ClfU Sif HOC TAN MAN VE QUAN DIEM, PHlJCfNG PHAP VA THAI DO NGHIEN

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104 Tap chi Nghi&n cufu va Phat trien, sd 4 (87). 2011

TRAO DOI

TAN MAN VE QUAN DIEM, PHlJCfNG PHAP VA THAI DO NGHIEN ClfU Sif HOC

Tran Van Chanh*

Nhdng nam gan day, nhilu van d l lich sd ndi chung hay nhan vdt lich sd ndi rieng da dupc gidi nghien cdu sd hpc xem xet lai, nhd vay vd'n dl trilu Nguyin hay mpt vai nhdn vat lich sd ndi bat nhu vua Gia Long, cdc cu Le Van Duyet, Phan Thanh Gian, Nguyin Trudng To, Truang Vinh Ky, Pham Quynh... cung da dupe ddnh gid lai trong mpt tinh than thdng thodng cdi md hpn xUa ra't nhilu, va viec lam nay dupe nhilu ngudi hoan nghenh tdn ddng.

Cd le td gid trd di, nhdn dan Viet Nam khdi phai ma't cdng tranh cai nhau dai ddng vl tU each tdt xd'u cua cu Le Van Duyet hay eu Phan Thanh Gian nda. Nghe tin cu Le Van Duyet dupc dUng tUpng ddng, cu Phan Thanh Gian dupe ddnh gid tdt lai nhU the, chac khdng ai mdng gi rieng eho cd nhan cdc cu, vi du sao cdc cu cung dd ra ngUdi thien cd td lau, nhung mdng cho nhan dan dia phUPng tai nhdng nui que huang xd sd cua cdc cu cd dUpc nhiing ta'm gixang sang rach rdi de ma hanh dien va noi theo. Va d mdt dang khde, mdng cho gidi sd hpc ngay nay da thodt ra dUpc thdi ky ddi bi sU chi phd'i cua chu nghia giao dilu de cd dUpc nhdtig nhdn thdc sang sudt ddng dan hpn vl mdt so va'n dl lien quan den lich sd va nhan vat lich sd, nhd the da xdc nhan lai lan nda cho chac nich nhdng dilu ma toan dan that ra da cd nhdn thdc td lau. Nhdng sU ddnli gid lai nhu the mac du ra't dang hoan nghenh, nhUng neu xem xet bang thdi dp khiem td'n khdch quan, ngUdi ta cd le khdng nen hdo hdng hieu theo nghia cdc cu vda dupc nhdng ke hdu sinh "xd tdi", ma phai hieu theo ehilu khde Id vide buoc tdi hd dd cua mdt sd ngudi ddnh gia sai trUdc day da dupc bd qua, khdng c^n nhac lai de trach cd, vi d day, vdi tinh than sd hpc chdn chinh, khdng nen nha'n manh den sU ban thua, hay dd hoac tim each phd truang uy tin cho phe nhdm trong nhdng cupc tranh ludn lien quan vd'n dl quan diem nhan thdc, ma can nhd't mpt thdi dp trung thUc va quang dai hudng tdi tuang lai, bdi cd ca mpt thdi ky khd ddi, vi nhdng ly do cung thupc lich sd, lien quan den chinh tri nhd't thdi, khdi niem vl tu do trong nghien cdu hpc thuat ndi chung va sd hoc ndi rieng Id mpt dilu neu khdng xa la thi vdn cdn rd't mu md. Trong mdt" hoan canh sinh hoat nhu the, tu duy ve mpi van d l lien quan den hoc thuat tU tudng cua cdc vdn nhan-hpe gia td't nhien da phai chiu nhdng han bude kh^t khe md bay gid lan lan hp mdi ndi ra, nhU trUdng hpp GS sd hpc Phan Huy

* Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.

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Tap chi Nghi&n cufu va Phat trien, sd 4 (87). 2011 105

Le mdi ma'y n a m gan ddy mdi khai t h a t (tren tap ehi XUa vd Nay) nhdn vdt Le Vdn Tdm ehi la do ngudi t i l n bdi bdc thay dng la cd GS Tran Huy Lieu sdng tdc ra de dpng vidn phong trdo khdng chien... Nghi cdng cd chd ddng thuang cam cho GS T r a n Huy Lieu, mdi khi ddn phut ldm td mdi "ddm"

trd'i trdng lai sU that, nhUng nhU the thi nen gpi dng Id nhd gido day sd yeu nudc, nha cdch m a n g ddng tdn kinh hpn Id n h a sd hpc, bdi ban chd't cua sd hpc, ndu dd cd chd "hpc" trong dd rdi thi phai tdn trpng sU that, nham khdm phd ra sU t h a t qua Idp bui thdi gian di cung vdi nhdng d i l n bien phdc tap, coi chdn ly lich sd nhU la mpt trong nhdng tieu chi hdng dau cua mpi qud trinh tim tdi-nghien cdU, vi neu khdng nhu the thi ciing khdng can duy tri phdn mdn phuang phdp sd hoc trong khoa sd de ldm gi. Dilu ndy cd nghia, vidt sd thi khdng the mudn them that cdi ^ trong dd theo y chi chu quan cua minh cung dUpc, cho du ed nhdn danh bd't ky mpt yeu cau ddc biet ndo khde!

Trong tinh t h a n sd hpc nhU thd, mac nhien chdng ta cung ehd'p nhdn mpi su t r a n h ludn tU do de tim ra eae sir t h a t t r u y i n lai cho the he sau. Su that Id mdt le, cdn bao biem khen che Id mpt le, nhUng khi ddnh gid mpt nhdn vdt hay sir kidn lich sd thi cdng phai dUa t r e n sU that. Khdng phai vi yeu thuang cu P h a n Thanh Gian md ndi cu cdi gi cdng tdt, eung nhu khdng phai vi ghet dng Hoang Cao Khai vi ly do dng hpp tdc vdi thirc ddn Phdp md cho dng cdi gi cdng xd'u. Dd ed thdi gian, trong gidi nghien cdu vdn-sd hpc, tdc trong cdi mdi trudng tieu bieu nhd't eua n I n vdn hda mdt ddn tpc, phdm h i ai bi ddt vdo cdi the "phan dien" thi diu bi gpi bang "y", bang "hdn", nhu vua Gia Long khi chUa dupe nghien cdu ky cung bi nhd nghien cdu vdn-sd hoc ndi tieng TC gpi la "h^n" trong mpt bdi ddn nhap cho tap tha chd Hdn Nguyin Du. Tuang tu n h u the, v l phuang dien sU kien lich sd, cdi cdch viet sd "ta thang, dich thua", hoac cho cupc ndi day ndo cung Id phong trdo eua nong dan mang tinh cdch mang tien bp chd'ng lai t r i l u dinh phong kidn, vdn dupc khudn dinh trong quan diem v l dd'u tranh giai ed'p, eung Id mpt Id'i viet sd thieu tinh t h a n khdch quan can dupe xem xet lai.

Chinh vi loai thien kien neu tren md ngUdi ta ed cho phdm h i thupc v l nhdn vat anh hung Quang Trung thi phai ngon Idnh ban nhdn vdt lich sd Nguyin Anh, t r i l u dai Nguyin Quang Trung Uu viet ban t r i l u dai Nguyin Gia Long, dan gian chi vi Nguyin Hue xud't thdn td ndng ddn, Nguyen Anh la ke dd'i dau cua Nguyin Hue, trong khi dd boat dpng cua Quang Trung mdi den ngdy hdm nay vdn cdn phai tidp tue tim hieu, ed nhdng khoang khud't Id'p can soi sdng dan qua nhdng cd lieu lich sd ngdy mpt them phong phu.

Quan diem v l dd'u t r a n h giai ca'p, dang dupe coi Id mpt phdt hien quan trpng cua phuang phdp ludn sd hpc, vd cho vdi khoa hpc xd hpi khde nda, thay vi dUpc sd dung mdt cdch hpp ly-cd chpn Ipc theo dung gid tri t h a t cua no, vd nhu Udc vpng cua nhdng ngUdi phdt hien ra nd, gdp phan vao viec soi sdng bdc t r a n h lich sd, da ed thdi ky ddi dupe coi la cdng cu dpc tdn duy nha't dung de giai thich mpi hien tUpng lich sd. Su d l cao quan diem ddc

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tdn ndy rd rang la khdng phu hap vdi phuang phdp sd hpc dich thUc, vi neu nhu vdy ma cho la phu hpp thi ta't ca nhdng nha sd hpc ldi lac thdi xUa nhu Tu Md Thien vd thdi can-hien dai nhu Arnold ToynJDee (1852-1883), Will Durant (1885-1981)... chac Id ho dd trinh bay vd diln giai lich sd trat lat bet, cdn sdch gido khoa ve mdn lich sd a cac nUde Anh, Phdp, My, An Dp...

khdng theo quan diem dd'u tranh giai cap cd le cung deu lech lac vd khong xdi dupc td't!

