Tap chi Nghi&n ciiu va Phat tridn, sd 2 (119). 2015
V/DOC L A I KHO TANG TRUYEN CO TICH VIETNAM TlJ MOT QUAN NIEM R O N G V E HIEN THl/C
TRONG TRUYEN CO TICH
C h u X u S n D i § n '
I. Trong nhOng cdng trinh nghien cdu thudc linh vi^c v a n h d a - vdn hoc dan gian cua Gido su Nguyen Ddng Chi, bd sdch KIio tdng truyin cd tich Viit Nam co mpt vi tri dde biet. Dd lu$n chung cua gidi khoa hpc cung nhtf cua ddng dao ban doc xem bp sdch sifu tam vd nghien eiiu truydn co tich Viet N a m ddy tdi 2.740 trang"' dy Id mOt "cdng t r i n h nghien cdu folklore dd trd t h d n h co dien".'^'
Ndm 1990, trong mdt bdi viet de tddng ni^m GS Nguyen Ddng Chi,"' GS Dinh Gia Khanh cd m^t n h d n xet tinh te' n h d sau: "Can phai nha'n manh ring trong khdng it tnfdng htfp, khi dpc lai Mn t h d hai edng t r i n h cua Nguyin Ddng Chi, ngudi t a lai t h a y mot khia canh mdi ciia dd'i ttftfng k h o a hoc van hda ddtfc de edp ddn d trong ay. Trong cung mot cdng t r i n h khoa hpc cua Nguyen Dong Chi, ed the thdu nhdn diftfc nhifng khia eanh thdng tin khdc nhau, neu ngifdi doe xuS^t phdt tif nhiing giac dp tie'p edn khdc nhau va n h k m tdi nhiing mue tieu khde nhau".
Ndm nay, ky nidm 100 ndm ngay sinh ciia GS N g u y i n Dong Chi, doc lai b6 sdch Kho tdng truyen cd tich Viet Nam, tdi da cd dip t r a i nghiem "cdch dpc Nguyin Ddng Chi" eua GS Dinh Gia Khanh: "thay dtfpc k h ia eanh mdi ciia ddi tiftfng Idioa hpc", "thdu n h d n diftfc nhflng khia eanh thdng tin khdc nhau.. xuat phdt tfl nhflng gdc dp tid'p e^n khac nhau vd n h a m tdi nhflng mue tieu khdc nhau".
Bdi vidt ngan ndy Id mdt ghi chep stf Ifltfc nhflhg "thau n h a n " bifdc dau c^a . toi. Bdi vie't chi xoay quanh van de md'i quan hd eiia truyen ed tieh vdi hi^n thtfc, trong vfi'n de ay cung chi nhkm tdi mgt mue tidu: Tim ldi ddp eho cau hdi hiin thUc trong tniyin cd tich Id nhang hiin thuc ndo?
II. Tnfdc hdt, xin tdm t ^ t trong mdt it dbng cdch tdi hieu t h e ndo Id quan niim rdng ve hien thifc trong truyen ed tich.
Trong triet hoc, hien thifc/thifc tai la thu$t ngfl dung de ehi "todn bd nhOng SLf v$t, stf viec da biet hodc chfla biet, ben vung hodc nha't thdi... [ndi chung) Id toan bd nhifng gi dang xay tdi hodc dang tidp diln... [ T h u | t ngfl] t i n h hiin thUc chi tinh ehd't cua nhifng gi cd thflc. Tinh hien thtfc Id ddc diem cua cac stf vat, sfl v i | c va ca ciia todn bd edc sif vat, sif vipc, trong ehflng mflc md nhflng sfl vat, sfl vipe ay tin tai dpc lap vdi chiing ta... Tinh hidn thfle ddi Ifip vdi hipn tflcfng b l ngodi, vdi ao dnhi do tifdng".'^'
Trong cdc n g a n h khoa hpc xa hdi va n h a n vdn khdc n h a u , co nhflng thu^t ngii khde nhau dflpc dung de chi nhflng sfl vat, sfl viec "ton tai ddc lap ddi vdi chiing ta"
ay. Thi du trong xd hdi hpe, do la cdc stf kidn xd hdi, t r o n g k h o a hpc lich sd dd Id PGS, Khoa Van hpc vd Ngon ngfl, TrUdng Dgi hpc Khoa hpc Xa hfli va Nhdn vSn, Dai h<?c Qudc gia Tharth phd Hd Ctil Minh.
Tap chi Nghi6n ciiu va Phat trien, sd 2 (119). 2015
cdc sfl kien lich sii, t r o n g ddn tdc hpc dd Id cdc sfl kidn ddn tdc hpc, t r o n g t a m ly hoc dd la cac sfl kidn t d m ly.
V I mdi quan hd ciia con ngtfdi (ehu t h e n h a n thdc) vdi h i e n thflc (khach t h e / doi tflong n h d n thdc eua con ngfldi), da tflng d i l n r a mdt eudc trgmh ludn keo ddi gifla k h u y n h hfldng gpi Id hien thifc/duy thifc ehu nghia vdi khuynh hfldng gpi la phan/chd'ng ehii n g h i a hidn thfle/duy thtfc (Anti-realisme). C h a n g h a n quan didm xa hdi hpc theo k h u y n h hfldng hien thflc chu nghia k h a n g dinh sfl ton t a i ciia cdc stf ki^n xd hpi ddc lap ddi vdi cdc sfl kien t d m ly/tam thflc ea n h a n (nhfl niem tin, sfl fla thich, cac xue ddng...) vd cd the dfloc giai thich b i n g quan hi nhdn qud.
Trong edc t h a p nidn g a n ddy, quan diem n a y da nhfldng cho cho nhutog quan didm dfltfc gpi la chdng- chii n g h i a hien thflc, cho r d n g ede t r a n g t h a i t i n h t h a n Id nhiftig sfl kidn/hien tflOng cd t i n h dpc ldp ddi vdi cdc eo sd vat 1^ (nao hodc ctf t h e ndi chung) hodc k h d n g t h e dtfn gian quy ve cdc ctf sd vat Iy fi'y.'^' Trong khoa hpe v l vdn chfltfng, Roland B a r t h e s dd nhfi'n m a n h vdo edi ma dng gpi la dn tUgng cda hiin thUc (I'effet du reel). Quan n i e m ve "an tflcfng eua hien thflc" dSn de'n each t i l p can vdn b a n vdn hpe khong chi dan thudn Id mgt sti phdn dnli, vi vdn b a n van hpc m a n g chfla t r o n g nd nhu:ng stf gidng nhau vdi hien thUc dfldi h i n h thflc cdc ehi tid't eu thd. Nhfllig chi tid't eu thd fi'y tao n e n t h d do dnh ldm ctf sd cho my hpc v l cdi gidng nhu thuc. P h d t t r i e n quan niem ay eua Roland B a r t h e s , Pierre Bourdieu cho r a n g vdn hpc co k h a n d n g san sinh r a mdt t h d do dnh (simulaere) cua hidn thflc, gtfi len mdt dang n i i m t i n rd't ddc thfl: Hu cdu vdn hpe, t h d n g qua mdt sU quy chiiu ve mpt h i e n thtfc n h a t dinh nao dd, vfla cho phep t a biet dUgc thUc sU dd Id gi, lai vfla khdng thaa nlidn Id cd t h d biet dfltfc thtfc sfl dd la ^."^'
Cudc t r a n h luan gifla khuynh hfldng eua ehu nghia hien thfle/duy thflc vdi k h u y n h hfldng chd'ng chii nghia hien thfle/duy thtfc dy cung da tflng d i l n r a trong khoa hoc ve folklore. Bdn v l md'i quan he gifla folklore vdi thflc tai, mdt n h a folklore hoe Nga ndi tidng t h d gidi, V. Ia. Propp da tflng n h i l u lan p b a t bieu mpt cdch r 5 r a n g vd diJt khodt mot quan niem dd'i lap lai vdi khuynh hfldng d i l n giai bien m i n h cho edi goi la "sfl p h a n dnh thflc tai chdn thflc" ciia folklore. Thi du trong trfldng htfp t h e loai truydn eo tieh, dng cho r a n g "mot trong nhflng ddc diem eua t h e loai n a y Id cd nhflng truyen khdng thd vd khdng bao gid cd t h e xay r a dfltfc".
