong ijch su, tilu qudc ndy hdi dii nhtrng tiem ndng phdt triln vdi ba khdng gian sinh tiidi: "Khdng gian chdu tiid" (Plain space), ma trung ldm la viing ha luu Thu Bdn; "Khdng gian Thugng nguyen" (Highland space) d
Nguyin Van Kim, Tran Vdn Mgnh vimg Cao Nguyen phia Tdy; vd cudi cung la
"Khdng gian duyen hdi" (Coastal/littoral space), ma diing hon Id "Khdng gian bien ddo" (Sea and islands space) d phia ddng bao qudt mpt vimg dgi duong rpng ldn. Mdi khdng gian cd nhiing ddc tinh rieng biet ve dja ly ty nhidn, hp sinh thai, mdi trudng, phuong thiic hogt dpng kinh t& cim cdc cdng dong cu dan. Giiia cdc khdng gian dd cd nhiing tiem ndng, the manh khdc nhau vd thyc te chiing dd ho trg cho nhau de tao nen siic mgnh chung, ndng lyc va ddng lyc tdng hda cho sy phat trien cua vuong qudc.
Giiia cdc khdng gian dd, Cu Lao Chdm noi len nhu mpt trung tam ket ndi cua Amaravati vdi cdc cdng thj khdc d vung bien Chdmpa. Nhin rpng ra, ciing nhu cdc Chiem cdng khdc, ba thyc the; Cii Lao Chdm - Dai Chiem hdi khau - Thu Bdn dd tao thanh true lien kit gitia Amaravati vdi cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A bdn ddo (Ai Lao, Chan Lap...).
Tryc lidn kit ndy (vdi cac con dudng mudi, hdi sdn, vdi Ipa, chieng, ch6...) da khdng chi kien tgo nen md cdn cung co radi quan he giiia cdc the gidi Ddng Nam A va Chau A.
Trai qua thdi gian, tam thiic ve bien, yeu td kinh te bien, dau an van hda bien da tham nhdp, khdc hpa sdu dam yong tu duy, sac thdi vdn hda cua cu dan vung Trudng Son - lay Nguyen va nhieu mien dat ndra sdu trong vimg ban ddo [21, y.37-70].
Hieu rd nhiing ngudn lgi raa kinh te thuang mgi dem lgi, cdc the che, nhieu vj qudn vuong da chuyen hda chiic nang chinh cua cdc ddng sdng tir ddng chuyen nudc tiianh con dudng tiep giao vdn hda, chuyen vdn kinh te, lidn ket giiia cac khdng gian sinh thai - tdc ngirdi. Nhu vay, theo "true ngang"
(true Tay - Ddng), Cii Lao Cham va cang thj Dai Chiem d hg !uu sdng Thu Bdn da ddng
vai trd kep, viia phdt triln kmh tl vda gdp phdn bdo ve cho chinh the d phia ddng ddng thdi ndra gjii vai trd ket ndi giiia "Khdng gian bien dao" vdi "Khdng gian chau thd" va
"Khdng gian Cao Nguyen" chju dnh hudng cua Chdmpa [12, y.285-314]. Trong chudi lien ket cua he thdng thuang cdng Chdmpa, cdng Dai Chiem vdi Chiem Bdt Lao (Cii Lao Cham) Id rapt Uong nhiing true lien kit chii dgo Uong cdc boat ddng kinh te ciia vuong qudc. Ben cgnh dd, Cu Lao Chara cdn tich hgp, luu giii nhieu gid tri cua cdc khdng gian smh tiiai de tir do xdc lap vai tid d^u moi truyen phdt, luu giii di sdn van hda ciia cdc vimg mien. Nhd cd Cu Lao Cham vd Chiem Cdng md yong nhieu the ky Amaravati dd n6i len nhu mdt vuang qudc trung tdm, ndm gitr vi the trdi vugt, chi phdi cdc tieu qudc khdc.
Cd the khdng djnh, Amaravati khdng thi cd dugc su phat trien vimg chac, nen kinh te phdn vinh neu nhu khdng dua vdo tiem ndng, the manh ciia bien Chdmpa Uong dd co vai trd ddc biet ciia Cu Lao Cham vd khdng gian bien rpng ldn viing quan dao.
