T A P C H i K H D A H D C - B D 3 B / Z D 2 D || 147
TIEP CAN THONG TIN VE StTC KHOE SINH SAN CilA v i THANH NIEN NtT DAN TpC THltU SO
Le Thi Dan Dung Viin Nghien ciru Con nguai
Tdm tdt: Tiip can thdng tin sue khde sinh sdn (SKSS) day dii vd kjp thoi Id mgt trong nhiing dieu kien tiin quyit ddi vai vj thdnh nien nit nhdm giup hg phdng trdnh dugc nhiing rdi ro vi SKSS ngodi y mudn dong thdi bdo vi minh Irudc nhiing hdnh vi SKSS khdng an todn. Tuy vgy viec tiip cgn thdng lin sire khoe sinh sdn cua vj thdnh niin nQ, dgc bi^t la vj thdnh niin nit ddn lgc thiiu so (DTTS) a Vi^l Nam cdn nhiiu hgn che. Dua trenkil qud khdo sdt bdng bdng hdi v&i 200 vi thdnh niin nit tgi huyin Than Uyin cua linh Lai Chdu, irong do cd 112 ngudi ddn lpc Thdi a xa Ta Gia vd 88 ngudi ddn tgc Hmongaxd Khoen On vd kit qud phdng vdn sdu, thdo lugn nhom ddi vdi vi thdnh nien nir, cdn bg y te cdc cap, gido vien cdc irudng irung hgc ca sd vd trung hgc phd thdng a hai xd Ta Gia vd Khoen On huyin Than Uyin. tinh Lai Chdu, bdi viit phdn tich thyc trgng tiip cgn thdng lin sdc khoe cua vi thdnh niin nit DTTS a tinh Lai Chdu trin ba chieu cgnh: linh sdn cd cua djch vy thdng tin SKSS. thuc trang tiip can vd miic dg hdi long vai ihdng tin dugc lu vdn, tuyen truyen. Kil qud phdn lich cho ihdy hign nay ddi vdi vj thdnh men nir klidng cdn di hgc vd vi thdnh nien nir ddn lgc Hmong thi viic tiip can thdng tin SKSS dang cdn Id thdch thirc lan do su thieu vdng cdc djch vu cung cdp thdng tin ddnh riing cho hg vd bdi tinh khdng phu hgp vi mgl ngdn nga irong cdc thdng tin dugc cung cdp. Ben cgnh dd, vigc tiip can thong tin sire khoe sinh sdn cua nguai Hmdng cUng hgn chi han so vai nguai Thdi bai cdc rdo cdn vi dia ly vd su khdc biql ve ddn tgc cita cdc cdn bg phu trdch cdng tdc tuyen truyen.
Tu khda: Sue khde sinh sdn, tiip can thdng tin, vi ihdnh niin na. ddn tdc thieu so.
Nhgn bdi ngdy 14.3.2020; giri phdn bien, chinh sira, duyit ddng ngdy 25.3.2020 Liin h^ Idc gid; Le Thi Dan Dung; Email: [email protected]
L MO DAU
Nhiiu fre vi thanh nien frdn khap tiii gidi dang tham gia vao cac mdi quan he Unh due.
Cdc sd lieu khdo sat hd gia dinh eho thdy d cdc qudc gia dang phdt fridn (trii Trung Qudc), khoang 11%) nil gidi va 6% nam gidi d dp tudi 15-19 cho biet da timg ed quan he tinh dye tiirdc khi 15 tudi. Tre em gai cd kha ndng bi tdn thuang Idn han trudc cae nguy co vd siic khde sinh sdn vd stic khde tinh dye (UNICEF, 2011). Tre em gdi ngudi DTTS thudng la nhChig ddi tugng thidt thdi ban cd ve khd ndng tiip can cdc ngudn lye, kha nang ndi len
