DAI HOC THEO MO HINH DOANH NGHIEP VA KHA NANG AP DUNG TAI TRU^CKVG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN
Trin Tho Dat
Hiiu truang Tru&ng Dgi hoc Kinh ti Qudc ddn EmaU: [email protected]
Doan Hoang Minh Truong Dgi hoc Kinh ti Qudc ddn
Email: minhdh(g).neu.edu.vn
Ngaynhan: 12/10/2016 Ngay nhan ban sira: 20/10/2016 Ngay duyet dang: 25/10/2016
Tom tat:
Dgi hoc theo md hinh doanh nghiep (entrepreneurial university) dang Id xu the phdt triin hien nay ciia nhieu tru&ng dgi hoc hdng ddu tren the gi&i, trong do nhdn mgnh su tham gia tich cue vd chil ddng ciia cdc truang dgi hoc vdo qud trinh ddi m&i sdng tgo vd tgo ra cdc gid tri kinh ti, thiic day phdt triin xa hpi. Moi truang khoa hoc cdng nghe, kinh te, xd hpi vd cgnh tranh tren the gi&i ciing nhu tgi Viet Nam dang thay ddi nhanh chong m& ra nhiing viin cdnh m&i trong sdng tgo, trao ddi vd img dung tri thitc. Ddi mat v&i thdch thitc khdng bi tut hdu v&i chinh minh,
Truang Dgi hoc Kinh ti Qudc ddn hiin dimg tru&c nhiing lua chon chiin luge vi cdch thuc to chiic vd phdt trien cdc hogt dpng nghien cieu, gidng dgy vd gdn kit gid tri tri thitc minh tgo ra v&i doi hoi thuc tien, de co the tiep tuc khdng dinh vi the vd dong gdp hiiu qud vdo suphdt triin chung ciia ddt nu&c. Dua tren mdhinh vd kinh nghiim phdt trien cua mpt sd trucmg dgi hoc tren the giai, bdi viet dua ra mpt so gai y co thi giiip Tru&ng Dgi hoc Kinh ti Qudc ddn chuyin minh tra thdnh tru&ng dgi hoc theo md hinh doanh nghiip, trong khi vdn bdo tdn cdc gid tri hdn ldm vd khoa hoc hu&ng t&i muc tieu la truang dgi hoc nghien cieu, bdt nhip v&i xu hu&ng phdt triin chung ciia gido due dgi hoc tren the gi&i.
Tir khoa: Dai hpc theo md hinh doanh nghiep; m i i quan he tradng dai hpc vdi doanh nghiep; dii mdi giao dye dai hpc; quan toj toudng dai hpc; Tradng Dai hpc Kinh t i Quic dan.
Entrepreneurial university and the applicability at National Economics University Abstract:
Higher education system in the world is moving toward the model of entrepreneurial university, which emphasizes the active participation of universities in innovation and creation of values.
The unprecedented changes in technological socio-economic and competitive environment have led to new perspectives in knowledge creation, exchange, and application. As a leading university in economics and business. National Economics University (NEU) has to decide on how to organize and develop its research, teaching and knowledge exchange in such a way that connects university's knowledge to value creation, and thus, enhances its contribution to the development of Vietnam. Based upon critical review of several successful models, this paper suggests some orientations for changes that NEU may adopt to transform its organization into an entrepreneurial university, coping with global trend and yet maintaining core academic values of a research university.
Keywords: Entrepreneurial university: university-industry relationship: innovation in higher education: higher education management: National Economics University.
1. Dat van de
Trong vai nam tod lai day d Viet Nam, "tinh than doanh nghiep" (entoepreneurship) dang trd thanh mdt trong cac thuat ngft cd miic dp xuat hien hang dau trong cac thao luan toen nhieu dien dan khoa hpc va nghe nghiep, cflng nhu la chu de chiem vj tri uu tien toong cae chinh sach phat trien eua ca quan quan ly nha nudc. Trong bdi canh ca xa hpi dang chuyen minh hudng den mue tieu ea nhan khdi nghiep va qudc gia khdi nghiep, cac tradng dai hpc can ddi mdi nhu the nao de bat nhjp va ddng hanh cung sy phat toien chung eua ea he thdng la mpt cau hdi cd tinh chien lupc. Dieu nay cang cd y nghTa dac biet quan trpng ddi vdi nhiing trudng dai hpc dang giu vj tri di dau, dan dat ca mpt nganh, mpt ITnh vyc dao tao va nghien cira nhu Tradng Dai hpc Kinh te Qudc dan.
Tren the gidi, khai niem "dai hpc theo md hinh doanh nghiep" (entoepreneurial university) da xuat hien tit thap nien cudi cua the ley trade, vdi cac nghien cim tien phong cua Etzcowitz (1983), Wasser (1990), va Clark (1998). Theo eac tac gia nay, dai hpc theo md hinh doanh nghiep la cac tradng dai hpc tich cyc tim co hdi thuang mai hda cac y tudng va tao ra gia toi kinh te trong xa hdi, cung nhu khdng coi dd la mdt mdi de dpa den cae gia trj han lam khoa hpc cita minh (Clark, 2004). Trong thap nien tiep theo, cac nghien cira ve dai hpc theo md hinh doanh nghiep, ca toen gdc dp han lam hpc thuat va ling dyng thyc tien, da thu hut sy quan tam eua ddng dao gidi khoa hpc (Gibb va cdng su, 2013). Cd the thay dai hpc theo md hinh doanh nghiep dupe phat toien tai ea nhiing tradng dai hoc cd be day va uy tin lau nam ve nghien cira ban lam nhu Oxford (Anh), Stanford, Massaehuset Institute of Technology (My), cung nhu tai eac co sd giao due dai hpc hien dai va it tudi hon tai cac qudc gia mdi phat toien va dang phat trien, nhu Dai hpc Qudc gia Singapore (Wong, 2007), Dai hpc Hoa Ddng, Trang Quic (Ye Liu, 2008). Tai Viet Nam, nhiing tradng dai hpc dau tien dua ten tudi minh gan vdi khai niem nay cd the ke den Tradng Dai hpc Nguyen Tat Thanh (Pham Thj Ly, 2012), Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi (Nguyen Huru Due, 2013), Tmdng Dai hpc Bach Khoa Thanh phi Hd Chi Minh (Ha Thi An, 2016).
