TAI VIETNAM
I. Khiii niem nj^udi hu) ddnj^ di (ru Theo khoan I Dicu 2 Cdng irc'rc tpide le
\c Bao \ c ciic qu)eii cua nguiri lao ddng di tni \a cac lhanh vicn gia dinh he.) ihi thuiil ngfr ""Nguiri lao dcing di tni" tlimg tie chi mm ngudi dd. chmg vu sc' ldm mcii ccniy, vice cd hucrng lucrng lui mc)l qnoc giu md ngirdi dd khdng phui Hi cdng ddn.
\hir v i ) . cd the llui) Lien htrp qude tli can eir vit) dau \i\en co han nluil tic nluin dicin ngutri lao dong di tni li ntri lim vicic eua nguiri do igi mc)i cpide ;.:iu md ngudi dd khdng phui Id edng ddn. Kluii nicim ngucn lao ddng di trii lhco Ciing ire'rc ni) eung rat rdng. the bicin a \ icie xae dinb thcii dicm (thcii gian) lam vice cua nguiii lao ddng lai nucrc ma hg khdng pbai la cdng dan dd. ching vd .sc Idm mcii cdng vice... Dieu ni) eho thd) mdt ehinh sach loan diiin eua Lien hcip qude ddi vdl ngudi lao dcing di tni ma cae qude gia thanh vien cua Cdng ucic pbai dam bao thyc hien tai qude gia minh.
Luv' nhicn. khdng phdi bdt cir ai. trong bat k) trucmg htrp ndo du. dung vd sc ldm vice ed hucmg hrong Igi mc)l qude giu md hg khdng phui Id edng ddn deu duge coi li ngirdi lao dting di tni. Dieu 3 eua Ciing ut'ie quy dinh nhfrng ddi lutrng khdng dutie coi la lao dting di tni. dd Id:
Nhfrng ngutii dutie eii hoiie iiivcn diing boi eae ca quan vi td cbire qutic le. hoae nhirng ngudfi dutie cir hoae dutre tii)'en dung bdfi mdt nutic sang mdl nirt'ie khae dc llurc hicin eae chire nang ebinh llu're nui v icj-c lii)cn dung ngutii dd vi dia v j eua ngutii dd da diit.vc dieu cbinh btii pbap luiit qudc tci chung hoae cdc hicip dinb hav cdng uc'rc qutic lc cu the;
Nhung ngudfi dugc eu hoiie dugc luyen dung bai mdt nutic bode ngudfi thay mat ebo
U Thi ffoi'i Thu
lurt'rc dd cr nire'rc ngodi tham gia eae chuang mnh pluil trien va cac elurcmg trinb hcip tac kluic ma vic^'c licp nluin va dia vi cua ngirdi do ducrc dii'U climb thecr thoa thudn vdi quoc gia ncii cei vice lam \ a lhco thoa thuiin nay ngiriri dd khdng ducre coi la ngiriri lao ddng eii Ini:
Nhfrng ngirai sdng thuimg trii a mpt nire'rc khdng pbai qudc gia gdc dc Idm vice nlur nhfrng nha Jau lir;
Nhung ngircri li nan ma khdng cd qudc tieh. trir kbi luat pbap ed quy dinh khae:
Smh V ien va bgc v icn;
Nhfrng ngucri di bien hoae ngircii lam vicic trcn cac cdng trmh iren bien khdng ducre nbiin vdo de cu tni va tham gia vao mcit cdng v ice co hircrng luang cr qude gia ncri CO v icic lam.
2. Quyen binh dang cua ngu'di lao dung di tru
2.1. Quyin cua nguiri lao ilt/ng di trd Cdng Uc'ie qudc lc vc Bao vc cdc quyen eua ngircii lao dting di tni vd eae thanh vien gia dinh bg qu) dinb sc quven cua ngudi lao ddng di tni ndi ehung (bao gdm ca ngudi lao dting di tni ct) gii) lir va ngutii lao ddng di tni khdng co gii) tti'). Theo dd. mgi ngudi lao dting di tni phai diriie hutmg dung cac qii)cn sail di)
(.)ii) cn sdng V i dugc cdng nhdn la the nhdn iriroc phap ludl (Dieu 9. Dieu 24);
Q)u) en Ur do v a an lodn cd nhdn (khdng bi tra tan. ddi xu bay trirng pbat tdn ac, vo nban dao hoiic ha ihap nhdn phdm, khdng bi bal ldm nd lii lui) nd dich. khdng bj eudfng birc lao dting. khdng bi ticb tbu. buy giay tof tiiy thdn hoac gid) phep lao ddng (Dieu 10,
PGS.TS., Khoa liuit. Dai hoc qii6c gia Ila Ncii.