1 ^ II T R a d N G BAI HOC T H U BD HA NOI tidng ndi ciia minh do cdc chudn myc xd hpi dp ddt vi tri thap kem ban cho hp. gicri han hp d cac boat ddng suih con va sdn xudt hd gia dinh (Uy ban ddn tdc, UNWomen. 2015). Dd khde manh va an todn, fre vi thanh nien can dugc tidp can vdi cdc dieh vy chdm sdc sire khde tinh due va siic khde sinh san cd chdt lugng cao vd cdc thdng tin ttr sdm. Tidp can thdng tin vd SKSS do vdy Id mpt frong nhiing dieu kidn tidn quyit ddi vdi vi thdnh nidn nil nhdm giiip hg phdng trdnh nhihig riii ro vd SKSS ngodi y muon ddng thdi bao vd minh trudc nhirng hanh vi SKSS khdng an toan. Tuy vay, vipc tiip can thdng tin vd SKSS ciia vj thdnh nien cdn han che. Theo didu tra qudc gia ve VTN vd Ihanh nidn Viet Nam ISn thir 2 (5!^ VY 2) ndm 2009, thanh thieu nidn chii ydu bidt dugc thdng tin vd mang thai hay kd hoach hda gia dinh qua cdc ngudn thdng tin dai chiing. Miic dp bidt eac thdng tin nay tir nhd tnidng, gia dinh, nhdn vidn y td/dan sd hay eac co sd tu van sire khdc sinh san cdn rdt khidm tdn. Ddc bidt vide tiip can vdi cac dich vu cham sdc SKSS, siic khde tinh dye khdng de dang, vdi vi thdnh nidn, thanh nidn sdng d ndng thdn^^, khu vye ngudi DTTS sinh song
Cho den nay dd cd mpt sd nghidn cmi vd tidp can thdng tin SKSS eua vi thdnh nien d Viet Nam, Nghidn ctiu chuydn dd vd tidp can thdng tin dai chiing ve SKSS sii dyng sd lieu SAVY 2 cho thay vide tidp can cdc djch vu vd siic khoe sinh sdn vd gido dye eua vi thdnh nien va thanh nidn cdn gicri ban, ddc biet ddi vdi ngudi ngheo va cdc dan tpc thidu so (Nguyen Thi Mai Huong, Nguydn Dinh Anh, 2010). Mdt nghidn ciru khac vi Day lhi - sue klide linh due - sire khde sinh san & thanh thiiu niin Viet Nam cung sir dung so lieu didu fra SAVY 2 cho thdy cd khodng frdn 60% ty Id nam, ntt vi thdnh nien va thanh nidn cho bidt bg de dang sii dyng dich vu khdm vd didu fri SKSS (69% cho nil, 62% cho nam; 64% d ndng thdn, 70% d d o thj; va 61% eho ngudi DTTS va 66% cho ngudi Kinh/Hoa). Nhu vdy, khoang 2/3 thanh thieu nien de dang Udp can vdi cdc dich vu tu van vd chdm sdc SKSS, khoang 1/3 thanh thidu nidn chua dd ddng tidp can cdc dich vy tu vdn vd chdm sdc SKSS.
Mdt frong nhiing nguydn nhan dugc dua ra la he thdng chdm sdc siic khod d Viet Nam hidn nay chi tap tnmg cung cap thdng tin va dich vu SKSS vd KHHGD cho ngudi dd cd gia dinh md chua quan tam nhidu ddn nam nil thanh nien dd cd quan he tinh dye (Dao Xuan Dung, 2010). Nghidn eiiu gdn day nhdt eua UNFPA (2017) duara nhOng phan tich vd tiep can vd sii: dyng dich vy SKSS cua phy nii dan tgc thidu sd. Tuy vdy, nghidn ciiu nay cCing chua bdc lach dupc sd lieu, thyc frang viec tiep can thdng tin va sir dyng dich vy chdm sdc SKSS ctia nhdm vi thanh nidn nd DTTS. Ddy la mdt khodng trdng ldn can thidt phai nghidn ciru.
Bai vidt nay tim hieu thuc frang tidp can thdng tin SKSS ciia vi thdnh nien nu DTTS d tinh Lai Chau. Nghidn ciiu dugc thyc hidn d hai nhdm vi thdnh nidn nir DTTS la nhdm vi thanh nien nir ddn tdc Thdi d xd Ta Gia va vi thanh nidn nil ddn tdc Hmdng d x3 Khoen On. Cdc kdt qud dugc phdn lich d ba chieu canh: tinh sdn cd ciia dich vy thdng tin SKSS, thyc frang tidp can va miic do hdi long vdi thdng tin dupc tu vdn, tuydn truydn.