Mdi tradng lam viee, eac md hinh kinh doanh mdi, cae each td chirc va van hanh kinh ti tai mdt nudc toen da phat trien manh me nhu Viet Nam dang thay ddi va chuyen bien hang ngay. Tradng dai hpc
vdi sir menh phat toiin tri thirc va dao tao ngudn nhan lyc bac cao phuc vu cho xa hdi can cd sy chuan bi va thich nghi vdi eac xu hudng van dpng mdi cila nen kinh ti. Trong bii canh do, Tradng Dai hpc Kinh te Quic dan dung trade nhung lua chpn cd tinh chien lupc vi hudng phat trien, vdi thach thirc day manh sy tham gia chu dpng va tich eye cua minh vao qua toinh ehuyin biin kinh te xa hdi eua dat nude. Bai viit nay di sau thao luan ve khai niem va md hinh dai hpc djnh hudng doanh nghiep, hi do nghien cim kha nang ap dyng vdi Tradng Dai hpc Kinh te Qudc dan. Bai viet cung ddng thdi gpi y nhftng budc di cin thiet cd the giup Nha tradng ddi mdi chinh minh hudng den mdt md hinh tien phong ve dai hpc theo md hinh doanh nghiep trong ITnh vye kinh te, kinh doanh va quan ly tai Viet Nam.
2. Khai niem dai hoc theo md hinh doanh nghiep va su cSn thiet phat trien mo hinh dai hoc dinh hu'ong doanh nghiep
La mdt trong nhung tac gia di dau trong cac nghien ciiu ve dai hpc theo md hinh doanh nghiep, Etzkowitz va cpng sy (2008) md ta su van ddng va phat trien cua giao dye dai hpc toong Ijch sir nhu mpt qua trinh trai qua 3 giai doan (Hinh 1).
Tit giua nhirng nam 1980, thuat ngfl' "theo md hinh doanh nghiep" (entoepreneurial) bat dau xuat hien ben canh cac khai niem khoa hpc, nha khoa hpc va tradng dai hpc. Tradng dai hpc theo md hinh doanh nghiep dupe coi la nhftng tmdng cd kha nang ket ndi hieu qua tri thite khoa hpc vdi phat ttien va tao ra cae gia trj kinh te. Theo Harmon (2008), Robertson (2008) va Etzkowitz (2004), tradng dai hpc theo md hinh doanh nghiep cd mdt sd dac diem nhu sau:
Chil ddng va tich cyc vdn hda tai san tri thitc (capitalization of knowledge), dep bd ranh gidi va thuc day ddng chay tri thitc gifta minh va cac td chirc khae, cy the la gidi doanh nghiep va ea quan quan ly.
- Cd tu duy cdi md ve djnh hudng doanh nghiep, theo dd, djnh hudng doanh nghiep khdng don thuan chi la tao ra mdt hoat ddng kinh doanh.
- Cd mdt mdi tradng tich cyc thuc diy phat toiin cac ca hdi, tu duy cung nhu hanh vi hudng tdi tao ra Ipi ich kinh te.
- Quan ly thanh cdng mdi quan he phu thudc qua lai vdi gidi doanh nghiep va co quan quan ly nha nudc, trong khi van dam bao tinh doe lap cua minh.
Lanh dao nha tradng cd quyet tam manh me
Hinh 1: Ba giai doan phat triin ciia giao due dai hoc
Thi ky 12 - trudc thi ky 19 Md hinh td chirc vdi sir menh chinh la luu gift va truyen thy he thdng tri thu:c da dupe phat trien bdi cae hpc gia cd xua.
Thiky 19 - cudi the ky 20
Tit md hinh toudng dai hoc chu yiu giang day kiin thitc chuyen sang md hinh trudng dai hpc cd chitc nang sang tao tri thitc mdi. Hoat ddng nghien ciiu khoa hpc cua trudng dai hpc ddng vai tod quan topng trong edng ddng khoa hpc.
Giai doan nay dupe coi la cupc "each mang han lam" lan thit nhat.
Cudi the ky 20 - nay
Md hinh tmdng dai hoe vdi sit menh kinh te, ben canh cac sit menh giang day va nghien Clin khoa hpc. Tradng dai hpc khdng chi ed nang lyc sang tao va tmyen thy toi thiie mdi, ma ddng thdi cdn tham gia tao viec lam va tang nang suat, tich hpp gifta nhiem -vu phat trien toi thiie xa hpi vdi phat trien gia tri kinh te. Day dupe coi la cudc "each mang han lam" lan thii hai.
Ngudn Etzkowitz vd cong su (2008)
hudng tdi phat toien cac nang lyc khdi nghiep toong toan bd sinh vien va giang vien.
Diem quan topng can nhan manh d day la tradng dai hpc theo md hinh doanh nghiep khdng theo dudi muc tieu kinh te, ma muc tieu phat trien kinh te dupe tich hpp cimg vdi muc tieu phat trien tri thu'c khoa hpc, hudng tdi tao ra mdt gia tri cdng hudng thiet thuc va hieu qua han ciia cac tradng dai hpc cho xa hdi.
