Tac dong cua suy thoai moi tru'dng va bien doi khi hau den cong dong dan tpc thieu so cua cac quoc gia dang phat trien*
v o THI MINH LE*' D 5 THI THCflW***
Tom tdt: Suy thodi moi tri^mg (STMT) vd biin doi khi hdu (BDKH) da trd thdnh mot trong nhihig thdch thUc l&n nhdt de dga t&i qud trinh phdt triin todn cdu vd sU thinh vuang cua nhdn logi. NgU&i ngheo, ngu&i ddn tpc thieu sd (DTTS) tgi cdc nu&c dang phdt trien dUgc xem Id ddi tugng phdi hUng chiu nhiing tdc dpng ngng ne cua STMT vd BDKH. Bdi viit dUdi ddy gdp phdn chi ra mpt sd tdc dpng chinh cua STMT vd BDKH din cpng ddng DTTS cda cdc qudc gia dang phdt trien vd trinh bdy mpt sd bien phdp md Chinh phd cdc nUdc dang phdt triin cUng nhU cpng dong DTTS dang triin khai nhdm gidm thiiu cdc tdc dpng cua STMT vd BDKH gdy ra ldm bdi hgc kinh nghiim cho nii&c ta.
Tit khoa: Suy thodi mdi trUdng, biin dSi khi hgu, vung ddn tpc thiiu sd, cdc nUdc dang phdt triin.
1. Tac dOng c u a STMT v a BDKH doi hau qua nang ne cua STMT va BDKH.
vdri c p n g d 6 n g DTTS cf c a c niiofc d a n g QI^ ke' eua ngu&i DTTS thu&ng phu thude P ldn vao dat dai, nguon nfldc, dieu Men th&i 1.1. Tdc dgng kinh te tilt, kM hau, he sinh thai mdi trfl&ng va Tren phflung dien Mnh te, edng dong cac loai tai nguyen tMgn nhign'i>, trong DTTS la nhdm dd'i tugng ngheo nha't trong khi nhflng yeu to nay lai rat nhay cam xa hgi, vi vay day eung la nhbm doi tugng trUdc cae tae ddng cua BDKH. Ap lUc nMet d l ton thUctog va phai ganh chiu nhiing do va Men tugng thdi tiet khae ngMet nhU ' Bai viet la san pham ciia De tai cap nha nirdc " Tdc dpng cua suy thodi moi trUdng vd hien dSi khi hgu din ddi sdng cda cdc ddn tpc thiiu so d Viet Nam hien nay". Ma s^ dl tai: CTDT.45.18/16-20
** TS. Vo Thi Minh Le, Vien Kinh te va Chinh tri the gidi
*** TS. Do Thi Thom, Viln Quyin Con NgUcfi, Hoc viln Chinh tri Quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
68 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, sd^/^OjZ- lu lut, ban ban, chay riJng, Men tugng axit
hda eac dai dflung, sa mac hda, mUc nUdc bien tang eao, va bao Id'e nhibt ddi...
thudng anh hudng true tie'p tdi linh vUc ndng ngMep, lam ngMep va ngU ngMep - nhflng nganh san xua't cMnh va Id sinh ke gan nhu duy nha't eiia dai bp phan DTTS b cae nudc ngheo va dang phat trien. Cu the, nMet do tang, han han, lu lut, tinh trang xam nhap man, va Id dat... dan tdi nguon nudc phuc vu tudi tieu bi dinh tre, ch^t lugng da't trong bi xbi mbn, eae loai dieh benh dd'i vdi eay trong va vat nubi lay lan tren dien rdng, tMet hai vl ed sd ha tang va suy giam da dang sinh hpc - kMen san lugng va chat lugng cay lua cung nhU cae loai eay t r l n g khac bi de dpa... Trong khi dd, dong bao DTTS lai thie'u Men thUe va ky nang lam viec, cac dieu kien ve vd'n, tin dung cung nhu nhiJng kg't nd'i vdi thi trfldng lao ddng ban che', vi the', neu mat di sinh kg', bp phan nay da phan deu lam vao tinh trang ddi ngheo cung cue.