Ong gpi dd la nhOUg sfl kien khdc thiidng. Cdi k h a c thfldng Id cdi md trong ddi sdng tiiUc ti k h d n g t h e xay r a dfltfc. Theo dng t h i dung la trong truyen cd tich sinh h o a t la loai truypn da tflng dfltfc dinh d a n h Id truypn cd tich hien thflc, truydn cd tieh cd t i n h ehfi't truyen ng^n, da sd trfldng hpp khdng ed sfl phd vd nhflng quy lu$t tfl nhidn, td't ea nhu:ng dieu ma truydn ke lai, thflc r a md ndi t h i cung cd t h e cd xdy ra. Song dfl sao di nfla t h i nhflng dilu ed t h e xay r a ay vin m a n g t i n h chat khdc thfldng. Do Id vi t r o n g folklore truyen ke khdng dfla t r e n ctf sd mieu t a n h u ^ g hodn canh thdng thudng hodc nhflng h a n h ddng thdng thudng trong nhflng hoan eanh thdng thudng md ngflpe lai: truyen ke ve nhu:ng d i l u ldm ta phdi siing sdt ui ttnh chdt khdc thudng cua nd. Dfla t r e n mot thi du tieu bieu ldm mau Id truyen cd tich s i n h h o a t ve edi xdc chet ba't h a n h , phd bien d nhieu dan tde t r d n t h e gidi, dng ddt cdu hoi: tai sao m p t cdt truydn gfiy cdm phdn nhfl vay (neu dfltfc tiep nhfin nhfl mOt truyen "phdn dnh thUc tgi chdn thUc" - CXD chu thdm) lai dfltfc phd bien rdng rai nhfl thd? Cfiu t r d ldi eua dng la: "chi cd thd tai vi truydn cd tich ay chinh la mdt cfiu chuydn vui n h 0 n m a thdi. Ngfldi kd cung nhfl ngifdi nghe khdng ai coi cdu chuyin dy cd dinh ddnggi tdi hiin thUc. Nhflng ddi vdi ngfldi nghien cflu truydn ed tich t h i
Tap chi Nghidn cflu va Phat trien, sd 2 (119). 2015
lai cd the cdn phdi liin hi cdu chuyin dd vdi hien thuc cudc sd'ng vd xde dinh xem nhflng khia cg,nh sinh hogt nao da lam nay sinh r a cdt truydn fiiy.'"
Stf phdt tridn eua khoa hpc ve folklore trdn t h d gidi tfl g a n m d t t h e ky nay da tieh luy dfltfc nhieu k i n h nghiem quy bau va da de xud't dfltfc nhifng qflan diem ly thuye't vd phfltfng p h a p luan cd hieu qua dd'i vdi viec gidi quyet cdc n h i e m vu khoa hpc ciia minh, trong dd nhflng kinh nghidm flng dung hfldng t i e p can lien nganh ddc bidt cd ieh dd'i vdi nhidm vu phdt hien vd xdc dinh cdc dang thflc hien thfle trong folklore ndi chung vd trong thd loai truyen cd tich ndi ridng. Chang h a n dd'i vdi cdch tid'p c^n lien ngdnh, kinh nghidm d i o t h a y mudn h i l u dflflc cdc sfl kien folklore, can phai phdt hien r a dflpe md'i quan he gifla cac stf kien folklore vdi cac sfl kien dan tdc hpc, htfn nfla phai xem ede sfl kidn folklore cung chinh Id ede sfl kidn dfin tde hpc.
Trdn co sd nhflng n h a n thfle nit ra dfltfc tfl lich sfl cupc t r a n h lufin gifla khuynh hfldng va chu nghia hien thfle/duy thflc vdi khuynh hfldng chdng chu nghia hidn thfle/duy thtfc, ke't htfp vdi nhflng n h a n thdc rut r a dfltfc tfl k i n h nghiem fl:ng dung hfldng tie'p can lien nganh trong folklore hoc, tdi t h d de xua't gia thuydt ve sfl ed mdt cua it nha't Id baphgm trii hiin thUc nhfl sau t r o n g truydn cd tich:
1. P h a m tru hien thflc xd hpi hay cu thd hon: hidn thflc cua nhflng md'i quan hd gia dinh vd quan he xa hdi, dfltfc mieu t a tfl gde nhin xd hdi hpe.
2. P h a m trfl hien thflc dan tgc hpc, dfltfc midu t a tfl gdc n h i n ddn tdc hgc.
3. P h a m tru hidn thflc t a m ly, dfltfc mieu t a tfl gdc n h i n t a m ly hpc, hay chinh xac htfn: tfl gdc n h i n phdn tfim hpc.
Trong moi p h a m tru hidn thfle t r e n ddy cd t h e xac dinh cu t h e nhflng dgng thUc hidn thtfc kiidc nhau. Truydn cd tieh p h a n dnh cdc dang thdc hien thflc ay thdng qua cdc "sfl kipn" thi phap truydn ke. Thi phap truyen cd tich cd t h e xac dinh tfl gdc nhin cua thi phdp van hpc nhtftig lai eo nhflng ddc trflng ridng. Chinh ddc diem ciia cdc dang thflc hien thflc trong truydn ed tich quy dinh nhflng ddc trflng rieng cua thi phdp truyen cd tich.
Xin tam coi nhflng dinh hfldng nhfl t r e n la gia thuyet bfldc dau md tdi dfla vao de dpc lai Kho tdng truyen cd tich Viet Nam cua GS N g u y i n Ddng Chi td quan niim rgng vi kiin thUc trong cd tich.
I I I . KJio tdng truyin cd tich Viet Nam dfltfc d a n h gid la m p t cdng t n n h khoa hpe ldn khdng phai chi do d'n tflcfng v l sd Iflcfng t r a n g sach ldn tdi. gan 3.000 trang, md chii ydu Id do tdm bao qudt rdng ldn rd^t nhieu linh vfle nghien eflu truyen ed tich.
BO sdch ndy dfltfc h i n h t h a n h tfl ket qua ciia ba loai edng viec:
1. Suu tdp cdc vdn b a n (truyin mieng va t h d n h vdn) truyen cd tich cua ngfldi Vidt, cdc di bdn hodc cac cd't truyen, motif..., tfltfng dfltfng t r o n g kho tdng truydn ed tieh ciia ede dan tdc va cdc qudc gia khac trdn the gidi. Stfu tdp ndy dfltfc tdc gia dung dd bidn soan p h a n Khdo di vd la ngudn tai lidu thflc td cho p h a n nghien eu!u.
2. Biin soan 200"' truyen cd tich cua ngfldi Viet dflpc chpn r a tfl ngudn sUfl t i p ndi t r e n . Cach sd dung ngudn sifti tap de vidt lai (vdn b a n hda) nhflng truyen do mang da'u d'n cua cdch hieu, cdch tiep nhfin truypn co tieh cua ngddi viet truyen.
Tap chi Nghi&n cflu vd Phat trien, sd 2 (119). 2015
Co t h e t h a y d day cd "sfl dn khdp" n h a t dinh gifla quan diim cua ngfldi nghidn ciifl vdi vdn phong cua ngfldi kd chuydn. Vi vay, d ehflng mflc nha't dinh, c6 thd goi 200 truyen ndy la Truyin cd tich (cua) Nguyin Bdng Chi, phdng theo edeh gpi "Truyen CO tich Grimm" (Dflc) "Truydn ed tich Perrault" (Phdp)...
3. Nghiin cdu (phat hien va dien giai) nhflhg ddc diem cua truyin cd tich Viit Nam t r e n h^u h e t cac phfltfng didn chu ydu: b a n chd't t h d loai, lich sd l u n h t h a n h vd phdt tridn ciia t h d loai, ddc didm ndi dung p h a n a n h va nghp thugt ciia truydn co tich Viet N a m , ngudn gdc b a n dia vd ngudn gd'c ngoai lai eua truydn cd tich Viet-Nam, v.v..
Nhfl v4y khi b a n v l vd'n de cac p h a m trfl hidn thfle trong truyen ed tich Viet Nam qua viec tid'p n h d n cdng t r i n h truydn ed tich Viet N a m ciia GS Nguydn Ddng Chi, Id gidi h a n t r o n g ehi mdt phfltfng dien t h d n h qua nghien ciiu n h i l u mdt cua dng, vd vi t h d can n h a n r a dflpe nhflng md'i quan he gifla cac Iinh vflc sUu tdp, viet lgi vd nghiin cdu ndi t r e n .