Tren thyc te, giao dye dai hpc hien nay dang diing trade nhiing thach thitc chua cd tien le toong viec xac djnh lai tdn chi muc tieu, vai tod, td chiic va pham vi anh hudng cua minh ddi vdi xa hpi va nin kinh te. Da ed nhung thao luan tham chi di cap din nguy CO tradng dai hpc danh mit chd dung cua minh toong xa hdi va nen kinh te neu khdng kjp thay ddi (Dam Quang Minh va Pham Hiep, 2016). Thdi dai ngay nay chiing kien nhung thay ddi khdng ngu'ng cua khoa hpc va cdng nghe. Cae phat minh sang chi dupe nhanh chdng dua vao itng dung tao ra nhung budc dot pha trong sinh hoat va lao ddng. Giao due dai hpc phai ddi mat vdi thach thiic dy bao nhftng ky nang ma thj tradng lao dpng se cin trong tuong lai gan, trong khi tdc dp thay ddi edng nghe diin ra qua nhanh. Cac co sd dao tao vdi nhung chucmg toinh hpc cap nhat, bam sat thyc tiin va hpp tac sau rdng vdi gidi doanh nghiep toong dao tao va nghien ciiu se cd uu thi toong viec thu hiit ngudi hpc. 6 dd ngudi hpc ed the tim dupe nhung ky nang va kiin thitc ciing
vdi tu duy sang tao, kha nang thich nghi vdi eac thach thitc va yeu cau cdng viec thay ddi lien tuc de toanh nguy CO bj dao thai (Le Bao Long, 2016).
Qua toinh qudc te hda giao dye dai hpc, di kem vdi viec md rdng ung dyng cdng nghe thdng tin va img dyng intemet da khien cac co sd giao due dai hpc trayen thdng mat dan vj the doe quyen cua minh ve nam gift va tmyen thy tti thitc. Toan cau hda va sd hda cflng la nhung dpng luc thuc day qua trinh chia se kinh nghiem va toi thire an (tacit knowledge) trong cdng ddng, khien eac tmdng dai hpc khdng cdn la trang tam toang bj ky nang cin thiit de ca nhan gia nhap thi ti:u'dng lao dpng (Gibb va cdng su, 2013). Cac tradng dai hpc do dd dimg trade siic ep phai hpi nhap manh me vao cac ddng chay toao ddi tri thite, chuyen giao edng nghe de khdng ty cd lap chinh minh.
Ben canh dd, hoat dpng dao tao va nghien ciiu khoa hpc (NCKH) tai cac tmdng dai hpc dang dii mat vdi nhung ddi thu canh toanh mdi. Nhiiu tap doan kinh te ed tiem lyc cdng nghe, con ngudi va ngudn tai chinh dang di diu toong cudc dua biin toi thitc thanh san pham phyc vu cudc sdng (Le Bao Long, 2016). Ban than hp cd thi chu ddng thanh lap eac co sd nghien cira va giao due bac cao, trade het la de phyc vy nhu cau nhan lyc eho chinh minh.
Ranh gidi ve tri thiie va kha nang sang tao giua khu vye dai hpc va cdng nghiep ngay cang thu hep (Dam
Quang Minh va Pham Hiep, 2016). Dai hpc ngay cang cin phai tim din doanh nghiep de tan dung eac ngudn lyc, cung nhu diy nhanh img dung cac gia trj tti thiie minh tao ra, di gift vftng chd dung.
Cudi cimg, khi dau vao giao due dai hpc ngay cang dupe md rdng dai toa, cung vdi dd la xu hudng xa hpi hda va gia tang quyen ty ehii cho cac ca sd dao tao, tradng dai hpc cd them ca hdi da dang hda cae ngudn tai chinh. Tmdng dai hpc cd the chu ddng thiet lap hpp tac vdi gidi doanh nghiep, eho phep minh tiep can vdi ngudn dau tu va nhiing tai san vd hinh ma ngan sach edng khdng du dap ung. Viee nay cung gdp phan day nhanh tdc dp img dyng tri thitc va thuang mai hda tri thiic ma tradng dai hpc tao ra (Ropke, 1998).
Nhu vay myc tieu gan ket sit menh eua eac tradng dai hpc vdi phat trien kinh te xa hdi, ben canh dd la site ep canh toanh, la nhiing ddng lyc thiic day trudng dai hpc chuyen djch tit md hinh giang day va nghien cu'u khoa hpc trayen thdng sang md hinh dai hpc djnh hudng doanh nghiep. Dd la md hinh ma sit menh sang tao phat trien cac gia trj va Ipi ich kinh te dupe bd sung va tich hop vdi sit menh da dupe thua nhan cua cac tmdng dai hpc - nghien ciiu phat toien tri thitc khoa hpc va trayen thy tri thite eho xa hdi.
3. Qua trinh chuyen dich tir mo hinh truong dai hoc truyen thong sang mo hinh trirdng dai hoc dinh hudng doanh nghiep
Qua toinh chuyen djch tradng dai hpc tu md hinh tmyen thdng ehi coi trpng nghien cira khoa hpc va giang day, sang md hinh tradng dai hpc dinh hudng doanh nghiep tich hop them nhiem vy tao ra Ipi ich
kinh ti, cd the trai qua nhieu mirc dp vdi thdi gian dai, ngan khae nhau, phu thudc vao bdi canh timg qudc gia va dac diem rieng cua mdi td chite. Theo Etzkowitz (2015), qua trinh nay gdm ba giai doan (Hinh 2).
Qua trinh nay bao gdm nhieu hoat ddng cy the, vi dy nhu hinh thanh dan vi, bd phan mdi ed chiic nang thuong mai hda tai san tri thu'c, tien hanh dang ky ban quyen va cap phep khai thac bang sang che, thiet lap eac vudn uom y tudng, phat trien cac dy an kinh doanh ngay trong tmdng dai hpc, dau ta cho cac dy an khdi nghiep (spin-off). Philpott va cpng su (2011) cho rang xu hudng phat trien theo djnh hudng doanh nghiep eua cac tmdng dai hpc cd the dupe phan anh thdng qua mite dp tmdng tham gia true tiep vao viee tao ra cac gia trj kinh te (Hinh 3).