cac tran lu quet lign t i l p d TaMrpur - Bangladesh da pha hiiy ngMem trpng mbt dien tieh ldn da't canh tac eiia ebng dong ngudi thieu so Khasi, dan tdi nhflng tMdt hai nang ne ddi vdi nganh trong lua. Han ban keo dai khie'n nguon nfldc b cae con sdng roi vao tinh trang can Met, giam lugng nUde tudi tieu eho eay trong, kMen ngfldi dan Khasi khbng t h i tie'n hanh eac boat dbng trong trgt. Cung vdi dd, nganh chan nubi gia sue eung bi anh hfldng do sU xua't Men ciia nMlu loai cdn trimg va benh dich radi. Nhibt do tang keo dai d vung nay eung kMen nMeu vat nubi chd't hang loat va nong dan gap khd khan khi phai lam viee tren cae canh dong trong dieu Mdn thdi tie't khac nghiet'^', Tuong tU, sinh ke eiia ebng dong tMeu sd Maya Chorti d vung
Tay Bac Honduras eung dang phai db'i mat vdi nhflng he luy tU BDKH khi nhiet do tang eao keo theo cac dgt ban ban li§n tiep xay ra, kMen san lugng ngd va dau - nguon luong thuc chu yg'u cua ngUdi Maya Chorti hi thiet hai nghiem trong. Hg qua la hang nghin ngudi dan lam vao canh tMeu luong thuc va huge phai di eU d l thay doi cube sb'ng'^'.
STMT va BDKH cung dang dat edng dong DTTS b cae nUdc dang phat t r i l n trudc tiidi trang tha't nghiep gia tang bdi sinh k l eua ngudi dan ndi day von phu thude chti ye'u vao he sinh thai riftig, he sinh thai ven bien va dai dUdng. Trong kM do, lao ddng d cae vung DTTS lai ehfla duge trang hi cac ky nang va tid'p can vdi nguin Men thUe de eb the tim Mem va chuyin doi sang cac nganh nghe, ebng viec mdi'*'. Vi vay, bg phan lao dbng d cac vung DTTS dang gap ra't nhilu khd k h a n kM tim Me'm viee lam, nha't la trong bdi canh thi trfl&ng lao ddng ngay eang canh tranh gay gat.
Mat sinh ke, khong tim dflgc viee lam thay t h i da day edng ddng DTTS vao tinh eanh ngheo doi, thu nhap tha'p, va an mnh lUdng thue khdng dam bao.
Nhiet dp tang va rui ro thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi giam d eac qub'c gia tren t h i gidi cb mdi tUtfng quan lan nhau. O eae qub'c gia d pMa Nam ban cau, cac qudc gia ngheo va d l ton thUcfng b chau A, My La tinh va khu v\ic can Sahara chau PM duge xae dinh se phai hflng chiu tac dbng toi tg nhat cua STMT va BDKH. NMet dd tang l^C se kMin thu nhap binh quan d cae khu vUe nay giam tU 1,62 - 2,27%. Trong kM db, Chau A - Thai Binh Ducfng lai la ncfi eir ngu cua ddng dao cae nhbm DTTS vdi 80%
trong tong sd 370 trieu ngUdi tMlu so ban
Vo Thi Minh Le, DS Thj Tham - Tdc dgng cua suy thodi mdi trudng... 69 dia tren the gidi tap trung b day*^'.
Tudng tu, bie'n dpng nhidt do va lugng mUa cung nhu cae dgt tMdn tai ldn de dga tdi an m n h luong thuc va an ninh nguon nUdc, d i y cae qudc gia rui (lai) vao bay ddi ngheo. Cac DTTS b chau A va My La tinh dang phai dd'i mat vdi tinh trang ddi ngheo phUc tap hon rat nMeu so vdi cac nhdm dan tgc khac. Dae biet, trUde tae ddng cua STMT va BDKH, ty le ddi ngheo cf nhflng khu vflc nay ludn duy trt b mflc cao trong nhijftig n a m qua.
1.2. Tdc dong xa hgi - van hoa STMT va BDKH cd the lara mai mdt cac gia tri van hda va lam tram trpng them nMeu van d l xa hgi phUc tap b cae edng dong DTTS nhu bat binh dang, sUe khde, dieh benh, chara sde y te' va n h a &..., day cube sdng eua hang trieu ngUdi dan thupc cdng d i n g DTTS ed nguy ed hi dao ldn.
