, 1 t , - l f . '
DAU TU"
TRLTC T I E PNl/QC NGOAI
a CONG HOA NAM PHI GIAI DOAN 1994-2004
Tran Thi Lan Huong*
S
au khi thanh lap chinh phii moi vao nam 1994, Nam Phi bat dau co su thay doi ve chinh sach thu hut dau tu true tiep nuac ngoai (FDI). Vao nam 1994, Nam Phi thanh lap Uy ban thue day dau tu. Tiep theo do vao nam 1996, mgt trong nhirng muc tieu cua Chien luge tang truong vigc lam va tai phan phoi thu nhap (GEAR) la uu tien dau tu tu nhan, trong do CO dau tu true tiep nugc ngoai. Dau tu true tiep nuoc ngoai vao Nam Phi ke tir do bat dau tang nhanh. Tuy nhien, FDI vao Nam Phi cho den nay van bi danh gia la nam duoi mire tiem nang.1. Chinh sach thu hut dau tu* tri^c tiep nitdc ngoai vao Nam Phi
Trong giai doan 1994-2004, nhiing chinh sach chu yeu cua Nam Phi nham cai thien moi truong thu hut FDI cu the la nhu sau:
' Th^c SI, Vi?n Ngliien cmi Chau Plii va Truiig Dong
* Ky ket mot loat cac hiep dinh lien quan den FDI:
Neu nhu trong che do Apartheid, Nam Phi khong he ky ket cac hiep dinh quoc te song phuong de tao dieu kien thuan Igi cho dau tu nuac ngoai, thi sau khi che do Apartheid sup do chinh quyen mai cua Nelson Mandela da CO tham vong ky ket hang loat cac hiep dinh quoc te song phuong. Mo dau cho viec ky ket cac hiep dinh nay la viec Nam Phi ky vai Anh Hiep dinh thue day va bao hg dau tu vao ngay 20 thang 9 nam 1994. Tiep theo, vao nam 1995 Nam Phi tiep tuc ky ket Hiep dinh thiic day va bao ho dau tu voi Canada, Cuba, Phap, Dire, Han Quoc, Ha Lan va Thuy sT. Tinh den thang 6 nam 2006, Nam Phi da ky ket it nhat 41 Hiep dinh dau tu song phuong (BIT) vai 41 nuac tren the giai\
Ngoai Hiep dinh dau tu song phuong (BIT), Nam Phi con ky ket Hiep dinh tranh danh thue hai lan (DTT) vai nhieu nuac de tao dieu kien thuan Igi ban cho dau tu nuoc
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ngoai. Ngoai 5 nuofc da ky ket DTT voi Nam Phi truQfc nam 1994 la Zambia (ky DTT nam 1956), Zimbabwe (1965), Thuy sT (1968), Madagascar (1971) va Ha Lan (1972), trong giai doan 1994-2009 Nam Phi da ky ket 99 DTT voi 99 nuac tren the giai, trong do nhirng nuofc ky ket DTT sofm nhat vai Nam Phi la Dan Mach, Phap, Phan Lan, Ba Lan, Thuy Dien (ky nam 1995) va nhirng nuoc ky DTT muon nhat vai Nam Phi la Mozambique (2009), Bo Dao Nha, Arap Xeut (2008)1
* Tu nhan hoa cac doanh nghiep nha nuoc:
Tu nhan boa cac doanh nghiep nha nuac va tao dieu kien cho khu vuc tu nhan phat trien da co nhiing tac dung tich cue trong thu but FDI vao Nam Phi. Chuong trinh tu nhan boa va tai co cau cac doanh nghiep nha nuoc a Nam Phi chinh thirc dugc tien hanh 6 at ke tir nam 1997 khi chinh phu tuyen bo uu tien tai CO cau 4 tap doan Ion nhat Nam Phi liic bay giof la Telkom, Eskom, Transnet va Danel. Nam 2000, tu nhan boa duac tien hanh vai ten ggi "Day nhanh tien trinh tai eg cau cac doanh nghiep nha nuac". Hinh thirc tu nhan boa a Nam Phi ciing rat da dang, trong do CO hinh thirc Chgn doi tac co phan chien luge (SEP) nhSm tim ra cac nha dau tu nugc ngoai chien luge de ciing tham gia von CO phan va quan ly, lanh dao doanh nghiep.