Trfldc he't ed thd n h $ n r a ngay r a n g p h a m tru hidn thflc trong truyen cd tich Vidt N a m dUgc dng ddc biit quan tdm vd nghiin cdu nhiiu han cd, Id phgm tru hiin thUc xd hdi. Ve m d t ly thuyd't p h a m trij hidn thfle xd hdi dfltfc dng xem Id tidu chi chii yd'u p h d n bi^t cd tich vdi t h a n thoai. Ong vie't: "Nhfl ai na'y deu bie't, truyen thuyet, cd tich xua't hidn khdng cung mdt thdi vdi t h a n thoai. Neu chu de eua t h a n thoai thfldng t h i e n v l giai thich tfl nhidn, md t a cudc dfi^u t r a n h gifla ngfldi vdi tfl nhien Id ehii yd'u, t h i trdi lai, chu d l eiia truyen thuyet, cd tieh thfldng t h i e n v l gidi thich xd hdi, md t a chu yeu cudc ddu tranh giOa ngudi vd ngudi".^^'' Ong dan lai cau ndi- ndi tie'ng cua Mdc: "Khi con ngfldi da cd t h e khd'ng ehe dfltfc thflc sfl nhflng life Ifltfng tfl nhidn t h i t h i n thoai se bidn md't".""' Ong xdc dinh "giai doan h i n h t h d n h cua vipc sang tdc truyen thuye't va ed tieh Id thdi ky cdng xd t h i tde t a n rd, thdi ky chid'm hiJu nd 1$ vd phong kid'n nd'i tid'p t h i n h hanh".'"* Ong n h a n thd'y sfl xud't hien ciia truyen cd tich thfldng g^n ehat vdi nhu:ng dde d i l m v l san xufi't, v l sinh hoat, tfl tfldng cua mdt thdi dai lich sd, cho n e n cung nhfl t h a n thoai, nd cd thdi ky phdn vinh vd thdi ky suy tdn. The' ky cua may mde, eua didn tfl la t h d ky suy tdn cua truyen cd tich".'^^'
Trong P h a n t h d Nhfift (in d Tap I) n h a n d l "Nghidn cdu truyen cd tich ndi ehung vd truyen cd tich Viet Nam", dng da dtfa vdo ndi dung nhu:ng truydn ed tieh tidu bieu vd n h u ^ g tdi lipu sflu t i m ghi chep quen thupc trong thfl tich v l truyen cd Vipt Nam, phdc hpa ndn mdt bfle t r a n h "Truyen cd Vidt N a m qua cdc thdi ky", tfl " T h i n tho^i, truyen thuyet, loai truydn xfla nhai't cua ngfldi Vidt" qua "Truydn cd tich thdi phong kid'n tfl chii" tdi "Thdi ky suy t a n eiia truydn cd tich Viet Nam", va dfla r a nh|in dinh: "Thdi ky ma chi do qudn chd ngii tri 6 Viet Nam, thdi ky md tin ngudng phac tgp thinh hdnh trong ddn chung, thdi ky md nghi thudt tiiu thuyet chua phdt triin trin vdn ddn, diu Id thdi ky hodng kim cda truydn cd tich" (nhflhg chd nha'n m a n h Id cua tac gia).*"'
Trong P h a n thfl Ba (in d Tdp V) n h a n de "Nhan dinh tdng qudt v l truyen cd tich Viet Nam", tdc gia cung cap cho ngfldi dpc mpt sfl k h a o s a t dde s i c va nhOtig ke't lu|in quan t r p n g v l "Ddc diem cua truypn cd tich Vi§t Nam".*"' Tuy dinh hfldng ciia tdc gia, nhfl tdi da hieu theo each ciia tdi la dinh hfldng tfiip t r u n g vao nghidn Cliu npi dung lich sd xa hpi, nhtfng nhiing khao sat va ke't ludn cua tdc gia khdng
Tap chi Nghi§n cilu vi Phat triin, sff 2 (119). 2015
dcJn gian chi la nhCtog khao sat va ket lu^ii xa hfii hoc. Tdc gia da c6 y thiJc r£tt ro ve dieu do khi viet rang: "khong ai danh d6ng cac pham chat xa hoi hoc vdi cac pham chat my hoc vdi nhau"*^^' va da nhan ra rang "tren mot chudi v$n dong ra't dai, "cai lich sil" dugc cai tao thanh "cai tham my" la mpt hien tugng cd y nghia".'"'' O day, toi se khong mieu ta lai each tdc gia da nghien ciiu "cdi lich si^ dugc cdi tgo thdnh
"cdi thdm my" ay nhif th^ n^o. Viec ndy da difgc Hy Tud thuc hien m^t each xuat sac trong bai vid't nhan de "Kho tdng truyin cd tich Viit Nam - Tit binh dien m6t c6ng trinh nghien ciJu"."'' Toi chi muon khoanh lai d hai van de co Uen quan trifc ti&'p tdi quan niem ve hien thuc xa hgi trong truygn c6 tich, vi dd'i vdi hai van de nay tuy tdc gia Kho tdng truyin cd tich Viet Nam da difa ra kien giai cua minh, song van con m6t khoang trong nhat dinh cho nhflng y kie'n khdc nhau.
Van de thfl nhat c6 lien quan den quan niem ve the loai. 0 tren toi da neu len nhdn xet rkng, ve mdt ly thuyet, pham tru hien thflc xa hgi dflge GS Nguyin Dong Chi xem Id tieu chi phdn bigt truyen co tich vdi than thoai. Nhflng khi ndi ve sfl phan biet ndy, ong thfldng ghep cd tich vdo thanh mgt nhom vdi truyen thuyet ("chu dl cua truyen thuyg't, co tich thfldng thien vl gidi thich xd hdi"). Cdch ghip thdnh mdt cdp hai the loai truyen thuyet vd truyen co tich vd'n thflcfng dflge gidi nghien cflu folklore the gidi vd ca d Vidt Nam hidn nay nOa xem Id hai tiid loai khdc nhau, dfldng nhfl chfla dflge on. Chinh tdc gia cung nhdn xet: "truyen thuye't cua ta xua't hien nhieu nhat vdo thdi ky Bac thudc" va "truyen thuyet phan dnh cugc dau tranh tich cue cua nhan dan nhdm giai phong khdi deh dp bfle di tdc",'"' trong khi_ "truygn cd tich xua't hidn trong thdi dai tfl chu... hau hd't deu the hidn rd dde diem, tinh each eua ngfldi ndng dan... ndi len quan diem cua hg ve sd phan vd cugc ddi, ve canh ngheo tung, noi dau khd, nhuag fldc mo vd hy vgng". Con vl truydn cd tich lich sfl thi ong khdng ed chi ddn ehung ndo de phan bidt vdi truyen thuye't ma chi eho bie't dd la nhflng truydn hodc ndi ve mgt dng vua (Dinh Tien Hodng), mdt vo si (Le Phung Hieu), mdt tdng iff (Tfl Dao Hanh) hodc Id mdt thd hao dia phflong (Pham Bach Hd tflc vua Mdy)...""