ThU nhdt, tac dbng tdi sflc khoe cua cdng dong DTTS. TMen tai trien mien va nhflng bie'n ddng that thfldng ciia nMdt dd va lugng mUa (ndng ird) la dieu Mdn thuan lgi de cae loai benh t a t sinh soi, lay lan va phat triln. Trong kM db, dilu Mgn vg sinh ye'u kem, ehat lugng eham sde sUe khde, nang lUc ehong choi, phong ngfla dieh bgnh va kha nang tie'p can eae dich vu y te cua cdng dong thieu s i b nhflng nUdc dang phat trien cdn rat b a n che, kMen cM so sflc khoe cua nhdm DTTS vb cung tha'p. Ngoai ra, BDKH va nhiet do tang eao eung la tae n h a n gay r a nMeu loai dich bbnh truyen nMlm, eac benh ngoai da va cac benh vl tam ly... lam gia tang nii ro v l sflc khde eiia cgng dbng DTTS. Cdc tinh tdi nam 2050, khoang gan 52.000 ngUdi gia b chau A se tfl vong do eac cu sd'c v l nMet dp, eung khoang 10.000 ca tfl vong hen quan tdi sdt ret va
sd't xuat huyet'^^ Dac biet, d eae edng dong DTTS thfldng luu truyen eac bai thud'c dan gian, cb kha nang ehUa bdnh Meu qua. Tuy nMen, BDKH dang kMen qua trinh nubi trong va tim Me'm eac eay thudc dan gian trd ngn khb khan hpn.
Thu hai, gia tang bat binh dang ve gidi, trong db phu nfl va tre em gai thU&ng la ddi tupng bi ton thucfng nhieu nha't va phai hflng ehiu nMeu rui ro hcfn nam gidi. O nMeu nude dang phat triln, ngfldi phu nfl dbng vai trb tru cdt trong gia dinh, dam bao ngudn Iflung thuc va cham soc con eai.
Vi the", khi gia dinh ma't di sinh kg', phu nfl phai di cU tdi cac t h a n h phd d l tim Mem viec lam, phai dd'i mat vdi dieu Men lam viee ha khac, nguy ed hi bao hanh, bi phan biet dd'i xii va phai chap nhan nhiJng dieu Men sd'ng toi te. Khan hiem nguon nude va Iflcfng thfle eung bupc phu nfl va tre em gai d vung DTTS phai di tim Mem nguon nUde va luong thUc b cac khu vUe xa hdn, chap nhan nhuftig rui ro v l tinh raang, raat di cd hdi hpc tap... Thfle te nay dang dign ra b r a t nhieu cdng dong DTTS b chau A, dac bidt la Dbng Nam A va Nam A'"^'.
ThU ba, gia tang tinh trang di cii.
STMT va BDKH la nguyen n h a n kMen eae cpng dong DTTS phai di eU do ap lUe v l Mnh te, do ma't nha cfla, rudng vfldn. Di cfl khdng ehi de dpa eae cdng dong DTTS v l rui ro Mnh tg', va riii ro xa hbi tai cae noi dinh eu radi raa ebn ed t h i lam mai mbt nhan dang cua nhflng bd tdc DTTS, t h a m cM dan tdi tuyet vong*^'. Vi du, mbt loat eae qud'e dao nhfl Kiribati, Niue, Tokelau, Nauru, quan dao Carteret, Maldives, va Tuvalu... noi tap trung ra't dbng cae nhbm DTTS dang dflng trfldc nguy ed bi nha'n cMm do BDKH va nflde bien dang. Khbng
70 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, so 6/201^
cM mat d^t dai, tai nguygn tMgn nhien va sinh ke, edng dbng DTTS d khu vflc nay ebn phai dd'i mat vdi rui ro ma't qud'e gia.
Tinh hinh nay bupc cac qudc gia phai t r i l n khai nhflng cMnh saeh va ehflong trinh di d&i cong dan, nhu ehinh phu cua qude dao Kiribati dang can nhac mua lai khoang 2.000 hecta da't trb'ng eua Fiji de di cU edng dan eiia minh tdi qudc gia nay, dong thdi trien khai nhilu k l hoach xay dUng them cae dao nhan tao mdi'^'.
ThU tu, STMT va BDKH cung k M i n nhOftig dac triTng van hba eua edng d i n g DTTS dUng trUde nguy CO hi xbi mdn. Sinh ke khdng chi dbng vai tro Id nguin thu nhap, dam bao an ninh luong thUe ma cdn gan chat vdi idiilu net dac trflng van hda truyin thd'ng cua ngU&i DTTS nhU yeu td ngdn ngfl, am nhac, tap quan hay each thfle nudi day eon cai vk hdn nhan.,. Trfldc tac dpng ciia BDKH, dong bao DTTS budc phai thay ddi sinh ke' va each thUe to ehUe cudc song truyen thd'ng nhu phUdng thfle san ban, hai lugm, trong trgt... d l thich flng vdi BDKH. Nhuftig thay doi nay ta't ye'u se keo theo nhflng b i i n ddng v l ban sac van hba eua ngudi dan. Vi du nhfl trfldng hgp eiia ebng dong DTTS Tay Tang d v a n Nam, Trung Qud'e. Hoat ddng trong trgt va chan nuoi, nhflng Min thfle vl mua mang (thdi gian gieo mam, thu hoach), eae gidng cay trong va eae loai sinh dflgc ehfla benh... diu phan anh mgt trong nhflng net dae trflng van hba nhat eua cpng dbng ngfldi Tay Tang. Tuy nMdn, BDKH da lam thay ddi co ban nhuftig tap quan nay kM ngUdi dan bupc phai dieu cMnh d l tMch ngM vdi nhung dieu Men thdi tiet va kM hau mdi. Cae loai eay trdng ed kha nang chiu lanh trUde day nhU lua mach dUpc thay t h i bang liia my, ngb va khoai tay.
