Based on the FISH model, an online survey of 140 novice researchers was conducted and analyzed using Partial Least Squares for analyzing the data. The authors of the second paper, Designing External Knowledge Communication in a Research Network: The Case of Sustainable Land Management, examine factors that influence the knowledge communication process.
About?
1 Introduction
Understanding the potential and scope of the change requires an analysis of the concept itself. The present research is an initial step in this direction, which can be used as a basis for designing a comprehensive framework for the concept of e-science in order to support the work of researchers.
2 Related Work
The rest of the paper is as follows: the second part presents the related work and the research gap. A general analysis of this field of discourse does not yet exist, so the use and definitions of terms have not yet been analyzed.
3 Research Approach
Research Field and Methodology
Work and related organizational aspects of science such as group learning and collaborative processes are addressed by Pennington (2011, 55 p.). Digital humanities is excluded as it refers exclusively to e-science in the field of humanities.
Research Framework
To increase the number of results, titles were also searched in Google Scholar in the period 1994 to 2005.
4 Results
In a second step, the authors analyzed the development of the selected definitions over time and checked whether the dimensions of the framework were mentioned in each definition.
5 Discussion of Initial Results
The use of the selected terms varied according to geographic location and in relation to public funding programs in the respective area. A further term appeared in 2005 on an initiative of the Australian Research Councils, which was entitled e-research.
6 Conclusion
Open Access refers to “The first is a change in the publishing model to one more suited to the age of the Web; the second, a change in how scientists connect with society – their main donors through taxes” (e-science talk2012). The potential of e-science is therefore not reduced to electronification, but expanded with the reorganization of tasks, the emergence of virtual organizations and the rapidly increasing importance of collaboration.
Luskin, B. Denken Sie „aufregend“: E-Learning und das große „E“. http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/think-exciting-e-learning-and-big-e (2012). Nentwich, M.: Cyberscience: Die Zukunft der Wissenschaft im Zeitalter der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien.http://www.mpifg.de/pu/workpap/wp99-6/wp99-6.html (1999).
2 E-Learning Organisation: Media Integration as Organisational Development
Online Technologies in Higher Education
Above all, the clientele in question here is the same: university teaching and research staff. But it is no surprise that the Center for the Development of Higher Education (Hener and Buch 2006) concluded more than a decade ago that “in academic education […] the use of digital media in teaching and learning and the integration of administrative services based on information technology have become widespread.
Virtualisation in Higher Education
Student services are provided by facilitators and tutors, and less so by traditional university teachers, as more than 50% of students study online. To answer this, it is important to analyze what has been virtualized, and that is more than the learning objects or knowledge content.
3 Change of Organisational Theories and Paradigms
The Research Framework: Virtual (Educational) Organisations
At the institutional level, online learning is integrated into the organizational structure of the university. 1 Organizational framework of online learning on the example of Technische Universität Dresden (own image after Neumann and Schütte 2008). a way to do this presented by Köhler et al. 2003) as an advanced systematization of virtualized organizational forms (see the following table 1).
Research Methods
In the following, two case studies on online learning and one case study on online research are presented and critically discussed from the perspective of virtual organizations. A triangular approach was used as this is the “most desired model for handling case study data” (Yin2011).
Online learning in academic education through the education portal of Saxony (since 2001)
For this particular example, several sources have been consolidated to present a comprehensive summary of the case study, including scientific publications, research reports, and public descriptions on the websites of the chosen institutions. The figures used are taken from self-descriptions of those projects - the layout has not been changed, but translated.
Online-supported continuous learning in the education portal of Thuringian universities (2000–2013)
Since then, all public universities in Saxony and two private universities have joined the network.
The e-Science Saxony Research Network as a virtual science organisation (since 2011)
Summarized as e-science, the current project focuses on e-business, e-learning and e-systems, which are holistically integrated in universities in the context of teaching and research.