Xet tfl quan diem phan loai dfla tren cae pham tru hien thfle trong truyen dan gian, ne'u ed sfl khdc nhau gifla truyin thuyet, ed tich lieh sfl vdi truydn cd tich dich thuc thi sfl khdc nhau dd Id d cho pham tru hien thflc trong truyen thuyd't va cd tich lieh su: Id pham trii hien thtic lich sti (edc sfl iden lich sfl) con pham trfl hidn thflc trong tniyen cd tich Id pham tru hien thuc xd hdi (cdc sfl kidn xa hgi). Chinh Id tfl quan niem ndy md GS Dinh Gia Khdnh, d phan vie't ve truyen ed tich trong gido trinh Vdn hgc ddn gian Viet Nam, ra ddi 15 ndm sau Kho tang truyin cd tich Viit Nam Tap I, da chu trflong "chia truyen cd tich lam hai loai ehinh: truy$n cd tich lich sU vd truygn cd' tich thi sif. Ong giai thich nhfl sau: "Dau ndi dung cudc sdng trong truyen cd tich phfle tap dd'n thd' ndo di nfla thi cung cd hai loai su kiin. Mdt loai sg kidn ed Uen quan dd'n vdn mdnh todn ddn tgc, ed anh hfldng dd'n todn the xa hgi hodc it ra cd anh hfldng dd'n mdt vung rdng ldn trong dd't nfldc: dd la nhang su kiin cd tinh chdt Uch sic. Mdt loai sfl kien khac tuy khdng cd tac dung to ldn nhfl loai trdn nhflng pAd' biin hon, da dang hon: dd Id nhOng sfl kien xay ra trong ddl song binh thfldng cua nhan ddn. Nhflng truyen ,ve nhiing sir kidn dd la truyen eo tich the sfl". Trong bang phan loai tren day, GS Dinh Gia Khdnh td y tie'p nhdn quan diem phdn loai eua GS Nguyin Ddng Chi, nhung cho rang khdng ndn phdn them mgt loai co tich thdn ky. Theo dng "khdng can phan ra mdt loai truygn cd
Tap chi Nghidn cflu v^ Phat tridn, sd 2 (119). 2015
tieh hoang dudng ( t h a n ky) ldm gi. Truyen ed tieh lich sd va truyen cd tich t h e sfl cung cd ye'u to h o a n g dfldng. Va lai khdng co truydn cd tich h o a n g dfldng nao lai khdng p h a n dnh lich sfl hoac p h a n a n h ddi sdng thd' tuc".'^°'
Nhfl vay d ca h a i b a n g phfin loai ciia GS Dinh Gia K h a n h va GS Nguyen Ddng Chi deu cd chd khdng an khdp vdi bang p h a n loai truyen ddn gian dfltfc nhieu nflde vd ca Viet N a m h i e n nay dp dung. O GS Dinh Gia Khdnh, do Id quan niem khdng eoi t r u y i n thuyet la mdt t h d loai truyen dan gian. Cf GS Nguydn Ddng Chi dd la quan nidm xd'p chung truyen thuyet va truydn co tieh vao mpt loai. Trong bdi bao da d a n trdn, Hy Tue cho rkng "that r a gpi "co tich lich sfl" Id each gpi cu t h e hoa htfn nfla ddi vdi m^t loai h i n h md d Tdy Au vdn xd'p vdo mpt kho chung vdi edi ten " t r u y i n thuyet (Idgende)"'^" va cho rdng Nguyen Ddng Chi "dfla vao bang phfin loai mpt loai h i n h ehfla dfltfc may ai ndi dd'n Id cd tieh lich sfl, h i n h nhfl cflng la mdt Ioai h i n h h i e m t h a y trong truyen cd tich nhieu nfldc A Au".'^^'
GS Nguyen Dong Chi da giai thich quan diem p h a n loai a'y cua dng nhfl sau:
"truypn cd tich lich sfl cd thd Id mpt t h e Ioai mang dam n e t ddc thu ciia truypn ddn gian Viet Nam, bdi le con ngfldi Viet Nam xfla nay do d i l u kidn lich sfl ludn ludn phai chdng deh dd hd xdm Ifloc de bao ve n e n ddc lap, n e n t r o n g t a m thflc van gan bd vdi xa tdc vd do dd thfldng xuydn cd edi n h i n "Iich sfl hda" dd'i vdi mpi hien tfltfng sfl vat".'^^'
Theo tdi, ve phfltfng dien tieu chuan p h a n loai khoa hpc, chfla b a n dd cd thd dong y vdi kien giai cua tae gid Kho tdng truyin cd tich Viet Nam, nhimg phai cdng nhdn rdng dd Id mdt kie'n giai cd y nghia khoa hpc vi nd p h a n dnh n h $ n thdc v l tinh da dang ciia cac loai truyen co dan gian trdn the' gidi. Vfi'n d l Id c i n nhfin r a dfltfc gde n h i n khde nhau dd'i vdi tidu chuan p h a n loai gifla GS N g u y i n Ddng Chi vd ede nhd nghidn ciiu khdc. Ta ed the n h d n ra dfloc sfl khdc nhau ve gdc n h i n a'y khi thao luan tie'p v l v a n d l thfl hai, vd'n d l ve tinh hien thUc cua folklore ndi chung, ciia cac t h e loai truy§n ke d a n gian ndi rieng. Ddy Id mdt vd'n d l cd t i n h ddc thfl trong khudn kho mpt va'n de chung, phd qudt ciia triet hpc la v a n de ve md'i quan he ciia con ngfldi (ehii t h e n h a n thfle) vdi hien thflc (khdeh the/dd'i tfltfng n h d n thfle ciia con ngfldi) ma tdi dd ndi tdi trong doan 2 v l each tdi hieu the' nao la quan niem rpng ve hipn thflc t r o n g truyen cd tich.
Theo doi n h u ^ g kidn giai cua tac gia Kho tdng truyin cd tich Viet Nam ve ddc diem t i n h dfin tdc ciia truyen cd tieh Viet-Nam, ngfldi doe cd t h e thaiy co mdt md'i quan he gifla kie'n giai cua tac gia ve phgm tru hiin thuc xd hgi trong truyen ed tich vdi kie'n giai v l tinh hiin thUc cua truyen cd tieh. Mdi quan hd ndy hien Id trong kie'n giai cua tac gia ve cdi md tdc gia gpi Id tdm ly sdng tgo nghi thudt ddn tgc. Tac gia dd khao sat t a m ly sdng tao nghe t h u ^ t ddn tdc ndy trdn nhieu phfltfng dien.
Trfldc hdt, tde gia dtfa vdo stf khao sat tai lidu thflc t e . Tac gia "tam ldm thfl mpt t h d n g ke" nhiftig truyen sflfl t a m dfltfc cua bd sach Kho tdng truyin cd tich Viet Nam vd da thay: 1/ tieu loai t h i n ky ed 10%, 2/ Tieu loai t h e stf cd 30% vd 3/ Tidu loai lieh sfl cd 18%. Nd'u thdm vdo ba tidu Ioai trdn mdt tidu Ioai nfla de bao quat nhflng truypn chu ye'u la t h e sfl nhflng cd m a n g trong nd it nhieu ye'u t d t h i n ky (hay hfl ao) t h i tidu Ioai ndy chid'm dd'n non nda: 42%. Nd'u edng gpp ca 2 loai thd' sfl vd nfla t h d sfl t h i rd r a n g chung chie'm den 2/3 tdng sd'. Nhfl vay, dfl mud'n hay
Tap chi Nghien cflu va Phat tridn, sd 2 (119). 2015
khdng cung p h a i thfla n h a n mdt thflc td': khdng nhu kko tdng truyin cd cua nhiiu ddn tdc, truyin cd tich thdn ky cua ta vdn khdng nhiiu (tac gia n h a n manh)".'^'
Md rpng sfl k h a o sdt tdi nhflng sfl kien tidu bieu t r o n g lich s d xa hdi vd vdn hda Viet Nam, tde gia neu ldn gia thuydt v l chieu hfldng v a n dpng cd t i n h quy luat ciia truyen cd tich Vi$t N a m la "nhiJng bidn ddi song h d n h theo ty le nghich gifla ydu i d t h i n ky va ^y thdc thflc tai"; Id "sfl tdng trfldng ve n h a n thflc ly tinh eiia khdi cpng dong efl dfin d mpt hinh thdi xd hpi nao day thfldng keo theo sfl suy giam cdc yeu t d hoang dfldng ky ao trong truyen cd tich t h i n ky, vd do dd giam thieu sd Ifltfng cd tich t h a n ky vd bfl dap vao day so' Ifltfng cd tich t h e sfl".'^^' Chilu hfldng van dpng m a tde gia mieu t a trdn ddy, theo tdc gia bi chi phdi m a n h me bdi
"dde didm tfl duy ciia ngfldi Viet d chd it khi xa rdi ly tri thi ^uc".'^^' Tfl chieu hfldng van ddng nay da h i n h t h d n h n e n nhfltig trflyin t h d n g nghd thudt, nhflng thii phap nghd thudt m a n g it nhieu sac thdi ridng, ddc ddo eua n g h e t h u a t truyen cd tich Viet Nam ma tac gia dd phdt hien va mieu ta theo nhijng cdch gpi k h a dde dao, thi du bi^n phdp md tdc gia goi Id tinh chdng mUc ui do trong tfl duy nghe thu^t Viet Nam khi sd dung bipn phdp phdng dai hay ndi ngoa.'^"
Dieu dang chd y d day la khi van dung quan n i e m ehung ve tfl duy nghe thuat vd flng dung nhflng khdi niem v l ede thu phdp nghd thufit vdo vide phfin tich truyen dfin gian Viet Nam, tac gia khdng p h a n biet nhflnig trfldng htfp p h a n tich ay theo cdch phfin loai hien nay gifla truydn ed tich vdi t r u y i n thuyd't (hay ed tich lieh sfl nhfl edeh gpi eua tdc gia). Sfl khdng phfin bidt ^y cdn dde bidt dfltfc bidn minh qua cdc khao sat va Iy giai hien tfltfng dfltfc gpi Id Iich sfl h o a truyen cd tich. V$y Id d each phfin loai truydn ed tich cua tac gid, tieu chi phdn log.i khdng dUa vdo cdc phgm tru hien thuc md dua udo tinh hiin thUc cda cdc thi logi. Vl tinh hiin thUc dy Id chung cho cd truydn cd tich vd truyin thuyet lick sd, nin cd tieh lich si? (tdc truyin thuyi't lich sd) cung thugc phgm tru thilogi truyin cd tich.
