VNU JOURNAL OF SCIENC E, ECONOMICS-LAW. N01E, 2004
THE COM PLETION OF LEGAL SYSTEM A G A IN ST C R IM ES IN THE P R O C E SS OF B U IL D IN G A LAW -BASED STATE IN VIETNAM
1. In tro d u ctio n
1. In th e period of law -based s ta t e building an d judicial reform in V ie tn am , the completion of a legal sy ste m a g a in s t crimes is of g re a t necessity. T h is is d u e to the th re e m ain re a s o n s t h a t follow.
1.1. Firstly, in legislation, th e bu ild in g of civil society a n d a law -based s t a t e is a necessity of all n a tio n s, for th e fact t h a t in th e tim e of globalization a n d sto rm y developm ent of technology an d in fo rm atics as well as the com plicated d e v e lo p m e n t of in te rn a tio n a l c rim e s (especially th e regional an d in te r n a tio n a l te r r o r is t crime), all s ta te s have to com plete th e ir own legal system s on fig h tin g a g a in s t c rim e s in order to co-exisL a n d in te g ra te in to th e inte rn a tio n a l com m unity.
1.2. Secondly, in practice, in V ie tn a m ’s c u rre n t legal sy ste m a g a in s t c rim e s, the th ree law b ra n c h e s of c rim in a l law, crim inal pro cedu re law a n d c rim in a l execution law h a v e m an y n o rm s an d in s titu tio n s w hich reveal c e rta in w eaknesses a n d insufficiencies, a n d in fact, a re in a d e q u a te to th e in te r n a tio n a lly recognized p rin c ip le s a n d n o rm s of th e crim inal judicial field. T h u s, th e y c a n n o t e n su re a high efficiency of th e fight a g a in s t
(} A ssoc.P rof Dr.Sc., F a cu lty of Law, V ietnam National University. Hanoi.
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crim e (especially i n te r n a tio n a l an d tr a n s n a ti o n a l crimes).
1.3. T h ird ly , in th eory, in th e c u r r e n t period of bu ild in g a la w -b ased s t a t e an d c a rry in g ou t legal reform , th e r e re m a in s a lack of scientific s tu d ie s w hich are con cerned w ith a r g u m e n t s a n d a n a ly s is in o rd e r to figure o ut scientific a n d legislative solutio ns to com plete its c u r r e n t legal sy ste m a g a in s t crim es, specifically the n o rm s a n d in s titu tio n s of th e th re e law b ra n c h e s of c rim in a l ju d ic ia l field (crim inal law, c rim in a l p ro c e d u re law a n d crim inal execution law) as m e n tio n e d above.
2. T h u s, w h a t h a s been m e n tio n e d above not only allow s u s to confirm th e socio-political a n d legal m e a n in g as well as th e scientific a n d p ra c tica l significance of ha v in g re s e a rc h e s on how to com plete the le^al sy ste m a g a in s t c rim e s in V ie tn am in th e s ta g e of build in g a la w -b a se d s ta te , b u t also a cts as th e ju s tific a tio n for the title of th is article.
2. C o n ten t
I. C o n c e p ts a n d B a s ic F e a tu r e s o f th e L e g a l S y s te m a g a in s t C rim e s
1. Legal syste m a g a in s t crim es is the fir s t concept t h a t sh o u ld be clarified before
d e alin g w ith th e c h a r a c te ris tic s an d a n a ly z in g th e basic c o n te n t of th e process to com plete th e sy ste m . How ever, the concept h a s n e v e r bep~ m e n tio n e d in any
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study in legal science of V ie tn am and, thus, in th e c u r r e n t period of building a law-based s tate, a scientific a n d w orking definition of th is concept can be given as follows: Legal system a g a in st crim es is a system o f legal norm s o f three la w branches under the crim in a l ju r isd ic tio n (C rim inal la w, C rim in a l procedure la w a n d C rim in a l execution la w ) w hich regulate the fo u r groups o f social relations: (1) Social relations arisen between the state a n d the g u ilty persons; (2) Social relations arisen in the process o f in v estig a tin g, prosecuting a n d ju d g in g crim in a l cases; (3) Social relations arisen in the execution o f crim inal verdicts a n d ju d g m e n ts and, (4) Social relations arisen in the in tern a tio n a l corporations o f V ietn a m to ensure the high efficiency o f the fig h t to p reven t a n d ag a in st crimes, to contribute to the success o f the L eg itim a te S ta te b u ild in g process a n d the ju d ic ia l reform ; to fir m ly protect h u m a n rig h ts a n d freedom o f V ietnam ese citizens, as w ell as peace a n d security o f h u m a n being in the region a n d all over the world.