Hoat dbng chan nudi cung ehuyin tfl cac loai gia sue cb kha nang chiu lanh cao nhfl bb Tay Tang sang Ipn va ga... Viec chuyen doi cac gid'ng cay trong va eac dan vat nuoi tat yg'u se lam thay ddi cac Min tbflc dan gian ve trong trpt va ehan nubi, thara cm cd the k h i l n nhflng Me'n thUc nay hoan toan biin mat. Ke't qua la, ban sac van hda cua ngUdi Tay Tang gan vdi nhuftig boat dpng mua mang truyen thb'ng dang dan bi mai mbt.
1.3. Tdc dgng chinh tri
STMT va BDKH dat r a nMlu thaeh thUc ddi vdi an ninh ehinh tri tai eac khu vUe cd ngudi DTTS, vdi nhUng vu dung dp va xung dot gifla edng dong DTTS v&i cac nhbm da sd va vdi cu quan cMnh quyen.
Xung dot dien r a gifla cac ebng dbng tMlu so vdi cac nhdm da so va gifla eae ebng dbng tMlu sd' vdi cMnh phu ehu ylu lidn quan tdi tranh chap 6&t dai va tai nguydn tMen nMen, xung dot lgi ich, nha't la sau kM tMen tai xay r a kMe'n tai nguyen trcf nen khan hiem. Nguyen n h a n bat nguon t u mdt thfle te pho bie'n d eac qud'e gia ngheo va dang phat trien do la quyen eiia ngfldi DTTS ban dia khdng dflge tbn trgng.
Ban than eac qud'e gia ehfla n h a n thfle dugc day du quyen lgi cua nhbm dd'i tugng nay.
He qua la, tMeu vang eac cu che dam phan, thUdng lugng gifla cMnh quyen va cpng dong DTTS trong qua trinh ra quyet dmh, ngfldi dan bi gat r a ngoai ddi sdng cMnh tri va xa hdi cua qud'e gia.
Dac biet, xung dot rat d l bung phat tai cae cpng ddng DTTS kM lien quan tdi va'n d l di cU, nha't la di eu do b i i n doi khi hau bdi ddi tflgng di cu do BDKH thudng la cac nhdm DTTS d l hi ton thuong. Mae du quan diem eiia nMeu chuyen gia, nha khoa
Vo Thi Minh Le, Dd Thi Tham - Tdc dgng cua suy thodi m.6i trudng.. 71 hge va to chfle kM hau xae dinh di cU la
mpt giai phap de tMch flng vdi BDKH, song nMlu ngMen cuftj lai nhan dinh rang b mgt so edng dong, di eu do BDKH eMnh la ngudn gdc nay sinh xung dot va bat 6n xa hdi, n h a t la vaii d l an toan ca n h a n db'i vdi ngU&i tMeu sd di cfl. Yeo (2014/1"*' j ^ ngMen cflU ve thUc trang di cU eiia cdng d i n g DTTS d lang Newtek, Alaska va b eac dao thupc Thai Binh Duung, da eho rang bang tan kMen n h a cfla eua ngUdi dan hi n h a n ehim, budc hp phai di ddi va tai dinh cU tim ndi b mdi. Tuy nMen, bd phan nhdm di eU nay se phai dd'i m a t vdi bao lue eMnh tri d eae khu vUe tai dinh cU, n a n buon ban ngUdi va phan biet dd'i xif.
Ngoai ra, cdng dong DTTS eiing d l phan ling, tham eM noi day trudc eae quye't dinh eua chinh phu huge hp phai di cfl do lo ngai v l tae ddng cua BDKH bdi cae ebng dong DTTS thu&ng mud'n g i n bd lau dai vdi manh da't eua rainh va san sang da'u t r a n h ne'u hi huge phai tfl bb'^^'.