''http://www.gopfp gov.vn/home;jsessionid
TAP CHI KHDA H D C - BO 3B/ZOZa
149 Nghien ciiu dugc thyc hidn tai tinh Lai Chau vao thdng 5/2019. Vide phdn tich dya tren kit qua khao sat bdng bang bdi vdi 200 vi thanh nidn nir tai huydn Than Uyen eua tmh Lai Chdu, frong dd cd 112 ngudi ddn tgc Thai d x a Ta Gia va 88 ngudi dan tdc Homdng d xd Khoen (3n. Ngudi tham gia khao sat dugc lya chgn ngau nhidn dya frdn danh sach vi thdnh nidn nii dugc dia phuang cung c ^ . Ngodi ra nghidn ciiu ciing tidn hdnh phdng vdn sdu, thao ludn nhdm ddi vdi vi thanh nidn nii, cdn bd y td cac cap. gido vien cac trudng trung hgc co sd vd trung hpc phd thdng d hai xd Ta Gia va Khoen On huydn Than Uydn, tinh Lai Chau.Bdng 1: Khdi qudt dac diem mau nghien curu^"
Tudi
Thdnh phan dan tpc Trinh d$ hpc vdn Tinb trang hon nhan
17 tudi 16 tudi 15 tudi 14 tudi 13 tudi Hmdng Thai Dang di hoc Da bd hoc/Chua tung di hoc
Chua kdt hdn Da kdt hdn
T y l e ( % ) 17,0 28,5 26,5 18,0 10,0 44,0 56,0 44,5 55,5 61,8 39,0 2. NOI DUNG
2.L Ve tinh san cdcua dich CJ hai xa ciia nghien ciiu, thyc hidn frong nha trudng thudng duge td ehiic it nhat 1 frong nha trudng viec truyen
vu thdng tin SKSS
viec tu vdn fruyen thdng vd SKSS cho vi thdnh nidn nii dugc va cdng ddng. Trong nha frudng, boat dpng truyen thdng ndm/1 Idn vdi sy phdi hgp ciia can bd fram y te xd. Ngoai ra thdng SKSS cdn dugc td chtic thdng qua cdc hmh thirc ngoai
•'•'Theo WHO, vj thanh ni^n la nhihig ngtroi tir 10-19 tu6i. d Viet Nam vin chira co sii thong nhSl trong cic van ban luit vg tu6i vj thanh nien, va thanh nien. Cu the, Luat Bao ve, cham soc va giao due tre em nftm 2004 quy dinh do tudi ciia tre em la ttr 16 tu6i tra xu6ng. Bo luai Hinh sir quy dinh. nguoi tir du 16 tu6i tro len phai chiu trach nhiem hinh sy v i mpi tpi pham, ngucri tir du 14 mdi trd len nhung chua dii 16 tudi phai chiu trach nhidm hinh sir v i tpi pham rdt nghiem trpng do cd y hoSc pham tpi dac biet nghiem trpng.Song tai khoan 1 Diiu 115 v i Tdi giao ciu vdi tre em lai quy dinh: "Ngudi nao da thanh nien m^
giao cdu vdi tre em tir dii 13 mdi din dudi 16 tudi, thi bj phat tii tir 1 nam den 5 nam". Nhu v ^ , neu ngyoi dudi 18 tudi giao cfiu voi tre em tir du 13 tudi den dudi 16 tudi thi khdng phai chiu trach nhiem hinh sir vi chira phai IA ngudi... d3 thanh nien. Bp luat Dan sy quy djnh ngiroi thanh nien la ngudi du 18 tudi trd len.
Song Bp luat Lao ddng lai ghi ro, ngudi lao dpng la ngudi it nhat du 15 tudi, cd kha nang lao dpng va cd giao kit hpp ddng lao dpng. Theo Luat Hdn nhan va gia dinh, nam thanh nien khdng dupc ket hdn khi chua dii 20 tudi. Do chira cd sir thdng nhit trong quy dinh v i dp mdi vj thanh nien a Viet Nam. chung tdi tiin h^nh khao sit vdi vj th^nh nien trong dp tuoi 13- dudi 18 tudi, day ia giai doan cac em dang hpc THCS v i PTTH, Ilia ludi dang d giai doan day thi manh me va chju anh hudng ciia nan tao hdn, cQng nhu cdn dupc quan tdm v i siic khde sinh san.
^50 II T R U C l N B B A I H D C T H O O D H A N O I
khda. eac cudc thi tim hidu kidn thiic vd SKSS. vd xam hai tinh dye tre em. Tu\ \ a\. didu dang luu y la eac boat ddng hidn nay chua cd boat d^ng tu vdn vd SKSS d QiDng nha trudng cbo hgc sinh.
O cdng ddng, eac boat ddng truydn thdng chii ydu dugc Idng ghep vao cac boat dpng truydn thdng ciia he thdng y td dan sd nhu ndi chuyen chuydn de. Idng ghep trong cac eu<k:
hpp thdn ban, td ddn phd. Cdc cudc hgp thdn ban, td dan phd thudng dugc thdng bao tdi chu hd gia dinh, do vdy ngudi tham dy thudng la cdc chii hp hodc bd mp. Ddi vdi cac budi ndi chuydn chuydn dd thudng do Hdi phy nti td chiic, do vliy doi tugng tidp can tiidng tin va tham gia la hdi vidn hpi phy niJ va thudng Id nhiing ngudi dd cd gia dinh. Do vay d6i tugng la vj thanh nidn/thanh nidn it tidp can dugc boat dpng truyen thdng t?i c^ng ddng.