Thir hai, dya tren nhiing khdo sdt chuyen sdu tai mien Trung Viet Nam, theo cdch tiep can dja - sinh thdi, dja - kinh te, vdi dy cdm khoa hpc sdu sdc, nha su hpc - khdo cd hpc Trdn Qudc Vugng timg khdng djnh vai trd ciia chudi dao (cii lao) tiong dd cd Cii Lao Chdm trong nen cdnh the gidi tir nhien vd van hda cdng thi mien Trung. Theo dd: "Dudi chan deo la cdc sdng ldn nhd, deu chay ngang theo chieu Tdy - Ddng ra bien, sdng ngan, nudc xanh biec, it phu sa, chau tho hep, nhieu cua sdng sau, tao thanh vjnh cang la noi dau tiiuyln (landing) rat tdt. Van ddng tgo son cdn "nem" ra bien xa cac dao va quan dao.
Chua kl cac quan dao san hd xa khai (Hoang Sa, Tmdng Sa), chi ndi cdc dao gan bd nhu
Khoa hpc xa bpi Vipt Nam, so I - 2020 Hdn Me - Bien Son - Nghi Son (Thanh), Song Ngu, Hdn Mat (Nghe Tinh), Hdn Cd - Hdn La (2 Hdn La), Hdn Ndm (2 Hdn Chua), Hdn Gid (Qudng Bmh), Cdn Cd (Qudng Trj), Cil lao Cham (Qudng Nam), Ly Son (Qudng Ngai), Phu Quy (Phii Yen), Hdn Tre (Khdnh Hda)... tao ra nhiing "binh phong" [51, y.308-340] che chdn cho Chiem Cang. Tren phuong dien khdo cd hpc, cd the khang djnh:
"Cil Lao Cham Id mdt mat xich Uong chudi dien tien vdn hda giai doan 3500-3000 nam cdch ngdy na> d vimg duyen hdi vd ddo \*en bd mien Trung" [7,U.I08].
Trong nhQng the ky sau, Cii Lao Cham cimg vdi cdc ddo ven bd d vimg duyen hdi, dd tgo thanh mgt chudi lien ket dpc tiieo true Bac - Nam. Vdi Biln Chdmpa, true lien ket ndy vira cd nhtrng mdi lien he (Uong nhieu trudng hgp la rat mat thiel vdi cdc trung tam chinh trj, kinh te trong ddt lien) vira cd nhirng hogt ddng dpc lap nhat dinh. Thu tjch cd Arap glii rd: "Tdu ttr Hind (An Dp) den Sanf (Champa) mat 10 ngay. 0 day cd nudc ngpt vd trdm huong xuat khdu... Hp dimg lay nudc ngpt d Sanf-hilaw, Cham Pulaw (Cii Lao Cham) rdi djnh hudng di den Sin (Trung Qudc)" [46, U.121]. Theo Tdn Du&ng thu. "Tu Qudng Chau di bien ve phia Ddng Nara 200 dam den Ddn Mdn son, cho budm thudn gid di tiieo hudng Tay, hai ngay thi den Cim Chdu (Ctm Chdu thgch). Di theo hudng Nam them hai ngay thi den mii Chiem Bat Lao, niii nay d giiia bien, each nudc Hodn Vuong 200 dam ve phia Ddng; di tiiera ve phia Nara hai ngdy niia thi den Ldng scm; di radt ngdy, den nudc Mdn Dpc (Binh Dinh). Lai di tiep mdt ngdy thi den nudc Cd Dat (Nha Trang); di nira ngdy den Chau Bdn Da Lang (Panduranga - Ninh Thuan, Binh Thudn ngdy nay); lgi di hai ngdy, den niii Quan Dot Long (Cdn Dao hay
Poulo Condore); di them ndm ngdy tiii den noi eo biln. ngudi Phien gpi Id "chat" (eo Malacca), Nam Bde each nhau mpt trdm d$m, bd phia Bde la nudc La Vipt, bd phia Nam !d nudc Phat The" [33, y.44-4S]. Minh sir, quyin 324, Ngogi quoc 5 ciing vilt: "Chiera Thanh d bien phia Nam, tir Quynh Chau di tiiuyen thuan gid thi mpt ngay dem cd the tdi dugc; tir Phiic Chau, di theo hudng Tdy Nam mudi ngay dem till cd the tdi,... Thdi Dudng, ho$c cd khi xung Id Chiem Bdt Lao, cd khi xung Id Chiera Ba, noi Qudc vuong nudc ay d gpi Id Chiem Thanh. Sau nien hieu Chi Dire, ddi qudc hipu Id Hodn Vuang. Tdi ddi (Hau) Chu, Tdng, ben lay ten Chiem Thdnh lam quoc hieu, uieu cdng khdng bd" [11, y.306],
Nhu vdy, tu Cu Lao Cham, cdc thuong tiiuyen cd the giong budm tdi Giao Chdu hodc cd tiie di thang tdi ddo Hdi Nam vd ttr dd tdi Quang Chau. Thus en tir Qudng Chau di den vimg Srivijaya hay Palembang khdng phdi di theo ven bien rad cd the qua ddo Hai Nam rdi tien tiiang den Cii Lao Cham [53, y.l21]. Vdi nhieu doan thuang thuyen qudc te, yen cac hai trinh xuyen A. neu nhu gdp bien yen, mtia gid thuan, hp chl cdn cho tiiuyen ghe \'ao cdc ddo tien hanh sira chiia nhd, tiep them tiiyc phdm, nudc ngpt ma khdng can phai cap vao cac thuong cang Idn, vdn ludn chju sy kiem soat chat die cua chinh quyen. Cdc dao (quan dao) cd cu dan sinh sdng lau ddi, cd vung bien sau, kin gid vd nudc ngpt, ludn dap img dugc nhung yeu cdu dd. Tdm quan trpng cua Cii Lao Chdm yong
"Tuyin giao thuang duyen hai" vd d muc dp nao dd vdi ca "Tuyen giao thuong dai duong" la do vi tri dia ly tu nhien nliilu thuan lpi va dpc dao dd.