Chung ta ehd'p nhan mpi sU tranh ludn vdi nhieu y kien khde nhau, nhUng cung chi nham vdo muc dieh tdn trpng sU that lich sd. Neu cd kem them mue dich gido due quan chung thi cdng khdng nen de thodt khoi ca sd tdn trpng sU that, bdi trong thUe te lich sd cua mpt ddn toe vd'n da cd biet bao tdm gUPng tdt de noi, g\S.Gng xd'u de tranh, bai hpc lich sd thanh cdng bode thd't bai de rut tia, thi khdng can gi phai then det, nhU da theu det chuyen Mai Thdc Loan khdi nghia ndm 722 vi "nan cd'ng vai" sang nha Dudng Trung Qudc (xem tap ehi Nghien cdu vd Phdt trien, sd 2 (67). 2008), chuyen Le Vdn Tdm chd'ng Phdp tam xdng lam dud'c nhay vdo kho xdng Thi Nghe ndm 1946 (xem tap chi XUa vd Nay, thdng 10/2009)... Neu vi mdt ly do qud ddc biet vd bat dac di phai theu det, vi quyin lpi cdng chung, cung thuoc van de lich sd, thi sau khi giai doan lich sd ddc biet dd da qua rdi, eung phai tra eho su that dupe trd vl... Neu vi ly do tuyen truyin gido due quan chung, cd the viet them cdc the loai da sd, giai thoai vl nhan vat lich sd (nhU kieu viet trong cdc tac pham Tang thuang ngdu luc, Linh Nam ddt sd, Tdy San thuat lugc, Viet sit giai thogi...), ma khdng can dua nhiing ndi dung ed tinh huyIn thoai vdo sach gido khoa day cho hpc trd vi yeu tinh cua sdch giao khoa la sU that khoa hpc.

Cd mpt quy luat, dUdng nhu chung nhd't: khdng cd tU do tU tudng thi ddng mong ed mdt ngdnh nghi nao phdt trien dUpe, td dm nhac, thi ca, phim anh, eho den cdc ngdnh khoa hpc tU nhien, va sd hpc.

Viec cdc eu Le Van Duyet, Phan Thanh Gian, Nguyin TrUdng To, Truang Vinh Ky... trong mpt thdi ky khd ddi hi mpt bd phan gidi sd hoc quan phupng ddnh gid xd'u thudng dupe ngudi dan Viet Nam hieu mpt each thd SP qua viee xda bd tieu sd cua hp trong sdch gido khoa; cdc tUpng thd, ten dudng, ten trUdng hpc mang ten cdc cu eung bi xda bd tai nhilu dia phUPng khde nhau, vi ly lich cdc cu phan nhilu diu cd lien quan mat thiet

*den trilu Nguyin, thdi ky thUc dan Phdp, hoac vdi Cdng giao. Nhin chung, ngudi ddn phan nhilu khdng nghien cdu ky sd sdch nhUng hp diu lay lam hoang mang kinh ngae trUde viec mdt sd cu dang td't bong nhien hda xd'u.

Bdi ehi can phdn dodn theo lUPng tri thdng thudng khdng phai thdng qua nghien cdu sdu xa nhu Vien Sd hpc, ai cung biet nhdng ngUdi nhU cu Le Vdn Duyet dupe nhdn ddn trdn trpng thd phung, nhU cu Phan Thanh Gian td bo ca mang sdng (cdi quy nhd't d cd nhdn eon ngudi) khi vi tinh the bdc bdch khdch quan phai giao thdnh cho gidc de trdnh cho sinh linh dd bi tan sat.

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nhu hoc gia TrUPng Vinh Ky trong vd ngodi nude diu kinh trpng dUng tUpng thd... thi khdng t h e Id nhdng ngUdi tdi te phdn dan hai nUdc cho dUpc. Do vay, ndu cd nhiJng sU ddnh gid cau tha, sai lac v l cdc eu trong mpt thdi cua mpt sd ngudi ndo dd trong gidi sd hpc hoac chinh quyin (chd khdng phai cua ca gidi sd hpc bode cua td't ca mpi ngudi trong chinh quyin) thi dilu nay gpi y can phdi eoi lai triet de phUPng phdp vd thdi dp nghien cdu lich sd, td do rut ra nhdng bdi hpc kinh nghiem can thidt trong tUPng lai khi can dp dung kidn thdc va tU duy lich sd soi xet, ddnh gid nhdng van d l hoac nhdn vdt lich sd khac. Dilu quan trpng Id nhdng ngUdi dUa ra cdc ddnh gid phai khdng dupc xud't phdt td bd't ky mpt quan diem gido dilu ndo, cdng nhU it nhd't hp phai dUa t r e n cP sd sd lieu day du da dupc t h a m tra ky, vd mpt mat khde ddi khi hp cung phai cd tU edeh-nhdn each tuang duang bode cao ban cdc ddi tUpng n h a n sU ddnh gid cua hp. Mpt ngudi viet dupe vdi ba bdi viet tren mat bdo hoac tap tieu ludn nhd v l sd hpc, khi nhdn xet v l eu Phan Thanh Gian chang ban, it nha't cdng phai bidt de cdn nhac eu la mdt ngUdi dn hpc dang hodng, vdn hay chd tdt, dd tien si dau tien d Nam Bd, vd tdng gid chdc Tdng tai Qud'c Sd Qudn, td chdc bien soan bp Khdm dinh Viet sd thong gidm cUang muc (gdm 53 quyen) vd'n dupe coi la mpt bp sd Viet bien soan can t h a n vd dd so nhd't td trUde den gid.

Cd mpt van d l cu mem dupe ndi nhilu nhd't cd le trong eae gidi nghien cdu vdn hpc vd lich sd, nhUng lai ludn bi dp dung mpt cdch lung tdng sai lac do anh hUdng ndng n l eua te gido dilu, dd la chu nghia duy vdt lich sd md vl mat dp dung de nghien cdu vdn hpc-sd hoc thi quen gpi bang cum td

"quan diem lich sd cu the". Karl Marx ndi rang khdng ai dUpe chpn thdi de sinh ra eung nhU khdng ai dupe quyin lUa chpn lUe lUpng san xud't eho minh, ndi ndm na Id khi ngUdi ta sinh ra thi nhilu cdi dd cd.trudc, khdng tuy thupc vdo y mud'n chu quan eua bd't ky ai. Dd eung la mpt khia canh quan trpng cua cdi gpi Id bd'i canh hay hodn cdnh lich sd md con ngUdi hau nhU khdng the thodt ra dupc. CJ mdt chd khde, dng viet: "Quan diem cua toi cho rdng sU phdt trien cua hinh thdi kinh te cua xd hoi co the coi nhU qud trinh cua tu nhien vd lich sd cua tU nhien. Cho nen so vdi mgi quan diem khde, quan diem cua toi co the it quy trdch nhiem cho cd nhdn han ve nhdng quan he md xet theo nghia xd hoi, cd nhdn do trUdc sau vdn Id sdn vdt, du cho ve mgt chU quan cd nhdn do co thodt khoi nhdng quan he dy nhU the ndo chdng nda" (Ve nhdng quy lugt kinh te trong chu nghia xd hoi, Nxb Su that, Hd Npi, 1975, tr. 12). Marx cdng nhdn dinh t h a t tdi tinh "Lich sd chdng qua chi Id hogt dgng cda con ngUdi theo dudi muc dich cua bdn thdn minh" (C.

Mdc vd Ph. Angghen, Gia dinh thdn thdnh hay Id phe phdn sU phe phdn co tinh chdt phe phdn, Nxb Su that, Hd Npi, 1971, tr. 163).

Ndu xet theo quan diem dai loai nhU tren thi t r i l u Nguyin dUpe dUng nen dng vdo thdi ky sung man nhd't cua cupc cdch mang khoa hpe-ky thuat the ky 19. Viec phdt minh ra chide mdy hai nude gidi phdng sdc san xud't cung vdi viec khdm phd them cdc dudng hang hai mdi dd ddn den sU bdnh