Nhu vay cd thd coi la mpt khoang frdng frong dich vu SKSS cho vi thanh nidn khdng cdn di hpc.
2.2. Ve thyc trang tiep can thdng tin SKSS
Theo kdt qua khao sat, cd 72,5% vi thanh nidn nii duge hdi eho rdng frong vdng I ndm qua hg dugc tu vdn, tuyen truydn vd 10 ndi dung ciia SKSS (thay ddi tam sinh ly, phdng frdnh bao hdnh), trong dd npi dung dupc truyen thdng vd tuyen fruydn nhidu nhat Id vd phdng trdnh bao hanh vd xdm bai tinh dye (50,5%), tiep ddn Id kJ ndng sdng (40,7%) vaphdng chdng ung thu vii va eac loai ung thu d bd phdn sinh dye (Hinh I)
JTinh J. Ty le vi thdnh nir nhan dugc tu van, tuyen truyen ve SKSS theo cdc npl dung ve SKSS trong mgt nam qua (%)
Phon.^ chorj)- uni; ihir MJ va c k benb ung uiu a bo Phong chon^ t k benh lay imyen qui ducmg tinli due Phdng ngija \ a di£u m v^ snh Giam ihi^u nhCtne thai k<' ngoili y mu6a phd thai an
loan
.Mann iti^i' l^i^- II)? ^^ 1"^°
Su d^ng cac bi5D phiis tranh thm khi quan h ; ""H dvc
KCn^ngscn; • • • I ^ B H B H H M i i H H I I ^ ^ H d07 rhoD^iruohbaohfinb vaxilmhaiimbdvc • • N B n H ^ H I H H H H ^ H ^ H ^ M H SOS
Q)uan lam chii y UJi ngueii khac Thay dai lam sinh ly
E)di vdi vi thanh nidn nir khdng cdn di hpc d hai xd Ta Gia va Khoen On, cd den 45%
ngudi frd ldi frong 1 nam qua cac em khdng dugc tu vdn, tuydn truydn ndi dung nao ve SKSS. Ddc bidt ddi vdi nhung vj thanh nidn nir khdng edn di hpc d nhdm ddn tdc Hmdng,
TAP CHI KHDA H O C - SO 3B/2D2D
151 ty Id nay Idn ddn 59,5%.Ket qua phdn ti'ch khi binh phuang cho thdy cd sy khdc bidt cd y nghia thong kd giira vi thdnh nien nti dang di hpc va khdng di hgc, cung nhu gi&a vi thanh nidn nur ddn ldc Thdi vd i\' l | vi thanh nidn n\i duge tuyen iruydn vd SKSS. Theo dd, t> Id vi thanh nidn nii dang di hgc dugc tu van. tuydn truydn cdc ndi dung SKSS nhidu hon rat nhieu so vdi vj thdnh nidn nii khdng di hpc. Ddc bidt cd mdt sd ngi dung SKSS cd \ nghTa quan frpng frong vide ty bao vd va chdm sdc ban than ve SKSS thi ty Id vi thanh nidn nii dang di hpc dugc tuydn truydn cao gdp nhieu ldn vj thdnh nien nii khdng di hgc. Vi dy, t\- Id vi thanh nidn nQ dang di hpc dugc tu vdn truyen tbdng vd phdng franh bao hdnh vd xam hai tinh due cao gap gdn 3 ldn so vdi vi thdnh nidn nii khdng di hgc (76.4% so vdi 29.7%). Ddi vdi ngi dung ky ndng sdng, ty Id nay d vj thanh nidn nu dang di hgc la 71.9% so vdi 15.5% cua vj thdnh nidn nQ khdng di hgc.