Cd the thay toong md hinh tmdng dai hpc trayen thdng, hoan thanh nhiem vy dao tao nhiing sinh vien xuat sac va cdng bd nhieu ket qua nghien cuu khoa hpc da dupe coi la lam trdn sit menh. Cdn toong md hinh tradng dai hpc theo md hinh doanh nghiep, nha tmdng can day cao hon sy chu dpng va ddng gdp cua minh vao xa hdi, bang viec dua nhiing san pham toi thite minh tao ra gan hon nfta vdi nhu eau thyc tien va thuc day nhanh chdng kha nang iing dyng eua nhiing san pham dd. Viec toien khai cae hoat ddng hudng tdi mdt su xich lai gan hem cae gia tri kinh te nay tai cac tmdng dai hpc ddi hdi phai cd thdi gian, phai dupe hau thuan bdi mpt van hda npi bd thuan Ipi, cflng nhu phai dya tren nhiing nang lyc npi tai phu hpp. Qua toinh nay cflng phai ddi dien vdi nhftng phan img tiem tang toong mdi tmdng t i
Hinh 2: Cac giai doan phat trien tru-dng dai hoc theo mo hinh doanh nghiep
Tradng dai hpc bat day xem xet lai cac van de trpng tam phat trien va tim each da dang hda cae ngudn thu
/ ; Tradng dai hpc bat dau xu hudng thuong mai hda cac tai san tri tue eua minh thu duac tit hoat dpng NCKH
Trudng dai hpc diy manh sy tham gia chu ddng ciia minh vao mdi trudng sang tao va ddi mdi toong pham vi khu-vyc
Ngudn: Etzkowitz (2015)
Hinh 3: Chuoi cac hoat dong djnh hudng doanh nghiep trong trudng dai hoc
Gin vdi md hinh dai hpc doanh nghiep
\7
Gan vdi mo hinh dai hpc truyen thdng
Hinh thanh cac cdng vien cdng nghe
Thanh lap cdng ty cdng nghe khdi nghiep trong trudng dai hpc (spin-off)
Dang ky ban quyin va cap phep khai thac Thuc hien nghien ciiu theo hop ddng Dao tao theo don dat hang cua doanh nghiep Hoat dpng tu' van
Keu gpi tai trp nghien cuu Idioa hpc Cong bo ket qua nghien ciiu khoa hpc Dao tao ra trudng nhitng sinh vien xuat sac
Nguon: Philpott vd cong sy- (2011)
chitc, xuat phat tu nhung quan diem toai chiiu vi viec lya chpn di theo md hinh djnh hudng doanh nghiep (Philpott va cdng sy, 2011). Mdt si nghien CU'U cung chi ra rang qua trinh nay cd thi gap phai nhflng lyc can khach quan va chu quan, ching ban nhung rang budc vi quy djnh, chinh sach vT md hay sy phan ddi tii ben toong tradng dai hpc tm'dc nhftng thay ddi cau tnic td chirc khi co ging kit nii cac gia ttj han lam hpc thuat vdi cac gia toj kinh ti (Jacob va cdng sy, 2003).
4. Mot s6 Idnh nghiem phat triin trudng dai hoc theo md hinh doanh nghiep tren thi gidi
My dupe coi la qudc gia di diu trong viec giang vien tai nhieu tmdng dai hpc kit hpp thanh cdng nhiem vy "tmyin thing" nghien cuu khoa hpc va giang day vdi tao ra gia trj gia tang vi kinh ti va kinh doanh, tuong tu nhu thi he di trudc ciia hp tii thi ky thit 19 cflng la nhftng ngudi da tien phong tich hop dupe su menh giang day va trayin thy tri thiic vdi nghien ciiu khoa hpc tao ra tri thuc mdi (Etzkowitz va cdng sy, 2008). Tai My, cae tra'dng dai hpc dupe trao quyin dpc lap va tu chii tuong dii cao ngay tu nhung nam diu thi ky 19. Tu tudng coi topng ta do canh tranh cung la ddng lyc thiic day cac tradng dai hpc tich cue ehuyin minh theo djnh hudng doanh nghiep. Tu nhung nd lyc diu tien tap toung vao tim kiim ngudn tai chinh phyc vu nghien ciiu, cac boat ddng mang tinh djnh hudng doanh nghiep md rpng sang thuong mai hda cac san pham khoa hpc thdng qua dang ky sd bun ban quyin phat minh sang chi, cip phep khai thac, thanh lap doanh nghiep, va lan ra tai hiu hit cac tinrdng dai
hpc nghien ciiu. Nam 1969, Dai hpc Stanford di dau toong viec thanh lap Van phdng Cap phep Cdng nghe (Office of Technology Licensing (OTL)), vdi nhiem vy tim kiem khach hang va dam phan cac hpp ddng cap phep. Md hinh chuyen giao edng nghe mang tinh marketing tien phong nay da gat hai nhiiu thanh cdng va mang lai ngudn thu nhap dang ki cho tradng. Md hinh nay tiep tyc dupe ap dyng tai Dai hpc MIT, va sau dd lan rdng tdi toan bp he thing eac tradng dai hpc ed hoat ddng nghien ciiu khoa hoe tai My. Cac quy djnh phap luat tai My (Dao luat Bayh- Dole nam 1980) cung gdp phin dinh hinh mii quan he tradng dai hpc va doanh nghiep theo hudng nay.
Cac nha khoa hpc - giang vien dupe dam bao Ipi ich thu dupe tu khai thac ban quyin sang chi eua minh, tham chi dupe khuyin khich nghi lam di thanh lap doanh nghiep (Etzkowitz, 2015).
Singapore la qudc gia lya chpn chiin lupc tang tradng dya vao toi thuc. Cac tradng dai hpc tai day dupe trao trpng ttach thuc diy tang tirdng kinh ti thdng qua boat ddng nghien cuu gin vdi nhu ciu doanh nghiep, thuang mai hda cdng nghe, thanh lap doanh nghiep cdng nghe ttong toudng dai hpc, thu hut nhan tai til- nudc ngoai, va lan tda tinh thin doanh nhan ttong tradng dai hpc. Tai Dai hpc Qudc gia Singapore (NUS), NUS Enterprise la mpt dan vj true thupc tradng vdi tdng giam die cd vi tti ngang bang vdi cae phd hieu trudng. Don vi nay cd sii' menh thiie day tinh thin kinh doanh ttong cac boat dpng giang day va nghien ciiu toan tradng, ddng thdi lien he va thiic day hpp tac vdi gidi kinh doanh thdng qua phdng Quan he Doanh nghiep (Industry
Liaison Office). Mdt sd boat ddng ey thi don vi nay trien khai gdm cd hd trp phat toiin cac du an khdi nghiep, gay quy, kit nii mang ludi eac nha dau tu va ed van eho cac du an doanh nghiep cdng nghe eua giang vien, sinh vien va cyu hpc vien, xiic tien eac thda thuan cap phep va chuyen giao cdng nghe, phat trien cac npi dung dao tao ve khdi sy kinh doanh toong cae chuong trinh dao tao khdi ky thuat (Wong, 2007).