\guvti lao deing di tru khong co gias to la ngucri lao dong lam \ iiic a nircic khac ma khong co giiy phep lao dc)ng hav giav phep cu tru.
QUYEN BINH DANG CUA Didu 11, Dieu 16. Didu 21...);
- Quyen dugc bcio ve sy rieng Ux (Didu 14);
- Quyen so hun tdi sdn (Dicu 15);
Quyen ty do tu luong. lin ngudng. ldn giao. ty do ngdn kuin (Didu 12. Dieu 13);
Quyen ty do rai khdi hoac Ird vd tir bat ky qudc gia ndo. kc cd nuac gdc (Dieu 8);
- Quyen duge chain sde v te (Diciui 28);
- Cae quyen eua ire em thutic cac gia dinh ngu'di lao citing di tni (Dieu 26. Diciui 30);
Qu)en duge ldn trgng vi du)' tri ban sac van hda (Dieu 26);
Quyen dutie gui boiie mang sd lien kiem dirge v e nutie (Dieu 26);
- Quyen khdng bi true xual lap the (Diciu
Toy
Qu)'en dugc nhdn hd trg. bdo vci eua mdt CO quan ngoai giao hoac lanh sy ciia nude minb (Dieu 23);
Cae qu)en ve xet xu cdng bang trong td tung hinh sy (Dicu 17. Dieu 18. Didu 19);
Qu) en dutie ddi xu binh dang nbu ngutii lao ddng ban dia. bao gdm qu)'en dugc tham gia cdng doan va cdc hiep bdi khde. quyen hudng an sinh xa bdi (Dieu 25. Dieu 27).
Ngodi ra. nbiing ngucri lao ddng di tni ed giay td (lao ddng di trii hgp phdp) edn ed eae quyen sau ddy:
Dugc tbdng bdo day dii ve viee eu trii va cdng v iee bg se pbai Idm (Dieu 37);
Dugc V ang mat tam thcii ma khdng bi tude gidy phep cu trii bay gidy phep lao ddng (Didu 38);
Dugc tu do di lai v a lya chgn noi eu tni d qude gia ngucii lao ddng cu trii dang lam viec (Didu 39);
Dugc lap va tham gia edng doan lai qudc gia nai nguai lao ddng cu tni dang Idm viec (Didu 40);
Duge bdu eu, ii'ng cir vd tham gia boat dgng xa hdi a nutic minb (Dieu 41);
Dugc hd trg de hgp nhdt hoac gifr mdi lien he vai gia dinh (Didu 42, Didu 44);
Dugc chuyen tbu nhap vc eho gia dinb (Didu 47);
Dugc ddi xir binh dang nhu cdng ddn
qudc gia dang lam v icc vc van de thue. lao dting. vicic lain, giao due. y Id. van boa (Dieu 43. Dieu 45. Dicim 48. Diciu 54 va Dieu 55);
Dugc ly do lira chgn cdng vice chi pbai tbeo nhfrng dieu kien nhdt dinh (Dieu 52);
Khdng bi true xuat mdt cdch luy liein (Diciu56);
Dutic mien eae Itriii thud vi phi xudt nhap khau vcii eae dd diing gia dinh. cd nhan V i eae dung eu can thicl ehtr edng v iiie;
Duge cap phep cu tni trong thtii gian it nhat bang ihiii ban dirtie phep lam edng v icic ed huang luting (Dicu 49);
Dutie hd trti de boa nhap eon eai va ngudi than trong gia dinb vao xa bdi ban dia (Diciu 45).
Id cbirc Lao deing qudc te (ILO) cd hai Cdng utie dien hinb ve lao ddng di tru. dd la:
Cdng uoc sd 97 (nam 1951) ve di tni vi viec lam va Cdng uoc sd 143 (nam 1973) vc ngudfi di trii trong hodn canh bi lam dyng. ve V iee thuc day co bdi va sy ddi xir binh dang voi ngudfi lao ddng di tru. Thdng qua cdc edng uoc nay. ILO xae dinh traeh nbiem ciia cae qudc gia thanh vien trong viec bao ve quyen ciia nguoi lao ddng di tni. trong do dac biet nhan manh quyen binh dang ve eo hdi va ddi xu.
Cae nudfc ASEAN bang Tuyen bd ASEAN ve Bao ve va tbiic day cac quyen ciia ngucii lao ddng di tru (thang 01/2007) da ghi nhan trdch nhiem eiia cdc qude gia trong khdi ve viec bdo ve quyen eiia ngudfi lao ddng di trii, ke ca ngudi lao ddng di trii khdng cd gidy td.