Thu ba, tir quan diera tiip can he tiidng cd tiie tiiay, Cii Lao Cham vd cac cdng ddo, cdng
Nguyen Van Kim. Tran Van Manh cira sdng khdng phai la cdc thyc the don biet
md ludn duy tri nhieu mdi lien he ndng dpng, mang tinh hp thdng. Vdi cdc tieu qudc Chdmpa, hp tiidng dd vdi ba thyc the; Gang thj (cira sdng) - Kinh do - Thanh dja, gdn ket vdi nhau bdi ddng sdng chay theo hudng Tay Bde - E)dng Nara ttong mdi mandala rdi dd ra Bien Ddng. True lien ket linh tiiieng ndy la co sd cho sy sinh thanh, ddng thdi la nhdn td cdt yeu bdo dam sy phdn vinh cua radi vuong qudc [49], [61].
Ve ty nhien, Cii Lao Cham cd vi tri dii gdn (15 km) de ludn la phSn ddu, che chdn, hda giai nhung dgt sdng du, nhtrng trgn cudng phong cho cira sdng Thu Bdn, sdng Hdn vd cdng Dai Chiem. Ld binh phong (ydn son) canh giti cho Dai Chiem hdi khdu ciia nagara Amaravati, tiong nhieu the ky, viing cti lao chde chdn da ddm duong chiic ndng nhu rapt quan cang cua vuang qudc, kiera sodt cac doan tiiuyen vdo ra, nhung ddng ngudi di qua khdng gian bien Champa, bdo ve sy binh yen vd quan trpng hon la sy phdn vinh cho vuong quoc. La mdt cdng dao, ban la Cti Lao Cham cdn la noi thau nhan, truyen phat thdng tin ve nhiing bien ddi chinh hi, kinh te cua cac xa hdi Chdu A.
Nhieu the ky sau, vj tri cua ngo, phen dau dd cua Cil Lao Chdm vdn dugc cdc nhd thdm hiem, giao sT, thuong nhan phuang Tay xac nhdn; "Mdt hdn ddo nhd cd ten la Callao (cdn cd ten gpi la Pulo Charapello, tuc Cii Lao Chdm), ndm phia Nara vinh Turon chimg 30 ddm... Hdn ddo ndy hodn todn kiem soat Idi ra vao ciia nhanh chinh con sdng Faifo, trudc day Id noi budn ban chinh ciia nen ngogi thuong, ndm tien dd, hai ben sudn ddo hdu nhu hoan toan khdng the tiip can dugc nhung nd lgi ndm ddi dien vdi cua con sdng ndy"
[13, y.I02]. Nam 1909, cdc su gia trilu
Nguyin (1802-1945) ciing ddnh gid: "Chiem Bat Lao ldm trdn son cho cira biln Dal Chiem" . Nhu vdy, mpt vuong qudc Champa himg mgnii, rapt Chiem Cdng phat triln phdn thinh yong nhieu the ky mdt phdn ciing Id do vi tri cira ngd, phen dau ciia Cii L^o Cham.