2. Basic fea tures o f the legal system a g a in st crim es. B ased on th e above m entioned definition of th e legal system a g a in s t crimes, th e a n aly sis of th e regu lation s of th e th re e legal b ra n c h es of crim inal jurisdiction, a n d th e stu d y on th e practices im p le m e n tin g tho se re g u la tio n s in V ietnam , we can point o ut five basic fe a tu re s of th e legal sy stem a g a in s t crim es in the period of building a law -based s ta te as the follows:
2.1. The first fe a tu re is t h a t the legal system a g a in s t crim es is first of all th e overall legal n orm s of the th re e law
b ra n c h e s of th e crim in a l jurisdiction (C rim in al law, C rim in a l procedure law and, C rim in a l e x ecutio n law).
2 .2. T h e second f e a tu re is th a t the legal system a g a in s t crim es includes norms and in s titu tio n s r e g u la tin g four groups of social re la tio n s : (1) b e tw e e n the S ta te and convicts; (2) in th e process of investigating, pro se cu tin g a n d ju d g in g crim inal cases; (3) in th e ex ec u tio n of c rim inal verdicts and ju d g m e n ts and; (4) in th e in te rn a tio n a l co
o p e ra tio n s b e tw e e n relative criminal ju d ic ia rie s of V ie tn a m a n d o th e r countries on fig h tin g a g a i n s t crim es.
2 .3. T h e th i r d fe a tu re is t h a t norms an d i n s t itu tio n s of th e legal system a g a in s t c rim e s a re to e n su re a high efficiency of th e figh t a g a in s t domestic and t r a n s n a t i o n a l crim es, to contribute to th e success of a la w -b a se d sta te building process a n d th e ju d icial reform; to firmly p ro tect h u m a n r ig h ts a n d freedom of V ie tn a m e s e citizens, as well as peace and s ec u rity of h u m a n b e in g s in the region and all over th e world.
2 .4. T h e fo u r th fe a tu re is th a t the im p le m e n ta tio n of n o rm s and institu tion s of th e legal s y ste m a g a in s t crimes is g u a r a n te e d by th e m o st strictly coercive pow er of th e S t a t e — th e crim inal judicial coercion.
2.5. T he fifth a n d the last feature is t h a t in th e c u r r e n t tr e n d of integration a n d d e v e lo p m e n t, th e V ietn am ese legal sy stem a g a in s t c rim e s h a s to be built in accordance w ith th e p rinciples and norm s of th e in te r n a tio n a l law on criminal ju risd ic tio n w hich a r e commonly conceded.
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The co m p letio n o f legal sy stem ag ain st c rim e s in.
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II. C o n ce p t a n d S c ie n tific F o u n d a tio n s o f th e C o m p le tio n o f th e L e g a l S y s te m a g a in s t C rim e s
1. Concept o f the C o m p letio n o f the legal syste m on fig h tin g a g a in s t crim es.
The C oncept of th e C om p letion of th e legal system on fighting a g a i n s t c rim e s is not in existence in V ie tn a m ’s legal science.
However it can be ro u g h ly u n d e rs to o d as:
a system o f c o m p reh en sive m easures m a k in g a ll reg u la tio n s o f the C rim in a l la w, C rim in a l p ro ced u re la w a n d, the C rim in a l execution la w a p p ro p ria te to the in tern a tio n a lly Conceded p r in c ip le s a n d norm s o f the c rim in a l ju d ic ia l fie ld, co n trib u tin g to the efficiency o f the legal a d ju stm en t, e n su r in g the syn ch ro n o u s a n d correct im p le m e n ta tio n o f th o se reg u la tio n s in practice.
2. S cien tific a n d practical fo u n d a tio n s o f the com pletion o f legal sy ste m a g a in st crimes. B ased on th e above m en tion ed concept, th e a n a ly s is of objective ru le s of socio-politics, economics, c u ltu re , law a n d tra d itio n a l h isto ry c u r r e n tly e x istin g in V ietnam , as well a s th e a n a ly s is of th e re g u la tio n s of th e t h r e e law b r a n c h e s of crim inal ju ris d ic tio n a n d the im p le m e n ta tio n of th e m , we c a n p o in t out five scientific a n d p ra c tic a l fo u n d a tio n s of th e completion of legal s y ste m a g a in s t crim es in V ie tn a m in th e period of build in g a law -based state.