Nbu viiy. Lien hgp qutic, ILO eflng nhu cac nutic ASEAN deu the bien quan diem nhdn van lrong ddi xir vcri ngudi lao ddng di tru. Cdc quyen eiia ngudfi lao ddng di tni dugc ghi nban Ircn nhieu ITnb virc khac nhau ciia ddi sdng lao ddng xa hdi vd chinh tri khi lam viec tai nuoc ban dia. Mdt trong nbiing nhdm quyen dac biet quan trgng ddi voi ngudi lao ddng di tru Id quyen binh dang.
2.2. Quyin hinh ddng cua ngud'i lao dgng di tru
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Ciing irc're qudc lc vc Bao vcj- ciie qii)cii ciKi iiijiroi lao ticing tli tni vii cac thimh vicn gia dinh he.) dua ra ba ni'ii)cn lic nen lang,.
iroiuj tlo ed hai nuuvcn lac vc hoac lien quan Inrc hep ticn qii)en binh dang cua ngutri lao dcing di tni. dd la: i) Ngu)cn lac khdng pluin hiii ddi xir (lhco Dieu 1 cua Cin^v uc'rc. moi ngirdi luo ddng di Irn deu hinh dung vc quven. khdng diroc luo ru hdi kv sir dp ching hodc dcii xir khdc hicl ndo duu iren hd' ky veil n.'> ndo nlur vc ddn ldc, cluing me. cpiuc lich, ngdn ngir. do mdi. diu vi \u lu)i. nghe nghiep. gidi linh. ldn giuo. lin n:^iidng. qiiun dicm xd lu)i... cuu hg): ii) Nguven lic ddi \u qucre gia (lhco Dicu 25 eua Cdng uc'rc. cue qude giu phui huo dum Id mgi quy dinh vu chc dd dp dung V('ri ngirdi luo dcing di Irii phui khdng duc/c kem ihudn Icri hern" so vdi cdc quy dinh vd che do up dung vdi ngirdi luo dcing vd cdng ddn cuu nude minh. cu ihe nhu lrong vdn de ihii luo. dieu kien Idm vice cue lieu chudn luyen dung...).
Qu\cn binh dang ducre ghi nhiin va hao dam tren thyc id. ed the ndi. Id nen lang quan trgng cho v icc thyc hien cae quyen khae eua lao ddng di trii lrong thdi gian lam v icie lai nueic ban dia.
Qu)cn binh dang dircie de eiip ci dd) bacr gdm: binh dang gifra ngucii lao ddng di tni vcii ngucii lao ddng ban dia va binh dang giua nhirng nguiri lao dting di iru vdi nhau tai nutie ticp nhan lao ddng. Ndi dung qu)cn binh dang cua ngutii lao dting di tni bao triim len nhieu ITnh vye. trtmg dd ehu )eu la ITnh V ire lao ddng xa btii.
!* 2 / .\'gucri luo dcing di Irii vd ngirdi iun ddng hun diu
Neu b)- vong qu)en va nghTa vu lao ddng eua nguiri lao dcing di tni hoan loan gidng qu)en va nghTa vu lao dting eua ngutii lao ddng ban dia Id dicu khdng the va gia ihict dicu nd) cd xa) ra thi do cung clura ban phil htip vt'ri khdi nicim ""hinb dang"
Th.dng llui'cmg. cae qudc gia ed vu hut'rng bac) hti ebo ngiriri lao dting tnmg nuc're (lao ddng ban dia) tnmg mdi tucrng quan so sanh vcii ngucii lao ddng di tni. Dieu
ni) la phil bgp bcii nhicu ly do ca vc chinh Ul. kinh lc. vim hda. xa hdi va mue lieu sir dung nguiri lao ddng di tni. Cbinh vi vay, khi luyen bd quyen binh dang cua ngutii lao dcing di tni so vdi lao ddng ban dia. ban than cie cdng ucic vc hao vc quyen cua ngudi lao ddng di tni da dd cap cr tren eung liet ke nluing phucrng didn binh dang cu the. nhu:
hinh dang vc eci bdi; binh dang lrong viec lhanh lap. hoat dcing cdng doan; binh danjj vci- time, lao dc'mg. v ice lam. giao due. y te.