Cac bai hpc kinh nghiem tit Dai hpc Qudc gia Singapore toong viee phat toien thanh edng dai hpc theo md hinh doanh nghiep tai tradng gdm cd:
- Cd sy thdng nhat va quan triet tai cac cap lanh dao cao nhat;
- Cd sy cam ket dai ban ve ngudn lyc va ddi mdi td chiie;
Tuyen dyng nhung nhan su xuat sac de dan dat su thay ddi;
- So sanh, hpc hdi va ap dyng nhung kinh nghiem qudc te tdt nhat;
- Dua ra bang chimg cy the ve ket qua dat dupe de thuyet phyc va chinh phuc sy ung hd cua edng ddng eac nha khoa hpc va giang vien toan tradng;
- Lien tyc van ddng de theo kjp nhftng thay ddi tii mdi tradng.
Ngudn: Wong (2007) Nam 2012, OECD kit hop vdi Uy ban Chau Au vi Van hda va Giao due xay dyng va cdng bd mpt Khung tham chieu ve md hinh tmdng dai hpc djnh hudng doanh nghiep (OECD va European Commission's DG Education and Culture, 2012).
Myc tieu cua Khung tham chieu la hd trp eac tradng dai hpc toong khdi Lien minh Chau Au thyc hien ty danh gia minh va ddi mdi hudng den md hinh dai hpc doanh nghiep. Dya tten ket qua ciia nghien cira nay, cac nhan td cd lien quan va chi phdi den xu hudng tmdng dai hpc van ddng theo djnh hudng doanh nghiep bao gdm:
• Lanh dao va quan ly;
• Nang lyc td chitc, con ngudi va bien phap khuyen khich;
• Nd lyc phat trien tinh than doanh nghiep trong giang day va hpc tap;
• Cd CO che khuyen khich va hd trp cac ca nhan cd t i chit khdi nghiep (entrepreneurs);
• Mdi quan he giua tradng dai hpc vdi doanh
nghiep va ddi tac ben ngoai trong trao ddi tri thitc;
• Mu:e dp qudc te hda cua trudng;
• Kit qua cy the tao ra tii md hinh tradng dai hpc djnh hudng doanh nghiep.
5. Ap dung mo hinh tru-ong dai hoc theo dinh hu-dng doanh nghiep tai Tru-dng Dai hoc Kinh te Quic dan - Thach thu-c phat triin va nhirng bu-drc di can thiet
Vdi muc tieu vuon len thanh mdt nudc phat trien, Viet Nam dang chung Iden nhung bude chuyen minh manh me. Viec hpi nhap qudc te sau rdng cung cho chung ta dieu kien nhan dien nhflng thach thiic va hpc hdi nhung md hinh thanh cdng tten the gidi de cd the van dung. Trudng Dai hpc Kinh te Qudc dan dang diing tra'dc mdt co hpi de xac lap chd ditng cua minh tten eon dudng phat trien cua mpt dat nudc Viet Nam nang ddng va nhieu khat vpng.
5.1. Thdch thirc phdt triin vd sit can thiit phdi doi m&i sang mo hinh dinh hu&ng doanh nghiep
Ljeh su 60 nam phat trien cimg mdt thucmg hieu va vj the hang dau la mdt tai san ma Tradng Dai hpc Kinh ti Qudc dan da dat dupe. Day cd the coi la mdt Ipi the, nhung ddng thdi cung la mpt sire ep ldn vdi Nha tradng. Trong mdt xa hdi Viet Nam nang ddng va tre tudi vdi khat vpng lam giau dya tren nen tang toi thitc, khdng thay ddi hoac thay ddi cham se ddng nghTa vdi tut hau. De viet tiep Ijch sii va gift dupe vj tri tien phong, Tradng Dai hpc Kinh te Qudc dan can phai dat ra nhung muc tieu phat trien cy the eho chinh minh, cflng nhu nang ddng va nhay ben toong viee lya chpn nhung hudng di uu tien. Tren chang dudng dd, be day Ijch sit cua Tradng cd the dupe phat huy nhu mdt ddn bay, nhung cung ddng thdi cd the trd thanh mdt phanh ham lam cham lai qua trinh ddi mdi.
Cflng gidng nhu nhiing gi dien ra toen the gidi, giao dye dai hpc Viet Nam ndi chung va Tradng Dai hpc Kinh te Qudc dan ndi rieng, dang phai ddi mat vdi nguy ca bj canh toanh toen san nha, khi ngay cang cd nhieu tap doan, doanh nghiep phat toien eac ca sd dao tao nhan lye bac cao, khdng chi de phuc vy eho nhu cau cua rieng minh ma edn dap irng ddi hdi cua xa hdi. Tradng Dai hpc PPT thudc tap doan FPT thanh lap nam 2006, Dai hpc Tan Tao thupc Tap doan Tan Tao va Dai hpc Dau khi thudc Tap doan Dau khi cung thanh lap nam 2010, la mdt sd vi du vi sy lan san cua gidi doanh nghiep sang mang nghien cira phat trien khoa hpc va tmyen thy tri thitc. Gin
day Vingroup cflng da cdng bd rdng rai tham vpng thanh lap tiuong dai hpc ding cip qudc ti toong mpt tuong lai gin. LTnh vyc the manh cua Tradng Dai hpc Kinh ti Qudc dan la kinh ti, quan ly va quan trj kinh doanh dudng nhu lai la manh dat "mau md" va it rao can gia nhap, thu hiit ddng dao cac don vj tham gia cung cip djch vu dao tao. Nhung dieu nay lam gia tang su'c ep tdi cac tindng dai hpc thudc eung khdi nganh toong cudc dua bao ve vai trd la canh cita chic chin dan tdi hiong lai nghi nghiep. Chu ddng md rdng ket ndi hoat ddng nghien cira va dao tao gan vdi gidi doanh nghiep, thay vi chd dpi doanh nghiep tim den dat hang minh, chinb la hudng di can thiet de giao dye dai hpc ndi chung va Tmdng dai hpc Kinh te Qudc dan vuon len nam bat cac ca hdi phat toien va khang djnh dupe chd dimg.