2,1. F o u n d a tio n 1: T h e com pletion of legal system th e a g a i n s t c rim e s in the period of b u ild in g a la w -b a se d s t a t e in V ie tn am h a s to m e e t u r g e n t re q u ir e m e n ts of th e social p ra c tice a n d th e p ra c tice of th e fight a g a in s t c rim e s in g e n e ra l, a n d of
the legislation an d the im p lem entatio n of th e th re e law b ra n c h e s in th e system of crim inal judiciary law s (Crim inal law, C rim inal procedure law and, the Criminal execution law) in V ietn am in particular.
2.2. Foun dation 2: The completion of th e legal system a g a in s t crim es in the period of building a law-based s ta te in V ietnam should be based on the theoretical fo undations of specialized legal science relative to th e th re e legal branches m entioned above which have been soundly and objectively clarified, and should e n su re th e convincing power w ith new, advanced and dem ocratic legal thinking.
2.3. F oun d a tio n 3: The completion of legal system on fighting a g a in s t crimes in th e period of b uilding a law-based s ta te m u st be in conform iting with the commonly conceded principles and norms of in te rn a tio n a l law on th e criminal judicial field, and should be concurrently based on the legislative an d h u m a n ity ideologies of a law -based s ta te for th e sake of h u m a n righ ts a n d freedom.
2 .4. F ou n d a tio n 4: T he completion of legal system a g a in s t crim es in V ietnam in th e stage of b uilding a law-based state m u st a ss u re th e h a rm o n iza tio n between the tra d itio n a l legal v a lu es of th e nation a n d th e advanced ach ie v e m en ts of the legal science in th e world.
2.5. Fou nd atio n 5: T he completion of the legal system a g a in s t crimes in V ietnam in the stag e of building a law- based s ta te m u s t be synchronically im p le m e n te d w ith th e renovation of legal crim inal judicial system , crim inal law, c rim inal legal procedure, a n d crim inal en forcem ent law.
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III. S o m e M a in S y n c h r o n ic M e a su re s to A c c o m p lish th e C r im in a l L a w S y ste m
By an alyzing the re g u la tio n s of the c u rre n t crim inal law of V ietnam and its practice in recent years, it is possible to d eterm in e the following m ain synchronic m easu re s to accomplish th e crim inal law system in th e stage of building a law-based s ta te in our country:
1. By continuously perfecting and ensu rin g th e stability of crim inal law system th ro u g h public a n d democratic m echanism s in c rim in a l legislation to continually renovate, am en d, and su p p lem en t to the c u r r e n t Penal Code of Vietnam , issued in 1999, on progressive a n d h u m a n ita r ia n legal pro visio n s or in stitu tio n s o f h u m a n c iv iliza tio n, on the basis of c o m p rehend in g the commonly conceded principles of judicial crim inal practice in a law -based state.
2. By analyzing th e c u r r e n t Pen al Code scientifically a n d p u ttin g forth objective an d well-founded evidence, and by e n su rin g th e scientific a n d logically consistent accuracy of series of re g u lation s and the in s titu tio n s which a re insufficient and inco herent in te rm s of legislation, we aim a t perfecting th e s t a t e ’s crim inal law, as specified in [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]:?
1) The provisions on source an d m issions of crim inal law;
2) The in s titu tio n on th e principles of crim inal law (because a lth o u g h th is is a very im p o r ta n t in s titu tio n which completely p e n e tr a te s all provisions of the G eneral an d th e Sm s in P e n a l Code, in th e
re cen t second canonization of the V ie tn a m ’s crim inal law, it w as not officially recognized in the c u r r e n t Pen al of V ietnam 1999;
3) The in stitu tion on efficiency of the Pen al Code;
4) The in stitu tio n on crime;
5) The in stitu tio n on s ta g e s to crime (as th e Penal Code of V ie tn am 1999 lacks two legal definitions of “com pleted crim e”
a n d “incomplete crim e”);
6) The in stitu tio n on o n e ’s own initiative to end the crim e halfw ay (because th is in stitu tio n m u s t be re g u la ted to all accomplices, not only to one kind of accomplice, the perform er, as s tip u la te d in Article 19, Penal Code of V ie tn am 1999, w h ere the legislators only m ention the action to end “crim e action” - th e “crime perfo rm ance” behaviour;
7) The in stitu tio n on accomplice (because th is in stitu tio n in th e Pena] Code of V ietnam 1999 h a s m any shortco m ings - the legal definition of accomplice as “to perform a crime to g e th e r” a t Point 1, Article 20 only m entions one kind of accomplice, which is the p erfo rm er instead of th e “co-performer” t h a t can covers all o th e r k ind s of accomplices. T he in s titu tio n also lacks im p o rta n t provisions which m ention legal definitions of th e concept of two other k in d s of accomplices (sim p le and com plicated), crim e organizing an d the a d ju s tm e n t of crim inal liability of m em bers in a group);
8) The in stitu tio n of multi-crim es (because this in s titu tio n only m entions types of recidivism, w hilst lacking
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provisions to fully regu late its th re e o th er kinds - to sin m a n y tim es, to have m any sins a n d to sin p ro fessio n a lly, as these th re e k in d s h a v e not officially been recognized in th e Penal Code of V ietnam 1999);
9) The in stitu tio n of circum stances (details) t h a t exclude th e c rim in a lity of behaviours;
10) The in stitu tio n of crim inal liability, etc.