\:\n boa. Dicu dd ebo thdy. nginri lac. dgng di mi khdng the ed lai ca cae quyen gidng nbu iiguivi lao dciivj ban dia. Chang ban. mgl sd qiiiie [iia kluing ebo phep nguiii lao ddng dl tni dinh cdng. lrong khi ngutii lao dting han dia van dirt.ie lurtrng dung qu)en nay;
nuil sc') nucrc khdng chip nhiin sir dung tat ca ede loai hc.rp ddng lacr ddng de giacr ket vcii ngudi lao ddng di tru (vi du: Bd luat Lao dcing \'ieil Nam khdng ap dimg Icrai hgp ddng lao dcing khdng vac dinh thai han vdi ^
ngircri iaer dgng di tni).. ^ 2 2 2 Nguiri lao ddo'j, di tru vd ngiriri
lao dcing di iru tgi nuc'rc iic/^ nhcin luo ddng ^ () day cd sir phdn biel gifra quyen ciia ngucii lacr dcing di Iru co gui) tci vd ngudi lao ddng di Iru khdng cc) gia) lii. Ngucii lao ddng CO gii) to (bav cdn ggi la ngudi lao dcing di I'u bc.rp phdp) ducic hucmg nhieu qii)cn hem va mire do binh dang vai ngucri • Lu^ ddng ban dia la eao ban so vtii ngudri lao ddnu di tru khdnu ed uiav lii. Bcii vi. theo ^ pbap luat qudc tc eung nbu pbap luat cua mcit qudc gia eu the. khi nguiii lao ddng di tni khdng eo gii) tti sc bi coi Id ngudi hoat dting bat btip phap tren lanh thd eua nudc su lai. \ c ly. nguiii hoat dgng bdt hgp phap khdng the dutic ddi xu nhu nguai hoat dgng htrp pbap. thdm ebi eo the cdn bi xir iy vi pham theo pbap ludl qudc te vd pbap luat eua nutic sti tai.
2.2.3. "^'guy ecr hi xdm phgm quyen binh ddng cua ngircri luo dgng di Ini
Co nhieu ngu) ea ma ngucri lao ddngdi tni phai ddi mat va co the anb huang xdu ldi V iee thyc bicin quyen binh di,ig cua hg tren
QUYEN BINH DANG CUA
thuc le. nhu:
Khdng duge trd luong hoac khdng dugc trd luong theo dimg thda thuan trong hgp ddng;
Phai ldm vieic trong nhfrng dieu kien thieu an loan vd v ci sinh lao dcing;
Pbai sdng trong dicu kien thieu vei sinh khien sire khoe hi giam siu v i miie beinb tdt;
Bi bdnh ba vi lam dimg. ke ea lam dung tinh due. die bicit vcii lao deing nu' di trii iam v icic trong eae nganb nghe niun cam nhu lam vicic trong eae eti so giai tri. giiip viec gia dinb;
Bi bdn cung do pbai tra pbi eao cho don vi tu)en dyng lao ddng (ed the ca o uudc minb vi nutie tiep nban lao dting);
Bi ngucii mdi gicii lua dao v a hi bo rcii a nudc ngoai:
Hcip ddng lao dcing hi ngucii su dung lao dcing tha) ddi tuy tien md pbai cam chiu hoac phdi bdi thucrng neu khdng cam chiu va bd V iee.
Ild chieu va cdc gii) tci tit) than khac bj ngudi su dung lao ddng hoac co so tu)en dung thu gifr khien bg tro ihdnh ngucii lao dgng di trii khdng ed giay tci. tii' dd tro thdnh nan nhan cua bgn budn nguai;
Bi cae co so tuyen dung hoac co quan nha nudc minh bd roi khien cdc quyen vd lgi ich hcrp phdp khdng dugc bdo \ e . hoac bdo
;ve khdng day dii. hieu qua;
' Bi phdn biet nang ne so vai lao ddng Jban dia. ke cd lien krong. dieu kien lao ddng.
ihao hiem va trg cdp xa heii (Id nhfrng ngudfi dugc tuyen dyng cudi cung cho nhfrng edng v'iec nang nhgc. thdp kem nhdt va bi sa thai dau tien khi khiing hodng \ icie lam).
3. Phap luat lao dong Viet Nam vdi viec bao dam quyen binh dang ciia ngudi lao dong di trii
\ Quyen binh dang ciia nguai lao dcing nudc ngodi lam. viec tai Viet Nam dugc qui dinh tai: Bd ludt Lao ddng nam 1994 (da sira 3di, bd sung nam 2002, 2006 vd 2007); Ludt l^ao hidm y td nam 2008; Ngbi djnh sd
^34/2008/ND-CP ngdy 25/03/2008 quy djnh /e tuyen dyng vd qudn ly nguai nudfc ngodi
ldm vice lai Viet Nam (da ducic sii'a ddi, bd sung bdi Ngbi dinb sd 46/2011/ND-CP ngiiy 17/6/2011); Thdng tu sc'i 08/2008/TT BLD'TBXH ngdv 10/6/2008 huang dan tbi bimh Ngbi dinh sc'r 34/2008/ND-CP
Tbeo eae van ban tren ddy. ngucii lao dcing nu'c'ic ngodi lam vic;c tai Viet Nam ducre bieu la ngucri khdng ed qude lieh Viet Nam lain vicic lai Vicil Nam theo eiie hinh tlure sau di):
Thye hiC'ii hcip ddng lao ddng vdi doanh nghiiip. Id cbire lai Vicit Nam tbeo quy djnli eiia pbap luiil lao dcing Vict Nam;
Di chuyen trong ncii bd doanb nghiep ed hicin dicin thucmg mai tai Viet Nam;
Thire hien cac loai hcip ddng ve kinh te. thiremg mai. tai chinh, ngdn hang, bdo hiem. khoa hgc ky thudt. van boa. the thao.