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108 Tap chi Nghi&n cufu va Phat tridn, sd 4 (87). 2011

trudng cua chu nghia thUc ddn luc dd dang can rd't nhilu nguyin lieu, nhan cdng va thi trUdng tieu thu. Day Id sU diln bien ta't yeu khdch quan trong qud trinh phat trien cua lich sd chu nghia tU ban the gidi. Neu Phap khdng ddm ngd Viet Nam trong luc ndy thi cung se cd mpt nUdc Bd Dao Nha hay Y Pha Nho nao khde. Rui thay, thUc dan Phdp da ddt tam ngam mpt cdch thuan tien vdo Viet Nam gida luc trong nUdc cdn dang chien loan nhieu nhUPng, hai the luc Nguyin Anh va nhd Tay San quan thao nhau kich liet mpt mat mpt cdn. Trong luc ndng the, gap dupe mdt so' doan truyin gido khi dd cung dang mud'n trien khai viec md dao d Viet Nam hda giup, le ta't nhien Nguyin Anh phai xem day Id mpt cP hpi, du cd the la "mdt cdi xd'u can thiet". Nhdng doan truyin gido ndy ngUpc lai dang can tranh thu sU ung hp vda cua chinh qud'c vda cua nhdng dng chua te ban xd, trong khi ehu nghia tu ban phuang Tay cung can dUa vdo nhdng the lUc nay de md rdng cdc thi trudng thupc dia, Nguyin Anh thi can sung dng, tau chien ddnh Tdy San, the Id mdt su ket hpp nhuan nhuyin trung khia da xay ra mpt cdch khdch quan de thda man nhu cau cua td't ca cdc ben lien quan. Viec dau tien vd cap bdch Nguyin Anh can ldm Id diet dupe quan Tay San trUdc da bang bd't ky phuang tien ndo, bdi mdi thu "chi non Tdy t h i chang dpi trdi chung", chd hodn todn khdng cd' y mud'n cau thdn vdi Phdp. Khia canh ngdu nhien cua hodn canh cdn nam d chd dng Id ngUdi theo td tien vao lap nghiep d miln Nam trudc nen cd nhilu ea hpi tiep xuc nhilu hpn vdi cdc nhd truyen gido ldc dd dang can lien lac, tranh thu sU che chd eua dng de truyin dao. Diet dupe Tdy Spn rdi mpi viec se tinh sau, dd la muc tieu cap thdi mang tinh sdch lupc tinh hudng cua vi vua sdng lap trilu Nguyin. Ndi Nguyin Anh

"cdng ran can gd nha" la khdng dung vdi thUc tai lich sd khdch quan, cung nhu ndi gido si Alexandre de Rhodes hay Gidm muc Bd Da Ldc lam mdi gidi gida Phdp vdi trilu Nguyin Id nhdng ten thUc dan phan dpng lai cdng sai lam ban vl mat quan diem lich sd. Bang cd la sang thdi Minh Mang (td ndm 1820), Thieu Tri, cdc vi vua con, vua chdu ndy chang nhdng khdng hpp tdc vdi Tdy ma cdn thUe hien chinh sdch giet dao tan khd'c (chdng td khdng than Phdp) de giai quyet cdi di san trd treu cua lich sd, va cung chi trong khoang thdi gian dd cdc nhd vua mdi cd the dam lam nhU vay (du khdng phai Id viec ldm dung, tdt), do mdi an tinh gida vua eha (Nguyin Anh) vdi Bd Da Ldc cung mdt so' tUdng td ngUdi Phdp eoi nhU da "sach na giang hd".

Ngay nhu vua Quang Trung dai phd qudn Thanh vao mua xuan nam Ky Ddu (1789) cung vdy, nhilu tdi lieu mdi phdt hien gan day cho biet mpt phan quan trpng Id nhd nhd vua da biet sd dung kheo leo cdc lUc lUpng hdi khd'u d bien Ddng (xem nhdng bdi viet cua tdc gia Nguyin Duy Chinh, ddng tren tap ehi Nghien cdu vd Phdt trien vl dl tai Quang Trung). Tren the gidi cd kim, khdng it nhiJng thdnh tieh lay ldng dUpc ngudi ddi ca tung cua mpt sd nhdn vat lich sd dd dupc ldm nen khdng phai luc nao cung bkng nhdng con dudng chinh quy chinh thdng bang phang, vd'n d l chi la sU that lich sd da dupc phai bay trong cdc bp chinh sd d mdc dp the nao ma thdi.

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Tap chi Nghien cufu va Phat trien, sd 4 (87). 2011 109

Tuang t u n h u vdy va md rdng van d l d mdt cap khdi qudt ban, neu xet tren quan diem lich sd, tam lay the ky thd 19 ldm mdc thi du, chu nghia tU ban xud't hien vd bdnh trudng dudi hinh thdi chu nghia thUe ddn Id hdu qua td't yeu cua cupc cdch mang khoa hpc-ky thuat trong the ky ndy. Tidp theo, phong trdo cpng san la hau qua td't yeu phan dng lai chu nghia tu ban man rp thdi ky dau, nd lai kdt hpp mpt cdch "khe ca" (dn khdp) vdi phong trdo cdch mang dan tpc ddn chu vd giai phdng dan tdc, vda chdng phong kien vda chd'ng thUc ddn d mdt so' nUdc thupc dia trong thdi ky "giai thUe" toan the gidi. Ket qua la mdt so' chinh quyin mang danh nghia ehu nghia cpng san da dupe t h d n h lap, nhu trudng hpp eua Trung Qud'c, Viet Nam vd mpt so' nude khde... Cd the lich sd tuan tU nhi tien, "trdng trdng duyen khdi", chac chan se d i l n bien den nhdng giai doan tidp theo nhu ed the hien thd'y, vdi nhdng thd di san thupc loai ngodi y mudn (di kem theo nhiifng mat td't cua cdc cupc chien t r a n h giai phdng dan tdc) vdn dang can tiep tuc giai quyet, nhu te nan ddc quyin vd tinh trang tham nhung v.v.. d mdt so' nudc. Rieng trudng hpp cdc nUde thUe dan xdm lupe, hieu nhu mpt sU the td't yeu khdng the trdnh khdi eua mpt thdi ky phdt trien nhd't dinh trong lich sd thd gidi, trong khi ddt dch thd'ng tri len cdc qudc gia nhupe tieu, d l phijc vii trUde het quyin lpi eho chinh chu nghia thUe ddn chd khdng phdi eho cdc ddn tpc ban xd bi nd le, nd eung de lai, du mud'n hay khdng, mpt sd di san hdu ich

"xdi dupe" eho cdc ddn tpc bi tri nhu khoa hpc-ky thuat, gido due, y td, hanh chinh, cdc cP sd ha tang nhd eda dUdng sd cau cdng hien dai, vd ddc biet la nhdng tu tudng v l tu do ddn ehu vd cdch mang. Khi cue dien the gidi thay ddi, cdc ddn tdc bi tri den lupt minh dupng nhien dd sd dimg nhdng thd

"xdi dupe" dd chdng lai dch dp bdc bdc lot eua chinh thue dan, bude cdc nUde ndy phai hudng tay bang nhilu cdch khde nhau (thdng qua bode khdng can thong qua cupc chien t r a n h gidi phdng) de trao trd lai quyin ddc lap tU ehu cho minh.

Trd lai cdch nhin thUe td lich sd cua mpt ddn tdc hay mpt cpng ddng xa hpi ndo khac, cd the mUpn each d i l n dat khd tinh td cua dng Tran Bach Dang trong Ldi gidi thieu cudn sdch Le Vdn Duyet vdi vdng ddt Nam Bo (Bdn nguyet san Xua & Nay vd Nxb Tre, 2002): "NgUdi viet sd co the phdn chia di^n bien cua qud khd thdnh nhieu chuang, hoi, theo mot chd diem yeu ghet ndo dd, co khi con dugc goi Id chinh thdng; nhUng bdn thdn lich sd thi no trien khai dan xen vdi vo sd mdu thudn vd cdch xd ly mdu thudn, khong til trong mot kich bdn co sdn ndo cd".

Trong ehilu hUdng "giai bode" vd "xet lai" phd bien hien nay de loai bo dan nhdng cdch ddnh gid chinh thdng nhUng cue doan vd trdi quan diem lich sd vi thieu tinh todn dien, mpt sd nhdn vat can dai d Trung Qud'c nhu Tdng Qudc Phien, Tudng Gidi Thach... ed thdi ky bi len dn eUc dp d liic dia, nay dd dupe ngUdi Trung Qud'c nhin nhdn lai theo ehilu hUdng cdi md bun, vd tu tudng-tdc pham eua hp cdng dd dupe phd bidn khd n h i l u tren cdc ke sdch d moi nai.

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Ngdy nay, d Trung Qud'c khdng ai cdn viet truyen hay ldm phim de len dn Tan Thuy Hodng la t a n bao (mac du t a n bao that), Tao Thdo la gian hung (mac dd gian hung that)... ldm gi nda, vi nhU t h e cung vd ich. Ngupc lai, mpt so' dao d i l n cd tdi dd cd' gang dUng len nhdng bp phim hay md ta todn dien t i n h cdch eua mpt sd n h d n vat, ddt hp dung vao bdi canh cu the eua mpt thdi ky lich sd nhd't dinh, tUPng dng vdi n h d n g phong tuc tap qudn eung l l ldi tU duy-hanh dpng phan dnh cdch h a n h xd cua con ngUdi trong ea mpt giai doan lich sd nhd't dinh ndo dd, do vay md Tan Thuy Hodng hoac Tao Thdo cung cd dupe nhdng n e t d l thUPng day n h d n t i n h song song vdi tinh cdch tdn bao hoac gian hung khdng ai chd'i cdi eua hp. Bp phim Cong td Bgc Lieu dupe dan dUng d Viet Nam khoang h a n 10 ndm trUde sd di khong thdnh cdng Id vi nhiJng ngudi thUe hien mai lo p h a n dnh khia canh tieu cue cua vi cdng td nay n h a m vdo chu d l chd'ng phong kidn n h i l u h a n Id nhin

"cdng td" d gdc dp khdch quan la mpt con ngudi cd gd'c dai dia chu thich an chai nhUng t i n h t i n h hdo sang k h a di cua vung dd't mdi N a m Bp.