Bdng 2: Ty Ie vi thdnh nii nhan dugc t u van, tuyen truyen ve SKSS theo cdc n$i dung vc SKSS frong ndm qua (%) theo tinh trang dl hpc va dan tpc (%)
Cic llQi dung SKSS dirgfc tir van, tuyen truyen Thay doi ve t5m sinh ly tuoi vi thanh nien Quan tam. chu y tdi ngtrdi khac gidi Pliong tranh bao hanii va xam hai tinh due K9 n5ng sdng
Sir dyng cdc bi^n phap trdnh thai l<hi quan he tinh dgc
Ivlang thai, lam me an toan
Giam thieu nhihig thai ky ngoai y muon, pha thai an toan
Phdng ngua va dieu tri vo sinh
Phong chdng cac benh lay truyen qua dirdng tinh dgc va HIV/AIDS
Phdng chdng ung Ihu vu va cac loai ung thu d bd ph§n sinh dgc
Tinh trang di hQC Bang di
hoc 62.9***
13.5 76.4**»
71.9*"
S0.6»*
11.2 12.4 7.9 59.6*'»
15.7 • Khdng di hoc I3.5**»
10.8 29.T"
15.5"*
2 9 . 7 "
18.9 6.3 6.3 23.6»"
13.5
Dan toe Thai 5 0 * "
14.3 68.8*"
59.5"*
54.5***
14.3 14.3**
9.8 61.6***
22.3***
Hmdng 1 7 . . . 9.1 27.3***
17.0***
19.3***
17.0 2.3**
3.4 11.5***
4.5***
Ghi chd: Miic y nghia tiidng kd *p<0.5; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001
Didu ndy cd thd duge gidi thich nhu da frinh bay d fren Id do tinh sdn cd vd khd ndng tidp can cdc thdng tin ciia vi thdnh nidn nir dang di hpc nhieu ban so vdi vi thdnh nidn nti khdng di hpc. Do bdi viec tuydn truydn, thdng tin dugc td chiie tiiudng xuyen frong nhd Uirdng thdng qua cac budi truyen thdng true tidp. cdc cudc thi tun hidu SKSS va cac mdn hgc ed Idng ghep ndi dung SKSS. Trong khi dd. ddi vdi vi thanh nien nir khdng di hgc, cd ve nhu hp la ddi tugng ndm ngoai va khdng duge uu lien trong cdc boat ddng truydn thdng.
Kel qua phdng van sdu va thao luan nhdm sau hpc sinh va giao vidn d cdc frudng hpc vd can bg y te thdn ban cbo thdy rd hon vd didu nay.
'*52 II T R U d N E B A I H O C T H L I B D H A N D I
"Trudng ndm nao eiing cd truydn thdng vd SKSS eho cdc em. Ngoai ra trudng eon ed td tu vdn sire khde, bao gdm SKSS cho cac em nim. Td tu van tiii thudng boat dgng theo hmh thlic long ghep vao frong cdc budi smh hoat n§i tni, thudng la 2 Idn trong 1 thang.
Trong cac budi smh hoat ddy, em ndo cd vdn dd gi thi se dugc gidi dap, gidp dd. Trudng eung td ehiic cac cudc thi vd SKSS cho hgc sinh ddy ciing la hinh thiic tu vdn cho cac em"
(PVS - Giao vidn trudng PTDTNT huyen Than Uydn)
"Truydn thdng vd SKSS d cgng ddng thudng dugc long ghep trong cdc budi hgp xdm, hgp thdn hodc frong cac budi hgp doan thd nhu Hdi Phu nii, Hdi ndng ddn. Ddi tugng di hgp thudng la bd me, nhiing ngudi dd tham gia cdc hgi doan thd. Cdc em vj thdnh nidn thi hdu nhu khdng tham gia cdc budi hop nhu nay" (PVS - Cdn bO y te tiidn bdn xd Ta Gia - Than Uydn)
"Hang ndm chung em dugc tuyen truyen vd SKSS. Ngodi ra frong cdc mdn hpc sinh hpc, giao dye cdng dan em eung dugc hpc ve co th^ nam va nit, mang thai, ky ndng song.
Trudng ciing td chiic cudc thi tim hidu vd SKSS eho hpc sinh vd cdc budi ngoai khda v^
SKSS" (PVS - Hpe sinh dan tpc Hmdng, Khoen On)
Hinb 2: Cdc kenh thong tin cung cap ndi dung SKSS cho vi th&nh nien nO* trong 1 ndm qua (%)
Trjng turn lu van, cau lac bp ^gggg/gg^ 12 ^ Mang Internet mmmmmtmmmmmmmmtm 29 D^i tniyen thdog lim ddng i B B H 8 3
Cin bd dan so. v t^ thdn ban • • • • • • • • • • • • • • i H N H a a M a B I H M H 53.2 Mang xa h^i wmim^^^^^^^m^mm 31
Ban be nguoi than ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ H ^ H 29 Tnrcrag hoc. thiy co giao
Cac \Q chuc Kfi h^i Sach. bao. tc roi
DaL II vi, ioa phdt ihiinh ^^mmmm^^^^^^mmtmmmmm^^ 44.]