De kdt thuc muc 3 ndi ve pham tru hidn thflc xa hdi vd t i n h hidn thflc cii^
truydn cd tieh Viet Nam, tdi xin ndu mpt n h | n xet - mpt cam n h a n thi dung htfn vi chfla dfltfc chiing minh bkng sfl khao sdt cu t h e - v l each ke, each viet (vdn bdn hda) truydn ed tich ciia GS Nguyin Ddng Chi. Cd t h e gpi cdch kd, h a y cu the hdn, phong cdch nghd thudt ke chuyen ed tieh cua dng la mpt phong each hien thflc, nd td dam tinh hien thflc cua truyen cd tich. P h a i chang phong cdch hiin tkuc ndy mpt mdt p h a n a n h quan niem cua dng v l t i n h hidn thtfc ciia truydn cd tich, mdt khdc Iai cung gdp p h a n vao thue day chilu hfldng v a n dpng (vl phia t i n h hidn thflc) cua truyen cd tich Vidt Nam.
IV. Cd mdt mdi quan he k h a ddc ddo gifla p h a m t r u h i e n thflc xd hpi vd pham trii hidn thflc dan tdc hpc trong truyen cd tich. Trong cdng t r i n h Klio tdng truyin cdtich Viet Nam eua GS Nguyin Ddng Chi, p h a m tru h i e n thflc ddn tpc hpc khdng dfltfc tde gia ndi dd'n mdt each he thd'ng, do dd khdng hien hidn r a ro r a n g trong dien ngdn eiia dng nhfl p h a m tru hien thtfc xd hdi, n h u n g b k n g each d l c$p rieng cua dng, dng da gtfi y cho t a thfi'y p h a m tru ndy lai r a t quan t r p n g ddi vdi vide hidu truyen ed tich. Vi vay, tdi se t r i n h bay nhflng n h d n xet cua tdi theo thfl tfl nhfl sau:
Dau tien tdi se thfl xac dinh xem b^ng cdch nao tac gia dd ldi cudn chung ta vao vd'n de pham tru hien thflc dfin tde hpc. Sau dd tdi se thfl tim xem d nhflhg ndi dung ndo cua cdng t r i n h cd ehfla dflng nhflng hidu biet ve p h a m trti nay. Cudi cflng
Tap chi Nghidn cflu vk Phdt tridn, sd 2 (119). 2015
tdi thfl dfla r a gia thie't ve vai trd ciia p h a m tru n a y trong sfl h i n h t h a n h ddc tnfng the loai cua truydn ed tich. Trong p h a m vi cua mpt bai vie't ngdn, h l u he't cac npi dung t r e n ddy chi m a n g t i n h chat la nhflng phac hpa, nhO^g gcfi y.
Trfldc he't, nhfl da ndi d trdn, t r o n g cdng t r i n h eiia GS Nguydn Ddng Chi, tdi khdng thd'y cd cho nao dng phdt bidu trtfc tidp quan n i e m xem hidn thtfc ddn tpc hpc trong truyen cd tich nhu mdt thdnh td cdu too ddc thu cda the log.i. Nhflng trong quan n i e m ciia dng v l "ba dac diem" vdi t i n h c h a t la ba tieu ehi dijng de n h a n dang t h e nao la mOt truyen cd tich, ed t h e xem tieu chi t h d n h a t la tieu chi cd quan he trflc tiep vdi p h a m tru hipn thflc ddn tdc hpc. Ba tieu chi do dfltfc tac gia d i l n dat nhfl sau: "Mdt Id, tinh chdt cd cda sU viic. Truyin cd tich dUgc xdc dinh trUdc tiin d phong cdch cd cda nd... Hai Id, trong su viec dung di ke dUng cd yiu td gi qudxa lg vdi ban sdc ddn tgc... Ba Id, truyen cdtich it nhiiu phdi the hiin tinh tU tudng vd tinh nghe thugt"-(HC'gia. nha'n m^nh).'^',Tdi se khdng b a n ve h a i tidu chi sau, va lai cung ed t h e thdy h a i tieu chi dy khdng c h i c d t h e ap dung cho tiuyen co tich ma cdn cho nhieu t h e loai khac nfla, do do khdng t h e coi la n h u ^ g tied chi t h e loai ddc t n m g ciia truyen cd tich. Chi cd tieu ehi thfl nha't mdi ddng dflpe vai trd Id tieu ehi thd loai ddc trflng dy.
Trong m ^ n h de GS Nguyen Ddng Chi dung dd p h d t bieu ve tieu ehi t h d n h a t , cd sfl t a p t r u n g vdo hai cum tfl: mdt Id "tinh eha't ed ciia sfl vide", hai Id "phong edeh ed ciia truydn". 6 n g gidi thich each hidu cua dng v l hai cum tfl dd nhfl sau: "Mdc dau khdng ed mdc gidi hgn vi thdi gian rd rit, nhtmg mpt truyen cd tich ed nhien khdng thi Id mgt truyen ddi nay va cung khdng thd Id mdt truyen di vang nhitog phfl hop vdf ddi nay htfn Id ddi xfla, phu htfp vdi t r a n g t h a i sinh hoat hidn dai hon Id trgng thdi sinh hogt cda xd hdi cu. Cai chdt liiu dl vdng chfla dflng trong dfiy thflc t i n h chfla l^ng xud'ng vd chfla dfltfc dai da so' n h a n d a n cdng n h d n Id d bdn kia bidn gidi cua edi "mdi". Sd di cd nhuTng cau chuyen mdi sang tac g i n dfiy c6 thd lidt vdo truydn cd tich Id vi bdi canh, khi h$u xd hpi, phong each sinh hoat va t a m ly nhfin vat md ehung dfltfc xfiy dflng so vdi bd'i canh, khi hau xa hdi, phong each sinh boat vd t a m ly eua ngfldi ddi xfla tuyet khdng ed gi Id trdi ngfltfc".'^^' Day la mdt cdch hidu rd't t i n h td v l ttnh chdt cd cua truydn cd .tich, dfltfc dien dat mdt cdch uydn chuydn md nd'u khdng tim r a dfltfc khai niem cd t i n h eha't chia khda dd giai ma dfltfc cai gpi Id t i n h chd't co a'y thi khdng t h e tie'p can dfltfc ddc trifng t h e loai quan trong h a n g d i u ciia truyen co tich. Tdi da dfla vdo sfl ehi dan cua chinh GS dd tim r a cdi khdi nidm chia khda aiy. Ong n h a n xet: "hai khdi niem "cd" vd "kim" trong cd tieh khdng khoi cd ldc Ian Idn".'^"' Nhfl vay, khdng thd coi khdi nidm "cd" Id khdi nidm chia khda dfltfc, vi h d m nghia ciia khdi nidm ay rait de hfldng t a vao cdch xdc dinh thai diim lich sd ciia cdu chuydn. Theo dng "VEUI de xac dinh t i n h cd cua truyen cd tich.. khdng nhd't thid't cdn cfl vao thdi diem lich sfl cua cau chuyen".*^^' Nhfl each toi hidu y cua dng t r o n g cau t r e n , t h i thdi diem lich sfl ciia cau chuyen cung r a t quan trpng ne'u xac d i n h dde diem t h e loai truyen cd tieh tfl goc dp p h a m trfl hien thflc xd hpi vdi t i n h cdch Id dd'i tfltfng p h a n a n h cua truyen cd tich. Ndi "khdng n h d t thie't", cd n g h i a Id con mdt p h a m tru hipn thfle khde nfla eung ed vai trd quan trpng khdng kdm t r o n g vide xdc dinh ddc diem t h e loai ciia truyen cd tieh. Tfl each hieu nhfl vay cua tdi ve tfl tfldng ciia dng, tdi cho r a n g k h a i n i e m chia k h d a de giai m a cdi gpi Id t i n h c h a t cd, phong cdch eo ay chinh la khdi n i e m "chdt lieu dl vdng". 0 muc "Ddc didm truyen cd tich", dng dd xac dinh cac dang thdc eua chat Ueu di vang
Tap chi Nghi&n cflu va Phat triin, sd 2 (119). 2015
ay trong cd't truydn la "cdc phfltfng thdc cd'u tao h i n h tfltfng, sfl s i p xep, xdu chuli cd't truyen vd motir."^* Tinh cd, phong each ed eua truydn cd tich phai dfltfc t h i hien d chd "mdi n h a n vdt, mdi t i n h tid't, mdi h i n h a n h ciia cd tieh deu nhd't thidt phai la mpt nhfin vat, mdt t i n h tiet, mdt h i n h a n h vd'n cd t r o n g truyen thdng nghe thudt xa xfla cua vdn hpc ddn gian dfltfc n h a n d a n eoi la quen thupc, dd thdm sdu vdo t i i m thflc cua moi ngfldi."^' Ve vai trd eua nhflhg "chat lieu di vdng" nay, dng vie't: "nhflng motif nghd t h u a t da trd t h a n h tidu bieu cua vdn hpe dfin gian... thfldng xuyen dfltfc tdi sinh cd chuyen dieh it nhieu trong n h i l u thdi dai ldm t h d n h kilu tfl duy nghe t h u a t ddc trifng eua van hpe ddn gian, vd dd la d i l u kidn thu^n Itfi de truyen co tieh sinh sdi nay nd theo phfltfng thdc iing dien vd tim thd'y mdi quan hi logi hinh vdi nhau".*^^
Nhfl vdy de cd t h e cam n h a n dfltfc t i n h chat ed eiia truyen cd tich, ngfldi nghe, ngfldi dpc truydn cd tich can ed mdt qua t r i n h tich luy t r o n g tri nhd, trong tfl duy eua minh nhflng "chat Ueu di vdng" da dfltfc h i n h t h a n h tfl r a t lau ddi trong lieh sfl truydn cd tich cua dan tpc vd eiia t h e gidi. Sfl tie'p xuc vdi "eha't lieu di vdng" ay khdng chi Id mot dilu e l n thie't ma cdn la mdt nguon hdng thu ddi vdi ngfldi nghe, ngfldi dpc truyen cd tich.