giao due. y le;
Nhd cung cap dich vu theo bgp ddng;
Chao ban dich vu;
Ngucri nude ngodi dai dien cho id cbirc phi chinb phii nude ngodi dugc phep hcrat ddng tbeo quy dinb eua phdp luat Viet Nam.
Bai viet ndy cbi de cap den nhung ngudfi lao ddng ldm viec tbeo binh thirc thyc bien hgp ddng lao ddng vai doanb nghiep. td chirc cua Viet Nam tai Viet Nam dp dung phap ludt lao ddng ciia Viet Nam.
Ve CO ban. ngucri lao ddng nuoc ngodi lam vieic cho cae doanb nghiep Viet Nam dugc hucmg che do dai ngd nbu cdng dan trong quan he pbap ludt lao ddng. tire Id quan he lao ddng giua hg vcii doanh nghiep ciia Viet Nam dugc dieu cbinh bdi Bd luat Lao ddng Viet Nam vi eae quy dinh khdc eiia pbap ludl Viet Nam. tru' trirdng bgp dieu ucic qude id md Cdng boa xa hdi chii nghTa Viet Nam ky ket hoae tham gia ed qu) dinb khde" Cdc qu) dinb ciia Bd ludt Lao ddng Viet Nam nbu: bgp ddng lao ddng; thod ude lao ddng tap Ibe; tbdfi gidf ldm viec, thdi giii nghi ngoi; lien luong; an lodn lao ddng va vei sinh lao ddng; ky ludt lao dcing, tracb nhiem vdl cbdt; bdo hiem y te... deu dugc dp dyng
Di^u 3 Bo luat Lao doim Viet Nam.
69
cho ngucii lao ddng nuc're ngodi lhco nguyen Uie "khdng pban bicj-l ddi xu" vi nguyen lac
•"ddi xii qude gia"
Vc eer ban, Bci luiil Lao dcing Vic^-i Nam vi eae van ban hucrng dan tbi banh da dap irng luemg ddi di) du eac qii)cii cua nguiri lao ddng di tni. Ircrng dd elui liong cjuvcn dirc.^'c ddi xir binh daiuj nlur nguiri lao tidng Niiit Nam. Tuv nhicn. cei nuil so kluic hic^-t trtrng dieu chmh pluip liiiit ve tpi)en cua ngucii lao tlong giiia ngucri hio deing tli tni va ngu'tii lao dting \ i c l Nam. Cii ihc:
'Thir nhdt. \c dieu kiein va pham \ i tham gia quan hei pluip kiiit lao dcing ddi ven ngucii lao dcing dc dirc.ie phep lam v icj-c lai
\ic;i Nam.
Tbeo Diciu 3 Nghi dinb .sd 34 2()()8/NI)- CP nguiii lao ddng lurt're ngodi lam v ici'c tai
\'icii Nam phai dap img eic dieu kiein .sau tlay:
1) Du 18 ludi tra len;
2) Cd sire khoe pbii hgp vtii vcu can edng V icc:
31 La nhd quan ly. gidm ddc dicu luinh hoae chuyen gia theo qu) dinh tai khoan 2 va khoan 3 Dieu 2 eua Ngbi dinb sd 34 2008 ND-CP;
Ddi vdi ngutii nirt'ie ngodi xin vat) banh nghe ) . duge tu nhdn. trirc licp khdm. chfra benh tai Vict Nam hoac ldm vice tronu ITnb vyc giao due. dii) nghe phdi ed du dicu kicin theo quy dinb eua phap luiil N'icji Nam ve bdnh nghe ) , dugc tu nhan bode vc giao due.
del) nghe.
4) Khdng eo lien an vc ttii vi pham an ninh qudc gia; khdng thude dicin dang bi tni) eim traeh nhiem binh sir. dang chip banh hinh phcit binh sy tbeo quy dinb cua pbap luat Viiil Nam vi pbap luiil nut're ngodi;
5) Cd gii) phep lao ddng do ctr quan nhd nuoe ed thdm qu)en eua \ic;-i Nam Ccip.
trir cae truimg bt.ip khdng pbai cip gii) phep lao ddng qu) dinh tai khoan 1 Diciu 9 Nuhi dinh sd 34/2008/ND-CP
Quy dinb tren ebo tbciv' mcit sd diem khdc biet ve dieu kic^n ddi v cii ngudfi lao dting di trii so vai ngudfi lao dgng Viet Nam: do tudi (nguai lao ddng Viet Nam chi cdn dii 15 tudi.