3. Based on th e above m entioned idea and the objective, scientific, well-founded, and convincing justification, we should try our utm o st to provide clear regulations in the defined crim inal law:
1) The lim itations of c rim in a liza tio n (to w h a t e x te n t peril b e h av io ur to the society is considered a crime) and n o n crim in a liza tio n (w hat peril behaviou r to be excluded from th e list of crimes).
2) The foundation of crim in a liza tio n (the possibility to be crim inally punished concerning w h a t peril b ehavior causes to w h a t society) and n o n crim in a lisa tio n (certain conditions to exclude the crim inal p un ish m e n t, shifting to apply legal provisions of re la ted law b ra n c h es t h a t are less strict th a n crim inal law or to extend th e scope of exemption).
3) D ifferent ways to exercise the crim inal liability w ith th e diversity of crim inal coercions.
IV. S o m e M a in S y n c h r o n ic M ea su res to C o m p lete th e C r im in a l P ro c e d u re L a w S y ste m
By analyzin g the re g u la tio n s of the c u rre n t crim inal procedure law of V ietnam
and its practices in recent years, it is possible to d e term in e th e following main synchronic m e a s u re s to accomplish the criminal procedure law system in the stage of building a law-based s ta te in our country:
1. C ontinuously accomplishing and ensu ring th e stability of crim inal proceeding law system th ro u g h public and democratic m echanism s in crim inal proceeding legislation to continually renovate, am end, and su p p lem en t to the crim in al proceeding la w, on progressive a n d h u m a n ita ria n legal provisions or in stitu tio n s o f h u m a n civiliza tio n, on the basis of com p rehending the common conceded principles of judicial crim inal practice in a law-based state.
2. Inv estig atin g an d su p p lem en ting to the c u rre n t Code of C rim inal Procedure 2003 three fu n d a m e n ta l conditions to achieve the goals of a p u n is h m e n t when pronouncing a sentence: (1) The veraciousness of the sentence p u n ish m e n t or a c ertain coercive m easure should be ta k e n w hen a person is pronounced sinful, and when a person who did not have sin should be pronounced sinless and should necessarily be excused;
(2) The ground of a sentence - w hen the factual details of th e crim inal case in th a t sentence a re defined as ap p ro p ria te and accurate to th e objective facts; (3) and the correctness of th e sentence - th e sentence is pronounced in accordance with all the re q u ire m e n ts of th e law and is based only on the legal foundations t h a t are stip ulated by law.
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3. F u rth e rm o re , it is necessary to su p p le m e n t to th e Code of C rim inal Procedure 2003 all the corresponding cases in which th e C o urt m u st pronounce one of the two sentences'. (1) T he senten ce th a t pronounces the criminal is sinful (accused);
a n d (2) The sentence t h a t pronounces the crim inal is sinless (acquitted).
4. C ontinuing to re se a rc h to b e tte r complete th e in s titu tio n of clearing the accusation in the crim inal procedure law of V ietnam w ith th e m entioned provisions:
4.1. One of th e responsibilities of th e crim inal procedure law of V ie tn am in the stage of building a law -based s ta te - com pletely a n d ra p id ly clear the sinless for the people o f accusation.