Thic tu, vdi cac viing bien tuong ddi ldn, nudc sau, kin gid, cd ddt canh tac, nudc ngpt vd nhieu ngudn tai nguyen, Cii Lao Chdm dd sdm ttd thdnh dja bdn cu tni ciia chii nhdn nhieu tiidi dgi van hda^. Trong mdi lien he Ddng - Tdy, Cii Lao Chdm cd chuc nang nhu rapt Tien cdng ciia tiiuong cdng Dai Chiem, vuong qudc Amaravati vd cd the ciia mpt sd tieu qudc Champa. Dieu quan tipng la, Cii Lao Chdm ctmg vdi khdng gian bien rpng ldn xung quanh cdn la mdt vimg ldi nguyen phong phii [43, tt. 11-90], [44], [39]. 6 dd, ngudi ta cd the khai thac (hai sdn quy, yin sdo) vd tap trung ve nhieu ngudn thuong pham cd gid tri (dudng mia, vdi lua, que, hd tieu, trdm huong, simg te...) ciia chdu thd, Cao nguyen de xuat ra thj trudng qudc te. Vdi nlitnig ngudi di bien Chdu A, cdc ddo mien Trung (va cac dao, chuoi dao ven bien ndi chung) ludn la nhirng tieu mdc tten cdc tuyen hdi trinh. Trong nhieu the ky, Cii Lao Cham la chi dau quan ttpng bac nhat ciia cac thuong nhan, tiiuong thuyen qudc te khi den vimg bien Champa de tu do tien den bien Giao Chau (Dai Viet) va khu vyc thj trudng Ddng Bac A [42, tr.460]. Nhiing ghi chep ciia thuang nhan Hdi gido hong "Al-masalik wa'1-mamalik" (Cac tuyen dudng va vuong quoc) ciia Ibn Khurdadhibih da md ta hai trinh ba ngdy tu Qraar (Cambodia) den Sanf (Champa), trudc khi cho tiiuyen tdi Luqin (Long Bien) d chau thd sdng Hdng.
Tdi lieu "Akbar al-Sin wa'1-Hind" {Nhimg ghi chep vi Trung Hoa vd An Do), da ghi Igi
Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam, so 1 - 2020 hdi trinh 10 ngay tir Kadrang (Cambodia) tdi Sanf, noi cd the Idy nudc ngpt Sau dd, thuyen di qua Sundur Fulat (dao Hai Nam) de tdi
"Gales of China" d (Judng Chdu Cdc thuyen budn tren tuyen ndy cd the da thudng xuyen dimg d Chiem Bdt Lao rdi tu dd mdi tien len phuong Bac. Vet tich de Igi Id, d nhieu dja danh nhu Bdi Ong, Bai Ldng... da tim dugc hien vdl gdra su Viet Chau, Trudng Sa the ky IX-X vd cdc raanh gdra su Islam cd ciing nien dai. Dieu dang chu y Id, cd hai tdi lieu deu ghi nhan san pham chinh ciia Champa Id Sanfi (tram huong), logi sdn phdm dugc thuong nhan Arap, qudc te coi Id tiiuong pham tdt nhdt, cd gia trj cao tren thj tiirdng Chdu A vd till gidi [5, U.78-88], [47, tt.385].
Thu tich cd Tnmg Hoa ciing viet ve sy hien dien tiiudng xuyen ciia gidi thuong nhdn Hdi gido trong cac phai doan ngoai giao \ a tiiucmg mgi Chdrapa tdi Trung Hoa, dgc biet Id cudi thdi Dudng (618-907) va thin Tdng (960-1279) [41, y.91-44]. Mat khdc, su hipn dien ciia cdc phai bd ngoai giao, nhieu loai hien vat cd ngudn gdc tir Ddng A, Tdy Nam A d cdc cdng, di tich Chdm nhu gdm su Trung Qudc, gdm Islam, thiiy tinh (ttong dd cd nliieu thuy tinh mau, cao cdp ciia Tay A, Ai Cap) dugc phdt hien tgi Cii Lao Cham la nhiing minh chimg cho thay tam quan ttpng, tinh chdt qudc te ciia Cii Lao Chdm vd nen hdi thuong Chdmpa trong sudt nhieu the ky.
4. Ket luan
Cil Lao Cham da ddng vai trd nhu mdt tiin cang ciia tiiucmg cang chinh Dai Chiem hai khdu, ddng thai Id mdt cdng ddo quan ttpng Uong chudi ddo trdi dpc theo tuyen giao thuang can duyen ciia Bien Ddng. Cii Lao
Chdm vira la dilm dimg chdn budn bdn ciia cdc thuong nhan ngogi quoc, vira la trgm trung chuyin hang hda tren tuyen hdi thuong duyen hdi Ddng Nam A. C) miic dp nao dd, cd the coi boat dpng kinh te ciia Cii Lao Cham cd nhiiu d^c tinh phdt uien tuong tu nhu tiiuong cang Vdn Ddn ciia qudc gia Dgi Viet [26, tt.l4]. Vdi nhimg ddc tinh phdt triln, Cu Lao Chdm Id loai hinh Cdng ddo, mpt ttong bdn md Itinh cdng tieu bieu timg hinh thdnh trong lich su Vipt Nam . Vdi vai trd, chuc ndng, cdc hogt dpng phong phii, c6 tiie coi Cil Lao Cham Id mpt Cdng da chirc ndng cua vuong qudc bien Amaravati va ciia cd nen hdi thucmg Chdmpa. Trong nhieu the ky, Cil Lao Chdm da hpi dii nhiing moi lien he giiia ba tiidnh td; Diem (co sd ti^o ddi, budn ban: Bai Lang, Bdi Ong...), Trung tam (tap trung, chuyen giao hang hda) vd Tuyen (ket ndi vdi he thdng kinh te viing, lien viing).