Song song vdi dieu nay, cac trudng dai hpc qudc te ngay cang md rdng hoat ddng va tim den cac nudc kinh te dang phat toien nhu Viet Nam. Thj tmdng giao due dai hpc toong nudc da va dang bj cac ddi thu nang ddng hon tu khap nai toen the gidi den tiep can va khai thac. Thyc te dieu nay da xay ra:
sd sinh vien Viet Nam di du hpc tang tu 47.000 nam 2010 len tdi 130.000 nam 2015, vdi ting chi udc tinh 1.5 ti USD/nam (Pham Hiep, 2016). Sd lupng sinh vien theo hpc cac chucmg toinh lien ket qudc te ngay trong nudc ngay cang tang cao cflng cho thay xu hudng canh toanh mdi toong giao due dai hpc.
Ben canh dd, ed nhftng thdng tin nhieu chieu ve tinh toang sinh vien tdt nghiep cac tradng dai hpc khdng dap img dupe yeu cau ciia thj tradng lao ddng, cflng nhu khd khan tim dupe viec lam phu hpp vdi chuyen mdn dao tao. Trong bdi canh do, sy manh dan cua Tradng Dai hpc Kinh te Qudc dan toong viec xich lai gan hon vdi gidi doanh nghiep, diy manh tuong tac va tich hpp eac gia trj han lam hpc thuat vdi cae gia trj kinh te, su nang ddng trong kha nang tii tao ra viec lam cho sinh vien, se la nhftng bing chimg cho thay hinh anh mdt tradng dai hpc khat khao vucm tdi chit lupng, nang ddng va di diu toong ITnh vyc kinh te, quan ly va quan trj kinh doanh.
Cudi cung, tien trinh xa hdi hda va tang cudng tu chu trong cac tirtdng dai hpc tai Viet Nam dang dupe diy manh. Cflng nhu cae tioidng dai hoc nim trong tip di diu, Trudng Dai hpc Kinh ti Qudc dan diing tmdc ca hdi va ding thdi la thach thire lua chpn md hinh va hudng di cho minh. Sue ep canh toanh va ddi hdi tin tai tmdc mit budc Nha tmdng can bam sat nhflng nhu ciu hien tai eua xa hdi, dac
biet la cua cac doanh nghiep va nen kinh te. Ben canh dd, mue tieu tod thanh tirtdng dai hpc nghien ciiu, hudng phat toiin chiin lupc ma nha tmdng da lya chpn cho tu'ong lai eiia minh, cflng la mpt thach thuc khdng di thyc hien. Md hinh tmdng dai hpc djnh hudng doanh nghiep, ttong dd sii menh nghien eiiu khoa hpe va tmyin thy toi thiic dupe tieh hpp va hd top bdi cac hoat dpng sang tao va tryc tiep tao ra gia toi kinh ti, cd thi la giai phap giiip Tradng Dai hpe Kinh ti Qudc dan dat dupe cac tham vpng cila minh. Nhung md hinh phat trien cua eac tmdng dai hpc nghien cuu hang diu the gidi nhu Dai hpe Stanford Hoa Ky, Dai hpe Qudc gia Singapore, tiiy thudc cac hoan canh va dieu kien khac rat xa chung ta, vin cd thi la nhung bai hpc kinh nghiem cd gia trj cho Tmdng Dai hpe Kinh te Quie dan tham khao.
5.2. Tru&ng Bai hgc Kinh ti Qudc ddn hu&ng t&i md hinh tru&ng dgi hgc theo dinh hu&ng doanh nghiip — nhirng bu&c di cdn thiit
Trong Khung tham chieu ve md hinh trudng dai hpe theo djnh hudng doanh nghiep do OECD ket hpp vdi Uy ban Chau Au ve Phat toien Giao due va Van hda dua ra (OECD and European Commission's DG Education and Culture, 2012), bay nhan td dupe nhan dien nhu nhflng ddng luc thuc day sy van ddng cua mdt tmdng dai hpe theo md hinh dinh hudng doanh nghiep. Mdt si npi dung toong khung tham chieu nay cd the dupe sit dung de phan tieh va gpi y nhung budc di diu tien giup Tradng Dai hpc Kinh te Qudc dan tiem can md hinh tradng dai hpc djnh hudng doanh nghiep.
Phdt trien tinh thdn doanh nhdn tie cdp /anh dao va quan ly tai todn tru&ng
Day la yeu t i then chit diu tien dupe OECD nhan dien la cd anh hudng den md hinh djnh hudng doanh nghiep ciia tmang dai hpe. Kinh nghiem phat toiin cua Tradng Dai hpc Quic gia Singapore cung chi ra rang sy thdng nhat chiin lupc va ehi dao tii cac cip lanh dao cao nhat vi djnh hudng phat toiin theo md hinh doanh nghiep la mdt trong nhung nguyen nhan thanh edng. Di md hinh nay trd thanh Men thyc tai Tradng Dai hpc Kinh ti Qudc dan, diiu kien tien quyet la lanh dao nha tradng, bao gdm Dang uy, Hdi ddng Tmdng va Ban giam hieu cd sy ding thuan dua quan diem nay vao muc tieu va chien lupc phat trien cua Tra'dng. Diiu nay cin thi hien bing nhung tuyen bd cu the cflng nhu nhung cam kit rd rang di thue hien cac chien lupc. Mpt diem miu chit ein
nhin manh la tod thanh tmdng dai hpc theo md hinh doanh nghiep khdng phai la chay theo eac Ipi ich kinh te. Ngupc lai, muc tieu d day la nang cae gia tri tti thu:c hpc thuat eua tmdng dai hpe len ting cao mdi de ddng gdp hieu qua va thiet thyc hon vao Ipi ich cua xa hpi. Mdt khi dat dupe su nhat tri ve hudng di chung dd, nha tmdng se cd the hinh thanh cac bp phan chuyen trach va ca che phdi hop, nham long ghep cae boat ddng djnh hudng doanh nghiep d tat ea cac cap dao tao va dem vj chuyen mdn. Viee lap ra mdt dan vj chitc nang boat ddng nhu mdt doanh nghiep va cd toach nhiem thuc day nang lye nghien ciiu va tri thite khoa hpc eua nha tradng gan ket vdi cac gia toj kinh te la bude tiep theo ed the thue hien.