4 Discussion and Conclusions
Theoretical Considerations About the Functioning of Virtual Organisations in the Academic Sector
This implies that social control becomes a strategic factor in competition between virtual organizations (Barney and Hansen 1994; Krysteck 1997) that lays the foundation for new forms of cooperation. Their analysis based on literature review, and our own empirical studies, leads us to observe that the less output and behavior can be directly attributed to specific individuals, the more important becomes social control of the community.
Forms, Instruments and Mechanisms of Control in Virtual Organisations
This reflects the fact that social management tools have not been applied intensively in these forms of virtual organizations. In less complex virtual organizations (eg virtual teams or projects), less sophisticated ICT solutions have been used in academic practice for about 20 years.
Limitations
Pscheida, D., Minet, C., Herbst, S., Albrecht, S., Köhler, T.: Nutzung sozialer Medien und onlinebasierter Anwendungen in der Wissenschaft. Pscheida, D., Albrecht, S., Herbst, S., Minet, C., Köhler, T.: Nutzung sozialer Medien und onlinebasierte Anwendungen in der Wissenschaft.
Collaborate Online?
Consequently, we may need to better understand the nature of scientific tasks and the time frame in which they must be completed, as well as how individual beliefs about the use of ICT and web 2.0 in a research context can help define how online activities should be organized. In the academic context, web 2.0 technology shapes how PhD students learn, self-regulate and communicate.
2 The Fish Model: A Conceptual Framework for E-Research Collaboration
- The Reality of Managing Scientific Tasks in Terms of the Available Time
- Online Research Activities Led by Work-Based Beliefs
- Support for Technology Use in Context
- Incentives Protected by Research Ethics
The authors previously predicted (Mohamed et al.2013) that collaborative e-research (using web 2.0 technology to enhance best research practices) will occur alongside dichotomies. 1 Fish model: conceptual framework for the development of e-research collaboration for PhD students and beginners (Mohamed et al. 2013).
3 Method
The Measurement Model
PLS is "the second generation structural equation modeling technique that assesses both the measurement and structural model in a single run" and was chosen for two reasons: it works well for smaller sample sizes and eliminates restrictions on data distribution such as normality (Serenko2008, p. 465). The composite reliability of the different items varies from 0.8 to 1.0, above the recommended starting value of 0.70 (Serenko2008).
The Structured Model
In addition, the t-test of the load of the outer model in the PLS graph output was highly significant (p < 0.001) for the load of each factor on its respective construct. On the other hand, the relationship between 'Time' and shaping academic 'Collaboration' (H1-1β = − 0.00, not significant) was not related in the context of shaping academic collaboration (Table 3).
5 Discussion: Conclusion and Limitations 5.1 Conclusions
Limitations
Another limiting aspect is that the fish model reported only two significant paths that can predict research collaboration. However, it would be more informative if measurements of the fish model's other pathways (which were found to be non-significant in our study) were measured again in a different research context with a different sample.
Appendix
SUP4 Using web 2.0 services in a scientific research is difficult and I cannot understand. CLB4 Willingness to communicate and collaborate in research with other disciplines can be expanded using web 2.0 services.
Activities. Empirical Findings
1 E-Science, Cyberscience, Science 2.0: The Digitization of Science Is on the Move
He identified a "fourth paradigm" of scientific research, "data-intensive science" that is characterized by the use of massive amounts of data to generate new theoretical models (Gray2009: xix). In response to the challenges of risk and environmental policy issues, a new kind of science—'post normal'—is emerging," write Silvio Funtowicz and Jerome Ravetz.
2 The Empirical Question: Is Digitization Really on the Move?
The interrelationship between technological and social change is not the main focus here, but developments in science, such as the role of web 2.0 in opening up the research process, may be part of a wider social change in which technology plays only a moderating role. They found that communication tools such as email (94%), mailing lists (24%) and Skype (21%) were widely used, web 2.0 tools such as blogs or research portals were much less used (6% use wikis, 5% use research portals or social networking sites, 4% use academic blogs, and 2% use Twitter).