Sy hgp tu ciia ddng thdi ba thanh to dd dd khien Champa trd thdnh mpt Trung tdm lien vimg va d mirc dp ndo dd la Trung tdm lien tiie gidi [35, U.37-55]. Ndi cdch khdc, cdc cang bien Champa da hdi du ba ddc tinh co bdn: tinh trdi vugt, tinh da dung va tinh lien ket. Chdmpa da tao ra cdc thuang cdng, tiiilt lap mdi giao thuang khu vuc, qudc te vd den lugt minh, hogt ddng giao tiiuong Chau A dd cd nhieu dnh hudng mgnh rae den ddi sdng kinh te, chinh tri cua cac thi chl biln Champa [53, tt.l20].
Cdc ngudn tu lieu ljch sir cho thdy, sau khi Dai Viet gidnh dugc ddc lap vao thi ky X, trudc dp luc chinh tri itr phucmg Bde, mdt xu the hudng Nam dd dien ra. Trong cac nam 979 va 982, sue ep ciia Dai Viet dd khien Amaravati suy yeu vd thay vdo do Id sy ndi len cdc vuong qudc Vijaya (Binh Dinh), Kauthara (Nha Trang) vd
Nguyen Van Kim, Trdn Vdn Manh Panduranga (Phan Rang) [57, tr.178-179].
Ghi chep trong hai tim bia cd nien dgi 1029, 1035 tim dugc d Panduranga da cung cdp thdng tin ve sy hien dien cua nhieu tiiuong nhan qudc te ttong do dac biet la thuong nhan Hdi gido. Lich sir ciing ghi nhan su kien "Ngogi giao hdn nhdn" Viet - Chdm gitia vua Chdm Sri Harijit (Jaya Simhavarman 3, Chl Mdn 1285?- ?) vd cdng chiia Huyen Tran ndm 1306 rad mdt trong nhiing ket qud ciia cupc hdn nhdn dd la Dgi Vipt da cd them hai chau 6, Ri (Ly)^.
Den ndm 1471, dnh hudng ciia Dgi Viet da md rpng den vimg Vijaya vd thuong cang Thj Nai ndi tieng. Nhiing bien ddi ve chinh trj dd cd nhieu tac dpng den boat ddng kinh tl, ddi song xd hpi Champa. Den thi ky XV-XVl, ddu tich cua cdc thdi dai vdn hda ttudc it thdy xuat hipn tren nhirng viing ddt
"tmyen thdng" ciia Amaravati, Vijaya... Cd the cho rdng, sy suy gidra cac di tich thdi ky ndy lien quan mat thiet den qua trinli suy yeu cua cdc vucmg qudc vd ciang nhu Chiem Cang, Thj Ngi ciing mat dan di vi tri ciia mpt cdng thj qudc te trung tam [22, tt.76], [59,tt.223].
Trudc nhung bien ddng ljch su, trong cdc thi ky XI-XV, vai ttd tiin cang ciia Cii Lao Cham ciing ttmg budc bi suy gidm nhung vimg cti lao van duy tri nhieu hogt ddng ciia cdng ddo va d rauc dp nao do van the hien nhihig hogt dpng cua mdt cdng da chiic ndng nhd ttii Iugng lai nguyen phong phii cimg vj tri dja ly d^c tiiLi.
Tir cudi the ky XV, do kich boat ciia he thdng hai thuong Chau A, Cii Lao Cham dd timg budc khdi phuc dugc vj tiie trung tam ciia mang ludi trao ddi mau djch Ddng Nam A vdi sy hien dien ciia ddng thdi gidi tiiuong nhan Chau A, Chdu Au d vimg thuang cang
vdn thudc Chiem Cdng tnrdc ddy. Tir thi ky XVI, Hdi An (Faifo - Hdi Phd) ttmg budc dugc phuc hung trong bdi cdnh vd raang mpt dipn mgo radi. Trong khodng 3 till ky (XVI- XVIII), nhieu nhd thdm hiem, thuong nhan, nha truyen gido, lap dodn thuang mgi qudc tl (CIO, VOC, EIC.) da din Hpi An, Nudc Man, cdc thuong cdng khdc d miin Trung va deu cd an tugng sau sdc ve vj the cua Pulociampello (Cti Lao Chdmpa) [3, y.91].