Ihdm chi cd truimg hgp ebo phep nguai ducii 15 tutii duge tham gia quan be phdp luat lao ddng). Iy lieh tu phdp vd giiiy phep lao dgng (nhfing diciu kiCai ndy khdng ddt ra iJdi vdi ngucri lacr dcing Vicit Nam)' Trong bdi canh hien lui). khdng nen coi nhung khdc biet nay la sir pban bicit ddi xir ddi vcri nguai lao dgng di tni. hen v i nhfrng qii) dinh khde biet nav \i an ninh va le.ii ieh ebo cbinh ban thdn ngudi ^ lao ddng d' tni. sau nfra la vi Icri ich chi'nh dang eua \ i e l Nam vci lu each la qudc gia liep nluin lao ddng.
(,)ii) dinh tren da the hiein rd gidi han pham vi sir dung lao dcing Id ngudi nudc ngerai lam vici-c lai \icii \ a i n . Cdc doanh ngbicip Vicil \ a m chi ducrc phep tuven ngucri lao dimg nuc'rc ngoai Jam nhung cdng vicic quan Iv'. cdng vice )eu cdu cao ve ehuyen mdn. ngbicip \ u (la nha quan 1). giam doc dieu bdnh bcrae chuven gia lhco quy dinh tai khoan 2 va kbcran 3 Dieu 2 eua Nghi dinh so 34 2008 ND-CP) ma ngircii lao ddng Viet
\ a m clura ddp irng ducre. Quy dinh ndy mgl mill ibe hicin muc lieu sir dung lao dgng nucic ngerai cua \'icit Nam la tranh thu kinh nghicim quan ly. trinh dti ehu)en mdn. lay nghe cao cua lao deing ninic ngoai trong khi ibi trircmg lao dgng \'ici Nam cdn khan hiem; mat khdc the hicin ehinh sdch bao ho lao dting trong nut'ie.
\'c lau ddi, khi Vicit Nam htii nhdp thuc sir sail rgng vatr nen kinh lc khu vuc va the gitri. kbi sir rfiao luu ve kinh te. van hda. xa hdi gifra cae qudc gia dat ttii muc lam cho dieii kicin lam vice ndi rieng vd thi trudng lao dtinsi ndi ehung gifra cac qudc gia khong cdn nhieu khdc bicit ihi chung ta cd the dan ban che v a tien tcii xda bo nhirng quy djnh khae bicit ndi tren.
Thir hai. \c loai btip ddng lao ddng ap dung ddi vai ngutii lao deing nuac ngoai.
Theo quy dinb tai Didu 27 Bd luat Lao dting Viet Nam. cd ba loai hc^p ddng lao ddng dugc dp dung ddi \ tii nguai lao dgng til) tirng trudfng hgp cu the, dd la: i) Hgp
^ Xem:Dilu 6, Dieu 120 Bp luat Lao dpng Viet Nam.
QUYEN BINH DANG CUA ddng lao ddng khdng xae dinb thtii ban; ii)
Hgp ddng lao ddng xae dinb tbdi han tir dii 12 thang den 36 ibang; iii) Htip dting lao dgng tbeo miia vu hoac theo mcit edng viec nhat dinb ed thai ban dudi 12 thang.
Vdi quy djnh vc v iee cap gii) phep eho n^udi lao dting nutic ngoai lam vicic theo btip ddng lao dcing trong ede doanh nghiep. td chirc a Viet Nam cd the tlui) bc^p ddng lao dgng khdng xic dinh tbdi ban khdng ducic ap dung ddi vdi ngudi lao citing nutie ngoai. (iiav phep lao dting dutie cap lhco thtii ban bt.ip ddng nhung khdng dirge qua id thang. sau dd neu hai ben tiep luc cd nbu eau tbi cd the dut.ie xem xcl de gia ban gid) phep lao dting.
Thu hu. ve qu)en thdnh lap. gia nhap vii hoat dting cdng doan.
Ty do cdng doan Id mtit trong nhfrng quyen quan trgng, thutic nhdm quyen ddi xu binh dang giira nguiii lao ddng di tni va ngudi lao dcing ban dia. Tbeo C\ing utie qudc te vc Bdo ve eae quyen eua nguiii lao dgng di tni \ a cae thdnh v ien gia dinh bg. ty ' do cdng doan Id quyen eua ca ngucii lao dgng di tru cd gidy idf vd ngucii lao ddng di tni khdng cd gid) tci. boi Lien bgp qudc quan niem bdt kc ngucii lao dcing ndo cung CO nhu cau vd hg edn lien kel lai de ty bdo \ c quyen Igi cho minh. Td chire Lao ddng qudc te ciing the hien rd quan dicm ndy trong Cong ude sd 87 nam 1948 vc quydn ty do hiep hdi va ve \iee bdo ve quyen duge td chuc, Cdng ucre sd 98 nam 1949 v c dp dung , nhu'ng nguyen tae cua quyen td chiic vd I thuang Iugng tap the, Cdng ucic sc^ 97 nam
1949 ve ngucri lao ddng di trii.
