Nghi§n Cliu Gia dinh v^ Gi6i
S6 4 -2017
Cliinh sdch hon nhdn gia dinh i Trung Qudc sau cii cich mA cuia
Hoang The Anh Vi$n Nghifin oiu Tmng Qufic
Tom t^t: Sau cai each md cda ndm 1978, cung vdi sU phat triln kinh tfi - xa h^i, h$i nhSp quoc tfi, quan ni^m cua ngudi Trung Quoc ve hon nhdn vd gia <finh cung c6 thay doi, dilu nay doi hoi Trung Quoc tCtng bUflc bo sung, stta d^i chinh each, phap ludt dl phd h^p vdi dieu ki^n thiic tfi. Bdi vifit trtnh bdy vl nhiing thay doi trong chinh sach hdn nhan gia (finh gSn vdi thUc tiln it Trung Qufic tvf khi nudc ndy tifin hanh cai each md cita dfin nay".
TH khoa: H5n nhdn; Gia dinh; Chinh sdch HSn nhfin - Gia dinh d Trung Qufic.
Mddlu
Sau khi nudc CHND Trung Hoa ra ddi (ndm 1949), Trung Qudc da ban hdnh Ludt Hfln nhdn ddu tifin, bat ddu thuc hifin tii ngay 1 thdng 5 ndm 1950. Ludt Hfln rftidn ndy da xda bd chfi dd hdn nhdn gia dinh thdi kJ phong kiln, thuc hifin chfi dfl hfln nhdn gia dinh tii do, mdt vg mflt chdng, binh ddng nam nfl. Trong giai doan tCr nhflng ndm 1950 dfin cudi nhflng ndm 1970 ttoidc khi Trung Qudc tifin hanh cai each md cfia, do anh hudng cua vific Trung Qudc thuc hifin dudng USi "lfiy ddu ttanh giai cfip ldm cuong", chfi dd hfl tich phdn tdch ndng thfln vdi thanh thi, do dilu kifin giao thflng, truyin thflng lac hdu, nfin hdn nhdn dai da sd Id dua vdo bain
H o a n g T h e Anh 89 bl, ngudi than, ddng nghiep mfli gidi. VI phuang difin tifiu chudn lua chgn ban ddi, chu yfiu chd trgng thdnh phdn xudt thdn gia dinh, quan dilm chinh tti, dilu kifin kinh tfi, quan hfi xa hdi, cd khuynh hudng theo Igi ich gia dinh, vi gia dinh.
Sau cai each md ciia nam 1978, cdng vdi su phdt ttiln kinh tfi - xa hdi, hdi nhdp qudc tfi, quan nifim cua ngudi Trung Qudc vl hdn nhdn va gia dinh cung cd thay ddi, dilu ndy ddt hdi Trung Qudc tflng budc bd sung, sfla ddi chfnh sdch, phdp luat dl phii hgp vdi dilu kifin thirc tl. Do vay, trong bai vifit nay, chftng tdi Idn lugt trinh bdy chinh sdch hfln nhdn gia dinh gdn vdi thuc tifin thay ddi vl hfln nhdn gia dinh d Trung Qudc tfl khi nudc nay tifin hdnh cai each md cfia dfin nay.