Tren thyc te, md hinh nay da tdn tai tai mdt sd eo sd dai hpc toong nude, vi dy nhu Cdng ty TNHH Khoa hpc Ty nhien thupc Tmdng Dai hpc Khoa hpc Ty nhien, Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi (thanh lap nam 2004), Cdng ty TNHH MTV Diu hi va Phat ttiin Cdng nghe Bach Khoa Ha Ndi thudc Tmdng Dai hpc Bach Khoa Ha Npi (thanh lap nam 2008), Cdng ty Cd phan Khoa hpc Cdng nghe Bach khoa thanh phd Hd Chi Minh thupe tradng Dai hpc Bach Khoa, Dai hpc Qudc gia thanh phd Hd Chf Minh (thanh lap thang 1 nam 2016).
Ben canh dd, nhieu nghien ciiu da chi ra rang van hda ndi bd, xung dot quan diem ve tieh hpp gia tri khoa hpc, ban lam vdi gia tri kinh te, sy phan iing trade nhiing thay ddi cua td chuc khi trien khai cac md hinh va co che quan ly mdi la nhftng lye can dang ki din qua trinh ddi mdi trudng dai hpc theo md binh djnh hudng doanh nghiep (Jacob va cdng sy, 2003). Y chi va quyet tam ciia lanh dao cung vdi sy quan ly minh bach, cdng bang cua Nha tradng se giup vupt qua nhftng thach thitc nay. Trong md hinh tradng dai hpc theo djnh hudng doanh nghiep, tinh thin doanh nhan, tu duy va ky nang kinh doanh nhu tao nhan thuc, kich thich cac y tudng mdi, phat ttien va thyc hien, dupe dua vao ndi dung giang day.
Diem dang luu y la rat nhieu tra'dng dai hpc toong sd nay vdn da nganh, hoac chuyen sau hon ve cae ITnh vuc edng nghe, hay khoa hpc ky thuat, vi dy nhu Dai hpc Stanford, Dai hpc Qudc gia Singapore. La mdt tradng chuyen ve kinh doanh va quan ly, Tradng Dai hpc Kinh te Qudc dan cd nhung dieu kien thuan loi di phat toien va dua ndi dung nay vao toong cae chuang ttinh, cung nhu phd bien tdi dpi ngu giang vien va can bd phdng ban. Nha tradng cflng ein xay dyng nhung chinh sach khuyin khich cu thi thuc
diy sy da dang va ddi mdi ttong giang day va hpc tap, phat triin cae hinh thu'c cpng tac va md rdng quan he vdi cae ben lien quan ben ngoai, qua dd nang cao tinh thin kinh doanh va khdi nghiep trong giang vien va sinh vien, cflng nhu tich hop vao eac hoat ddng nghien cira va dao tao.
Ngudn luc, con ngu&i vd cdc bien phdp khuyin khich tit ben trong td chitc
Myc tieu trd thanh md hinh tradng dai hpc theo djnh hudng doanh nghiep ein dupe hd trp bang nhiing ngudn lyc ve tai chinh va con ngudi mdt each diy dil, dac biet ttong nhflng budc di dau tien.
Khung tham chiiu cua OECD gpi y rang ben canh chiin lupc tai chinh ben vftng tai chd, cac tradng dai hpc nen keu gpi cac ngudn tai trp, dau tu cua cac ben lien quan ben ngoai. Tren thyc te, dieu nay cd tfnh kha thi cao vdi Tradng Dai hpe Kinh te Qudc dan kbi Nha tmdng da ed mdt mang ludi cae ddi tac doanh nghiep va cyu hpc vien thanh dat. Hien nay, cae ho top tdi nha tradng mdi chi dupe sir dung mdt chieu vao phuc vy cdng tac giang day va hpc tap nhu toang bj tai san ca sd vat chat, cap hpc bdng cho sinh vien. Rd rang, mdt hinh thiic mdi khai thac va sir dyng hieu qua tren quan diem hpp tac ddi ben eung cd Ipi se la chien lupc ed tinh ben vftng hon.
Ngoai ra, Nha tradng cung ed the vupt qua cac ranh gidi tmyen thdng de phat toien va bdi dudng cac mdi quan he mdi.
Ben canh do, Nha tradng cflng can y thirc ve ngudn lyc eon ngudi tiem an trong dpi ngfl giang vien va sinh vien, va cd chien lupc khai thac hieu qua. La mdt tradng hang dau ve quan ly va kinh doanh, rat nhieu giang vien toong trudng da va dang dupe mdi tham gia lam chuyen gia tu van trong cac du an ben ngoai cua doanh nghiep hoac chinh phu. Tuy nhien, nhiem vu chinh hp dam nhiem trong tmdng mdi gidi ban ttong boat ddng giang day. Song song vdi dd, cdn it dy an nghien citu khoa hpc dupe thyc bien ttong trudng chimg minh dupe tam anb budng va tfnh img dyng trong gidi doanh nghiep va ca quan chinh phu ben ngoai tradng. Nha tradng can djnh hudng lai cac uu tien ttong phan bd ngudn lyc danh cho nghien cira khoa hpe, bd sung nhftng chinh sach un dai ddi vdi nhung nghien ciiu cd dia chi sir dung ey the, hoac nhiing binh thiic hd trp uu tien ddi vdi eac dy an nghien cira cd tiem nang thuong mai hda.