Nhung, nhimg phdt hien, nghien cihi khdo cd hpc, lien ngdnh ve con tdu ddm d vimg bien Cil Lao Cham (tiidng 5/1997-6/1999, ddi 29,4ra, rdng 7,2m) dung chua tren 240.000 hien vdt md chii yeu Id san pham gdm san xuat tgi he Id Chu Dau - My Xa (Hai Duong), nien dgi cudi the ky XV, dd cung cdp nhiiu thdng tin vd ggi md nhung nghi suy vl tmyen thdng, trinh dp, gia trj dgc sdc cua ddng gdm Dgi Viet; sy giao luu vdn hda, ky thuat che tdc, ngudn lyc tri thuc tmyen ndi gitra Chdmpa va Dai Viet; cdc radi giao Ihuong khu vyc, qudc te, quan he Dgi Viet - Charapa - Siam - Ddng Nam A vd vai Ud ciia khdng gian Bien Chdmpa - Cu Lao Cham trong hon 10 till ky [52], [54], [58].
Chii thich
' Khdi niem "Con duong ta lya" !an dau tien dirpc r\hk dia ly hpc nguai Diic Ferdinand von Richthofen (1833- 1905) dua ra n3m 1877 trong cuon sSch c6 tya de
"Trung Quic". Trong tieng Dire, khii ni?m nky Ik:
"Seidenstranssen", tieng Anh la "Silk road" de chi cac tuyin giao thirong tren dat lien va tren bien noi g]Qa phuang Dong voi phuong Tay thoi co trung dai. [52], [54], [58].
Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt N a m , so 1 - 2020
* Bi ky Drang Lai phai hi?n dugc a thap Drang Lai (tinh Gia Lai) co men dai khoang nSm 1435 ghi rO: "Va (nhiing nguoi cua) Champa ma ngdi ra lenh cu tni 6 day tren viing Cao Nguyen, voi nguoi LSo, ngu&i Viet, ngu6i Khmer, nguoi Siam, ngudi Java, ngir&i Bengal:
t i t c a h p l a 170nguin""[l,tr.55].
' Cdc sii gia trilu Nguyen viet: "Cach huyen Dien Phudc 68 djm vl phia E)6ng, ngat nguong giaa biln goi la dao Ngoa Long, cung gpi 1^ hon Cii Lao, c6 ten n&a \k Tiem Biit, ten c6 la Chiem Bk l ^ o , lam tidn son cho cira biln D^ii Chiem; dan phuimg Tan Hiep 6 phia Nam mii; ru^ng dAt trfin niii c6 the ciy cSy, thuyen bi nudc la thudng trong mii nky \km chimg di vt diu do 6 day d l l^y ciii, nu6c. Tren nui co nhieu den thd nhu din Ihd 3 vj Phyc Ba Tuong quan, den thd Cao Cac, den thd thSn B6 Bo vk cic din thd t h ^ : Ngpc Lan, Thinh Hoing, Chiia Lii, Bgch Mi, Ngu Hinh .." [34, IT. 358-359].
* v l bin dao Son Tr^ v i Cii Lao Cham va cac dao niiln Trung, Le Quy D6n viet: "Phia ngoii cic cira biln xir T h u ^ H6a, Quing Nam deu c6 niii d i noi \tn d trong biln d l lim trin, r^ng h?p khong giing nhau.
Chau Nam Bo Chinh d thon Bic Bien xa An Niu cti niii gpi li CiJ Lao Co, ra bien di 4 canh thi den nai. Phti Dien Bin d ngoii cufa bien Da Ning co niii gpi la Hdn Tri, Hdn Lo, ra cira biln nira canh thi den. Phu Thing Hoa d cua bien D^i Chiem c6 niii to gpi li Cii Lao Chim, ba ngpn doi nhatl, hai ngpn Idn mi xanh tot, cd cu dfin, rupng nuong, co cac thu, cam, quit, d5, l^c, tren c6 suli nudc ngpt; mpt ngpn thi nho mi kho cin, ra biln2 canh thi din" [7, lr.l05-n 1), [10, tr.116].
' Dya tren djc tinh hinh thanh cac thuong cang Vift Nam c6 the phan Ijip thinh bin loai hinh co ban: I.