1. Luat Hon nhan suia doi nSm 1980
Giai doan ddu cai each md cfia d Trung Qudc, quan nifim vi hdn nhdn, gia dinh ttong xa hdi Trung Qudc bdt ddu cd nhiing thay ddi, ngudi ddn ddn coi hfln nhdn Id cudc sdng rifing tu, thi hifin gid tri cua cd nhdn, coi ttgng tinh yfiu tu nguyfin. Quan nifim vl su lua chgn ban ddi cua ngudi Trung Qudc cung cd thay ddi tut chu ttgng yfiu tfl' chinh tri, dilu kifln gia dinh sang chu ttgng td chfit cua cd nhdn nhu hgc thftc, nghi nghifip, nhd d; ve be ngoai, dang vdc, sftc khoe (Nguu Nggc Binh, 2015). Cfing vdi bdi canh kinh tfi-xa hfli va su thay ddi quan nifim vl hfln nhdn gia dinh d Trung Qudc khi dd, ngdy 10 thdng 9 ndm 1980, Hdi nghi Idn thd 3 Dai hfli dai bilu nhdn ddn todn qufl'c Trung Qufl'c khda 5 da thdng qua Ludt Hfln nhdn sfta ddi nam 1980, cd hifiu luc tft ngay 1 thang 1 ndm 1981. So vdi Ludt Hfln nhdn nam 1950, Luat Hfln nhdn sfia ddi nam 1980 ndy bd sung thfim mflt sd ndi dung nhu:
i) Thuc hifin sinh de kfi hoach, xdc dinh ca hai vg chdng diu cd nghia vu phai thuc hifin sinh de kfihoach. Ddng thdi, Dai hdi XII Dang Cdng san Trung Qudc thdng 9 ndm 1982 xdc dinh "Thtrc hifin sinh d l k l hoach la mdt ttong nhiing qudc sdch co ban cfia Tmng Qufl'c". Dilu ndy da lam cho quan nifim vl con cdi cua bfl phdn ngudi Trung Qudc cung cd thay ddi. Dd Id tft "cd ngudi ndi ddi tdng dudng, nhilu con nhilu phuc" sang "sinh de it, nudi ddy con tdt, con ttai con gdi diu nhu nhau". Da sd gia dinh bat ddu cd chu ttuong kfi't hfln mufln, chii trgng ddu tu tri luc va sftc khde cho con cdi (Nguu Nggc Binh, 2015). Tuy nhifin, cu ddn d thanh phd, gia dinh cflng chftc, vien chftc nhd nudc da phdn la thuc hifin chinh sdch sinh de mflt con, nhung d nflng thfln vdn cd gia dinh chiu phat nflp tiln dl sinh con thft hai.
Do anh hudng cua van hda ttuyin thdng, tu tudng "ttgng nam khmh nfl"
vdn cdn trong suy nghT cua ngudi Trung Qudc nen ddn dfin six chfinh Ifich
90 NghiSn cftu Gia dtnh va Gidi. Quyen 27, so 4, tr. 88-96
gidi tinh qud Idn. Theo tfnh todn tfl sd lifiu cua Ciic Thdng kfi Nhd nudc Trung Qufl'c, tft nam 1980 dfi'n ndm 2014, tdng cdng ngudi ddn Trung Qudc da sinh 675 ttieu ngudi, ty sd chfinh Ifich gidi tinh binh qudn la 114,7 nam/lOO nft, tinh theo ty sd chfinh Ifich dugc cho Id thdng thudng tft 103 nam/lOO nfl din 107 nam/lOO nft, sd tte em nam sinh ra nhilu hon sd ttl em nfl ldng tft 23,45 trieu nam 1980 Ifin dfi'n 36,31 trifiu ndm 2014, dilu ndy ddng nghTa vdi vific Trung Qudc dang thda khoang 30 trifiu nam gi^.'"
Su mdt cdn bdng vl g i ^ ddn dfin rdt nhilu hfi luy ddi vdi xa hfli Trung Qufl'c hifin nay, ddc bifit la de dga dfin su 6n dinh cfia gia dinh.
Sau khi Trung Qufl'c thuc hifin chinh sdch mflt con tfl ddu nhiing ndm 1980, cdng vdi su phdt ttiln kinh tfi - xa hfli d nudc ndy, quy md gia dinh cua ngudi Trung Qudc da tiing budc giam xudng. Theo sfi lifiu dilu tra ddn sd todn qudc cfia Trung Qudc, ttudc nhflng nam 1950. binh qudn mdi hd gia dmh khoang 5,3 ngudi, dfin nam 1990 giam xudng cdn 4,0 ngudi.'"