Trong vai nam gan day. Nam Phi da cho phep thue hien hinh thirc so hiru 100% nuoc ngoai va ban hanh nhieu ca che khuyen khich dau tu nuac ngoai nhu uu dai tiep can tin dung, mien thue doi vai boat dgng dau tu lien quan den chuyen giao cong nghe.
khuyen khich d4u tu de phat trien doanh nghiep vira va nho.
* Thanh lap cac Khu phat trien cong nghiep (IDZ) de thu hut FDI:
Chuong trinh Khu phat trien cong nghiep (IDZ) dugc chinh phu Nam Phi thanh lap nam 1998 nhSm muc dich dua ra nhirng uu dai khuyen khich dau tu de khuyen khich nang cao nang luc canh tranh quoc te ciia cac nganh cong nghiep che tao a Nam Phi. Cac khu cong nghiep nay dugc phat trien gan nhirng ngi cau cang va san bay quoc te, c6 CO so ha tang dat chat lugng cao, co khu gianh rieng cho thue hien cac thii tuc hai quan va hang boa san xuat phuc vu xuat khau dugc mien thue hoan toan. Ngoai ra, IDZ con dua ra nhirng bien phap uu dai khuyen khich dau tu rat hap dan nhu: +) Mien thue nhap khau nguyen Heu tho phuc vu cho san xuat bao gom ca may moc thiet bi va tai san phuc vu san xuat xuat khau, +) Mien thue VAT cho cac hang boa dugc thu mua tai Nam Phi, +) Tao dieu kien tiep can nhirng chinh sach uu dai ciia chinh phu nham ha thap chi phi san xuat, +) Thue hien co che mgt cira de giai quyet giay to va cac nguyen tac can thiet nhat ap dung cho nha dau tu; +) Cung cap CO so ha tang tot nhat theo dimg tieu chuan quoc te, +) Cung cap cac dich vu hieu qua cho cac doanh nghiep boat dgng trong IDZ.
Hien nay a Nam Phi dang co 4 IDZ boat dong hieu qua, la noi thu hiit nguon von dau tu trong va ngoai nuoc rat Ion. Do la cac khu: Coega IDZ nam o Vinh Elizabeth tinh Eastern Cape, khu East London IDZ nam a
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tinh Eastern Cape, khu Richard Bay IDZ nam a Vinh Richard va khu Hang khong quoc te Johannesburg IDZ nSm a Kempton tinh Gauteng.
* Ban hanh nhieu luat le phii hap vofi tieu chuan quoc te ve thu hut FDI
Chinh phu Nam Phi sau che do Apartheid da tien hanh sua doi va soan mgi he thong luat phap lien quan den thu hut FDI sao cho phii hgp vgi tieu chuan quoc te va c6 tac dung khuyen khich uu dai cac nha dau tu. Co the ke den viec ban hanh Luat canh tranh so 89 nam 1998 nham dat dugc cac muc tieu nhu thiic day tinh hieu qua va nang luc phat trien cua nen kinh te; cung cap cho nguofi tieu diing nbu-ng san pham phii hgp vai gia ca canh tranh, cung cap viec lam va phuc Igi xa hgi va Igi ich kinh te cho nguoi dan Nam Phi; mo rgng co hgi cho Nam Phi tham gia thj truong the giofi va nhan thirc ro vai tro canh tranh cua nen kinh te vai thi truong ben ngoai; dam bao co hgi cho cac doanh nghiep vira va nho khi tham gia vao nen kinh te;
dong thai thue day viec thay doi che do sof hiru trong do nhijng nguofi yeu the trong xa hgi dugc phat huy tieng noi va vai tro ciia minh trong nen kinh te. Luat canh tranh nam 1998 cua Nam Phi dugc danh gia la mgt trong nhirng bg luat the hien ro su tien bg trong dieu hanh kinh te va tao nen su yen tam cho cac nha dau tu nuac ngoai khi muon thanh lap doanh nghiep a Nam Phi.
Ciing vai Luat canh tranh, Nam Phi con de ra mot loat cac bg luat khac lien quan den dau tu nuac ngoai nhu Luat so hiru tri tue, Luat bao ve moi truong, Luat dieu tiet lao
dgng. Ngoai ra, cac luat le khac nhu Luat quan ly ngoai hoi, Nhirng quy dinh ve tai chinh, nhirng thay doi trong he thong thue...
da gop phan hinh thanh nen mot he thong luat phap dong bg, hoan chinh va phii hgp, tao dieu kien thu hiit FDI.