Trd thanh mdt tradng dai hpe theo md hinh doanh nghiep la mdt qua trinh dya tren sy cam ket eua
nhung hat nhan cd td chat. Chang dudng tii hinh thanh cac y tudng cd kha nang img dung eho den trien khai sang tao va tim kiem cac eo hdi thj tmdng, dua nhftng ket qua sang tao dd vao thuc te can den nhung eon ngudi thyc sy cd dau dc "khdi nghiep"
Tradng Dai hpc Kinh te Qudc dan can nang cao nhan thitc ve gia toi/tam quan trpng cua viec phat trien nang luc va tu duy kinh doanh trong dpi ngu can bd, giang vien va sinh vien, cung cap eo hdi trai nghiem kinh doanh, phat hien va tao dieu kien tiep can tai chinh cho nhitng ca nhan tiem nang.
Khung tham chieu OECD cdn gpi y viec md rpng tuyen dyng va thu but ddi vdi cac ea nhan giang vien hoac nha nghien cuu tir ben ngoai cd td chat va kinh nghiem trong viec ket ndi san pham tri thue vdi img dyng thyc tien. Day cung la kinh nghiem quan sat dupe tai Dai hpe Qudc gia Singapore.
Tdm lai, vdi nhftng ngudn lyc tiem an ben toong va ben ngoai chua dupe tiep can va khai thac hit, Tradng Dai hpc Kinh te Qudc dan cd thi thyc hien nhftng budc di dau tien trong tien toinh phat triin eac boat ddng djnb hudng doanh nghiep.
Phdt trien quan he v&i doanh nghiep vd cdc td chitc ben ngodi vd quoc te de thitc day trao ddi tri thiic
Ddng CO chinh ciia viec phat toiin theo md hinh tradng dai hpc djnh hudng doanh nghiep la tradng dai hpc mang din nhftng ddng gdp cu thi, thiit thyc va hieu qua hon eho xa hdi. Tradng Dai hpe Kinh te Qudc dan hien da gay dung duoc nhiiu mdi lien he vdi gidi doanh nghiep va khu vye cdng. Di tiim nang khoa hpc va tai san tri thiic cua minh dupe nhanh chdng phat huy va dua vao ung dyng khai thac, ban than Nha tradng cin chu ddng dua ra cac y tadng sang tao dii mdi, tao ca hdi di trao ddi kiin thiic. La mdt tradng chuyen vi kiin thiic kinh ti va kinh doanh, Tradng Dai hpc Kinh ti Quic dan cin ap dung cac ky nang marketing toong viee tim kiim cac CO hdi tao ra gia tri va xuc tiin, quang ba gia tri tdi cac nhdm cdng chiing, khach hang tiim nang. CJ day, mdt md hinh phdng chuyen trach, nhu phdng Quan he Doanh nghiep (Industry Liaison Ofifice) tai Dai hpc Qudc gia Singapore, la mdt bude di tiip di Nha tmdng can nhic.
Cudi ciing, mdt tradng dai hpe theo md hinh djnh hudng doanh nghiep hiiu ring pham vi hoat ddng va hpp tac ciia minh khdng thi chi gidi ban toong khu vyc hoac trong nudc. Tradng Dai hpc Kinb
ti Qudc dan can tiep tue thiic day qudc te bda cac quan be hpp tac va hudng tdi phat trien djnh hudng doanh nghiep cua nha tradng. Dieu nay se md rpng eo hpi tiep can va hpc hdi kinh nghiem tit eac tradng dai hpc djnh hudng doanh nghiep thanh cdng, cflng nhu mang lai cho nha trudng nhftng ddi tac manh va nhung thj tradng tiem nang giiip nang cao gia trj kinh te eho cac tai san tri thitc cua minh.
6. Ket luan
Vupt qua mdc sau muai nam hinh thanh va phat trien, Tradng Dai bpc Kinh te Qudc dan dang bude sang mdt vien canh vdi nhftng co hdi va thu thach mdi. Nhflng chuyen bien manh me tii mdi tmdng kinh te xa hdi trong va ngoai nudc tao ra sire ep ddi mdi cho giao due dai bpc ndi chung, Tmdng Dai hpc Kinb te Qudc dan ndi rieng, trade nguy ca tut hau so vdi chinh minh. Bai viet nay di sau phan tich md hinh trudng dai hpc theo djnh hudng doanh nghiep, mpt xu hudng van ddng cua giao dye dai hpc tren the gidi, trong do de cao vai trd ddi mdi sang tao va thuc day tao ra cac gia trj kinh te eua cac tradng dai hpc. Day la xu budng dang diln ra manh me tai nhieu tradng dai hpc nghien cira hang diu, va tiing budc xuat hien tai mdt sd tm'dng dai hpe Viet Nam.
Tradng Dai hpc Kinh ti Quie dan dang cd nhftng diiu kien thuan Ipi di lya chpn md hinh nay cho chiin lupc phat triin cua minh. Dua tren khai niem, dac diim va lihung phan tich toudng dai hpc djnh hudng doanh nghiep cua Etzkowitz (1983, 2004, 2008, 2015) va OECD kit hpp vdi Uy ban Chau Au ve Phat toiin Giao dye va Van hda (2012), ding thdi tham khao kinh nghiem thyc tiin tu mdt si tradng dai hpc tren the gidi, bai viit da dua ra eac gpi y vi nhung budc di diu ma Tradng Dai hpc Kinh ti Qudc dan cd the thyc hien, di chuyin minh va bit nhjp cimg xu hudng phat triin cua thdi dai. Day la van de cd y nghTa chiin lupc va bao ham mpt qua trinh phiic tap. Se can cd nhftng nghien eiiu tiip theo de dua ra nhflng giai phap ehi tiit eho chuong toinh hanh ddng uu tien va Id trinh thyc hien cu thi. Cac tac gia hy vpng ring nhung phan tich nay mang din nhung gpi y hfln ich gdp phin cung cd va khing djnh vj thi cua Tmdng Dai hpc Kinh ti Quic dan tren con dudng phat triin kinh ti, xa hdi dit nudc.
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