3 Hypotheses, Data, and Methods
- General Level of Adoption of Digital Tools in Scholarly Activities
- Use of Web 2.0 Tools Among Scholars
- Disciplinary Differences
- Changing Scholarly Practices
In 2013, scientific activity at German universities was strongly influenced by the use of digital tools. In all other cases, there are no differences between disciplines in the use of digital tools for scientific purposes.
5 Summary and Discussion
Images or other third-party material in this chapter are covered under this chapter's Creative Commons license, unless otherwise noted in the credit line for the material. The authors are well aware that the outlook and state of the art for digital research infrastructures have evolved over the last 5 years.
2 IT Infrastructure
In addition, we conducted a qualitative analysis by conducting interviews with twelve German research institutions (Fiedler et al.2012). Since research institutions are nowadays connected to the Internet, the storage of and access to the information infrastructure involves special security requirements.
3 Information Infrastructure
Repositories and Publication Server
Data Formats
4 Legal Issues
Copyright Issues
With regard to publications, the staff of a research institution may agree to publish their works on the institution's publication server under an open-access license (Degkwitz 2007). Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities12 has boosted their reputation.
Personal Data Protection
While open access journals are still sometimes seen as less prestigious than traditional journals (although both types of publications monitor quality through peer review), they often have higher citation numbers.13 By publishing in this format, research institutions can play an active role in the process of creating an open access reputation. It is therefore pleasing to see that an open access strategy is already in place in five of the interviewed institutions, while three are planning it.
5 Conclusion
Trippel, T., Hoppermann, C., Depoorter, G.: The component metadata infrastructure (cmdi) in a project on sustainable linguistic resources. eds.) Proceedings of the LREC 2012 Workshop on Describing LRs with Metadata: Towards Flexibility and Interoperability in the Documentation of LR. DLR Institute for Software Methods for Product Virtualization, Dresden, Germany e-mail:sebastian.gottfried@dlr.de.
2 Digitized Science
To face these challenges, the trans-European interdisciplinary project called MOVING (“Training towards a society of data-literate information professionals to enable open leadership innovation”) (Vagliano et al. 2018) has built an innovative training platform that enables users to choose their information from different sectors to improve the use of information from different sectors, by essentially evaluating. methods in their daily research and business tasks, and to become data-savvy information professionals. The eScience Saxony research network provides statements for both perspectives (see, e.g., [Pscheida et al.
3 Overview of the MOVING Platform
The MOVING web application is the core of the platform and the interface to the user. The main entry points to the web application are the community area, the learning environment and the search interface.
4 The MOVING Web Application 4.1 Search
- Recommender System
- Communities
- Learning Environment
- Adaptive Training Support
The user's progress in the current sub-module is displayed at the bottom of the widget. Additionally, the sections in the sunray diagram are ordered to reflect the structure of the curriculum.
Infrastructure for the Humanities and Social Sciences
Using the notion of data reusability and algorithms such as morphological annotation and part-of-speech (POS) tagging, we outline how a loosely coupled infrastructure based on web services and a service-oriented architecture (SOA) can help the humanities better realize their potential by reusing available digital resources, thereby increasing the efficiency of e-humanities projects. As an example, we provide a global overview of Common Language Resources and Technology Infrastructure D (CLARIN-D), a web-based research infrastructure for the humanities and social sciences.
2 The Impact of Digitization in the Humanities—From Digital Humanities to E-Humanities
Currently, most of these solutions are limited to individual projects and do not allow the scientific community in the e-humanities to benefit from advances in other areas of computer science. However, to empower the humanities to enter into a substantial and mutually beneficial dialogue with computer science, a research infrastructure is needed that enables researchers in the e-humanities to reuse distributed digitized data and tools for their analysis as much as possible.
3 CLARIN-D—An Infrastructure for Text-Oriented Humanities
4 Metadata, Citation, and Search
If more specific metadata is provided (i.e. information enforced by a specific CMDI profile is provided), these web services can be used in a workflow system called WebLicht (cf. Hinrichs et al. 2010). Service B is compatible because all of its input requests, format, and parameters are available in service A's output document.