2. Mpt s6' b i $ n p h a p g i a m t h i e u tac dOng c u a STMT v a BDKH d o i vdri c p n g d o n g DTTS ii c a c uvUic. d a n g p h a t t r i e n
2.1. Cdp dg qudc gia
Trach nMem kep ciia cac qud'e gia dang phat trien trong giam tMeu cac tac ddng cua STMT va BDKH d eac vung DTTS db la vfla ed nghia vu bao ve quyin lgi cho cdng dong DTTS, vfla cb nMem vu thuc tM eac bien phap flng phd vdi STMT va BDKH.
Thu nhdt, cac nUdc dang phat trien cd traeh nMem trien khai ChUUng trinh hanh ddng qud'e gia Ung phd vdi BDKH (NAPA), trong dd xac dinh rd nhiJng bien phap Uu tien n h a m tMch flng vdi tae ddng ciia BDKH n h u long ghep flng phb vdi BDKH
vao eae chflcfng trinh phat trien ciia cac nganh va dia phuong, thUe tM eac bien phap giam tMeu rui ro tMgn tai, dam bao an ninh lUtfng thUe, ngudn nudc, nang lugng, duy tri da dang sinh hpc, phat trien cu sd ha tang...
La qub'c gia cd dia Mnh thap va triing, do dd Bangladesh chiu tae ddng manh cua STMT va BDKH, dac biet la Men tUpng nUdc bien dang. Chinh vi vay, CMnh phu da ban hanh rapt CMen luge' tong the n h a m db'i phd vdi BDKH, dam bao tmh toan ven lanh tho va bao ve sU an todn cho ngudi dan. ChUUng t r i n h NAPA eua Bangladesh dUa ra eae bien phap tMch flng vdi BDKH bb sung eho cae mue tieu qud'e gia ve flng phb vdi BDKH va cac Mep Udc qudc te ma qud'e gia nay da ky k i t . NAPA Cling eb md'i lign he ehat che vdi cae chinh sach va ehuung trinh bao ve mbi trUdng eua Bangladesh nhU Ke hoach Hanh dpng quoc gia v l da dang sinh hpe, Ke hoach hanh ddng qub'c gia ve quan ly mdi trUdng. Mdt sd nhflng ke hoaeh hanh ddng ed t h i k l tdi nhu cho xay dung cae khu n h a tranh bao, tranh lu, xay dUng de bao vung ven bien n h a m bao ve da't trUdc tinh trang hi nMem man do thuy trieu va nUde dang, nang cap cae he tho'ng kenh thoat nUdc. NMlu qude gia dang phat trien cung da trien khai cae chuong trinh NAPA nhU Bhutan (2007), Burundi (2007), Niger (2006), Congo (2006), Rwanda (2006), Samoa (2005), Senegal (2006), Sudan (2007), Tome E Principe (2006), Tuvalu (2007), Tanzama (2007), Zambia (2007), Nepal (2011)...
Ben canh NAPA, Chflong trinh tai trong rflng nham giam tMeu nhung anh hfldng ba't lgi eua tMen nMen, nhat la eac anh hudng do bao va nude b i i n dang, ddng th&i
Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, so^ 6/2019
cai thien sinh ke eho ngudi dan dia phucfng, dac biet la ngudi dan sd'ng d vting DTTS eung da dugc trien khai d nhilu qude gia.
CMe'n luge Qudc gia ve Giam phat thai tU ma't rUng va suy thoai rifng (REDD) hay Chuung trinh Qub'c gia v l Bao ton he sinh thai va canh quan nbng thbn... nham giam tMeu tac dpng cua BDKH da dflpc thfle tM d mpt so qudc gia chau A, My La-tinh va Caribbeans nhu Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala va Nicaragua (CEPAL, 2012) Tuy nhien, trong nhflng ehupng trinh hanh dbng Ung phb v&i BDKH nay, cpng dbng DTTS chua thue sU dugc coi la trpng tam. Da phan cac ehUOng trinh NAPA d chau A, nhat la d nhiJng qud'e gia chiu anh hudng nang ne cua BDKH nhU An Dp, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal va Viet Nam, diu ehfla de cap tbi quyen lpi va cac vail d l lien quan tdi ngfldi tMeu so. Tham chi, mdt sd chUcfng trinh giam tMlu STMT va BDKH qub'c gia ebn tae dbng tieu cUc len d&i song ciia ddng bao DTTS nhU eMnh sach trong rflng, xay dung ebng vien va dap thuy dien bupc ngUdi DTTS phai di ddi.