I Tuy nhien. do dieu kien chinb tri xa hpi ciia cdc c^ude gia khdc nhau nen v an cdn rat nhieu qudc gia chua phe chudn cdc cdng ,udc ndi tren, trong do ed Vicit Nam. Do dd.
.mudn thyc hien quyen tham gia, thdnh lap cong dodn tai Viet Nam, ngucii lao dting nuoc ngoai pbai phy thudc vdo cac quy dinh ciia phap luat Viet Nam.
: Theo Dieu 7 eiia Bd luat Lao ddng Viet Nam, nguai lao ddng cd quyen thdnh lap, gia nhap, hoat ddng cdng dodn tbeo Luat Cdng
doan de bao vci quyen va lgi ieh htrp pbap ciia minb. Tii) nhien. theo quy dinh tai Dieu
10 Hicn pbap Vicl Nam vd Dieu 1 Luiil Cdng doan Vicil Nam. edng doan la id chire ehinh lri xa btii rting kin eiia giai cap edng nluin va eiia nguiri latr dcing Vicit Nam ty ngu)cin thanh lap ducri sy lanh dcao ciia Dang Cdng san Vicin Nam. Ia lhanh vien trong he;
tbdng chinh lri eua xa heii Vu-i Nam, Id trucing here ehu nghTa xa hdi eua ngirdi lao dcing. Nhu vi). lhco qu) dinh thi ehi ngudfi lao dcing Vicit Nam mdi duc.ie thanh liip. gia nhiip va bcriu dcing lrong td chirc edng doan Vicit Nam vdi tu eiieh la doan vien cdng doan. Ngircrc lai. nguiii lao dcing nucrc ngodi lam V icic lai Vicit Nam khdng ed quyen ndy;
ddng thili. hg cung se khdng ed quyen tham gia Ban chap hdnh edng dodn co sir vi khdng the trd thdnh ngucri dai dicin cho tap the lao ddng trong eae boat ddng nham bao V li qu) cn va lgi ich hgp phap ciia tap the lao ddng trong doanb nghiep.
Thir lu; v c bao hiem xa bdi.
Theo quy djnh tai Bd luiit Lao ddng v i Ludt Bao hiem xa hdi. bao hiem xa hdi gdm 3 loai: bdo hiem xa bdi bat bude. bdo hiem xa hdi ty nguyen va bao hiem that nghiep.
Theo dd. ehi cd cdng ddn Viet Nam mdi cd the trd thdnh ddi tugng dp dyng bao hiem xa hdi tbeo phdp lual lao ddng Viet Nam. Dieu dd ed nghTa Li. ngircri lao ddng di tni tai Vicit Nam khdng thudc ddi tucmg dp dung bao hiem xa heii. Nhu vii). lien luong eiia ngudfi lao ddng nuoc ngodi md ngudi sir dung lao ddng chi trd se bao gdm lien bao hiem xa hdi. ngucii lao ddng nuoc ngodi phdi ty chiu eac riii ro, dan den vicic suv' giam hoac mat thu nhiip lrong qua trinb lao d'ing, hoac ho ddng bdo hidm xa hdi lai qude gia ho (neu phap ludl cd qu) dinh) dc hudng bao hiem kbi bet ludi lao dcing.
Viec khdng dp dung bao hiem xa bdi ddi vcii ngu'di lao ddng la ngirdi nudc ngodi lam viee tai Viet Nam cd the dugc ly giai bang mdt sd ly do nhu: i) Thcri gian lao ddng tai Vicit Nam cua ngucii lao ddng nuac ngoai khdng nhieu. do vdy khdng phu hgp voi muc
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dich ciia vicic tham gia bao hiem xa bcii; ii) Phap lual eua cie nuc're xual khau lacr dcing cd the qu) dinb nguiii lao ddng di xual khdu lao ddng pbai ddng hao hiem xa bcii vc nuc'rc. vi thci md \icil Nam khdng dua ngircii lao dcing di tni vio ddi lucmg dp dimg bdo hiem \ i bcii theo phdp luiit nucic minh dc tranh v icj-c tbu v a tlure hicin hao hidm xa luii bai lan ildi vdi eiing mt)l nguiri lao deing va meil loai ihii nhap: iii) Quv hao hiem xa hdi nhiin dirt.ie sy ht"r trg trire licp lir ngdn saeh nlui nirt'ie. dae bicl ddi vt'ii che do bao hiem ibdl nghieip.
hoiie khi quv hao hiem gap rui ro va vi hd trtr nay md hac) hiem xa htii kluing plui bc.ip neu dp dung eho ea ngucii lao deing di tni...