0 10 20 30 40 50 6C' 70 80 Nhin vdo bang 2 cung ed thd thay i>' le vj thdnh nidn nir dan tdc Thdi dugc tu vdn, tuyen truyen ve cdc npi dung SKSS nhidu hon rdt nhidu so vdi vi thdnh nidn nii dan tgc Hmdng. Didu nay cd the Id do nhting ngudi ddn tgc Hmdng hg khdng tham gia vao cdc budi tu vdn, truydn thdng vd SKSS. Tuy vdy, didu ndy ddt ra vdn dd vd viec cdn thidt cung cdp dich vu tu van, fruyen thdng SKSS cho dan tdc Hmdng. Theo kdt qua phdng vdn sau vdi can bd y id thdn ban va can bd tram y td xd Khoen On noi cd phdn ddng la ngudi dan tdc Hmdng cho thdy vide truydn thdng ve SKSS tai cdng ddng it dupc tiiuc hien va frong nhiing budi fruydn thdng ciing it ngudi tham gia do ddc thii didu kidn dia ly, ngudi dan tpc
TAP CHI KHOA H D C - SD 3B/ZDZa JLJ53
Hmdng thudng song fren cao, dudng xa di Iai khd khan, d cdch xa nhau nen thudng bd con it khi tham gia cac hoat ddng edng ddng, kd ea hgp thdn bdn. Cdn ngudi Hmdng d xa Ta Gia thi van de ngdn ngir dang Id cdn frd ldn ddi vdi hp frong vide tidp can cac ndi dung SKSS d day. Xa Khoen On cd 11 ban frong dd cd 9 ban ngudi Hmdng va 2 ban ngudi Thdi. Can bg cua tram y te xd la ngudi Thai, do vay khi di tuydn truydn chi tuydn truydn bdng tidng Thai. Ddi vdi 2 bdn ngudi Hmdng thi tuydn truyen bdng tieng pho thdng (tieng Kmh) do bdi can bg y id khdng bidt tidng Hmdng, frong khi dd rdt it ngudi Hmdng bidt ti^ng Kmh. Vd cac kdnh truydn thdng ma vi thdnh nidn niJ nhan dugc tiidng tin SKSS nhidu nhdt la do trudng hgc, thay cd giao eung cap, tiep theo Id tir can bd ddn sd, y te thdn bdn (Hinh 2)
Cd sy khde bidt ed y nghTa thdng ke ve edc kdnh truyen tiidng md vj tiianh nidn nd dang di hpc va khdng di hgc nhan dugc cung nhu giQ-a ngudi dan tpc Tdy va dan tpc Hmdng. Theo dd, nhthig ngudi dang di hpc ed xu hudng tidp can cdc thdng tin SKSS thdng qua nhd trudng, sdch bdo va fren mang bao gom mang xa hpi nhidu hon nhung ngudi khdng di hge. Ty Id nhting ngudi dang di hpe tidp nhan thdng tin SKSS thdng qua sdch bao td roi la cao gap 5 lan so vdi nhung ngudi khdng di hpc {31% so vdi 6.6%). Tuong frr ty le nhOng ngudi dang di hpc tidp nhdn thdng tm SKSS frdn mang xd hdi vd mang Internet cao gip gan 2 lan so vdi ngudi khdng di hpc (tucmg ting 39.3% so vdi 19.7% va 35.7% so vdi 19.7%). Trong khi dd nhimg ngudi khdng di hpc Iai nhdn thdng tin SKSS tir can bd dan so, y Id thdn bdn nhieu bon so vdi nhiing ngudi dang di hpe.
Bang J: Cdc kenh truydn thdng ma vi thanh nien nir nhan dugc tbdng tin SKSS trong 1 ndm qua theo tinh trang di hpc va dan tdc (%)
Kenh truyen thong
Dai, Tivi, loa phdt thanh Sach, bao, to rcfi Cac to chijc xa hoi Tnrong hgc, thay co gido
B?n be ngucri than Mang x3 hpi Can bp dan so. y te thon ban
Dpi tiiyen thong lini dpng Mang Internet Trung tam tir van. cau lac bp
Tinh trang di hpc Sang di hpc
52.4 31***
34.5 100***
33.3 39.3*
45.2**
7.1 35.7*
13.1
Khong dihpc 32.8 6.6***
39.3
(,...