4 .2. Legislatively confirm ing th a t clearing th e accusation is one of the principles of th e crim inal p rocedure law:
1) T h a t the S ta te w ill fu lly or partially com pensate th e m a te ria l dam ages, overcome th e consequences of m e n ta l losses and re sto re the lost rig h ts to the citizens who w ere u n ju stly accused by th e au th o rity d u rin g th e crim inal investigation;
2) C itizens who w ere u n ju s tly accused have th e rig h t to be cleared of accusation and th e a u th o rity who falsely accused th e m have th e responsibility to completely an d seriously obey the re g u la tio n s of the law in o rd er to clear th ose citizens of accusation;
3) The sequence a n d procedure of com p en sating th e m a te ria l dam ages, overcoming th e consequences of m en tal
losses and re sto rin g the lost rig h ts to th e citizens who w ere u n ju stly accused by the auth ority, as well as d e te rm in in g kinds of citizens to be cleared of accusatio n and recognizing th e rig h t to be cleared of accusation of each of th e m m u s t be in accordance w ith th e re g u la tio n s of th e Code of C rim inal Procedure.
4.3. F our foundations for th e crim inal suspects or th e accused not to be considered sinful an d to be cleared of accusation: (1) No evidence of sin b u t the suspect is still accused, in v e stig ate d and judged; (2) T h e behavior w hich they perform ed is no t a crime; (3) They h ave no connection to th e crim inal act, a n d (4) The procu rato r w ith d ra w s th e in d ic tm e n t a t the court.
4.4. Basis a n d consequences of vindication a n d procedures of recovering losses and in te re s ts for those vindicated.
5. C on tin u in g to c a rry ou t re sea rc h es to fu r th e r perfect the in stitu tio n s on principles o f the crim in a l procedure law in the Vietnamese Code of Criminal Procedures 2003. The re a so n s a re as follows:
5 .1. Of th e 346 articles of the C rim inal Procedure Law of V ietnam adop ted in 2003, th e c o n te n t of all th e basic principles are m entioned in 30 o th e r articles in C h a p te r II “G eneral P rinciples” (Articles 3
• 32). Thus, th is is in a d e q u a te in te rm s of legislation m aking.
5.2. In addition, some of th e general principles are, in legal n a tu re , more of principles o f o rg a n iza tio n a n d operation o f legal agencies (i.e. th e People’s Procuracy or People’ Court) in a b ro ader sense and
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having been provided m corresponding laws. Exam ples include a variety of principles set out in articles 15-22, 24, 26, and 27. Hence, it is not necessary to provide such principles in th e Code of C rim inal Procedure. However, they are still included herein as th e y have been m entioned in the Code.
5.3. The provision of resolution of civil factors in a crim inal case (in article 28), in our opinion, could not be regarded as a general p rin cip le o f c rim in a l procedures law b u t merely a civil legal norm. It is advisable t h a t it be ad d ed to C h a p te r XIII E xa m ina tio n, seizure, custody, distrainm ent a n d resolution o f civil m atters in crim inal c a se s' , which would be more scientifically and legislatively reasonable.
5.4. It is legislatively possible to combine articles in C h a p te r II into 15 g en eral principles. The principle of proceedings for crim inal cases, th o u g h not s e p a ra te ly provided in C h a p te r II “General p rin cip les” like the o th e r 15 discussed th e re in a fte r, which to some e x te n t has been m entioned elsew here in th e Act (e.g.
C h a p te r XX “Procedures o f q u estio n in g at co u rt”, C h a p te r XXI “D ebate a t court”). It is e sse n tial t h a t th e principle of proceedings betw een re le v a n t p a rtie s in crim inal case p rocedu res be explicitly s e t out; in so doing its advanced, dem ocratic an d scientific n a tu r e would be high ligh ted an d th e spirit of th e Resolution 08/TW by th e Politburo of th e P a rty C en tral C om m ittee [15].
5.5. A cad em ic m odel o f proceeding p rin cip les o f V ietnam . The n o rm s set out in
th e first two c h a p te rs of th e Act are su pp osed to include m a tte r s of the
c rim in a l procedures act. Actually, two significant articles a re not set out, one of the sources of V ie tn a m ’s C riminal Procedure Act an d the o th e r of the system of principles (which only m aps o ut the n am e of the principles and goes before the article w ith conten ts of them). Therefore, we reckon law -m akers to combine C h ap ter I and C h a p te r II into one - C h ap ter I
“A bout the c rim in a l procedure act” housing all th e 20 articles, 3 of which regarding sources, mission an d effect of the act, and th e re m a in in g 17 for the principles of crim inal procedure law. [16]
V. So M a jo r S y n c h r o n iz e d M e a su re s to Im p r o v e th e L e g a l S y ste m o f
C r im in a l S e n te n c e E x e c u tio n
To improve th e legal sy stem of criminal sentence execution, th e following m easures should be ta k e n into consideration:
1. C arry in g on re sea rc h es to p ro m u lgate and p u t into effect the crim inal sentence execution code as soon as possible and f u r th e r im proving and a ss u rin g th e su sta in a b ility of th e legal system of c rim in al execution with democratic and open regim e in crim inal execution le g isla tio n, which is to add in generally accepted advanced an d hum ane legal re g u lations in th e light of the crim inal law principles generally accepted in our law-based state.