Thu hai, Chinh phii trUe tie'p hb trg bao tdn, phat huy sinh ke truyen thd'ng eiia ebng dong DTTS trfldc de dpa eua STMT vd BDKH. Vi du, Chinh phu PMlippines thfle tM cMnh sach "bdo ton vd qudn ly sinh ke dUa tren cpng dong" ddi vdi nghe ca ciia ngfldi dan tpc Tagbanuas. Theo do, nha nfldc dbng vai trd hd trp ve mat tai ehinh, luat phap va ky thuat eho cac edng dong ban dia d l ho tfl phdt trien sinh ke dfla tren dieu Men, nguon Iflc va Men thfle ciia cpng dbng eung nhfl eae gia tri van hda va Uu tien eua hg. Chinh saeh quan ly dUa vdo cdng ddng nay eung dUpc ap dung ddi vdi edng tae quan ly rUng va dat dai tai eac cpng dbng DTTS b Thai Lan va Lao - cb y
ngMa quan trpng trong viec bao dao an ninh sinh ke eho dbng bao DTTS & da^^ • Chinh phii Bangladesh da trien khai cac boat dbng hudng dan ngUdi ban dia va ebng dong DTTS ngMgn cflu va suf dung cac gid'ng lua ehiu man, dbng thdi, pho bie'n rpng rai viee lap dat he thdng tUdi tigu g^n mat da't n h a m giam tac dpng eua tinh trang xam nhap man...
ThU ba, hb trg chuyin doi, phat trien smh ke mdi cho cgng dbng DTTS tMch flng vdi STMT va BDKH khi sinh ke ciia hp dflng trudc nguy cd bi de dpa bdi STMT va BDKH vdi nhflng Mnh thfle hd trg kha da dang, cu t h i :
i) Hd trg cpng dong DTTS chuyin dii each thUe, phflung thUc san xua't tMch iftig vdi BDKH. Vi du, CMnh phu Thai Lan da dUa ra chUong trinh thay the' eay trong dl khuye'n kMch eae bd tde m i l n mii trong ngb, gao, tra, ea phe va trai cay nham giam t h i l u cac rui ro do k h a n hie'm tai nguygn'•'^'. CMnh phu Guyana da hd trp cac DTTS tang efldng nang Iflc san xuat, tiep can vdi thi trfldng, chuyen doi tU san xuat tu eung tu ca'p sang san xua't kinh doanh thdng qua eac chinh saeh kg't ndi ebng dong DTTS vdi eac doanh ngMep tu nhan, hd trp ve mat the che phap luat (cM'nh saeh thue Uu dai, bao ve quyin sd hUu dat dai)... Uy ban Phat trien cua tinh Bac Rupununi va khdi doanh ngMep tfl nhan tie'n hanh hgp tae vdi edng d i n g DTTS Amerindia d Guyana trong viee thuc day xua't khau hoa qua va cac san pham dia phirung eiia ebng dbng nay tdi thi trU&ng chau Au'^*'. Nhd dd, thu nhap hdng nam ciia cdng dbng DTTS gia tang, gdp phan tao viec lam, phat trien sinh ke, nang cao chat Iflgng song cua dong bao DTTS.
Vo Thi Minh Le, Dd Thi Tham - Tdc dgng cua suy thodi moi trudng.. 73
ii) Ho trg dao tao, nang cao nang Iflc cho lao dgng d cac vung DTTS. Chinh phu mdt sd qud'e gia da t h a n h lap cac ed quan chuydn traeh dao tao, nang eao ky nang cho lao ddng tre b cac edng d i n g DTTS, dong th&i ddng vai trd la cau nd'i gifla cpng dbng DTTS vdi thi trfldng lao ddng. Nhflng dfl an nay khdng cM trfle t i l p eai tMen ky nang, M i n thfle eho mot bd p h a n ldn lao dpng b eae vung DTTS dap flng ddi hdi eua thi trfldng, ma cbn gbp phan md rdng ed hdi viee lam eho eae cpng d i n g nay.