23 19.7*
68.7***
9.8 19.7*
11.5
Dan tpc Thai
49 27.9**
44.2**
76.9***
2P8 40.4***
61.5*
8.7 37.5***
16.3*
Hmong 31,7 2.4**
17.1**
46.3***
29.3 7.3***
39*
7.3 7.3***
2.4*
2.3. Vd mirc dp bai Idng vol thdng tin dirge nhan
Khi dugc hdi vd mtic dp hai long ddi vdi tiidng tin vd SKSS dugc cung cap trong 1 ndm qua theo thang liken vdi 1 Id Hodn toan khdng hdi long vd 5 la rat hai long, nhimg ngudi tham gia khdo sdt nhin chung la tuong ddi hdi long vdi thdng tin SKSS md hp dupc
154
T R U O N G B A I H D D T H U B D HA NQI cung cap (didm tnmg binh mean = 3.88). Tu\ vay. cd sy khdc nhau gii^a nhdm vi thanh nien nti dang di hgc va nhdm vj thdnh nidn nii da kdt hdn va khdng di hgc. Kdt qua kiem dinh - test cho thdy su kbac bidt cd y nghia thdng ke vd quan niem, muc dp hai Idng giiia vi thanh nien nQ: dang di hpc (mean = 4,1) va vj thdnh nien nft khdng di hge, dd kdt hdn (mean= 3,3;), p = 0.000. Kdt qua nay cho thay rang vi thanh nien ntr dang di hpc cd xu hudng hai Idng hon vd thdng tin SKSS hg nhan dugc hon so vdi nhdm dd kdt hdn vd da Ia> chdng.
Miic do hai long ddi vdi thdng tin vd SKSS chiu dnh hudng cua nhidu bidn s6. Nghidn eiiu sii dung phan tieh hdi quy da bidn dd xem tdc dgng ciia ede ydu td d^n miic dp hdi Idng vdi thdng tm dugc cung cap. Theo dd, nghidn ciiu nay sii dung 3 nhdm yeu to ehinh la ddn tgc (dan tdc Thai bay Hmdng), tinh trang hpc vdn (dang di hpc hay khdng di hge), tinh trang hdn nhan (da kdt hdn hay chua kdt hdn). Bdng 4 cho bidt kdt qua hdi qui tuong quan giiia cac ydu td den miic dp hai Idng ciia vi thanh nidn nQ dan tpc Hmdng va Thdi. Md hinh I cho thdy tac dpng ciia yen id tinh trang hgc van, tinh frang hdn nhan vd ddc trung hg gia dinh tdi muc do hdi long cua vi thdnh nidn nii DTTS ndi chung. Md hinh 2 thdm vdo y^u t6 ddn tgc.
Bdng 4: Anh hudng ciia cdc yeu td den muc dp hdi Idng vdi thdng tin SKSS dugc cung cap
Bien so Dan tpc Hpc vdn Tinh trang nhan
hon Thdi Hmdng Dang di hpc Khong di hoc D§ ket hon Chua ket hon
Mo hinh 1 (Dan tpc chung)
9.277'**
1 1.387 1
MS hinh 2 (Theo dan tpc) 7.881'**
1 5.495**
1 1.266 1 Ghi chu: *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001
Kdt qua phan tieh cho thdy d md hinh I. khi cdc bien sd khac la nhu nhau, thi ngudi dang di hpc cd xdc sudt vd miie dp hai Idng vdi cac thdng tin SKSS dugc cung cdp cao gdp 9..2 ldn so vdi ngudi khdng di hgc. CJ md hinh 2, ket qua phan tich cho thdy ngudi Thai cd xae xuat vd miic dp hdi Idng vdi thdng tin SKSS dugc cung cap cao gdp 7.8 Idn so vdi ngudi Hmdng. Tim hidu them thdng qua cdc cudc phdng vdn sdu vdi vj thanh nidn nii ciia cd hai dan tdc thi cho thdy ydu td ngdn ngir dnh hudng Idn ddn miic dp hai Idng. Nhu dd phdn tich d trdn. do vide tuydn truyen cho ngudi Hmdng dugc thyc bien bdng tidng Kinh frong khi dd khdng nhidu ngudi Hmdng bidl vd hidu dupc tidng Kinh nen nhidu ngudi Hmdng di nghe md khdng hieu gi.
"Em di nghe tuyin truyin vi SKSS nhung cdn bp noi bdng liing phd thdng (Kinh).
Em chi hgc hit lap 2 vd bd hgc Idu rdi nen khdng hieu ldm, nin di vdy thdi chu cdng khdng biii cdn bp noi cdi gi" (PVS. vj thanh nidn niJ ddn tdc Hmdng, Khoen On)
Bdn canh dd. cac kenh truyen thdng khdc nhu dai, tivi, loa phdt thanh ciing mdi chi
T A P C H I K H D A H O C - B D 3 B / 2 D 2 D jj 155
tuydn tru\dn bdng tieng Kinh ehii chua ed tuyen tniydn bdng tieng dan tdc va day la sy khdng phii hgp ciia thdng tin, tuyen truydn ddi vdi vi thanh nii DTTS.