Tdm lai. vc eci han. pbap lual \iel Nam da bao dam quyen binh dang eua nguiri lao ddnu nucic ngodi ldm v icc lai Viet Niim tbeo
(Tiip theo trang 55 - Quan hi giiTa cdc ehi li tda an nui edn la ccr quan dicu tra. vien kicm siu va hci tbdng ccr quan quan Iv nhd nude V e tu phdp
Chire nang kicm sdt boat ddng lu phap cua vien kicm sat trong TTHS dircie gicri ban bao gdm: kiem sat ede boat dcing id lung cua CO quan lien banh to lung, nguiii tham gia id tqug trong giai doan khai td. dieu tra. Iru) td. xcit xu va tbi bdnh dn binh sy. Ncii dung eiia kiem sal tu phdp lrong giai doan dieu tra duge licit kc day du nhung khdng cu the lrong Dieu 113 Bd ludl T'THS nhu: kiem sal vice tudn theo phdp luat eua ngucii ibam gia Id lijng: giai qii)cl tranh chap vc thdm quyen dieu tra: kiem sal s ii!"c lap bd sti v u an eua cti q'uan dieu tra. 'Tnmg giai doan xel xu. the hicin rd nhal lrong vice phat hiein sai lam. vi pham phap luiit eua Htii dtuig xcl xu de khang ngbi.
Theo chimg tdi. chirc nang edng tti va kiem sat hocat dting tu phdp khdng co sy phdn dinh rd rdng. Ndi each khde. chire nang kiem sal bocit ddng tu phdp bi hda lan trong chuc nang cdng td. Hdu qua va muc dich ciia
linh thcin ciia pbap ludl qudc lc. Song vi nbiciu nguyen nhdn khdc nhau. van con nhfrng khdc bici-i ti mirc dti nhdt dinh trong dieiai ehinh pbap kuit dt'ri vt'ii quyen vd nghTa vii eua ngutri lao dgng nucrc ngodi so vdi ngirtii latr dting Vict Nam. Trong eld. co nhfrng khae biel la edn thicl do yeu cdu cua dicu kici-n ebinh lri. kmh te. van hda va xa hcii cua \ icii Nam. ed nhfrng khdc biet chua thue sir cd Iv do thuyet phuc '.a cd the chua bao dam qii)cn binh dang cua ngudi lao ddng nuc'rc ngoai. can tiep tuc nghidn ciru de sua ddi trong thcii gian itri nham xd) dung he tbdng quy dinb pluip ludt vc tu)cn dung va quan Iv ngucri lao dgng nuc'rc ngodi ldm viec till Vicl Nam tiem can hem vdi phdp lual qude te. dap irng )eu can ngdv cdng cao cua qua trinh htii nbiip kinh id qudc tc hiein nay.
• )
V ici-c pbat hien v i pham pbap ludt tron^ hoat ddng dieu tra Id giai quvet vicic cd tiep luc butie tdi vd du ea str de budc lgi ha\ khdng.
I Idu qua v a mue dich cua v ice khdng nghi ban dn st)' thdm )eu cdu tda dn cap trcin .xet xu phiie thdm kbi phat hiein xtit xu so tham sai lam hoiic v i pham phdp ludt. trong rat nhieu truimg htip eung Id tiep tue sy huge toi cua V icin kiem sai.
Mill khcie. ebung idi hodn loan nhat lri vtii quan diem cho rang: Khdng cdn thiet noi
•"kiem sat boat dting xel xu. \i each ndi do de gi) hieu Idm vc vicic dam bao tinh dgc ldp xet xu eua loa an nhu mdl veu cau, ngu)cn tie quan trgng va phd bien cua Nha lurire pbap qu) cn" '
Quan diem bo chire nang bode ndi each khae la "khdng ggi Id kiem sdt tu phdp" cung phil btip ehl dao cua Bti Chinh tri trong Nghi qu)ct 49 Id nghien cuu ehuyen vien kiem sat nhdn ddn thdnh viein cdng td. Chuyen dan cbirc nang gidm sat cae boat dcing tu phap hinb sy cho cbinh hci thdng ca quan tu phap, cho tu nhan vd cho xa hdi.
ID GS TSKH. Dao Tri Uc. Vh vicn kit^m sat ci Viet Nam. Tap chi Nghien ciru lap phap. s6 /, than<i4 2011.