Dfin thdi dilm gdn day, theo Bdo cdo phdt triln gia dinh Trung Qufl'c ndm 2015, binh qudn mfli gia dinh cua Trung Qudc la 3,35 ngudi, ttong dd sd gia dinh cd 2 - 3 ngudi la chu yfiu, ly Ifi gia dmh cd sd ngudi tft 4 - 6 ngudi giam xufl'ng thdp hon sd gia dinh cd 2 - 3 ngudi. Ddng thdi, kfit qua dilu tta cua Trung Qudc cho thfiy sd gia dinh cd hai thfi hfi chung sdng la chfi yeu chilm 50,6%; tifip den la gia duih mdt thfi hfi la 24,5%; gdn 40% gia dinh cd ngudi gia sfl'ng ciing; ty Ifi gia dinh cd mflt ngudi trfin 60 tudi la 19,1%. Nfiu phdn hai khu vuc nflng thfln va thdnh thi thi sd gia dinh d nflng thfln cd ft nhdt mflt ngudi gia Id 43%, cao han b thdnh thi la 33,3%."' Trong giai doan hifin nay, sd lugng gia dinh cua Trung Qufl'c dftng ddu thfi gidi khoang 430 ttifiu hfl, chifim khoang mflt phdn ndm tdng sd gia dinh thfi gidi.'"
Sau hon 30 nam thuc hifin chinh sdch mflt con dfin nay, cfiu trftc ddn sd Trung Qudc bdt ddu budc vdo giai doan gia hda, anh hudng dfi'n ngudn nhan luc phdt triln kinh tfi - xa hfli, khifim khuyfi't cfia chfnh sdch mdt con ddi vdi gia dinh ngdy cang Id ro. Chfnh vi thfi', Hdi nghi Trung uong 5 khda XVm Dang Cflng san Trung Qufl'c thdng 10 nam 2015 da chinh thftc cflng bd cho phIp mfli gia dinh dugc sinh 2 con."" Thdm chi cd dia phuong kfiu ggi dang vifin tre tudi, doan vifin thanh nifin guong mdu di ddu ttong vific sinh con thft hai. Thy nhifin, do ty Ifi sinh con cua ngudi Trung Qudc cd xu hudng giam tfl ndm 2000, dac bifit Id ty lfi sinh d cdc thanh phd Idn nhu Bdc Kinh, Thuong Hai, Quang Chdu hifin nay Id khflng dfi'n 1, cflng thfim vdi chi phi nufli day con cai cao vd hfi thflng dich vu cflng cflng, cham sdc y te cflng ddng chua tfl't, nfin nhilu ngucri Trung Qudc hien khflng mudn sinh con thft hai. Xu hudng nay gid'ng nhu cdc nudc phdt ttiln cd nin van hda tuang ddng vdi Trung Qudc Id Nhdt Ban, Singapore, Hdn Qudc, sau
H o a n g Thfi A n h 91 khi kinh tfi - xa hdi phdt triln diu lira chgn khuyfin khich sinh de nhung kfit qua diu khflng nhu f mudn cfia cdc nhd hoach dinh chi'nh sdch.'^'
ii) Bd sung thfim nfli dung "Bao vfi quyin lgi hgp phdp cfia phij nfl, tte em vd ngudi gid" do cdu trftc gia dinh truyin thdng va quan niem gid tri cfia gia dinh Trung Qudc bdt ddu cd thay ddi (Luu Nghieu, 2014). Thuc tiln d Tnmg Qudc cho thfiy, cfing v&i tifin ttinh cai each md cfta, su dich chuyin sftc lao ddng difin ra, xa hdi Trung Qudc ddn budc vao giai doan gid hda ddn sd, gia dinh ngudi Trung Qudc gdp phai mflt sd vdn dl nhu gia dinh luu ddng/di cu vd gia dinh b lai. Gia dinh luu ddng gap phai khd khdn nhu hfli nhap vdi noi d mdi, gido due eon cdi. Gia dinh d lai gap phai Ichd khan nhu cham sdc, giao due tte em, phung dudng ngudi gid, quan hfi vg chdng xa cdch, dilu nay dfli Iftc da xay ra nhttng bi kjch ttong xd hdi...