2. Proposing an academ ic model of law
m aking re c o m m en d a tio n s of norm s and in stitu tio n s of th e crim inal sentence C rim inal Execution Law, on th e basis of objective, re a so nable and persuasive evidences, to make the will-be-promulgated
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Code a v irtu e one w ith m ax im um a d ju stm e n ts of norm s, in stitu tio n s , general m atte rs, a n d basic s t a n d a r d s to reflect respect a n d protection by the go vern m ent for convicts. For instance:
2.1. Legal s ta t u s of crim in a ls convicted to various types of p u n is h m e n ts (i.e.
sentenced w ith or w ith o u t freedom, or penalty).
2.2. Inspection a n d investigation in stitu tio n s (e.g. inspection of S ta te a u th o ritie s, inv estigatio n of th e Court, investigation of superior criminal execution agencies over ju n io r ones a n d t h a t of the People’s Procuracy) over criminal execution agencies.
2 .3. E d u c a tin g a n d organizing vocational tra in in g for prisoners.
2 .4. A ssisting p riso n e rs who have th e ir cases sho rten ed , canceled or delayed to execute the p u n is h m e n ts a n d th e inspecting over them .
3. The V ie tn am ese C rim in a l Execution Code in th e period of b uilding law -based s ta te needs d ra ftin g carefully enough to gain legislative acknow ledge in te rm s of a se p a ra te in stitu tio n . Ten ru le s of C rim inal Execution Law a re (1) Legal system; (2) Fair; (3) H um a n ity ; (4) Democracy; (5) E quality rig h t of the convict tow ards C rim inal execution law; (6) U navoidance to execute the c rim in al ju d g m e n t; (7) Maxima] and discriminated individualisation of th e levels of th e c rim in a l execution; (8) Limit to th e m a x im u m crim inal u p p re ss methods in enforcing c rim in al ju d g m e n ts;
(9) Co-ordinate p e rs u a s io n - education with enforcem ent a n d reeducation; (1 0)
commit to re sp ec t h u m a n rig h ts according to in te rn a tio n a l s t a n d a r d s abo ut dealing w ith prisoners.
4. From th e p o in t of view s ta t e d above, th e th e o rrtic a l fra m e w o rk for the V ie tn am ese C rim in a l Execution Rules in th e fu tu r e should, more or less, be o rganised a ro u n d two p a r ts The General and T h e S in s. In th e C rim in a l Code, these two p a r ts a re divided into seven s u b sections w ith 17 c h a p te r s as follows.
4.1. P a r t I: G e n e ra l Provisions: the C rim in al Execution Code in th e future should h ave only one section. The first th re e c h a p te rs a re a b o u t th e common re g u la tio n s of th e C rim in a l Execution Law. C h a p te r I IS A b o u t the crim inal execution Code”. C h a p te r I I deals w ith
“Legal sta tu s o f th e co n vict” a n d chapter III is ab o u t “c rim in a l execution agencies a n d the inspection a n d investigation over these agencies”.
4 .2. P a r t II: Specific Provisions. The V ie tn am ese C rim in a l Execution Code in the fu tu r e should h a v e six su b -sections w ith 14 c h a p te rs as follows:
1) Section two “A dditional and main execution w ith o u t ta k in g aw ay freedom”
ha s five c h a p te rs . C h a p t e r IV “Enforce surveillances, expel a n d seize property”, C h a p te r V “Enforce w arning p u n is h m e n ts ”, C h a p t e r VI “Enforce fines”, c h a p te r VII “Enforce n on-im prisonm ent p u n is h m e n t? ” a n d C h a p t e r VIII “Enforce expelling p u n ib h m e n ts ”;
2) Section th r e e “Enforce sentences of im p o riso n m e n t” h a s four c h a p te rs which are: C h a p te r IX “Enforce non-life senteru s”, C h a p t e r X “ Classification of
VN U, Jo u rn a l o f Science. Economics-Lavs'. N J E , 2004
The com pletion of legal sy stem against crim es in.