* Cung cap nhieu bien phap uu dai dau tu + Nhirng uu dai ve thue, chi phi: Chuong trinh Cdc du an ddu tu chien luge (SIP) quy dinh: Khi dau tu vao Nam Phi cac nha dau tu nuoc ngoai se dugc mien 100% cac loai chi phi xay dung nha xuong, lap rap may moc thiet bi ...Khoan mien hoan toan chi phi nay dugc ap dung cho moi du an c6 tri gia toi da khoang 100 trieu USD va c6 tri gia toi thieu la 85 trieu USD khi dau tu vao Nam Phi. Cac du an dau tu chien luge dugc hieu la cac du an nghien ciru va phat trien, cac du an san xuat hang boa che tao (ngoai trir thuoc la va cac san pham lien quan den thuoc la, cac boat dgng tu van ve phan cimg va phan mem may tinh, cac boat dgng tu van ve xir ly so lieu...).
Chuong trinh phdt trien doanh nghiep vira vd nho (SMEDP) de ra nhiing uu dai ve thue rat ro rang trong thu hiit dau tu nuoc ngoai. Chuong trinh nham khuyen khich cac nha dau tu nuofc ngoai trong viec lap ke hoach mof rgng cac doanh nghiep vira va nho dang boat dgng a Nam Phi, thue hien cac du an mofi trong xay dung doanh nghiep vira va nho vofi ITnh vuc rat rong bao gom ca che tao, du lich, dich vu kinh doanh, thong tin va vien thong, cong nghe, cac du an nong nghiep c6 gia tri cao. Moi du an phii hgp se dugc mien 10% thue hang nam vofi thoi han mien thue la
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3 nam neu nhu du an dg dap irng tot cac nhu cau ve sir dung lao dgng. Mire ho trg cu the doi vod moi du an la nhu sau:
Du an dau tu 5 trieu Rand ban dau (khoang 630.000 USD) se dugc mien thue 10%/nam
Du an dau tu 10 trieu Rand tiep theo (khoang 1,26 trieu USD) se dugc mien thue 6%/nam.
Du an dau tu 15 trieu Rand tiep theo (khoang 1,89 trieu USD) se dugc mien thue 4%/nam
Du an dau tu 20 trieu Rand tiep theo (khoang 2,52 trigu USD) se dugc mien thue 3%/nam
Du an dau tu 25 trieu Rand tiep theo (khoang 3,15 trieu USD) se dugc mien thue 2%)/nam.
Du an dau tu 25 trieu Rand tiep theo se dugc mien thue 1%/nam.
Chuong trinh ho trg ky ndng (SSP) la mgt uu dai khac nura danh cho cac nha dau tu nuoc ngoai. Chuong trinh nay se tra cap 50% chi phi dao tao trong 3 nam cho cac du an SMEDP khi cac doanh nghiep co nhu cau dao tao va dao tao lai lao dgng. Su ho trg nay cua chinh phu la nham tao dieu kien cho nguofi da den dugc tham gia vao boat dgng san xuat kinh doanh cua nen kinh te. Tat ca cac bien phap uu dai tren ciang la de thue hien tot cac muc tieu ma chien luge BEE da de ra.
* Ha thap dan chi phi kinh doanh:
Trong thai gian qua, chinh phii Nam Phi da CO gang cai thien moi truong dau tu, tao dieu kien kinh te vT mo on dinh va ha thap dan chi phi kinh doanh doi voi nha dau tu
So vai nhieu nen kinh te mai noi tren the giai, chi phi kinh doanh a Nam Phi dugc ha thap hon. Theo Bao cao hang nam cua Ngan hang The giai ve cac chi tieu nai long chi phi kinh doanh. Nam Phi hien dirng thir 32 trong tong so 181 nuac dugc dieu tra nam 2009 ve viec ngi long chi phi kinh doanh.