Dac biet cdng vdi quy mfl gia dinh ed xu hudng nhd ddn nhu ttfin da nfiu, vific duong lao trd thdnh dp luc rdt Idn, nhdt la nhftng gia dinh chi cdn ngudi gia d lai. Giai doan hifin nay, sd gia dinh cd ngudi gid d Trung Qudc trfin 65 tudi da vugt qud 88 trifiu hd, chifim ttfin 20% tdng sd gia dinh Trung Qudc."'
Tuy nhifin, Trung Qudc Idu nay vln dugc cho la thifiu hfi thdng chmh sdch ddi vdi gia dinh, ttong dd thifiu nhflng chmh sdch ddng bfl quan tdm dfin tre em, ngudi gia, phu nfl. Hdu hfit cdc chinh sach hifin nay diu thifit kfi cho mfl hinh gia dmh loai nhd. Vi dii chinh sdch thufi thu nhap ed nhdn hifin nay chi dim vao thu nhdp cua cd nhdn dl thu thufi chft khdng tfnh dfin ngudi dd cd gia dmh hay khflng, cd nufli tre em, ngudi gid hay khdng, cd trdch nhifim xa hfli khac hay khdng.""
iii) Xac dinh quan nifim ly hfln vdi tifiu chudn tinh cam dd va Id tifiu chudn duy nhfit. Nhdm ndi Idng han chfi vl phap ludt va giam dp luc ddi vdi vSn di ly hfln, Ludt Hdn nhdn sda ddi ndm 1980 da xdc dinh "Nfiu tinh cam da dd v9, hda giai khdng dugc, cho phep ly hdn". Nhin tft gdc dfl xa hdi, ly hdn khflng bi ky thi, hanh vi ly hdn dugc mgi ngudi chdp nhdn (Nguu Nggc Bmh, 2015).
Theo Bdo cao An ninh hdn nhdn gia duih Trung Qudc do Hfli Lifin hifip cdng tdc hfln nhdn gia dinh Trung Qudc cflng bd, ty lfi ly hdn eua ngudi Trung Qudc tdng tii 4,7% ndm 1979 Ifin dfin 23,4% ndm 2012, ttong dd ty Ifi ly hfln d cdc thanh phd Idn cfia Trung Qudc nhu Bdc Kinh, Thifin Tdn, Quang Chdu vao khoang xdp xi 30%.'"
TTieo thdng tin cda ngudi phu trdch co quan Ddn chinh thanh phd Tfl Chdu thuflc tinh Giang Td, tudi kfit hfin binh qudn cfia cu ddn thdnh phd Id 30 mdi, ttong dd nam Id 30,8 tudi, nft Id 29,2 tudi. Tudi kfit hdn blnh
92 Nghien cUu Gia dtnh v^ Gidi. Quyen 27, so 4, tr. 88-96
qudn nay mufln hon so vdi Ludt Hfln nhdn 1980, 2001 vd Ludt HOn nhdn hifin hanh, quy dinh nam khflng dudi 22 tudi, nfl khflng dudi 20 tudi. Tudi binh qudn ly hfln la 36,9 tudi, ttong dd tudi binh quan ly hfln cfia nam Id 38,1 tudi, eua nft Id 35,8 tudi. Theo chuyfin gia Vifin Nghifin cftu Ddn sd vd Kinh tfi Lao ddng tiiuOc vifin Khoa hgc Xa hfli Trung Qudc, hifin nay d Trung Qudc dang difin ra tinh trang ty Ifi kfit hfln cd xu thfi giam, ty lfi ly hdn cd xu thfi tdng Ifin, tuyfit dai da sd ngutri ly hfln ddu lua chgn tdi kfit hfln, nfin ty lfi tai kfit hfln cd xu thfi tang Ifin.'""