iii) x a y dung va nang cap cu sd ha tdng, phat trien cae nganh edng ngMdp eo ban, nham cai tMdn mdi trfldng kinh doanh cho cac edng dong DTTS. Vi du, cMnh phu Trung Quoe da trien khm eac chinh sach h i trp tai ehinh nham phat t r i l n ed scf ha tang, dudng sa ket no'i edng nhfl cae nganh cdng ngMdp cu ban d edng dbng DTTS Tay Tang. Cu the nhfl k i t nd'i dfldng sat tfl trung tam tdi cac khu vflc tMeu sd d Tay Bae va Tay Nam Trung Qud'e, t h a n h lap eac nha may edng ngMep quy mb vUa va ldn cf khu vflc d l tao ebng an viec lam cho ngfl&i dan ban dia cung nhfl phat t r i l n Mnh te dia phflong. Cac dfl an d i u tfl phat trien nang Iflgng, edng nghe truyen thdng thdng tin, vat heu xay dung... eiing da dugc ehinh phii Trung Quoc trien khai tai edng dong ngfl&i DTTS Tay Tang. Nhd dd, edng ngMep nang lUpng, khai khoang, vM lieu xay dflng, san xuat vai len, edng ngMep m va thUc pham da tuung db'i phat t r i l n b nhOtng vimg DTTS nay, tao them nMlu viee lam cho dong bao ciing nhfl giam bdt sU phu thudc sinh ke' cua ngUdi dan noi day vao eae nganh nbng - lam ngMep truyin thdng*!^'.
iv) CMnh sach phat trien du lieh eho cae edng d i n g DTTS da dUge trien khai d
nMlu qud'e gia dang phat trien. Trong do, N h a nude ddng vai trb xay dung cMln lugc d i u t u phat t r i l n du lich d cac vung DTTS, cu the nhu xay dung, bao dUdng eae edng trinh van hda eua ngudi ban dia va ngfldi DTTS, da dang hda eae san pham va dieh vu du lieh, kham pha ddi sd'ng eua ngfldi ban dia va eae bb lae, phat trien cac tour du lieh di san, du lich sinh thai, du lieh trai nghiem... tai edng dong DTTS. Chiiih phu Chile da xay dflng mgt so mb Mnh phat t r i l n du hch cho cdng dong DTTS, vi du nhfl eac chuong trinh phat t r i l n du lieh sinh thai cho ebng dong DTTS ngUdi Mapuehe (tham quan cac edng vien qub'c gia, ho, nui lira, riing nguydn sinh), gidi tMeu cac gia tri van hda ciia tde ngfldi Mapuehe (xay dung cac md Mnh rukas - n h a b dac trflng ciia ngU&i Mapuehe, ngdn ngfl, cac loai thud'c truyin thd'ng...)''-'-^'.
ThU tu, t r i l n khai eae chinh sach xa hpi eho edng d i n g DTTS, nhu cMnh saeh xda ddi giam ngheo - giup cdng dong DTTS bdt ton thucfng hcfn trUde cac tae ddng eua STMT va BDKH. ChUUng trinh xba ddi giam ngheo eho edng dong DTTS Tay Tang d Trung Qub'c eho thay tam quan trgng eua nguon von ho trg tai eMnh vdi vai trd eua Quy Giam ngheo Tay Tang (TPEF) trong nb lUc phat trien va hb trg ehuyen doi sinh ke cho egng ddng DTTS, cu the: i) cung ca'p vd'n dau tU eho eae hoat dpng tao r a thu n h a p b eae hd gia (hnh; ii) phat trien eae boat ddng trong trgt, ehan nudi, nang eao nang suat san xuat; iii) phat t r i l n du lieh sinh thai'^'^'.
2.2. Cdp dg cgng dong DTTS Ban than cdng ddng DTTS b nhieu nUde dang phat t r i l n tren the gidi Men nay cung da ehu ddng trien khai nhflng bien phap d l
Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, sd6/W}2- giam tMeu cung nhU tMch ngM vdi eae tac
ddng tieu cUc eua STMT va BDKH.
Thu nhdt, edng dbng DTTS ddng vai trb quan trpng trong viec quan ly b i n vflng ngudn tai nguyen, bao ve da dang sinh hpe va mdi trudng ciia cdng dbng minh. NMeu cpng dong DTTS da sfl dung "luat tap quan"
va "tri tbflc ban dia" d l ehd'ng lai sU tan pha cua moi trUdng, sU khan Mem cua ngudn nflde va de bao ve he sinh thai cua cpng dong minh. Ngoai ra, b mbt sd vung, ngudi DTTS cung tie'n hdnh quan ly chat che cac boat dbng du lich sinh thdi, xay dung dap thiiy dien, cae dfl an ndng - lam nghigp dfla vao cdng dong... nham bao tbn rdng, tai nguyen thign nMgn va lanh tho cua ebng dong DTTS. Mbt sd cdng ddng DTTS ebn dUa ra eac quy tac dd'i v&i viec sfl dung da't dai, tai nguyen tMdn nMen eung nhu ban chg' toi da qua trinh db thi hda trdn vung dat eU ngu ciia hp. Cdng dong DTTS Tingguian d tinh Arba, PMlippraes quy dinh rat rd viec ehat pha eay, san ban, hoac cau ca la xam pham tap quan sinh hoat ciia ebng dbng va eb nhung ehe tai nghigm khac de xii ly cae hanh vi vi pham.