5 Summary and Conclusion
These two aspects, content and service, must clearly complement each other to establish a culture of best practice in e-humanities. If material is not included in the chapter's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by law or exceeds the permitted use, you must obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
This will help determine the extent to which existing examination procedures reflect variability and demonstrate the need to develop a single e-assessment model that will capture all variability in the learning and teaching process. After reviewing the literature and data collected in the identified areas, the results are evaluated.
2 Motivation
A very extensive research article on business process variability can be found in Valenca et al. In education, Arnold and Laue have conducted research into the controllability of variability in exam process models (Arnold and Laue 2014).
3 Research Method
Literature Search and Data Collection in Three Domains
- Domain: IT Approaches Data sources: AISel and EBSCO
- Domain: Designing Study Courses and E-Assessment Concepts Data sources: German university homepages
- Domain: Accreditation Process
Different kinds of terms and concepts are used, based on pedagogical and technical approaches: Each one addresses one or more aspects of e-assessment. It reveals that the biggest advantage of e-assessment in this system is immediate feedback, which strengthens the formative assessment. 2 One weakness of the system is the lack of automatic evaluation of essay writing exams.
Accreditation Processes in Germany
4 Literature and Results
- Evaluation of IT Approaches
- Evaluation of Study Courses
- Evaluation of Accreditation
- Summary of the Results
The format of the exams is not limited by the accreditation process, but is the responsibility of the education systems and is based on the identified course objectives. Accreditation The format of the exam is not limited by accreditation criteria, which leads to variability.
5 Conclusion and Further Work
Summary of IT Approaches to e-Assessment
12 Venkatraman, 2007 This is a case study that develops a four-step student-centered approach to increase positive effects on the learning process. 19 Sainburg and Benton, 2010 This is a case study on the importance of formative assessment in the learning process in schools.
List of German universities reviewed
Ayora Esteras, C.: Modeling and managing variability in business process models (2012) Becker, J., Bergener, P., Kleist, S., Pfeiffer, D., Raeckers, M.: Business process model-based eval-. Becker, J., Eggert, M., Bruning, D., Saat, J.: Applicability of business process model analysis approaches - a case study in financial services.
Communication in a Research Network The Case of Sustainable Land
Management
1 Background: Theory and Project
Sustainable Communication in the Sciences
According to the authors, this is due to the fact that the variety of existing means of communication is not used strategically and therefore their full potential is not used (Kriese and Schulte 2009; Leipziger 2007). This is only possible if all actors are willing to actually use the new knowledge gained as a result of the program (Hinzen 2009).
Theoretical and Conceptual Considerations for the Design of Communication Processes
To gain better insight, the authors first present the core topics of the network and then explain the role of communication in this context. Researchers and communicators must consider the following questions: Is the chosen remedy useful in relation to the purpose.
Knowledge Management in the Sustainable Land Management Program as a Challenge for External
Communication works less on the level of actual content than on the type and manner of communication. 1 Schematic representation of the network representing the “Sustainable Land Management” funding program (cf. Härtel et al. 2015; translated by the authors).
2 Approach and Methodology 2.1 Data Collection
Evaluation Method
To cope with the length of the text and to serve the purpose of the problem-oriented interviews, the authors decided to conduct a structured content analysis. To address the criterion of openness of the research process, the authors created an inductive category using the summary content analysis.
3 Results
- Practitioners and Civil Society as Target Groups of External Knowledge Communication
- Effects and Interactions of Factors Influencing External Knowledge Communication
- Selecting a Suitable Means of Communication
- Selecting and Preparing the Communications Content
- Addressing the Attitude of Stakeholders
The cost of project results is even described as "the most inhibiting factor" (Interview 2.7) for successful knowledge transfer. This can be "something photogenic" (Interview 2.5), but can also include specific transfer measures such as "field days". Events must be specifically relevant to the practitioners who attend, “but this feeling of being on site and talking about it is what makes something.