Ddnh gia n h a n vat lich sd vi the r a t can cd sU can nhac t h a n trpng ve n h i l u m a t trong ta't ca mpi trUdng hpp. O Viet Nam, ngodi cdc nhdn vat lich sd ldn nhU N g u y i n Anh (gan vdi cd t r i l u Nguyin), Le Vdn Duyet, Phan Thanh Gian... cd luc hi ddnh gid nham, cdn cd nhdng n h d n vat khde nhU Nguyin Trudng To, TrUPng Vinh Ky, P h a m Quynh... cd thdi gian khd ddi cdng hi ket a n oan v l mpt so' m a t cP ban, khien cho nhdng con dUdng hay trudng hpc m a n g ten hp d i u bi xda bd di hdt, vd hpc sinh hoac khdng biet gi v l hp bode phai hpc hai mdn vdn hpc vd lich sd vdi nhiJng quan diem va cdch t r i n h bdy cue ky phien dien.

Viec viet sd ndi chung cung the, phai t h a n trpng gidng nhU ddnh gid nhdn vdt lich sd. Ngodi nguyen tae phai tdn trpng sU t h a t lich sd tren ca sd thu thap-phdn tieh-khao chdng tU lieu vd tdn trpng phUPng phdp sd hpc thuan tdy, khdng de bi chi phdi bdi bd't ky gido dilu chinh t r i ndo, ngUdi viet sd cdn phai van dung chinh xdc cdi gpi Id "quan diem lich sd cu the" nhU doan t r e n eua bdi viet nay dd cd gang d i l n giai. Ngodi r a hp cdn phai hieu ddi mpt cdch sdu sac, thdng dat chinh tri va n h d n tinh, hieu dUpe ly do cdc boat dpng cua loai ngUdi, cd t a m nhin bao qudt v l t a m ly cupc sd'ng v.v.., vd td't ea nhdng dilu dd phai dupc the hien vdi mpt luang tri hay trUe gidc ben nhay tdi thieu. Xet v l cdc phuang dien nay, cho den nay chung ta vdn cd the tam coi bp Viet Nam sd lUgc eua cu Tran Trpng Kim Id mdt bd "tin sd" hay nhd't trong nhdng bd sd hien cd, bdi nd dd dUpc cu T r a n can cd tren nhieu tdi lieu rdi viet r a theo kieu thd'y sao ndi vay bang cdch nghi cdch d i l n dat t h a n trpng eua rieng minh vdi mdt luang t a m khd trong sang, trong dd cu khdng h i ed mdt ldi k h e n ai bode m a t sdt ai qud ddng, tuy rdng nd vdn chUa dat tieu chuan khoa hpc day du cua mpt bd thdng sd cd t i n h todn qudc.

Nhu khi binh ludn v l tU cdch eua P h a n T h a n h Gian, tdc gia ndi rd't gpn ma thd'm thia: "Bdy gid ong dd gid, dd ngodi 74 tudi, ldm quan that Id thanh

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liem, nhUng chdng may ggp phdi khi nUdc co bien, biet the minh khong ldm gi dugc, dem tdm ldng son sdt md bdo den an nUdc cho het bdn phdn ngUdi

ldm toi". Phai cdng tdm thda nhdn cd mpt thdi hpc sinh rd't thich hpc mdn lich sd mpt phan Id nhd bp Viet Nam sd lugc, vdi cdch trinh bdy cdc sU kien lich sd vda ngan gpn mach lac vda hap dan, ldi le dn nhu khiem ton, binh pham ed mdc dp, dpc hay nhu mpt bp tieu thuyet trudng thien cua ddn tdc.

Cdn hidn nay, ngUdi ta than rang hpc sinh khdng thich hpc mdn lich sd, ddt sd, thi cung la mpt dilu d l hieu vd nen xem lai cdch vidt sd nhU la mpt hudng tidp can de nghien cdu giai quyet van de.

Tuy nhien, lich sd vd'n thudng Id nhdng d i l n bien dUpc md td lai bang ngdn ngd eua ke chien thang, nen trong nhiJng cupc "cdi trilu hodn dai", nd rd't khd gid dupe tinh trung thUe khdch quan hodn todn. Chang ban, trong nhdng bd chinh sd do Qud'c Sd Qudn trilu Nguyin bien soan khd the tim dupc chd ndi td't cho t r i l u Tdy Spn Nguyin Hue, cdng tUPng tU nhU lich sd do cdc CP quan chinh thdc cua nhd nUdc Trung Qud'c vidt ra thi hau nhU viec gi cua lUc lupng Qudc Dan Dang lam trong giai doan Tudng Gidi Thach cdm quyin cung d i u td hai, phan dpng td't tan tdt. Trong sudt thdi ky Mao Trach Ddng cam quyin, viec gi cua Mao ldm eung dupe ea tung, thdnh cdng gi trong cdc boat dpng khoa hpc, chinh tri, van hda... cung diu dUpe quy cdng cho sU Idnh dao anh minh cua Mao. Cdc sdch khoa hpc tu nhien thdi dd td dia chat hpc cho den thUe vdt hpc diu phdi tdn Mao ldm minh ehu. Phdi dpi eho den khi Mao Trach Ddng qua ddi ndm 1976 n h i l u sir t h a t lich sd mdi dugc phai bay ra dnh sdng, hdng ngan ngudi bi kdt dn oan dUa di lao dpng khd sai trong thdi ky Cdch mang vdn hda dupe trd tu do, phuc hdi danh dU;

ban thdn Mao cung dupe ddnh gid lai, nhUng vi n h i l u ly do chinh tri phdc tap vd te nhi nen van chua phai bdy day du, mac du hau bet mpi chuyen diu dd dupc biet qua cdc ldi t r u y i n mieng hay cdng bd tren mang Internet. ThUe td khd chdi cdi nay ddt ra mpt vd'n d l hdt sdc te nhi, la lieu cd the cd dupe nhdng bp sd trung thUe d ddu dd trong nhdng nude cd hodn canh tUPng tu nhu Trung Qudc, trong khi cdi gpi Id "chinh sd" diu do cdc nhd dUPng cupc td chdc bien soan bang kinh phi nhd nude, cdn tU nhdn thi hau nhu chac chan khdng ai dupe tai trp de ldm cdng viec nay ca? Trong ehilu hudng thUc te ndi chung n h u the, chdng ta ed the khang dinh mpt cdch tUPng ddi rang, lich sd thdnh vdn khd trung thUe thudng chi cd the cd dupe trong hai dilu kien: hoac thdi ky lich sd dang ndi phai d thdi gian each xa vdi nhd cam quyin dUPng dai, hoac viec viet sd Id do tu nhdn dpc lap dam trdch mpt cdch tu nguyen nhU trUdng hpp cua Tu Md Thien ddi vdi bp Sd ky ed mdt khdng hai trong lich sd sd hpc cua nhdn loai.

Mac du nhdng ly do neu tren v l cdc dilu kien nghiet nga de cd dupe nhdng bp sd trung thUe, v l m a t ly thuyet chdng ta van cdn cd the neu them nhdng thuc te khde de xem xet vd'n d l mpt cdch tudng t a n thd'u ddo them.

Cd mpt dieu kien ly tudng vdn cdn neu ra dupe, dd Id nhd cam quyin cdng

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phai trung thUe neu that sU vi dan, nhdn thdc sU trung thUc trong sd hpc nhu mpt dilu quan trpng can thiet cd lpi ich lau dai cho ca dan tpc, theo nghia lich sd la tdm guang soi chung va la nhdng bai hpc kinh nghiem can de rut tia cho cdng cupc xay dUng tuang lai dd'i vdi ta't ca mpi thdnh vien cdng ddn, va dd'i vdi da't nUdc, md neu trung thUc thi td't han la lam ngUpc lai. De cd sU trung thUc, le td't nhien phai coi chan ly khoa hpc va lpi ich eua nhdn dan Id luat phdp tdi thupng, ed tam nhin than thdng quang dai, rpng md, do dd se khdng nhin lich sd hay nhdn vat lich sd bang mpt tam dia nho nhen tam thudng. Mpt thUe te khde cd the cho tha'y cdc nha vidt sd phuang Tdy dudng nhu phdng khodng ban. Ndu cac nha sd hpc phuang Tay (chu yeu Phap, My) can hien dai md viet sd vdi mpt tdm hdn nhd nhen, khdng tdn trpng sU that lich sd hoac ehi vi nhdng cdi danh hdo hay quyin lpi ddn tpc hep hdi, chac chan hp se bdi nhp mdt so' nhan vat lich sd Viet Nam vd'n tdng la nguyen nhdn gay ra sir chien bai cua qud'c gia hp trong hai cude khdng chien chd'ng Phdp va chd'ng My cua nhdn ddn Viet Nam. Trai lai, hp thudng dd md ta mot sd nhdn Vdt lich sd Viet Nam nhu Nguyin Thdi Hpc, Hd Chi Minh, Vd Nguyen Gidp... vdi mdt long kinh di ddc biet, dUa ten vdo td dien, mpt phan cung nhd vdy md nUdc Viet Nam den nay dUpc rd't nhilu qud'c gia khde tren the gidi biet den mdt each trdn trpng.