2. Luat Hon nhan sita doi ndm 2001
Sau han 20 ndm cai each md cfia d Trung Qufl'c (tfnh dfin 2001), cfing vdi tie'n trinh chuyin ddi tft kinh tfi kfi hoach sang kinh tfi thi trudng, da dang hda vl kinh tfi va su anh hudng eua van hda bfin ngodi du nhdp vdo Trung Qufl'c da ldm cho tu tudng, quan nifim, phuong thftc sinh sdng cfia ngudi dan Trung Qudc ttd nfin da dang. Linh vuc hfln nhdn gia dinh cung xudt hifin nhilu vfin di mdi nay sinh. Ddi mdt vdi thirc liln mdi, ngay 28 thdng 1 ndm 2001, Trung Qudc dd ban hdnh Ludt Hfln nhdn siia ddi, Ludt ndy da bd sung thfim mflt sd quy dinh nhu vg chdng nfin trung thuc vdi nhau, nghifim e ^ nhiing nguM da cd vg hodc chdng chung sdng vdi nguisi thft ba, nghifim cdm bao luc gia dinh, xac ldp nguyfin tdc khi ly hfln ngudi gdy ra l6n hai phai bdi thudng (Nguu Nggc Binh, 2015).
i) "Vg chdng nfin trung thue v ^ nhau" thuc chdt la nghifim cdm hdnh vi ngoai tinh. Mac du phdp ludt quy dinh Id vdy, nhung tfl sau nhiing ndm 1980, ddc bifit Id eufl'i nhflng ndm 1990 ddu nhflng ndm 2000 dfin nay, hiln tugng ngoai tinh d Trung Qudc da khflng ngflng tang Ifin, Ian ttuyin ttong xa hfli Trung Qudc tfl cdc tinh phat triln kinh tfi miln Ddng vdo ttong cac tinh nfli dia Trung Qudc. Vdo thdi dilm cudTi nhflng ndm 1990 ddu nhftng ndm 2000, d cdc tinh mien Ddng Trung Qudc bdt ddu xufit hifin tinh ttang ngoai tinh, vi du nhu theo kfit qua dilu tra cfia Lifin hifip hfii Phu nft thdnh phd Quang Chdu, sd phii nft td cdo chdng ngoai tinh, sfing phi phdp vdi ngudi tinh (vg bl) b thanh phd nay tang ddn theo cdc ndm 1999, 2000, 2001 Idn lugt Id 246 vu, 582 vu, 882 vu. Dilu tra nay cdn chi ra, 47,9% la ngudi tinh bi mdt, 35,8% la lfiy tu cdch ban bl sdng bfit hgp phdp vdi nhau, 16,3% Idy danh nghia la vg chdng sdng cflng khai vdi nhau.""
ii) Ban chdt cua bao luc gia dinh gia dinh la bilu hifin cua tu tudng trgng nam khinh nfl trong thdi ky xa hdi phong kifin cua ngudi Trung Qudc trudc ddy, thuc chdt dd la su bdt binh ddng nam nft, dilu ndy xam hai dfin sdc khde vd tdm hdn eua ngudi phu nft, ddng thdi cung anh hudng dfin phdt triln ldnh manh cfia con cdi trong gia dinh. Do vdy, Ludt Hdn nhan sfia ddi
H o a n g Thfi A n h 9 3 2001 da bd sung thfim quy dinh "nghifim cdtn bao luc gia dinh" nhdm cd nhiing bifin phdp hfl ttg ngudi bi bao lire (Nguu Nggc Binh, 2015).