4 Conclusions
- Background and Communicative Tasks
- Definition of Communication Objectives
- Definition of Target Groups
- Formulating Messages
- Definition of Communication Strategies
- Activity Planning and Scheduling (“Concerted Activity”)
- Limitations of the Study
- Lessons Learned
In this case, the direct involvement of the target group also increased the potential for interaction in the communication process. Pscheida, D., Minet, C., Herbst, S., Albrecht, S., Köhler, T.: Use of social media and Internet-based tools in academia.
1 Introduction 1
Defining Disciplines
Similarly, Knorr-Cetina thought that each discipline has its own "epistemic culture" in the sense of different "architectures of empirical approaches, specific constructions of the referent, specific ontologies of instruments and different social machines" (Knorr-Cetina1999).
Defining Cross-Disciplinarity
2 The Case of Virtual 3D Modelling in the Humanities 2.1 Field of Research
Data Sample
To quantify, more than 2/3 of project reports deal with existing objects or their fragments, while another 1/3 focus on non-existing objects. While digitization of existing objects is mostly based on acquired data and uses widely automated algorithms, reconstruction of no longer existing or never realized objects usually involves manual model creation using CAD or VR software tools.
Scientific Approach: Analysis of Scientific Authorship Relations
An example: a subject graph structure classifies current research topics in a particular scientific field (Glenisson et al.2005; Schoepflin and Glänzel2001). Besides describing scientific networks, another issue is identifying key players as protagonists of scientific communities (Kretschmer and Aguillo 2004; Hou et al. 2007).
3 Findings
Indication 1: Cooperative Authorship
The graph shows that authors from institutions in the digital humanities are particularly often involved in collaborative interdisciplinary authorship. As shown in Fig.4, a significant number of publications are written by authors whose institutions of employment are in the same country.
Indication 2: Lotka Coefficient
Any further interpretation of these values must be estimated in the context of the relatively small and possibly flawed sample. Compared to the lower mean values of the exponent most cited in the literature, the above-average exponent found here indicates low publishing productivity with a disproportionate number of authors only occasionally involved.
Indication 3: Key Players 3
In general, there is a high level of networking and number of publications by people and institutions working on data visualization. The results show that institutions with high publishing efficiency are usually also involved in an extremely large number of projects.
4 Conclusion
Abramo, G., D'Angelo, C.A., Solazzi, M.: The relationship between scientists' research performance and the degree of internationalization of their research. Gibbons, M.: The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies.
Arising from Recent Foresight Exercises
Some of the project results related to e-science are presented in Skulimowski (2016b); the findings on the emergence of GESs are published in Skulimowski (2013), while the relation to artificial autonomous decision systems (AADSs) is discussed in Skulimowski (2014b,2016b). Finally, Sect.3 presents the results of the Delphi studies on information system perspectives, which were conducted for SCETIST and MOVING projects (Skulimowski et al.2013; Köhler and Skulimowski2019).
2 Integration of Future Research Tools in Global Expert Systems
The recent internet statistics data1 yield the value of 2 zettabytes of information contained on indexed websites in 2019, which does not deviate much from the Delphi predictions from 2012 to 2013 (Skulimowski et al. 2013). The resulting information search strategy reduces the number of repeated activations of the same knowledge unit.
3 Results of the Delphi Survey on e-Science Tools and Factors
Delphi Survey Background and Scope
Hartigans' dip test of unimodality (Hartigan and Hartigan1985); if negative, it was followed by a cluster of responses and the number of clusters of responses was determined. A positive result of the Shapiro-Wilk normality test indicates a potentially unimodal distribution of responses and rejects the hypothesis that there is more than one cluster of responses.
The Future Use of Information Systems
Finally, the author is grateful for the invitation to the organizing committee of the e-science conference in Leipzig. Heylighen, F.: The Supply Network Protocol: Mathematical Foundations and a Roadmap for Developing a Global Brain.