3. KET LUAN
Tir nhiing phan tich d frdn eho thdy thdng tin SKSS cho vi thdnh nien nH DTTS d huydn Than Uyen dugc cung cap trong nha trudng vd d cdng ddng. CJ nhd irudng thdng tin dugc eung cdp thdng qua cdc budi truyen thdng, sinh boat ngoai khda va cac budi thi tira hidu vd SKSS. CJ cdng ddng thdng tin SKSS thudng dugc cung cap Idng ghep vao cac budi hgp thdn, hpp xdm va cdc cupc hpp doan thd. Do d cdng ddng khdng cd nhimg boat dpng truydn thdng danh ridng eho ddi tugng vi thanh nien, vi vdy nhung ddi tugng vi thanh nidn nO' dd bd hge it dugc tiep can cdc thdng tin SKSS ban so vdi vi thanh nidn nii dang di hpc.
Vide tidp can thdng tin SKSS ciia ngudi Hmdng cting ban chd hon so vdi ngudi Thdi bdi ngdn ngii sir dyng trong ede budi truydn thdng Id tieng phd thdng. Ngoai ra ydu td dja ly vd sy khdc bidt vd dan tdc cua cdc cdn bd phy trdch edng tac tuyen truyen ciing la rdo can trong vide tidp can Ihdng tm SKSS doi vdi vi thanh nidn nii Hmdng. Mdc du nhin chung nhiing ngudi tham gia trong khao sdt nay ddnh gid khd tieh eye ve miic dp hai long ctia hp vdi thdng tin SKSS hp dugc cung cdp, tuy nhidn ddi vdi vi thanh nidn nO khdng cdn di hpc vd vi thanh nidn nii dan tdc Hmdng thi vide tiep can thdng tin SKSS dang cdn Id thdch thiic Idn do bdi su tiiieu vdng cac djch vy cung c4p thdng tin ddnh ridng eho hp vd do bdi tinh khdng phii hgp ve mdt ngdn ngii trong cac thdng tin dugc eung cap.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Ddo Xudn Dung (2010), Bao cao chuyen dd: Day thi -siic khde tinh due - siic khde sinh san a thanh thidu nien Vi?! Nam, frong: Didu tra quoc gia vd vi thanh nien va Thanh nien Viet nam lan thii 2 - Tdng cyc ddn sd - KHHGD.
2. Nguyen Thi Mai Huang. Nguydn Dinh Anh (2010). Bdo cao chuyen de: Thanh tiiidu nien Viel nam \m viec tidp can va sir dung cac phucmg tien truydn thdng dai chimg, trong:Dieu tra qudc gia vd vj thanh nien va Thanh nien Viet nam lan thii 2 - Tong cue dan so - KHHGD.
3. Uy ban dan loc. Unwomen (2015), Tom tdt vd tinh hinh phu ntr va fre em gai DTTS a Viet nam - Bao cao cua Ca quan Lien hop qudc vd Binh ding gidi va Trao quyen cho phu na.
4. UNICEF (2011). Tinh hinh tre em thd gidi 2011: Tudi vi tiianh nien - mdi cua nhOng ca hpi 5. UNFPA (2017) Nhung rao can frong tidp can cac dich vu CSSK ba me va kd hoach hoa gia dinh ciia ddng bao DTTS Vipt nam - Bao cao cua UNTPA
ACCESSING INFORMATION ABOUT REPRODCUTIVE HEALTH OF ETHNIC MINORITY FEMALE ADOLESCENTS
Abstract: ll is essential for female adolescents lo access Reproductive Health promptly to protect Ihem from taking a risk of unexpected problems and unsafe reproductive
156 II TRUCiNG BAI HDC T H C I B D HA NDI
health behaviours. However, this process of adapting knowledge has shown a lot of limilalions. especially for some female adolescents living at ethnic minorities in Viemam The article aims lo analyse the state of accessing information about reproductive health among female adolescents in Lai Chau Province in terms of three aspects: Ihe availability of productive health services, the state of accessing information and the degree of satisfaction with the promolion. The slalislics were based on rwo surveys: The first one was implemented in Than Uyen District. Lai Chau Province with 200 female adolescents as participants including 112 Thai ethnic group in Ta Gia Commune and 88 Hmong ethnic group in Khoen On Commune. The second sui^ey was a result of group discussion among female adolescents, medical staffs and several secondary school and high school teachers in Ta Gia Commune and Khoen On Commune. The results shows accessing information about reproductive health is stilt a challenge for Hmong female adolescents and those who do not come to school, ll is because of the lack of information sen'ices and the language barriers. Besides, the Hmong ethnic group has more difficulties in terms of accessing reproductive health information than the Thai group due to the geographical barriers and the ethnic differences among staffs who are responsible for promotion.
Keywords: female adolescents, reproductive health, accessing information, ethnic minorities. Lai Chau.