Thuc tiln bao luc gia dinh d Trung Qudc ttong nhflng nam gdn day difin ra tuong dfl'i phd biln, theo thdng kfi cua Lifin hifip hdi Phu nft todn qudc Trung Qudc, trong 270 ttifiu gia dinh Trung Qudc dugc dilu tta, cd tdi 30% phu nfl da kfit hfln trai qua bao Iitc gia dinh. Tft ndm 2004 dfin nam 2015, Lifin hifip hfli Phit nfl toan qudc Trung Qudc mfli nam nhdn dugc khoang tfl 40.000 dfin 50.000 dan tfi cdo bao lire gia dmh. Hifin nay, d Trung Qudc da cd 22 tinh, thdnh, khu tti tri da dua ra quy dinh mang tuih dia phuong vl chdng bao lire gia dinh.'"' CJ cdp trung uong, sau mflt thdi gian chudn bj vd trung cdu f kifin ttong xd hfli, ngdy 27 thdng 12 ndm 2015, Hfli nghi Idn thft 18 Cy ban thudng vu Dai hfli dai bilu nhdn ddn todn qufl'c Trung Qudc khda XII dd thflng qua Ludt Chdng bao lire gia dinh, bat ddu cd hifiu luc tfl ngdy 1 thang 3 ndm 2016. Ddy la bd ludt chdng bao lire gia dinh ddu tifin cfia Trung Qudc.""
iii) VI bdi thudng tdn hai khi ly hdn, nhu tten da nfiu, Ludt Hdn nhdn ndm 1980 da xac dinh nguyfin tdc dd v5 tinh cam Id tifiu chudn duy nhdt ly hfln, Ludt Hfln nhdn sfia ddi 2001 tifip tuc gifl nguyfin tae nay, nhung cd bd sung thfim quy dinh bdi thudng tdn hai khi ly hdn. Quy dinh ndy dugc giai thich khflng phdi tdng them su phftc tap hay mftc dd khd cho vific ly hdn ma la cii thi hda hon nhflng quy dinh lifin quan dfi'n nghia vu trung thuc eua vg chdng, nghifim cdm ngoai tinh vd bao luc gia dinh, thi hifin trdch nhiem trudc phdp ludt ddi vdi ngudi bj xdm hai.
3. Mot so quy djnh khac lien quan den hon nhan gia dinh Ngodi hai Idn sua ddi bd sung nfiu ttfin lifin quan dfin Ludt Hdn nhdn sau cai each md cda, gdn day vdo ndm 2014, Trung Qudc cung tifin hdnh sfia ddi Ludt Hfln nhdn, chfi yfiu Id bd sung thfim cdc nfli dung bao vfi ngudi yfi'u thfi, bi xdm hai, bi bao lite ttong hfln nhdn gia dinh. Gdn ddy, Trung Qufl'c da cho phep sinh con thft hai vd ty lfi sinh eua ngudi Trung Qufic dang cd xu hudng giam, cd thi Ludt Hfln nhdn va nhftng chfnh sach khac Ufin quan dfin gia dinh, y tfi', gido due, cham sdc tre em, phu nft cfia Trung Qudc se ed thfim nhiing dilu chinh trong thdi gian tdi. Ngodi Ludt Hfln nhan vd nhftng chinh sdch lifin quan da nfiu trfin, Trung Qudc cdn cd mflt sd nhflng quy dmh lifin quan dfi'n hfln nhdn gia dinh nhu:
i) Quy djnh ngdnh tu vdn hfln nhdn - gia dinh Id mdt nghi, cho phep ddt phdng hd ttg tu vdn hfln nhdn d noi dang kJ hfln nhan. Thdng 7 ndm 2007, Bfl Ngudn nhdn luc vd An sinh xa hfli Trung Qudc da phfi chudn cho phIp ngdnh tu vl&i hdn nhan - gia dinh Id mdt nghi mdi. Sau khi ngdnh
