Concise Hydrology

Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more. The estimates for the total amount of water on the ground and in various processes are presented in Table 1.

Table 1 Inventory of world water quantities (Chow, et al., 1988)

Water Balance

Catchment

Practice

Estimate the depth of precipitation if atmospheric water is completely converted to precipitation (treat the earth as a sphere with a mean radius of 6371 km and the equation of the sphere's surface is .4πR2). Every year about 577,000 km3 of water falls on Earth as precipitation, calculate the average.

Introduction

Atmosphere Water

Water is made up of H2O, so water vapor is lighter than air (low air pressure is associated with high humidity, so it's more likely to rain). Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more.

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• Precipitation Types
• Rain drop size and velocity
• Precipitation data
• Double Mass Curve
• Areal Rainfall

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Table 1 Drag Coefficient (Chow, et al. 1988)

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Precipitation

How long is needed if the total solar radiation on the earth's surface is used to replenish the water vapor (the annual solar energy on the earth is J). If the air density drops by 50% at 5 km in the air, the same rainfall will fall faster or slower.

Precipitation

• Relevant Basic Terms
• Evaporation from Open Water Surface
• Evapotranspiration from Land
• Field measurements

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Figure 1 Saturated vapour pressure e s and its gradient Δ with temperature

Evaporation and Evapotranspiration

The equation balances the change in water stored within the basin (S) with precipitation P, surface runoff R, groundwater runoff G and storage change ΔS.

Evaporation and Evapotranspiration 4. At water surface,

• Relevant Basic Terms
• Infiltration Process
• Estimation of Infiltration Rate
• Infiltration measurements

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Figure 1 Illustration of soil suction head and hydraulic conductivity with soil moisture content

Infiltration

Infiltration

• Basic Terms

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Figure 1 Aquifer notations

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A water well is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, boring or drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers. The imaginary surface that everywhere coincides with the piezometric head of water in the aquifer.

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Characteristics of Confined/Unconfined Groundwater

The Basic Flow Equations

Steady Flow

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Unsteady Flow

For unsteady groundwater flow, the two-dimensional equation under unconfined aquifers with a flat bottom is called the Boussinesq equation.

Computer Software

• MODFLOW

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Groundwater 1. From Darcy’s law

• Basic Terms
• Flow Event Separation
• Direct Runoff and Base Flow Separation
• Effective Rainfall (Net Rainfall)
• Direct Runoff Modelling (Unit Hydrograph)

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Figure 1 Hydrograph of the River Brue, England

Hydrograph

• Basic Equations
• River Flow Routing (The Muskingum Method)
• Reservoir Flow Routing

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Figure 1 Flow routing

Flow Routing

• Basic terms
• Land based measurements
• Air based measurements
• Space based measurements
• Transportable Weather Station
• Basic Terms
• Statistical Flood Estimation
• Statistical Rainfall Estimation

Academic research and practical engineering projects all depend on hydrological data to calibrate and validate relevant models. The unit labels on the vertical axis can be scaled to fit the actual data.

Figure 1 Signal aliasing (wikipedia ‘aliasing’)

Hydrological Statistics

Hydrological Statistics 1. This is a Binomial distribution

• Reservoir and dam
• Basic design procedures

First, it is important to estimate water demand based on population and other factors. You are welcome to recommend useful books/websites not listed.

Figure 1 Reservoir types for water supply direct supply reservoir, b) pumped reservoir and c) regulating reservoir