9
regimes for p ris o n e rs in reeducation cam ps”; C h a p te r XI “R egulations on education an d vocational tra in in g for the non-life s e n te n c e d ” and C h a p te r XII
“Enforcem ent of life s e n te n c e s ”;
3) Section four a n d a t th e sam e time C h ap ter XIII “enfo rc em en t of capita]
p u n is h m e n ts ”;
4) Section five “Im p le m e n ta tio n of punishment-free and punishment-executing m ethods” h a s th r e e c h ap te rs. C h a p te r XIV
“Im plem ent of p u n ish m e n t-fre e methods”,
Chapter XV “Implementatrion of
p u n ish m e n t-e x ec u tin g m e th o d s”, C h a p te r XVI “A ssisting p ris o n e rs who have th e ir p u n is h m e n ts cancelled a n d investig ating over th e m ”;
5) C h a p te r XVII “C h a ra c te ris tic s of criminal execution over adolescence convicts.
C on clu sion
From w h a t h a s been discussed above, it is possible to come to th e following conclusions:
1) The legal system im prov em ent needs a re a so n a b le , objective and persuasive scientific-practical base, which is the p re re q u is ite for th e effectiveness of th e fight a g a in s t crime.
2) U n d e r th e effect of th e complicated a n d serious issu e of domestic and tra n s n a tio n a l c rim e a n d th e in te rn a tio n a l common tre n d in joining, which is indisp ensab le a m o n g th e c o u n tries in the region a n d all over th e world now, law m a k ers in e v ery c o u n try should continuously find o u t synch ron ou s and overall solutions to com plete th e nation al
legal system a g a in s t criminals. Thus, V ietn am c an no t be a n exception.
3) To join the world in ensuring the high effect of th e stru gg le a g ain st crimes, especially in te rn a tio n a l a n d tra n s n a tio n a l one for th e sake of peace an d security of th e m a n k in d a nd to keep institu tio n s and law order; to p rotect people with their rig h ts and freedom from m istakes in crim inal procedure process as well as to m eet th e d e m a n d s re g a rd in g duties in the process of building a Law -based state, V ietnam ese law p rotecting organs’
practical officers need a continuous le arning of professional and legal knowledge.
4) To m ake th e V ietnam ese law system a g ain st crim es m atch w ith th e rules and regu lation s commonly conceded by in te rn a tio n a l law re g a rd in g criminal justice as well as to m a k e the forecasting competence efficient a n d build theoretical prem ises w ith scientific ba se s to drive the fight a g a in s t crime in practice to the right direction, scien tists - law m ak ers in the field of crim inal justice of V ietnam should continue stu d y in g th e ir scientific drafts synchronously, deeply, e ntirely and more sy stem atically to complete reg ulations in C rim inal law, C rim inal Procedure Law a nd C rim inal Execution Law.
5) Finally, to complete th e law system a g ain st crimes, it is im p e ra tiv e th a t we carry out solutions in te rm s of legislation, concept and practice synchronously to get success in d ra ftin g possible law m ech a n ism s p arallel to th e reg ulation s of the th re e crim inal ju stice fields stated above in o rd er to fully-im plem ent the
VNU. Journal o f Science. E conom ics-Law , N„l E, 2004
1 0 Lc Cam
guidelines on crim inal dealing, which are relatio ns an d to m eet the d e m a n d s of the
"right cases, rig h t convicts, a n d un der process of building a law -based s ta te in la w”, in alliance w ith c o n tem po rary social V ietnam .
R E F E R E N C E S
1. Bộ luật hình sự của nước cộng hoà X H C N Việt N a m, Chính trị Quốc gia Publishing House, Hà Nội, 2003.
2. Bộ luật Tô tụng hình sự của nước Cộng hoà X H C N Việt N am , Chính trị Quồc gia Publishing House, Hà Nội, 2004.
3. Lê Cảm, Chuyên đề: Những vấn đề lí luận cơ bản về chính sách hình sự trong giai đoạn xây dựng Nhà nưốc pháp quyền, Thông tin khoa học pháp luật của Viện KHPL (bộ Tư pháp), N05/2004.
4. Lê Cảm, Hoàn thiện p háp luật hỉnh sự Việt N am trong giai đoạn xây dựng N hà nước pháp quyền - Một sô' vấn đề cơ bản của p hần chung, (Hoàn thiện các quy định về đạo luật hình sự - Chương II), Công an nhân dân Publishing House, Hà Nội, 1999, p. 41.