Trdi lai vdi nhiJng thi du vda ke tren day la trudng hpp mdt so' sd gia Trung Qud'c td ldu va nhd't la gan day dd cd' gang bdp meo sU thdt lich sd,

"tu vien ky thuyet" (vo trdn cdc sU kien cho khdp vdi ly luan chu quan cua minh) de chdng minh cdc quan dao Hodng Sa, Trudng Sa la thupc chu quyin Trung Qud'c, tir ddt ra dudng chd U chin doan de chiem hdu hau bet dien tieh bien Ddng. Lam nhu vdy trUde mat Trung Qud'c neu ed the Id'y dUpc Hodng Sa, TrUdng Sa cua Viet Nam vinh viln (?) thi dd chi la mdt lpi ich nhd thien can, hdu qua xd'u ldu ddi Id lam cho nhan ddn Trung Qud'c tap nhilm tU tudng thUe dung thd thien eung thdi quen ndi Ido, va nhU thd da gdp phan tieu cUc phd hoai ca nIn van hda Trung Qud'c vd'n di cd rd't nhilu nhdn td truyin thdng td't dep ma td tien eua hp vdi nhufng Khdng Td, Manh Td, Lao Td, Tudn Td... da ddy cdng xay dap trong sud't may ngan ndm lich sd. Ddy Id mpt trudng hpp lpi bd't cap hai khd rd rang cd the dem ra ddn chdng cho ldi lam viec bang tam dia nhd nhen khdng tdn trpng chdn ly khoa hpc vd lich sd.

Den day ed the tha'y rd, trong kha nhilu trUdng hpp, sU ehi phdi cua nhiJng quyin lpi chinh tri nhd't thdi mang tinh phe nhdm ddi luc cd hai khi ddt todn bp vd'n dl lpi ich d mdc dp dan tpc hay nhdn loai tren mpt binh dien rpng ldn hpn, vd ed the tam rut ra mpt he luan: cdng viec nghien cdU lich sd, de cd dupc tinh trung thUc can thiet, ddi hdi sU tdn trpng tinh dpc lap tu do cua eac sd gia, du sd gia dd la tU nhan (nhu T r i n Trpng Kim ching ban) hay Id ngudi dang boat ddng trong nhdng ca quan chuyen trdch vl sd hpc, gido due cua nhd nUde cung vdy.

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Ngodi khia canh quan diem ra, nhilu sir kien thudc ve sU t h a t lich sd the bidn trong cdc sdch gido khoa cung can dupc xem xet lai de dilu chinh.

Phong cdch viet sd theo ldi tU hdo ddn tdc hep hdi qud ddng hay theo kieu

"tdt khoe, xd'u che", "ta thang, dich thua" cung can phai loai bd. Trong mdt bdi vidt (tap chi Tia sdng sd 9, ra ngdy 5/5/2008), GS-NGND Nguyin Vdn Chien (da qud cd), khi ndi v l tinh dung cam, khiem tdn va trung thUc cua ngUdi tri thdc, da nhac lai cdu chuyen cua nha sd hpc Tran Huy Lieu vd nhan vdt Le Van Tdm. GS Chien, trong y tudng ddi hdi tinh can dam trung thUc phai cd cua ngudi tri thdc, dd nhac khen dng Nguyin Manh Tudng vd ong Tran Ddc Thao, hai nhdn vdt tri thdc Viet Nam ldi lac cd thdi gian vi trung thuc ddng gdp y kien xdy dirng cho viec chung nhUng khdng hpp quan diem "chinh thd'ng" ma bi "rut phep thdng cdng", phai chiu oan chiu khd trong hau n h u sud't quang ddi cdn lai (rieng Tran Ddc Thdo sau khi chet, vdi ndm trudc dd dupe minh oan cdng khai).

Nhu vay, de ndi tidp y kidn GS-NGND Nguyin Vdn Chidn, thiet tudng den ldc ndy, sau khoang nda thd ky, mdt vdi nhdn vat khde trong nhdm Nhdn Van Giai P h a m cung nhU todn bp vd'n d l Nhdn Vdn Giai Pham cdng nen dUpc gidi nghien cdu vdn-sd hpc dUa vdo bdn hdi nghi ddnh gid lai mpt cdch khdch quan, cdng khai de rut ra them nhilu bdi bpc quy bdu khde. Ldm dupc nhu vdy, gidi vdn hpc va sd hpc Vidt Nam ghi them dupe mpt thdnh tieh chdi lpi mdi, day m a n h cdng cupc ddi mdi todn dien dd't nUdc vd chic chan se dUpc mpi ngUdi mpi gidi ca trong ldn ngodi nude hoan nghdnh nhiet liet vi dd gdp phan ldm thay ddi b i n bau khdng khi boat ddng vdn hda-tu tudng theo chieu hUdng tich cUe nhd't.

Cdi "vung ca'm" Nhdn Van Giai Pham (1956-1958) khdng cd vdn ban gid'y td tdn tai dung nam chuc ndm nay tren thue td dd dupe ea xd hpi giai cd'm dan vi trong nhdng khoang thdi gian gan day, khdng it tdc gia thudc nhom Nhdn Vdn Giai P h a m da ed tdc pham dupe in, thdm chi cdn dupc ca giai thudng. Lai rai ddu dd ngudi ta da bdt ngai khi cdng khai nhac den ten tudi cua nd, thdm chi cdn m a n h dan khen ngpi, nhU cd the ke trudng hpp y kidn eua luat gia Le Hieu Dang (Phd chu tich Uy ban Mat trdn Td qudc Vidt Nam, TP Hd Chi Minh, Chu tich Hpi ddng quan tri Quy Bdo trp Gido due vd Ddo tao TP HCM) phdt bieu tren bdo Tudi tre (16/5/2008) khi ngudi ta boi dng v l t h p cua mpt sd tdc gia trong nhdm Nhdn Vdn Giai Pham: "Hien nay thi toi dang... lai rai tha Phung Qudn, Trdn Ddn. Doc "Chdng tham 6 ldng phi" cua Phung Qudn ldm ndm 1956 md thdy cdn nguyen tinh thdi sU, nhu mdi ldm ddy thoi. Toi thuoc ldng bdi "Nhdt dinh thdng" cua Trdn Ddn khi cdn la sinh vien, gid doc lgi vdn thdy ddy xuc dong... Phdng Qudn, Trdn Ddn la nhdng nhd tha tdi ndng cua Viet Nam. Hg la nhdng ngUdi di trUdc, tha cda ho mang tinh dU bdo rdt ldn. Cdi hay chinh la d tinh dU bdo do. Cd lgt lgi nhdng trang tha cua ho md xem, nhdng dieu hg ndi cdch nay mdy chuc ndm bdy gid dang xdy ra, nhdc nhdi, dau long".

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114 Tap chi Nghien ciJu va Phat trien, sd 4 (87). 2011

Tai ddy xin dupc md them dd'u ngodc, trong Til diin Vdn hge (bd mdi, 2004), mpt cdng trinh dang dUpc dU luan xa hpi ddnh gia cao, nhilu tdc gia thudc nhdm Nhdn Van Giai Pham dd dUpc dUa vdo gidi thieu mpt cdch tran trpng, nhu Hdu Loan, Tran Ddc Thao, Nguyin Manh Tudng, Phung Qudn, Tran Dan v.v.., ndi dung cung neu sP lupc nhdng nhan vat nay da bi ky luat nhu the ndo sau khi tham gia vdo nhom Nhdn Van Giai Pham. NhUng quyen td dien gid tri neu tren lai cung cdn cd chut uy ky trdnh ne khi nd khdng cung ed'p cho ngUdi sd dung td dien muc td "Nhdm Nhan Van Giai Pham"

(trong khi nhdng nhdm khde nhU Ddng Dupng Tap Chi, Han Thuyen, Nam Phong, Sdng Tao, Tan Dan, Thanh Nghi, Tri Tan ddu cd du), nen khi can tra cdu thi chang cd de ma tra. Neu cdc sinh vien, hpc sinh vi tidp tuc thac mac cd phai di tra tim d nhdng tai lieu cdng bd "ldu" d dau dd thi cd khi lai nguy, hieu theo nhilu nghia "nguy" khde nhau. Su thieu sdt ed le bd't dac di ndy tuy cd the thdng cam dUpc, nhUng du sao nhU the cung lam cho mpt bp td dien ldn, ddng tieu bieu cho ca nude lai bi sai quy each cua khoa td dien bpc, vd dilu nay cdng cho tha'y sU can thiet phai sdm dem van dl ra cdng khai phan tich md xe, hau trdnh eho gidi nghien cdu vdn hpc-sd hpc nhdng thd nhech nhdc rut re khdng can thiet. Lam vdn hpc-sd hpc ma nhech nhdc rut re thi that khd coi va khdng the chap nhdn dUpc, vi khdng cdn chi de gpi la "hpc" nda! Chung quy cung van la can sU can dam, long trung thUc va tinh liem chinh tri thdc eua cdc nhd nghien cdu van hpc-sd hpc.