94 Nghign cftu Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyen 27, so 4, tr. 88-96
ndy ra ddi da phdt triln nhanh chdng, den nay ca nudc da cd tten 50.000 ngucri dugc nhdn chftng chi dfi tu each hdnh nghi tu v & hfln nhdn - gia dinh, cd hon 10 tinh thdnh da thanh ldp hiep hfli tu v^ hdn nhdn - gia dinh, cd hon 1000 ca sd hd ttg tu vfin hfln nhan - gia dinh. Nghi tu vdh hfln nhan - gia dinh ra ddi Idm nhilu vific lien quan dfin bdi dudng tri thftc vl tinh yfiu, gidi thieu hfln nhdn, duy tti tlnh cam vg chdng, gifl dn dinh gia dinh, dua ra ldi khuyen ddi vdi ngucd mudn ly hdn, v.v., gdp phdn thuc ddy hanh phfic hfln nhan, gia dinh hda thudn, dn dinh xa hfli (Mac Lan, 2015). Mac du vay, so v ^ ty Ifi mflt tu vSn tri Ufiu vien phuc vu 400 gia dinh b cdc nudc phat triln, sd lugng tu v& tri lifiu nay cfia Trung Qudc cdn xa mdi dap ftng dugc nhu cdu cua thi ttudng (Mac Lan, 2016). Gdn day, ngdy 1 thdng 2 nSm 2016, d Trung Qudc bdt ddu thuc hiln Quy dinh ttong dilu 26 cfia "Quy pham cflng tdc ddng k^ hdn nhan" do Bd Dan chfnh Trung Qudc ban hanh, ttong dd quy dinh cdc co sd ddng ky hfln nhdn cd thi thdnh lap phdng hfl ttg hfln nhan - gia dinh (Mac Lan, 2016).
Dilu nay, eho thdy Dang vd Chfnh phfi Trung Qudc hifin nay da bdt ddu quan tdm, chd ttgng dfin xdy dimg hanh phdc hfln nhan - gia dinh.
Tuy nhifin, theo ddnh gid cda nhung ngudi ldm tu vdh hdn nhdn gia dinh Idu ndm, hifin ngdnh tu vdn hfln nhdn gia dinh d Trung Qudc cdn thieu tri thdc vl co sd ly Iudn va kinh nghifim thuc tifin. Do vdy, vific hanh nghi cfia nhilu ngudi chua tfit, cd ngudi thifiu kifin thftc tdm If hgc nfin chua hfl ttg tu vfin dugc nhilu cho duong sii, tfl dd chua Idy dugc Idng tin ttong xa hfli (Mac Lan, 2016).
ii) Quy dinh kfit hfln v ^ ngudi nudc ngodi, cung vdi vdh d l ngucri Trung Qudc kfit hfln v ^ ngudi nudc ngoai trd thdnh hifin tugng phd bifi'n ttong xa hfli do cai each md cfia, hfli nhdp qudc tfi. Theo Nghifin ciiu tinh ttang hfln nhdn v ^ ngudi nudc ngodi b Bdc Kinh cua nhdm Cao Dinh, Truong Td Lan, Tnic Duy Long (2013) phdt hifin, tfl ngay 1 thdng 1 ndm 2004 dfin ngdy 31 thang 12 ndm 2011 d 19 co sd dang ky kfit hfln ttong pham vi thanh phd Bdc Kinh, cd 8.198 lugt ddng ky kfit hdn vdi ngucri nudc ngoai, chifim 0,72% trong tdng sd ddng kf kfit hfln, ed 659 vii ly hdn lifin quan dfin ngudi nudc ngodi, chifi'm 0,3% trong tdng sd ddng k;^ ly hdn.