Cdng song-. Thing Long ( H i Npi), Ph6 Hiln (Hung Yen), Cil U o Phi (D6ng Nai), Sii Gdn (Tp. H6 Chi Minh), Oc Eo (An Giang); 2. Cdng cua sdng: Van Ninh (Quang Ninh), Dd M6 (Domea, Hii Phong), Lach Trudng (Thanh Hoa), Hpi Thing (Nghe An), Thanh Hd (Hui), Chiem Cing - H^i An (Quing Nam); 3.
Cdng biin (d cic vyng biln) K> Anh ( H i Tinh). Thj N?i - Nudc Mfln (Binh Dinh) v.v...; Vi, 4. Cdng dao:
VSn Ddn (Quing Ninh), Cd U o Chim (Cluing Nam), Cdn E>io, Phii Qu6c [17, tr.l6].
' Nam 1307, vua Trin Anh Tdng (1276-1320) d l d6i hai chau 6 , Ly thinh Thu§n Chiu v i Hda Chau tire viing dit tir Quing Tri, Thira Thifin Hu^ d^n Quing Nam, D i Ning hi|n nay [23, ir 17].
Tai Ueu tham khao
[I] Arlo Griffiths, Amandine Lepoutre, William A.SouUiworth & Thinh Phfin (2012), Vdn khdc Chdmpa lgi Bdo tdng dieu khdc Chdm - Dd Ndng, Nxb D^ii hpc Quoc gia Tp. Hh Chf Minh, Tp.HB Chi Minh.
[2] Nguyin Dinh Chian (2017), "D6 gdm sir Irong 6 con tiu dim 6 vung bien Vift Nam", Khdo co hgc Bien ddo Vi^t Nam: Tiem ndng va trien vpng, Nxb Dai hgc Quoc gia H i Npi, H i Npi.
[3] Cristophoro Bon-i (1998), Xir Ddng Trong ndm 1621, Nxb Tp. Hk Chi Minh, Tp. Hd Chi Minh.
[4] Ngd Vin Doanh (2002), Vdn hoa cd Chdmpa, Nxb van hda Dan tgc, Hi Ngi.
[5] Ngd Vin Doanh (2007), "Cay tram huong trong ddi sdng thuong m^i v i vin hda cua ngudl din Chimpa xua va ngudi Vift tinh Khinh Hda ngiy nay", Viet Nam trong h? ihong thucmg mgi Chdu A lliikyXVI-XVII, Nxb ThS gidi, H i N§i.
[6] Ngo v a n Doanh (2011), Chdmpa - Nhiing ddu dn ciia ihdi gian, Nxb The gidi, H i Npi.
[7] Lam Thj My Dung (2007), "Cii U o Chim - MOt vung dit co", Cii Lao Chdm: Vj ihi, tiim ndng vd trien vpng, Hpi An.
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70
N g u y e n Van KJm, Tran Vdn Mgnh
[9] Ldm Thj Mp Dung (2017), Sa Huynh - Urn Ap - Chdmpa thi ky V TCN den thi ky V SCN (Mpt sd van di Khdo cd hpc), Nxb ThS gidi. H i Npi.
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[11] Chiu Hii Dudng (djch & bien soan, 2018), An Nam truydn - Ghi chep ve Vift Nam trong chinh su Trung Quoc xua, Nxb H^i N h i vkn. H i Npi.
[12] Do Tnrdng Giang, "Bien vdi lyc dia - Thucmg cing Thj N^ii (Champa) trong hf thong thuang m^i Ddng A thfi ky X - XV", Ngu&i Viet vai Biin, Nxb Th^ gidi. H i Npi.
[13] John Barrow (2011), Mpt chuyen du hdnh den xu Nam Hd (1792-1793), Nxb The gidi. H i Npi.
[141 Nguyen Vin Kim (2008), "Ddu i n co sa ciia cic xS h^i Ddng Nam A ", T^ip chl Nghien cuu Lich si>,s66(386).
[15] Nguyin Yin Kim (Chu bien) (2011), Wgwrn Viet vdi Biin, Nxb The gidi, H i Npi.
[16] Nguyin Vin Kim, Nguyin M^nh Dung (Chti bien) (2015), Vift Nam - Truyen thdng kinh te, vdn hda biin, Nxb Chfnh trj qu6c gia - sy that.
Hi NOi.
[17] Nguyin Van Kim (2016), Van Ddn - Thuang cdng quoc ti dia Vi$t Nam, Nxb D?i hpc Quoc gia Hi Npi, H i Npi.