Mpt sd su kien lich sd hay cdch ddnh gid nhan vat lich sd, neu dUpc dieu chinh dung, se ddn den mpt so' he qua thUc te tich eUc td't nhien trong ddi sdng ngudi dan cung nhu trong mpt phan cua cdng tac gido due, nhU trUdng hpp ten dng Kim Ngpc dd dUpc chpn de ddt ten dUdng va ten vai trUdng hpc d Vinh Phu khoang sdu nam trUde, sau khi quan diem ve khodn san pham trong ndng nghiep eua dng Kim Ngpc cd luc hi ket dn sai lam da dUpc ddnh gid lai td rd. Tuang tu nhu the, tUpng Phan Thanh Gian va trUdng hpc mang ten dng da dupe phuc hdi tai Ben Tre, tUpng Le Van Duyet da dupe an vi tai Lang Ong-Bd Chieu... Chung ta ngdy nay cd the can nhdng dilu dd vi ly do chinh tri ndy khde nhung cdc vi dupe tdn vinh dUdng nhu cung khdng may can. Vdi cdi da ndy, ndu nghi mpt cdch trung thuc, rdi day ngUdi ta cung phai nghi den viec ddi ten cdc cdng vien, rap hdt, trUdng hpc mang ten Le Vdn Tdm thdnh cdng vien Le Van Duyet, cdng vien Gia Long, rap hdt Ddo Td'n, trudng Truang Vinh Ky, trudng Pham Quynh... chang ban.

Vl mat khdch quan, cung Id sU that lich sd vd chan ly cupc ddi, ke thd khdng phai luc ndo cung xd'u, cdn "phe ta" thi ludn tuyet vdi. Han nda cung khdng cd ai Id ke thu that sU hay vinh viln, ke ea trong cung mpt dd't nude, mpt ndi gid'ng hay gida ddn tpc nay vdi ddn tpc khac. NgUdi My phai rut qudn tham hai trong cude chien tranh Viet Nam ndm 1975, trUdc dd hp ed the ldm mpi cdch de ngdn chan "ldn sdng cpng san", dpi bom miln Blc, nhung khdng cd sd gia hay nhd bdo nao cua My viet sdch de bdi nhp Viet

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Tap chi Nghi&n cufu va Phat tridn, sd 4 (87). 2011 115

cpng, md chi cd gang phan tich mpi khia canh de "bidt ngUdi bidt ta", hiiu cho dupc tai sao hp that bai d Viet Nam md thdi. Ddng vl mat nay, ngUdi My nhU the cung cd khia canh "md thupng" tuy chua phai that sU anh hung. Trong lich sd Viet Nam, dd cd trUdng hpp Le Lpi-Nguyin Trdi ddnh tan xong gidc Minh cdn cap eho qudn dich 500 chiec thuyen vdi luang thUc day du d l chay vl cho tien, mpt hanh vi rat la "ma thupng" cua ngUdi xUa.

Cd mpt phong each vidt sd khdng can bdi bdc ke thu, md ed viec xay ra the ndo ke lai the a'y theo dung nhdng tdi lieu chd viet hoac truyin khau dd thu thdp dupe. Cd the ke trudng hpp sdch Bdn trieu bgn nghich liet truyen cua hpc gia Gid Spn Kilu Gdnh Mdu, soan ndm Thdnh Thdi thd 13 (1901).

Ddy la cudn sdch eua mdt dng quan trilu Nguyin viet vl nhdng ke phan nghich chd'ng lai "ban trieu", nhUng cdch thuat chuyen vd the hien cdc nhdn vat phdn di§n lai khdch quan sinh dpng, cdn cho thay dupe nhdng net UU diem, kha di vd khi phdeh cd nhdn cua nhiJng ke bi tdc gid xep vdo thdnh phan phan loan, nhu Le Vdn Khdi, Cao Bd Qudt vd rd't nhilu ngUdi khde...

Cupc ddi thUc, tdc cung Id lich sd, ludn phdi cd ke vay ngUdi khde. Cd ke xd'u ke phdn ddn hai nude thi tinh cdch cua ngudi tdt ngudi yeu nude mdi bpc Id rd vd dupe tdn vinh. Anh hung tao thdi thd nhung thdi the cung ed the ldm nen anh hung. Neu khdng cd nhdng cupc loan lac thdi cud'i Xudn thu dau Chidn qud'c thi cung khdng cd nhiJng hpc thuyet cua Nho gia, Dao gia, Phdp gia... nd rd, de lai nhdng tinh hoa di sdn tu tudng cua phuang Ddng ngdy hdm nay. Thdi the tdc la cdi hdm nay chung ta gpi "bdi canh lich sd" md khi nghidn cdu bd't ky mpt bidn cd, phong trdo, hpc phdi nao, ngUdi nghien cdu cung khdng the khdng xdt ddn noi ddn chd'n. Tuang tu nhu vdy, ndu khdng cd cdi xd'u cua chu nghia tU ban man rp the ky 19 thi cung khdng cd nhdn vdt Marx vd chu nghia Marx xud't sac; khdng cd thUe ddn Phdp xdm chiem Viet Nam thi cung khdng cd mdt Phan Bdi Chdu hay mpt Hd Chi Minh vdi sU nghiep Idy ldng... Trong lich sd Viet Nam tdng cd nhdng hang tri thdc khdng dupe dung cam cho lim, vi tinh the bdc bdch phai lUu vong chay theo quan giac cho yen thdn, nhu Tran Ich Tac va Le Tac trong trdn giao chidn vdi qudn Nguyen ddi Tran, nhUng hp eung chUa kip ldm dilu gi doi bai den ndi, chi mong "cau todn tinh menh U loan the*'. Rieng Le Tdc khi trdn sang Tdu cdn viet dupe bp sd An Nam chi lugc de ddi, dupe mdt ngudi duang thdi viet ldi tUa khen Id "khdng thua gi sdch eua Tu Md Thien vd Ban Cd hdi trUde", dd dupe cd Viet Nam vd Trung Qudc in lai nhilu lan nhu mpt sd lieu cd gia tri tham khao tdt. Ndu bude Le Tae phai Id mpt nhan vat anh hung, vd trong bp sd gid tri ndi tren, phdi ndi xd'u it nhilu gi dd vl k^ thu Trung Qudc luc bd'y gid thi ngdy nay chung ta eung khdng cd bp An Nam chi lugc...

Binh luan vl con ngUdi trong lich sd vi the khdng the thieu sU thdng dat chinh tri nhan tinh, vd ddc cdng bang, ludn bidt ddt con ngudi vdo trong hodn cdnh cd nhdn cung vdi nhdng mdi tUang tdc nhdn qua cua cdc sU kien

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116 Tap chi Nghien cufu va Phat trien, sd 4 (87). 2011

chi phdi ben ngodi, t r e n cdi n I n chung n h d n g bi kich va ndi thdng khd cua nhdn sinh vd trong cdi trdo luu sinh boat bd't tuyet cua cupc ddi, td dd cd dupc quan diem phdng khodng mang chd't triet ly sau b a n v l cupc sdng de cd the tidp can vdi chdn ly lich sd mpt cdch khdch quan todn dien ban, gdp phan xdy dUng mpt n I n van hda hda binh khdng m a n g t i n h sdt p h a t vi cdc kieu thdi dp cUe doan, phien dien, cam thu cd t i n h nguyen thuy cua loai ngudi chua van minh. Dd cd le cung la the gidi quan h i n h t h a n h n e n thdi dp, cdch n h i n eung nhdng y kien binh ludn ddnh gid t h a m t r a m sau sac cua Tu Md Thien (trong cdc bdi "Tdn", bdi "Tu") ddi vdi mdt sd n h a n vat vd su kien lich sd tieu bieu d Trung Qud'c cd dai, lam cho bp Sd ky cua dng trd thanh mpt bp sdch sd-tridt-vdn chUPng khudn mdu b a t hu.

Vdn hda la cdi gi cdn tdn lai b i n ldu trong t a m tri, b a n g bac trong cdch dng xd hien tai cua eon ngudi sau khi mpi sU kien, n h d n vat, che dp chinh tri... dd qua di. Ma bao nhieu sU kien, nhdn vat, che dp chinh tri trong qua khd diu da phai tuan tU cd qua di nhU the trong trudng ky lich sd, bd't ehd'p ea khdng gian vd thdi gian. Nhdn vdt lich sd khdng nhd't thidt phai la danh nhdn, hp d i u la con ngUdi nen cd m a t td't m a t xd'u, cd nhdng luc yeu mem lam ldi nhe da, rdi ai cdng ra ngUdi thien ed du di trong gid ngUpe hay xudi, nhUng ta't ea d i u ed vai trd rieng trong mdt bdi canh lich sd nhd't dinh. Viec ddnh gid lich sd cung nhU cdc n h a n vat lich sd ndu chinh xdc, se cd y nghia quan trpng dd'i vdi Idp ngUdi di sau chd khdng phai cho Idp ngUdi trUde, hieu nhu Id nhdng bdi hpc kinh nghiem quy bdu de rut tia dp dung cho cude sd'ng hien tai vd tuang lai ldu ddi, "vi the phai dupe thue hien mdt cdch khdch quan vd t h a n trpng, khdng nen d l bi a n h hudng bdi b a t ky dinh kidn hay loai quan diem chinh t r i thUc dung nhd't thdi ndo.