5. Lê Cảm, chê định các nguyên tắc của Luật hình sự Việt Nam, Tạp chí L uật học, No 11/2000.
6. Lê Cảm, Đạo L uật hình sự: Một sô' vấn đề lí luận và thực tiễn, Tạp chí Toà án nhàn dân, No 11/2000.
7. Lê Cảm, Hoàn thiện chế định lỗi trong pháp luật hình sự Việt Nam hiện hành: Một sô vân đê lí luận và thực tiễn, Tạp chí Toà án nhản dân, N 012/1998 and N 01/1999.
8. Lê Cảm, Chế định về các giai đoạn thực hiện tội phạm và mô hình lí luận của nó trong Luật hình sự Việt Nam, Tạp chí Dẫn chủ và Pháp luật, Nq2/2002.
9. Lê Cảm, Chế định đồng phạm và mô hình lí luận của nó trong Luật hình sự Việt Nam, Tạp chí Dân chủ và Pháp lu ậ t, N 08/2003.
10. Lê Cảm, Chế định đa (nhiều) phạm và mô hình lý luận của nó trong Luật hình sự Việt Nam, Tạp chí Dân chủ và Pháp lu ậ t, N06/2OOl.
11. Lê Cảm, Chế định và các tình tiết loại trừ tính chất tội phạm của hành vi: Những vấn để cơ bản về khái niệm, hệ thông và bản chất pháp lý, Tạp chí L uật học, N04/2001.
12. Lê Cảm, Chế định và các tình tiết loại trừ tính chất tội phạm của hàn h vi: v ề các tình tiêt được điều chỉnh trong L uật hình sự Việt Nam hiện hành, Tạp chí Toà án nhàn dàn, N04/2001.
13. Lê Cảm, Chế định và các tình tiết loại trừ tính chất tội phạm cua h à n h vi: v ề một số tình tiết chưa được ghi nhận trong pháp luật hình sự Việt Nam hiện hành, Tạp chí Toà án nhân dân, N06/2001.
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14. Lê Cảm, Các nghiên cứu chuyên khảo về Phẩn chung luật hình sự, Tập III, Nhừng vấn đề lý luận cơ bân về trách nhiệm hình sự (chuyên khảo thứ hai), Công an nhân dân Publishing House, HàNội, 2001, pp 141-150.
15. Lê Câm, Nguyên tắc tra n h tụng trong hệ thông các nguyên tắc của Luật tố tụng hình sự.
Tạp chí L uậ t học (Dặc san Bộ luật tô' tụng hình sự năm 2003 - University of Law), Hà Nội,
2 0 0 4 , p p 3 - 8 .
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17. Lê Cảm, Những cơ sở khoa học thực tiễn của việc hoạch định chính sách hình sự trong giai đoạn xây dựng Nhà nước pháp quyền: Nội dung cơ bản và các lợi ích xã hội, Tạp chí Khoa học pháp lý, N 03/2004.
TAP CHÍ KHOA HỌC ĐHQGHN, KINH TÊ - LUẬT, sỏ' 1E, 2004
HOÀN THIỆN HỆ THỐNG PHÁP LUẬT VỂ ĐÂU TRANH CHỐNG TỘI PHẠM ở VIỆT NAM TRONG GIAI ĐOẠN XÂY DựNG
NHÀ NƯỚC PHÁP QUYỀN
PGS. TSKH Lê Cảm
Khoa Luật, Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội
Bài viết đề cập đến một nghiên cứu về hoàn th iện hệ thông p h á p lu ậ t về đấu tr a n h chông tội p h ạ m tro n g giai đoạn xây dựng N h à nước p h á p quyền (NNPQ) ở Việt Nam. Thông qua n h ữ n g p h â n tích khoa học, tác giả làm rõ một số’'Vấn đề về chính là: 1) Khái niệm và các đặc điểm cơ bản của hệ th ông p h á p lu ậ t về đ ấ u t r a n h chông tội phạm ; 2) Khái niệm và n h ữ n g cơ sở khoa học - thực tiễn của việc h o à n th iệ n hệ thông p h á p lu ậ t về đấu tr a n h chông tội phạm ; 3) Một SC) biện p h á p đồng bộ chủ yếu để ho àn th iệ n hệ thông p h á p luật h ìn h sự; 4) Một sô' biện p h á p đồng bộ chủ yếu đê hoà th à n h hệ th ôn g p h á p lu ậ t tố tụ n g hình sự; 5) Một SC) biện p h á p đồng bộ chủ yếu để hoàn th iện hệ thông p h á p lu ậ t thi h à n h án hình
V N U , Jo u rn a l o f Science, Economics-Law', N„ỈE, 2004