Trong dd, ttfl sd ngudi kfit hdn vdi ngudi Hoa kilu ra, cdn cd 7.011 ngudi kfit hfln vdt ngudi cua 108 qufl'c gia va khu vuc (bao gdm ca khu vuc Hdng Kflng, Ma Cao, Ddi Loan), trong sd ndy cd 5.243 phii nft Idy chdng ngudi nudc ngodi b 107 qufl'c gia vd khu vuc, 1.769 ngucri Idy vg nudc ngoai d 69 qufl'c gia khu vuc (Cao Dinh va cflng su, 2013). Ddng thdi nghifin cdu nay cung chi ra. mdc dfi Bdc Kinh Id thu dfl, ttung tdm van hda, chinh tri cua Trung Qufl'c, nhung khflng phai la nai ed sfl' ngucri kfit hfln vdi ngudi nudc ngoai nhilu nhdt, md cdc dia phuong nhu Phuc Kiln, Thugng Hai
Holing The Anh 95 mdi Id nai cd nhilu ngudi kfit hfln vdi ngudi nudc ngodi. Ngodi ra d cdc tinh bifin gidi nhu Vdn Nam, Quang Tdy, khu vuc Dflng Bdc Trung Qudc, vdh dl kfit hfln vdi ngudi nudc ngoai cung da thu hftt chuyfin gia nghifin cftu (Cao Duih vd cdng su, 2013). Tuy nhifin Ludt Hdn nhdn Trung CJudc khflng ed dilu khoan quy dinh kfit hfln vdi ngudi nudc ngoai, ma Id ttong
"Thflng tdc Dan phdp nudc Cdng hda nhdn ddn Trung Hoa" (Viet Nam ggi la Ludt Dan su) cd hifiu luc tfl ngdy I thdi^ 1 ndm 1997 cd mdt dilu khoan, dilu 147, quy dinh "Cflng ddn nude Cflng hda nhan ddn Trung Hoa Ml hdn vdi ngudi nudc ngodi ap dung Ludt phdp nai kfit hdn, ly hfln dp dung phdp ludt nai tda an thii ly an ly hfln"."*' Ngoai ra, ttfin cac trang mang Dich vu Lanh su cua Bd Ngoai giao Trung Qudc va nhilu ttang mang khde cfia Trung Qudc diu cd hudng ddn thfi tuc kfit hfln vdi ngudi nudc ngoai.
Ket luan
Nhu vdy, cd thi ndi, cung vdi tifin ttinh cai cdch md cda phdt triln kinh tfi-xa hfli, chinh sdch hfln nhdn gia dinh b Trung Qudc cung da Idm quan nifim hfln nhan gia dhih cfia ngudi Trung Qudc thay ddi va ngugc lai chinh sach, phdp ludt vl hfln nhdn gia dinh cfia Trung Qufic cung tflng budc thay ddi cho phu hgp vdi thue tiln phdt tiiln cfia xd hfli.
Tfl khi cat each md cita dfin nay, Trung Qudc da ed hai Idn ehinh stita quan trgng bd sung Ludt Hdn nhdn, ngodi ra cdn cd mflt sd Idn chinh sfia nhd. Tuy nhifin, lifin quan dfin chinh sdch hfln nhdn gia dinh Ludt Hfln nhdn khflng thi bao ham hfit, ma cdn phai ed nhiing ehi'nh sdch, quy dinh lifin quan dfin dcri sfing xa hfli khac nhu chinh sdch ddn sd, chfnh sdch nhd b, y tfi, gido diic, phdc Igi xa hfli, ehinh sdch thufi, ludt ddn su, td chftc nghi nghifip xa hfli, v.v. Do vdy, vific nghifin cftu, hoach dinh ehinh sdch lifin quan dfin hfln nhdn gia dmh cdn phai ddt ttong tdng thfi chinh sdch phdt triln xa hdi."
Chii thich
'"' Bai viet dugc thuc hifin trong khudn khd Di tki cfip B6: "Nhiing ddc diim ca bdn cua hdn nkdn d Viit Nam hien nay vd nhiing yeu id dnh hudng" (Ma sfi:
KHXH-GD/I6-19/02). E>e tai thudc Chucrng ttinh NCKH cfip Bo "Nghifin ciiu danh gia tdng thi vl gia dmh thdi ky cong nghiep hoa, hifin dai hda dfit nudc, hdi nhap qufic t^' cfia Vifin Han lam Khoa hoc xa h6i Viet Nam.
"' Mdi can dfii vl gi^ dTmng Qudc nghifim ttpng nhdt thfi gidi, cd rui ro vdi 30 trieu nam gidi thira, http://&nance.sina.c(xn.cii/china/20150211/081121526750.shtniL