P h i n "Khao di" trong bd Kho tdng truyin cd tich Viet Nam da cung cap eho ngfldi dpc chinh cai nguon hiing thu dd. Dd Id p h a n dpc k h d n g t h e thidu dd'i vdi nhifng ai mud'n hieu thau dfltfc truyen co tieh Viet ^ a m tfl t r o n g b a n eha't the loai ciia nd. Gia tri ciia p h a n khao di nay khdng ehi dflng Iai d ehd Id gid tri eua m^t loai tai lieu t h a m khao ma edn la gia tri eiia mpt t h d truyin ki keo ddi thdm ra tfl truydn chinh, mdt thfl truydn ke kdo ddi giup ngfldi doe ed ca hdi t h d m nhfip dfltfc vdo mdt t h d gidi rdng ldn ve khdng gian vd sdu thdm ve thai gian.
Cd the n h a n r a dfltfc rdng chinh cdch trinh bdy p h i n k h a o di ndy trong tflng truyen ke chinh eua GS Nguyen Ddng Chi dd giup t a doe dfltfc nd nhfl la mpt thfl truydn k l keo ddi. Khdng dtfn t h u i n chi Id mdt t h d Hit ki tdi lidu md Id mpt thfl xdu chudi tdi lieu, nhutig vdn ban khao di cho tflng truyen n a y ddn ddt ngfldi dpc theo mdt dfldng dfiy do tac gia chang ra, ndi nhflng diem difng la nhifng vdn ban khao di a'y vdi nhau, de ngfldi dpc khdi sa vao t i n h t r a n g l a n g t h a n g vd dinh trong cdi rflng di b a n a'y, ngd hau hfldng tdi dflpe eai dieh eudi cung md tdc gia ddt ra:
tham nhfip dflpe vdo cdi the' gidi cd tich, mgt the gidi cd xUa, mdt thi gidi dugc ddc trung bdi vo vdn "chdt lieu di vdng".
De'n day, mdt c a u h d i dflpe ddt ra: Trong edng t r i n h KIio tdng truyin ed tieh Viit Nam cua GS Nguydn Ddng Chi, d i l u gi dd dfin tdi de'n gia t h i e t xem "chd't lieu di vdng" ndi t r e n ehinh la mdt each dien dat p h a m tru h i e n thfle ddn tdc hpc, hien dien nhfl mdt t h a n h td tao t h a n h dac tnfng t h e loai cua t r u y e n cd tich?
Trfldc he't, xin nhdc lai dinh nghia v l p h a m trfl hidn thflc d a n tde hpc md tdi dd de xua't (d doan 2 bai vidt nay) nhfl mpt khdi n i e m cdng eu t r o n g each tid'p c^n cua tdi: pham trd hidn thfle dan tpc hpc Id mpt p h a m t r u dfltfc mieu t a tfl gdc nhin dan tdc hpc. GS N g u y i n Ddng Chi khdng xa la gi vdi chuyen n g a n h dan t^c hpc.
Ong dd tflng cung vdi a n h t r a i minh cdng tac n g h i e n cdu, viet mpt cudn sach - mOt cdng t r i n h ddn toe hpc - gidi thieu phong tuc, t a p quan va each sinh hoat cua toe ngfldi Ba-na, xua't b a n I l n dau ndm 1937 vdi n h a n de Mgi Kontum, ndm 2011 dflcfe tai ban song ngfl dfldi n h a n d l Ngi^ Ba-na d Kon Tum}^^^ Tri thflc dan tpc hpc ndi chung, tri thflc ve cdc trfldng phdi dan toe hpc t r o n g folklore ndi rieng cua dng
Tap chi Nghidn cflu va Phat trien, so 2 (119) .2015
in dau ra't ro t r o n g edng t r i n h Kho tdng truyin cd tich Viet Nam, k h d n g ehi d cdc npi dung k h a o sdt n g h i e n cflu md d ca p h a n stfu t a m , vie't truyen va bien soan ede v a n b a n k h a o di.
De cd t h e ndi ro htfn v l n h a n dinh t r e n day, tdi xin trieh d i n mpt doan dng viet v l truypn Tdm Cdm, va thfl d i l n giai edeh dng thflc hien gde n h i n dfin tde hpc eua dng v l truyen cd tieh:
"Truypn rd/Ti Cdm nhfl t a biet. Id kieu truyen ra't phd hidn t r e n t h d gidi. Tfl Ifiu cae n h a cd tich hpc g i n nhfl d i u thfla n h d n truyen dfltfc phdt sinh tfl An Dd...
Rieng truyen cua t a do ngfldi m i e n Nam ke, dflge sflu t a p tfl ndm 1886... Troiig truydn cd tinh tiet: khi Td'm ehet, Cdm mdc nhiin vao trieu t h a y t h e Ta'm, va nhd vua eung mdc nhiin coi Cdm la vp. Truydn khong hi Iji gidi t h e m b a n g mdt h i n h a n h cfldi xin nao. Trfldng htfp cua ta, ngfldi Champa, Khmer, Tdy vd eac dfin toe d Ddng Dfltfng d i u cd tinh tiit ndy, trong khi n h i l u truydn eua eac dan tpc khdc t h i khdng thdy cd. Cd k h a n d n g la ca loat truyen d i u td mgt cdt truyin ban ddu vd phan r a n h i l u n h a n h , vd khi de'n cfl ngu d phi a Nam bdn dao Ddng Dfltfng, chinh cdt truyen b a n d i u da hpi n h a p ngay vdi mdt phong tuc pho bie'n: vcf chd't, chong cd t h e Ifi'y ludn chi hodc em ciia vtf (levirat) m a d n h i l u d a n tdc trong vung, vi du ngfldi Ba-na (Bahnar) d Tdy Nguyen eho tdi thdi Cdn dai vdn chfla biin mdt".'^^'
Ndu xua't p h d t tfl stf quan t a m dd'n each GS N g u y i n Ddng Chi k h a o s a t md'i quan hd gifla truyen ke ed tich nhfl mdt k i l u n h a n thflc cua tfl duy nghe thufit vd hien thflc nhfl mpt dd'i tfltfng eua sfl n h a n thdc dd, t h i cd thd n h d n r a trong phdn tich t r e n day cua dng, cd ba loai sfl kien sau: 1/ Sfl kidn nghd thufit (tinh tiet, ye'u td tao n e n d i l n bie'n ciia cdt truyen: Khi Tfi'm ehet, Cdm mac n h i e n trd t h a n h vtf vua...); 2/ Sfl kidn xd hdi hoc (quan he ehi em, vp chong vdi t i n h eha't la quan hd gia dinh, n h d n r a qua stf dd'i chieu vdi t i n h tiet eua cd't truyen); 3 / Sfl kien dan tdc hpe (chd dp hdn n h a n levirat, eung dfltfc n h a n r a qua sfl dd'i ehid'u vdi t i n h tie't ciia cd't truydn).