Ddn ddy, chung ta dd lap di lap lai khd n h i l u cdi gpi Id rut tia kinh nghiem lich sd, t h d thi nhiJng con ngUdi hien sd'ng thUe te ed the hpc dUpe nhdng gi td trong nhdng bdi hpc dd cd san trong lich sd? TrUde hdt, mudn hpc dupe dilu gi thi lich sd phai la lich sd eua sU t h a t , cua nhdng sU kien vd bidn cd' cd t h a t dung nhU chung dd d i l n r a trong qua khd. Lich sd dupe viet nen mpt cdch gia dd'i do sU t h e m that, theu det hoac tudng tUpng, gdn ghep day dinh kien thi khdng the dung de t h a m khao hpc hoi gi dupe, ndu khdng mud'n ndi la ed hai. Bai hpc lich sd la cai cd san, bd't di bd't dich, dilu quan trpng thupc v l cdch con ngUdi biet t h a m khao nd sdng sud't ra sao de hudng dan cho nhdng h d n h ddng trong hien tai vd hUdng tdi xay dUng tUPng lai. Cd nhdng kinh nghiem t h d n h cdng va n h d n g k i n h nghiem thd't bai, y nhu le thudng t i n h t h d n h bai cua con ngUdi (khdng cd gi xd'u), trong cdch lam, cdch h a n h xd lien quan den viec tri nUdc tdng qudt cung nhU vdi tdng cdng viec cu the da dupc dp dung trong nhCJng t i n h hudng khde nhau.

Kinh nghiem ndo neu bidt dp dung cdng d i u td't nhung rieng nhdng kinh nghiem thd't bai thi thudng quy hpn, trUde h e t giup t r a n h dUpc vet xe dd eua nhdng ngUdi di trudc ( t i l n xa ehi gidm). Chinh vi le dd cdng viec ghi lai

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Tap chi Nghi&n cufu va Phat tridn, sd 4 (87). 2011 117

lich sd cdng ddi hdi gat gao tinh trung thUe, phai neu du ca nhiJng chuyen xd'u vd nhiJng viec t h a t bai, ke ed "nhOttig cupc bai trdn the tham eua qudn ta"... Trdi lai, khuynh hudng cUdng dieu ea tung khia canh nhiJng vd cdng oanh liet, lap di lap lai qud nhilu, thudng it cd gid tri thUe td md cdn lam cho ngudi ta trd nen kieu man, mat y thdc, m a t cdnh gidc vd eung tai hai.

Chien t r a n h la h a n h dpng bat dac di neu khdng mud'n ndi la xuan ngoc, bdi nd ludn dem lai sU dau thUPng chdt chdc cho td't ca cdc ben tham gia chidn cupc. Trong mpi cupc chien t r a n h diu cd ke thang ngudi thua, nhUng chidn cdng eua mdt ngudi hay nhdm ldn ngudi nay lai Id sir dau khd vd thua thiet cua nhdm ngudi khde chidn bai, nen ndu ddng td gdc dp nhdn ban se chang thd'y ed gi ddng de tU hdo. Chien t r a n h gdy nen cdi cdnh "dd'ng xUPng vd dinh da eao bang dau", hay "nhd't tUdng cdng thdnh van cdt khd"... eua bidt bao thd he con ngudi. O Uc vd Tdn Tdy Lan, ngUdi dan chpn ngdy 25 thdng 4 hang ndm ldm ngdy Anzac, mpt l l ldn mang tinh ddn tpc, vdi l l hpi tUng bdng (cdn ban ed Qudc khdnh tc 26/1, Tdn Tdy Lan 6/2), khdng phdi de ky niem chien t h a n g ma de ghi nhd chidn bai. Dd Id mpt ngdy vdo ndm 1915, trong Thd chidn lan t h d nhd't, lien qudn Ue-Tdn Tdy Lan da dd bd vdo Galhpoli cua Thd Nhi Ky vdi hpn 8.000 linh Uc vd 2.700 linh Tdn Tdy Lan bi thiet mang, vd td dd den nay nhdn ddn cd hai nude diu eoi dd nhu mpt kinh nghiem thd't bai, tuy cd bi hung nhUng ndu trdnh dupe cdng tdt, vi du sao cdng la mdt chuyen dau thuang chung cho ca hai ddn tpc.

d Hoa Ky, sau cude npi chien Nam Bae ndm 1865, cdc si quan vd binh si dudi quyin cua tUdng Lee m i l n Nam thua trdn dd khdng bi giam gid nhU tu binh chidn t r a n h . Nhdng binh si chet trdn eua cd hai phe thang bai diu dupe chdn xen ke trong eung mdt khu mp, nai cd td'm bia ghi rd "Nai ddy Id chd nam xudng cua td't cd nhdng ngUdi vi nude My". Hdt chidn tranh thi khdng cdn b a n thu, ma bat tay dodn kdt nhau ngay de eung nhau xdy dUng hudng ddn tuang lai, dd cung la mpt trong nhdng nguyen nhdn ehu ydu gidp cho nudc My mau trd thdnh mpt eUdng qud'c the gidi.

Dpc lai cdu chuyen ed nUde My sau khi tUdng Lee thua trdn, ai trong chung ta ma khdng cam dpng ddn rai nude mat: Tudng Lee ddng ddy, lan lupt bat tay cdc si quan trong Bp Tham mUU cua tUdng Grant (phe m i l n Bac thang trdn), bat tay tUdng Grant, nghieng minh chdo td't ca mpi ngUdi ed mat vd bude ra khdi phdng hpp. Tudng Grant vd ban si quan tham mUU dd ddng sdn d bao lan trudc cdn nhd, nai ddi ben nghi hda. Khi ngUa tUdng Lee rao bude di qua, cap m i t eua hai vi tUdng quan cham nhau trong gidy phut, hp ddng nga ndn chdo nhau. Tren bao lan xung quanh tUdng Grant vd sudt trong sdn trudc cdn nhd lich sd, si quan vd binh si m i l n Blc diu dua tay chdo kinh vi tudng bai trdn qudn dpi lien hiep m i l n Nam. Tin ddn tudng Lee diu hdng trdn lan mau chdng nhU thud'c sung. K h I p nai binh si m i l n Blc reo mdng... The nhung tUdng Grant n h a n h chdng ra lenh ngUng ngay tdc k h l c nhiJng bieu Id noi vui mCmg cua binh si m i l n Blc. "Rdi se cd ngdy

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mdng chien thing", tudng Grant giai thich, "Nhung khdng phai la ngay hdm nay. Qudn dpi mien Nam dd dau hang. Chung ta khdng dUpc phep reo mdng tren chien bai cua hp. Dilu quan trpng vdi tUdng Grant la phai lam sao de t h i n g trdn, ddng thdi cung phai ^ n gid cho bang dUpc sU todn ven tinh cam gida nhdng ngUdi cung trong cpng ddng dan tpc Hoa Ky.

Cdu chuyen lich sd vda ke lai tren day ddng la mpt ta'm guang tdt ve hda hpp dan tdc, xda bd han thu, va nhdng bai hpc lich sd nhU the mdi that sU lpi ich trong y nghia gido due ehu nghia nhan dao va tinh than nhdn ban eho cdc the hd mai sau, thay vi hinh anh ngUac lai la nhdng nha tu sau chidn tranh nhU d mpt sd nUdc khde, chi lam cho "oan oan tUPng bdo", "odn odn chap chung".

Viet sd la loai cdng vide cdng phu tdn nhilu thdi gian, ngoai ton trpng sU that tren ca sd bam sat sd lieu cdn ddi hdi phai cd sU nghien ngdm sau xa, neu len dUpc nhdng bai hpc tham khao cho cac the he hien tai va tuang lai, gdp phan vun d i p nhdn ban, nen khong the cd sU tuy tien, dinh kien, gdn ghep bdp meo sU that, budn vui ydu ghet that thudng, nay vay mai khac, hay dUa ddm quyin the, xu phu theo mieng nha quan.