[18] Nguyin VSn Kim, Do Trudng Giang (2017),
"NghiSn Clin ljch su, vin hda Chimpa - Mpt s6 suy nghT v i van de dit ra". Nam Trung Bo vd Nam Bp trong Uch su Vift Nam, Nxb ThS gidi, Hi NOi.
[19] Nguyin Vin Kim (2019), "Biln Viet Nam trong cic khOng gian bien Ddng Nam A", Bien Vift Nam vd cdc moi giao thmmg bien, Nxb Dsii hpc Qu6c gia H i Ngi, H i Ngi.
[20] Nguyin Vin Kim (2019), " 6 c Eo - Phu Nam: Vj th^ ljch sii: v i cdc mdi quan hf khu vuc ", Bien Vift Nam vd cdc moi giao thucmg bien, Nxb Dai hgc Quoc gia H i Ngi, H i Npi.
[21] Nguyin Vin Kim (2019), "Biln trong sir thi Dim Df, Nghien cuu Van hda Miin Trung 20/5, Nxb D?i hpc Hui, Hue.
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[23] Phan Huy Le (2006), "Tudng nhd cdng Iao cua vua Tran Nhin Tdng va cdng chiia Huyin Trin", Tap chi Xua vd Nay, sd 263.
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Dai hpc Su pham, H i Npi.
[28] Le Dinh Phyng (1997), "Thuang cing ChSmpa trong ljch sir", Niumgphat hifn mdi ve Khdo cd hpc ndm 1996, Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hOi. Hi Npi.
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[32] Pham Hoing Quan (201IX "Nhung ^ c h ^ lien quan din Bien Dong Vi^ Nam trong chinh stir Tmng Qudc",Jap dv N^iien aiu vd Phi^ trien, so \.
[33] Pham Hoing Quan (2016), Tpp bdn do hdng hdi 1841 d Thu vien Dgi hpc Yale, Nxb Vin hda - v a n nghf, H i Ngi.
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Khoa hoc xa hpi Viet N a m , sd 1 - 2020
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[37] Le T i c (2002), An Xam chi lupc, Nxb Thuan Hda - Trung tam Van hda Ngdn ng\i Dong Tay, Hue.
[38] Hi van Tan (Chu bien) (2002), Khdo cShoc Vi?t Nam, t.3, Nxb Khoa hgc X i hgi. H i Ngi.
[39] Thdng lin Nghien cuu Dia ly - Sinh thai Hpi An (2016), HOi An.
[40] Biii Minh Tri (2019), "G&n Champa-Binh Djnh:
Di chi sin xuat tnsng bdi canh thuong m^i bien Chau A", Kinh thdnh cd Vift Nam, Nxb Khoa hgc XahOi,HiNOi.
[41] Nguyen Chi Trung (2007), "Tong quan ve Khio cd - Ljch stj Cil U o Chim", Cii Lao Chdm Vi the. tiem nang vd tridn vpng, Hpi An.
[42] Nguyin Chi Trung (2018), "Vai trd ciia he thong song vi ctia biln ddi vdi sy hinh thanh v i phit trien ciia dd thj thuong cing Hpi An", Bien vdi lifc dja - Vai trd vd mgng ludi giao tuu d luu \'uc cdc ddng sdng mien Trung, Nxb D^i hpc Qudc gia Hi Ngi, H i NOi.
[43] Trung tim Quan ly Bio ton Di tich Hpi An (2007), Cu Lao Cham - Vj the. Hem nang vd tnen ypng, HOi An.
[44] Trung tim Quin ly Bio ton Di sin van hda Hpi An (2014), Thdng tin Nghien cuu Cii Lao Chdm, Hpi An.
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[46] Hoing Anh Tuin (2007), "Cii Lao Chim vi hoat dpng thuong mai d Bien Ddng thdi vuong quoc Champa", Cil Lao Cham - Vi the. tiem ndng vd trien vpng, Hpi An.
[47] Hoing Anh Tuin, Do Trudng Giang (2017),
"HOi An trong mang ludi thuong mai bien A Chiu (the ky 7-13)". Khdo cd hoc Biin ddo Viei Nam, Nxb Dai hgc Qudc gia Hi Npi, Ha Npi.
[48] Vifn Nghien ciiu Kinh thinh, Vien Han lam Khoa hpc x i hgi Vift Nam (2019), Kinh thdnh cd
Vift Nam, Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hgi. Ha Npi
[49] Trin Qu6c Vu^ng (1995). "Miin Tmng Vift Nam v i van hda Champa", T?p chi Nghien aiu DdngNamA,s64i2\).
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[51 ] Trin Quoc Vupng (1998). Vift Nam cdi nhin dja
• vdn hda, Nxb V5n hda Dfin tOc, H i NOi.
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