Hdy thfl xem edeh GS Nguyen Ddng Chi da n h a n dang ddc didm cua ba sfl kien dd nhfl the' nao. Ve sfl kien thfl nhd't, t a ed thd n h d n r a dfltfc sfl chu y ciia dng dd'n tinh khdc thudng cua t i n h tie't truyen ke: Cdm mdc nhiin vdo trieu t h a y the' Tam, vua cung mdc nhien coi Cam Id vtf; truyen khdng he ndi din kinh thUc cUdi xin ndo cd. Dilu ndy theo n h a n thdc eua ngfldi nghe/dpe truypn ed tieh Id trdi vdi hidn thfle xa hpi (tfle quan he vp c h i n g phai dfltfc Iuat p h a p xdc n h a n qua thii tue cfldi xin), truydn lai khdng he ly gidi gi cd. Ve sfl kien thfl hai, dng khdng c6 ldi binh ludn nao, nhflng qua nhijfng gi ehung t a dd tie'p n h a n dfltfc v l md'i quan he ciia truypn cd tich vdi hien thflc xa hpi ma dng da p h d n tieh rd't sdu s i c tfl gdc nhin xa hdi hpe thi cd t h e suy r a r i n g dng da coi sfl kien/tinh tie't cdt truyen a'y Id nhutig yd'u td' nghd thudt p h a n a n h sfl kien/hien thfle xa hdi; Trong md'i quan he ay, y nghia xa hpi cua truydn Id chinh, t i n h tie't ehi Id phfltfng thflc nghe thudt dd d a t tdi mue dich ay. V l sfl kien thfl ba, dng chfl y ddn dac diem tdc ngfldi cua sfl kien xa hdi. Quan h e cki - em dflpe gpi la mpt sfl kien xa hdi theo edeh nhin xa hdi hpc; O mdt so' tdc ngfldi, trong dd cd tpc ngfldi Ba-na, quan he gia dinh nay do m a n g ddc diem tdc ngfldi qua phong tue hdn n h a n chi em vtf (levirat) n e n lai dfltfc gpi Id mpt sfl kidn dan t^c hpc. O sfl kien thfl ba ndy dng chu y dd'n cdn rii ngudn gdc ddn tdc hgc cda tinh tiit cdt truyin (em mac n h i e n t h a y t h d chi lam vtf vua, khdng cd cfldi xin gi ea).
Tap chi Nghien cflu va Phat trien, sd 2 (119). 2015
Xet mdi quan hd gifla sfl kien t h d nha't vdi sfl kien t h d b a n a y , dfldng nhfl dng mudn eho thdy cam n h a n edi t i n h tie't/cdt truyen b a n dau tfldng nhfl khdc thieng, ud ly, hda r a lai binh thieng, hap ly, vi nd p h a n a n h chdn thuc m ^ t sfl kien dfin tdc hpc: cdi sfl kien t i n h tie't/cdt truyen ay khdng phai dtfn t h u a n ehi Id mot hinh tflong nghp thufit, md cdn chinh Id mdt sU kiin ddn tdc hgc. Nhfl vfiy t a cd t h e ndi:
trong truyen Tdm Cdm, cd p h a m tru hipn thflc xd hpi hpc (nhfl dd phfin tich khi ndi v l sfl kipn thfl hai) dong thdi cung cd ca p h a m trii hiin thue d&n tdc hgc (nhfl vfla phfin tieh khi ndi ve stf kien thfl ba). Day la mot n h ^ n thdc quem trpng ddi vdi cdch tidp can truyen cd tich.
Xet ve m d t lich sd, sfl kien dan tdc hpc m a n g t i n h ehd't mpt qud k h d xfla htfn n h i l u so vdi sfl kien xa hdi hpc, cdn xet ve m a t ehe' dO xa hdi t h i cac sfl kien ddn tdc hpc nhaii m a n h ddc tnfng cua cdc xd hdi ed xfla. Trong cdc chd dp xa hpi phdt trien htfn sau dd, ne'u cac sfl kien dan tde hpc v a n cdn tie'p tuc dfltfc duy tri thi thfldng dflpe xem nhfl la nhflng tdn dfl vdn hda, nhiing sfl kien xa hpi da hda thach.
Trong truyen cd tich cd r a t nhieu sfl kidn thudc t r u y i n thd'ng ngh$ thufit dan gian ldu ddi ed can r l , cd cdt Idi, cd nguydn h i n h Id nhdng sU kiin ddn tdc hgc cd sa dd. Dd Id ly do d a n de'n h i n h t h d n h t i n h chat dfltfc GS N g u y i n Ddng Chi gpi la tinh chat cd, phong cdch cd cua thd loai truyen ed tich, nhiSng chdt lieu di udng trong truypn cd tich. Dd cung Id ly do d i n de'n sfl h i n h t h a n h mpt hfldng nghien edu, mpt cdch tid'p can truyen cd tieh, dfltfc gpi Id hfldng n g h i e n cud, hfldng tie'p can dan tpc hpc. Hfldng nghidn cdu n a y da phdt hien dfldc vd s d chumg cfl bien minh cho sfl hipn dien trong truydn cd tieh, ddc biet Id trong t i l u loai truyen co tich t h i n ky, mdt pham trii dflpc gpi Id p h a m tru d a n tpc hoc. Nhflng p h a t hien nhfl the dd ldm CO sd cho mot each tidp n h d n r a t nhieu h i n h tfldng truyen cd tich khdng phai ehi nhfl Id nhflng san p h a m ciia t r i tfldng tfltfng md nhu Id nhdng sa kiin co thdt, Id nhdng hiin thUe, nhdng hiin tkUc ddn tgc hgc.
Thdnh tflu nghidn cuXi truyen cd tich ndi rieng, truydn dfin gian ndi chung ciia nhieu n h a nghien edu folklore ndi tie'ng trdn t h e gidi nhfl J.G. Frazer, A. Landes (Anh), E. Cosquin, Saintyves (Phdp), V.Ia. Propp, E.M. Meletinxki (Nga).... (md GS Nguyen Ddng Chi da n h i l u lan n h l e dd'n trong cdng t r i n h nghidn cdu cua minh) b i n g each tid'p c | n dan tde, phat hien dfltfc r a t n h i l u sfl kien cflc ky hd'p dan ed Hdn quan de'n pham tru hidn thflc dan t^c hpc trong truyen co tich.
Trong edng t r i n h nghien cud truydn cd tich cua m i n h , GS N g u y i n Ddng Chi dd ed nhflng gcfi y vd ca mot sd k e t luan nfla lien quan d e n p h a m trfl ddn tdc hpc.
Song ddi vdi p h a m tru ndy, dng ehi ditng lai d mflc l y m a thdi. Vi vay, dpc dng, tdi nhfl cam nhfin dfltfc ldi n h a n nhii c i n tiep tuc sfl nghiep cua dng theo hfldng nghidn eflu ay eho can xflng vdi t h a n h tflu ma dng da dat dflcfe d hfldng nghidn euXi xa hgi hpc, cd lien quan de'n p h a m trii hien thfle xa hpi m d tdi dd t h d phdc hpa d doan 3 bai vie't nay.
O doan 2 bdi vie't nay, tdi ed dfla r a gid thie't ve ba p h a m tru hi$n thflc trong truyen cd tich, p h a m tru t h d ba dflpe gpi Id p h a m tru hidn thflc t a m ly, dfltfc phdt hidn qua cdch tiep can p h a n tfim hpc (tfim ly hpc chieu sau). Day Id mdt p h a m tru
Tap chi Nghi&n cflu vd PhSt trien, sd 2 (119). 2015
h i e n thfle t r o n g t r u y e n ed t i c h cdn r a t i t dfltfc n g h i d n eflXi d Viet N a m . O n h i l u nflde da cd n h i i n g cdng t r i n h n g h i e n cfln t r u y e n cd tich t h e o hfldng tid'p can ndy, t r o n g do, de d i n r a nhfl m d t t h i du, cd edng t r i n h n g h i e n ciid n h a n d l Phdn tdm hgc truyin cd tick thdn ky ciia Bruno Bettelheim,*^'* m p t chuyen gia t a m t h a n hpc ngfldi My gd'c Ao. Cdng t r i n h n a y ddc biet gidp t a p h a t h i e n r a dflpe m d t d a n g kien thac tdm ly vo thac d t r e em t h d n g qua sfl t i e p n h a n t r u y e n cd t i c h cua chung, d i l u n a y r a t cd y n g h i a dd'i vdi vide n g h i e n euU nguyen n h a n t a i sao t r e e m say md t r u y e n cd tich.
Nhtfng t r o n g bp Kho tdng truyen cd tich Viet Nam, tdi k h d n g t i m thd'y nhflng bieu h i e n n a o ehflng td cd sfl chu y ciia t a c gia dd'n p h a m tru h i d n thflc t a m ly (phfin t a m hpe) n a y . Vi vay, tdi x i n dfltfc dflng lai bdi vie't d dfiy.