ThU hai, dbng bao DTTS chu ddng trien khai eac bien phap flng phb vdi STMT va BDKH trong eac boat dpng san xuat va sinh boat cua edng ddng, eu the:
i) Chuyen doi thdi quen, ky thuat canh tae de thieh nghi vdi BDKH. Vi du d Thai Lan, cpng dbng ngudi DTTS Lisu da sU dung hai bien phap tMch flng vdi BDKH dd la thay doi thdi gian canh tae (thdi gian trong lua, trong ngo va thdi gian thu hoach) va dia diem canh tac (chuyen doi cay trong khdi nhflng khu vflc dd bi tae ddng bdi STMT va BDKH) cung nhfl thU nghiem cae loai eay trong mdi thay the.
DTTS Aldia tie'n h a n h thay dii phU&ng thfle canh tae, trong dd tang ty le suf dung phan bon hiiu co va thUc hanh luan eanh, giam sfl dung phan hdn hba hge d l khdi phue dinh dudng cho ditt trong. Tflcfng tU, ebng dong ngudi tMlu sd Aymara b Bolivia eung da ehii dpng thay doi mua vu, canh eMnh thdi gian canh tac phii hpp vdi luu lupng nude tudi tieu eho mua mang, ngMen eflu cac gidng khoai tay m&i, sif dung thud'c trU sau va Ung dung cac ky thuat gieo cay, thu hoaeh mdi...'^^'
ii) Thfle Mgn t h a m canh gdi vu, trbng ddng thdi cac loai ngu cd'e, dau, rau eii trgn cung rapt raanh rudng (ngfl&i DTTS cf Malaysia) n h a m tdi tMlu hda nhflng rui ro khi raua vu bi tMgt hai do tae dgng ciia BDKH. Sd di nhU vay vi mbi mdt loat eay trdng lai cd kha nang ehd'ng chiu khac nhau vdi nhUng dilu Men thbi tiet khac ngMet, vi du cay dfla, cac loai hat va eu cb kha nang ehdng ehiu td't vdi h a n ban, trong khi eay bau va khoai lang lai chdng chiu dupe mUa ldn va lu lut (DTTS Akha d Thai Lan).
m) Tang dU trfl Iflcfng thfle va da dang hda eae bien phap bao quan lucfng thUe d l eb t h i chdng chpi vdi tinh trang tMeu luong thue sau cac t r a n tMgn tai.
iv) NgMgn cflu tira ra eac loai gib'ng cay mdi cd k h a nang ehd'ng chiu vdi nhflng dieu Men thdi tiet va khi hau khae ngMet.
Vl du nhfl cpng dbng DTTS b Nepal da p h a t trien gib'ng lua mdi Aryan va Makawanpure, trong dd nhflng gidng lua mdi nay khbng phu thudc qua nMeu vao nguon nflde.
v) Xay nha eao hcfn d nhflng vung de xay r a Men tugng lu lut (DTTS d Bangladesh), xay dung de dilu chdng iQ..
Vo Thi Minh Le, Do Thi Tham - Tdc dgng cUa suy thodi moi trudng... 75 Thu ba, chuyin ddi sinh ke de tMch flng
v&i BDKH, trong dd pho bie'n nhat la chuyen d i i tfl san xua't ndng ngMep sang Mnh doanh va eung cap dieh vu du lich, hay di eu d l tim Mg'm viee lam d nhuftig t h a n h phd' ldn, eac trung t a m cdng ngMep... Tuy nMen, viec thay ddi hoan toan sinh ke ciia cpng dbng DTTS cung d i n tdi nhflng he qua tieu cflc dd la cac gia tri van hba truyen thb'ng tieh luy trong qua t n n h lao dpng san xuat, trong eae hoat ddng trbng trgt va chan nuoi hi mai radt7.
CHU THICH
1. Mac dil cM cMe'm 5% dan sd t h i gidi nhung ebng dong DTTS lai dang gSn k i t chat che vdi hcfn 80% hd sinh thai cua hanh tinh.
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10.1080/17442222.2018.1416894 17. Holcombe, Arthur (2017), Can China
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