Hai vp chdng nhd sd hpc ldng danh ngUdi My Will va Ariel Durant (Will sinh ndm 1885) bd ra den 39 nam soan bp Cdu chuyen cua nen vdn minh (ban tieng Anh 10 cudn, ban tieng Phdp 33 cudn vdi tren 14.000 trang), nhu vdy md van cd nam ndp lo sp rang minh chUa du tU lieu de tdi hi§n dien muc lich sd mpt cdch trung thUc. Khi gan cud'i ddi, hp da viet them mpt quyen nhd cud'i cung Id'y nhan d l Bdi hge cda lich sd nhU de thay ldi ket ludn cho toan bp sdch, due ket lai rang thdi nao, nUdc nao trUdc kia eung cd nhdng ke loan luan, dpc dc; ddu ddu cung cd tinh trang dpc tdi, tham nhung, long quyen, cung nhdng thd khde nhU dich benh, chidn tranh v.v.., song song vdi nhdng hdnh vi cd tinh each xay dung tich cUc cua lodi ngudi. La Qudn Trung md dau cudn tieu thuyet lich sd Tam qudc diin nghia cua minh bang cdu n g l n gpn "Thien ha het loan lai tri, het tri lai loan...", dudng nhU da thu tdm hdt dupc yeu tinh phd quat cua lich sd. Tuy nhidn con ngudi van chUa chiu bd tay phd thac cho dinh menh, nen lich sd cung cdn ghi lai dupe biet bao suy ngdm, nd lUc, cdng trinh van hda, vdt chd't cua eon ngudi de nham phdt huy nhdng mat tich cUc, han che cdc mat tieu circ. Da cd mpt so' nUdc, mpt so' nai neu dupc nhdng tam guang thdnh cdng trong viec khdng ngdng cai tien nhdng phuang phdp va dinh chd cai tri nham tao lap sU dn dinh khd ban, it nhd't la trong pham vi cua nUdc hp de dn dinh xd hpi, cai thien cupc sd'ng ngUdi ddn, ban che nan dpc tai, dpc quyin, bang cdch dp dung khe Udc xa hpi dudi hinh thdc chap hanh chung ban hien phdp cung nhdng dinh che dan chu chinh tri khac. Dd c6 le cdng Id bai hpc lich sd chung to ldn ma mpt sd dan tpc khac cdn dang lao dao ldn dan trong canh ngheo khd benh tat va trong cac che dp dpc tdi nen suy ngdm, tham khao va pha'n dd'u.

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Hieu lich sd, theo nghia tich eUc nhd't Id de yeu thUPng eon ngUdi ban, tao dupe mdi ddng cam, t r e n ca sd thd'y dUpc nhdng mdi di biet vd hoan canh khde nhau gida cdc ddn tpc, khdng phdn biet chd dp chinh tri, mdu da, trinh dp phdt trien, td dd thue day su dodn kdt hpp tdc de cung nhau chd'ng chpi lai n h d n g thidn tai, benh tdt, rui ro dang de dpa eon ngudi mdi luc mpt t h e m hung b a n ddn dap trong dilu kien cua cupc khung hoang mdi sinh todn cau hien nay. Tdm long ngudi vidt sd vi t h d cung phdi bao la, nhdn dao, mdi cd the dam duang dupe sd menh, vd mdi du trdm len dupc nhdng gi ma kho lich sd phong phd eua qud khd mud'n khdi thi lai cho con ngudi.

Tuy nhien, mudn rut tia dupe nhdng kinh nghiem vd bdi hpc lich sd nhu tren dd ban de dp dung cho cupc sdng hien tai vd tuang lai thi khdng the khdng ndi den hieu qua cua viec hpc sd-day sd trong cdc nhd trUdng td tieu bpc ddn dai hpc. Ddng tide, tinh trang chdn bpc mdn lich sd cua hpc sinh, sinh vien Viet Nam dd vd dang gia tdng vd ngdy cdng them tram trpng. Ddy Id mdt hien tUpng dd dupe phdt gidc vd cdnh bdo td khd ldu, nhU kdt qua mpt cupc dieu t r a eua TrUdng Dai bpc Khoa hpc Xd hpi vd Nhdn vdn TP Hd Chi Minh hdi ndm 1999 cho thay, vdi 1.800 ngUdi dupe hdi, ed tdi 39% khdng bidt Hung VUPng la ai; 49% khdng bidt Tran Qudc Todn Id ai;

hoac nhu trong mpt bdo cdo khde cho thd'y 44% tren 468 sinh vien dupe hdi khdng biet Chu Vdn An Id ai (Xem Phan Thdnh Nhan, "Viec phd cap kien thdc lich sd hien nay", tap chi Xua vd Nay, 6/1999, tr. 27).

Trude tinh t r a n g cd ve bi quan nhU tren, dd cd bidt bao nhd gido, nhd sd hpc vd cdc bdc thdc gid cao minh tdm huyet tham gia bdn ludn mdt cdch tuang ddi rdt rdo, t r e n cdc d i l n ddn bdo ehi, md ndu tdng hpp lai, ngUdi ta se cd du thda y kidn de bidt dupe nguyen nhdn va giai phdp k h l c phuc, khong can thidt phai td chdc them nhufng cude hdi thao rUdm rd, tdn kem nhu ngdnh gido due dang cd y dinh ldm. Trong sd cdc nguyen nhdn dUpe neu ra, cd nguyen nhdn lien quan ddn vd'n d l dang xet, dd la quan diem, phuang phdp vd thdi dd gido dilu trong boat ddng nghien cdu sd hpc td trUde tdi nay. Cdc nhd sd hpc vi the cdng bi ddng tdm n h i l u hon do hp thd'y tan m i t hdu qua: d i e m t h i m o n suf t h a p k h o n g ngcf trong ky thi dai hpe-cao dang nam 2011 vda qua, vdi kdt qua hau hdt hpc sinh diu dat didm 0 bode gan vdi didm 0, tren ed nude! NhUng chinh hp cung thupc t h a n h phan tdng pham, chiu mdt phan trdch nhiem eua tinh trang bd't nhU y nhu thd, qua nhdng cudn sdch gido khoa bien soan ddc quyin, khdng dam bdo dupe kidn thdc trung thuc v l lich sd, nhU mpi ngUdi diu dd bidt.

Ly thuyet phdn van, gid ndi ra dupc mpt phan sU t h a t , coi nhU cung dpi dilu kien chin mudi cua lich sd mdi "tdt nude theo mUa", dd t r i nhUng cliua qud t r i , vd cdn ddng mdng, vi da b i t dau ed nhdng tin hieu lac quan han, nhu ldi k h i n g dinh chdn t h a t cua GS sd bpc Dinh Xudn Ldm, ngudi

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120 Tap chi Nghi&n cufu va Phat tridn, sd 4 (87). 2011

cung da tdng chu t r i cdc sdch gido khoa mdn sd cho m d t so' ed'p Idp phd thdng trudc ddy ndi r a n g : "Td ldu chung toi dd rdt dau ddu de chiing minh mot cdch khoa hge vd gidn di vdi cdc nhd qudn ly gido due la chung ta dang hieu sai ve mon lich sd. Dd khong phdi Id mgt mon gido due, tuyen truyen chinh tri thong qua cdc sU kien vd con sd, md Id mgt mon khoa hoc vdi tdt cd sU hdp ddn vd khd khdn cua nd. Lich sd cdn dugc nghien cdu vd trinh bdy mot cdch khdch quan, khdng thien kien thi mdi tgo ra sU hdp ddn dugc. Tdi dgy sd han nda the ky, tdi biet tre em dda ndo cUng yeu thich mdn lich sd. Chinh ngUdi ldn ldm cho nd het yeu" (Bdo Tudi tre, so' ra ngdy 1/8/2011).

NhUng ngudi ldn la ai? Ngoai cae nhd quan ly giao due phai chiu trdch nhiem tuang dd'i true tiep ra, cdn cd cdc n h a sd hpc dau ddn nhU dng khdng, va rdi ai nda, t h i dng Dinh Xudn Ldm chi ddng lai chd dd ma khdng chiu ndi rd!

19/5/2008-10/8/2011 J V C

TOM TAT

Tae gia bai viet ban chung van de quan diem, phudng phap va thai dp nghien cUu suf hpc tren ed sd cho rang cdng viec nghien ciJu Ijch sd eung nhu vidt sd trudc tien ddi hdi phai ed tinh ddc lap khach quan va tdn trpng sg that ljch sd. Chinh ehu nghTa giao dieu trong hogt ddng nghien ciJu cae khoa hpc nhan van ndi chung va sd hpc ndi rieng trong ma'y ehgc nam nay da tUng ehi phdi d i n de'n nhiJng nhan thu'e cue doan, sai lam trong each trinh bay, danh gia mdt sd nhan vat va sg kien lich sd, eung nhu da cd nhOng sg hieu sai ve mge dich dieh thgc eua bd mdn sd hpc. Cach lam viec nhu the da gay nen rat nhieu tai hgi, gay trd ngai dang ke eho nd Ige hda giai hda hdp dan toe, va mdt trong nhOng hau qua nghiem trpng khac nOa la tinh trgng chan hpc mdn ljch sd cua hau hdt hpc sinh Viet Nam hien nay, tCr tieu hpc eho den bae dgi hpc.

ABSTRACT

SOME DISCUSSION ON THE VIEWPOINT, METHOD AND ATTITUDE OF DOING RESEARCH OF HISTORY

The author discusses about the issues of viewpoint, method and attitude of doing research of history on the basis of independent, objective requirements and respect of historical truth. It is the domination of dogmatism in research of human sciences in general and history in particularly during recent years that leads to extreme perception and deviation in interpreting or evaluating some historical figures and events, as well as misunderstanding real purpose of history. Such method of working has caused significant obstacles to efforts of national reconciliation and dislike of studying history of most Vietnamese students, from elementary to university level.