TP Ho CM Minh, thdng 01/2015 C X D
C H U T H I C H
(1) Theo ban in lan thfl 7 gom 5 tap, Vidn Van hpc, Ha Npi, 1993. Cac trfcli d i n d sau deu Id'y tfl ban in nay.
(2) H y T u e , "Kho tang truySn cdtich Viet Nam - J is binh dien mot cdng trinh nghien cflu", tgp chf Nghien cdu va Phit tridn. so 4 {^ 02). 20-\3, tr. 119.
(3) Dinh Gia Khanh, "Tudng niem Giao sfl N g u y i n Dong Chi", tgp chf Van hda dan gian, s d 1-1990.
(4) Andre Comte - Sponville, Dictionnaire philosophique, PUF, 2013, tr. 847.
(5) Le dictionnaire des sciences humalnes, Sous la direction de Sylvie Mesure et Patricl< Savidan, PUF, 2006, tr. 963-965.
(6) Le dictionnaire du litteraire. Sous la direction de Paul Aron, Denis Saint-Jacques et Alain Viala, PUF, 2010, tr. 637-639.
(7) V. la. Propp, Tuyen tap V. la. Propp, Tap 2, Nxb Van hda ddn tpc. Ha Ndi, 2004, tr. 409-414.
(8) Cd mdt truyen dupc tac gia dtfa vao tfl lan in thd nhat (1957), nhung ddn lan in thd ttf (1972) thi dng Igi b o r a , d d l a truypn so 50, Gidt cho khuyen chong. NhUng den lan in thfl bdy (1993), con trai dng la GS N g u y i n Hud Chi tgi Ithdi phuc Igi vd dat trong ngodc vudng con sd 50. Vi vdy, thi;c chat bd Kho tang truyen cdtich Viet Nam bao gom 201 truyen chinh.
(9) N g u y i n Dong Chi, Kho ting truyen cd tich ViSt Nam, Tap I, Sdd, tr. 83. NhQng chQ in nghi&ng Id do ngtfdi trich d i n nhan mgnh.
(10) N g u y i n Ddng Chi, Kho tang truyen cdtich Viet Nam, Tap I, Sdd, tr. 84, (11) Nguyin Dd'ng Chi, Kho ting truyen cdtich Viet Nam, Tap I, Sdd,. tr. 97.
(12) Nguyen Ddng Chi, Kho ting truyen cdtich Viet Nam, Tap I, Sdd, tr. 98.
(13) N g u y i n Ddng Chi, Kho tang truyen cdtich Viet Nam, Tap I, Sdd, tr. 135.
(14) Nguyen Ddng Chi, Kho tang truySn cdtich Viet Nam, Tap 5, Sdd, tr. 2.417-2.518 {myc "Dac diem cda truydn cd tfch Vidt Nam").
(15)- N g u y i n Ddng Chi, Kho tang truyin cdtich Viet Nam, Tap 5, Sdd.'tr. 2.498.
(16) N g u y i n Dong Chi, Kho tang truyen cdtich Viet Nam, Tap 5, Sdd; tr. 2.498.
(17) Hy Tue, "Kho ting truyen cdtich Viet Nam - Tfl binh dien mdt cdng trinh nghien cflu", Bdd, tr. 119.
(18) Nguyen Ddng Chi, Kho ting truyen cdtich Viet Nam, Tap 1, Sdd, tr. 116.
(19) N g u y i n Ddng Chi, Kho tang truyen cdtich Viet Nam, Tap 1, Sdd, tr. 11"8.
(20) Dinh Gia Khdnh - Chu Xudn Dien, Vin hgc dan gian. Tap 2, Nxb Dgi hpc va Trung hpc chuy&n nghidp, Hd Ndi, 1973, tr. 93.
Tap chi Nghi&n cflu va Phat tridn, sd 2 (119). 2015
(21) H y T u e , "Kho ting truyen cd tich V/ef Warn - Tfl binh dien mdt cdng trinh nghien cflu", Bdd, tr. 121-122.
(22) H y T u 6 , "Kho tang truyen cdtich Viet Nam - T f l binh di#n mpt cdng trinh nghien cflu", Bdd, tr. 121.
(23) Nguyin Ddng Chi, Kho ting truyen cdtich Viit Nam, T$p 1, Sdd, tr. 76-77.
(24) Nguyen Dong Chi, Kho ting truySn cdtich Viit Nam, Tdp 5, Sdd, tr. 2.418.
(25) Nguyin Dong Chi, Kho ting truyen cdtich Viet Nam. Tdp 5, Sdd, tr. 2.426.
(26) Nguyen Ddng Chi, Kho ting truyen cdtich Viet Nam, T§p 5, Sdd, tr. 2.426.
(27) Nguyen Dong Chi, Kho ting truySn cdtich Viet Nam, Tdp 5, Sdd, tr. 2.427.
(28) Nguyin Dong Chi, Kho tang truyen cd tich Viet Nam, Tap 1, Sdd, tr. 66-70.
(29) Nguyen D5ng Chi, Kho tang truyen cdtich Viet Nam, Tap 1, Sdd, tr. 67.
(30) Nguyin Ddng Chi, Kho tang truyen cd tich Viet Nam, Tdp 1, Sdd, tr. 66.
(31) Nguyin Dong Chi, Kho ting truyen cd tich ViSt Nam, Tap 1, Sdd, tr. 67.
(32) Nguyin Ddng Chi, Kho ting truyen cd tich VIStNam,J§.p 1,Sdd, tr. 67.
(33) Nguyin Dong Chi, Kho tang truydn cd tich Viet Nam, T^p 1, Sdd, tr. 66.
(34) Nguyin Dong Chi, Kho ting truyen cd tich ViSt Nam, Tap 1, Sdd, tr. 67. NhiJng chfl in nghifing do ngtfdi trich ddn nhdn mgnh.
(35) Nguyen Kinh Chi - N g u y i n Ddng Chi, NgUdi Ba-na d Kon Tum. Nxb Tri thflc, Ha Ndi, 2011.
(36) Nguyin Dong Chi, Kho ting truyen cd tich ViSt Nam, TSp 5, Sdd, tr. 2.571. NhOng chO in nghi&ng do ngUdi trich d i n nhan mgnh.
(37) Nhan de nay tdi dich theo bdn djch tidng Phdp: Bruno Betteiheim, Psychanaiyse des contes de ties. Collection Pluriel, Robert Lafont, 1976. Nguydn van nhan de tieng Anh 1^ The uses of enchantement - Mot doan trich djch tdc pham ndy da dtftfc gidi thieu tren tgp chf Vin hgc nudc ngoii s6 6-2007 dudi nhan de "Bdn ve cd tfch (qua mat nhin cua mpt nhd tdm I'jf hpc)", tr. 135-150.
T 6 M TAT
Kho tang truyen cdtich Wef Warn cua Gido stf N g u y i n Ddng Chi la mdt cdng trinh suu tam, ghi ch6p vd nghien cflu cd gid tri v^ nhi^u phtftfng di$n. Cdng trinh da dtfpc ddnh gid tfch ctfc tif nhdng c^ch tidp c§n khac nhau. Bdi vidt ndy thd dCing each tidp c^n "tii mot quan niem rdng v€
hi0n thtfc trong truydn cd tich", neu len mflt sd nhan xet ve mdi quan he gifla truyen co tfch vdi c6c phgm tru hien thtfc xa hdi hpc, phgm trCi hien thtfc dan tdc hpc vd pham trO tam ly. Bai vid't ghi nhan nhiing phdt hien cd gid trj khoa hpc ciia Gi^o stf N g u y i n Ddng Chi, ddng thdi cung de xudt mflt vdi van de cd the tiep tuc thdo ludn trong quan diem ly thuydt va phtfdng phdp nghien cdu truy$n cd tfch ctia dng.
ABSTRACT
REVIEWING "A TREASURE CHEST OF OLD VIETNAMESE STORIES"
FROM A BROAD CONCEPTION OF REALITY IN FAIRY TALES
"A Treasure Chest of Old Vietnamese Stories"hy Professor N g u y i n Ddng Chi is a valuable work in many aspects and has been highly and positively evaluated from different approaches.
This article tries approaching "from a broad conception of reality in fairy tales", and puts forward some comments on the relationship between fairy tales and categories of sociological and ethnographic reality, and categories of thought. The article also acknowledges the findings of scientific value of Professor N g u y i n D^ng Chi, and suggests some issues in his theory and method of studying fairy tales, which need to be further discussed.