Dat nuoc nay dugc danh gia la c6 gia dien thap nhat tren the giofi, co chi phi lao dgng re ban cac nen kinh te mai noi khac, c6 thue thu nhap doanh nghiep uu dai ban cac nuac khac. Thii tuc de phe duyet du an dau tu nuac ngoai a Nam Phi hien nay mat khoang 22 ngay, trong khi a cac nuac chau Phi can Sahara khac mat khoang 45,6 ngay, Thu tuc cap giay phep x% dung du an a Nam Phi mat khoang 174 ngay, trong khi a khu vuc chau Phi can Sahara binh quan mat khoang 260,5 ngay. Neu tinh ve thue, cac cong ty thanh lap 6f Nam Phi hien nay phai chi tra tong cong 9 loai thue va tong so tien cua 9 loai thue do chiem 30,2% Igi nhuan doanh nghiep, trong khi khu vuc chau Phi can Sahara hien trung binh co khoang 37,7 loai thue va tong so tien chiu thue chiem toi 67,5% Igi nhuan doanh nghiep. Neu so vofi cac nuoc OECD khac thi so loai thue ciia Nam Phi it hon va tong so tien chiu thue cua cac doanh nghiep cung thap hon (OECD trung binh co 12,8 loai thue va tong so tien chiu thue chiem 44,5% Igi nhuan doanh nghlep)^
Mac du cho den nay, von FDI vao Nam Phi chua dugc nhieu (chiem 1,2% GDP nam 1999, 6,4% GDP nam 2001 va 0,5% GDP nam 2003) voi tong so von FDI tang giam khong deu vi nhieu ly do khac nhau, nhung
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Nam Phi hien dang la nuac nam giir phan Ion dong FDI chay vao chau Phi hien nay.
Trong giai doan 2003-2008 Nam Phi la nuofc thu hut dugc nhieu du an FDI nhat chau Phi (trung binh la 64 du an FDI/nam), tiep theo la Marocco (48 du an/nam), Ai Cap (46 du an/nam), Algeria (34 du an/nam), Nigeria (26 du an/nam) . Su giau co ve nguon tai nguyen thien nhien cgng voi moi truong kinh te vT mo uu dai, moi truong chinh tri on dinh va nhiing chinh sach bien phap cai thien moi truong dau tu ke tir nam 1994 den nay da khien Nam Phi tro thanh diem den hap dan cua dong FDI tren the giofi. .- .
2.Thu'c trang thu hut FDI d Nam Phi giai doan 1994-2004
Cai each kinh te va cai thien moi truong dau tu o Nam Phi ke tir nam 1994 da tao dieu kien thuan Igi hon cho Nam Phi trong thu hut dau tu true tiep niroc ngoai, Theo bao cao ciia World Investment Report 2004 (UNCTAD), dong FDI vao Nam Phi tang tir 380 trieu USD nam 1994 len 1.241 trieu USD nam 1995, dat 3.817 trieu USD vao Hinh 1. Thue trang thu hiit FDI vao
nam 1997, 1.502 trieu USD vao nam 1999 va dat ky luc 6.789 trieu USD vao nam 2001. Trong vai nam gan day, FDI vao Nam Phi CO dau hieu tang deu dan hon, nam 2005 dat 6.644 trieu USD, nam 2007 dat 5.692 trieu USD va nam 2009 dat 9 ty USD. Day la nhirng nam danh dau dong von FDI vao Nam Phi tang manh do chiu anh huong tich cue ciia viec thay doi chinh sach trong nuoc, dac biet la chinh sach tu nhan boa. Trong giai doan 1994-2004, ty trgng FDI vao Nam Phi trong tong FDI toan cau chiem khoang dual 1%, trong do nam c6 ty trgng Ion nhat la nam 2001 (chiem 0,83% FDI toan cau) va nam c6 ty trgng nho nhat la nam 2000 (chiem 0,06%) FDI toan cau). Trong khu vuc chau Phi, Nam Phi luon dirng hang thir hai sau Nigeria trong so 10 nuoc thu hut FDI nhieu nhat a giai doan 2000-2004. Vao nam 2008, Nam Phi chiem 18,2% tong FDI vao chau Phi, dimg sau Nigeria (chiem 29,4%), va dung truofc cac nirac khac nhu Guinea Xich Dao (chiem 9,1%), Angola (chiem 5,2%) va Sat (3,8%). Con lai 34,3% thugc ve cac nuQfC chau Phi khac.
Nam Phi giai doan 1994-2003 (trieu USD)
Nguon: World Investment Report 2004 UNCTAD
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FDI thue su CO vai tro quan trong trong nen kinh te Nam Phi ke tir nam 1994. Ty le FDI trong GDP cua Nam Phi nam 1994 chi la 0,2%, nam 1997 tang len chiem 2,6% va nam 2001 chiem gan 6%. Tuy nhien, trong nhieu nam ty le FDI/GDP a Nam Phi chi dat xap xi 1%/nam. Trong giai doan 1994-2002, FDI chiem khoang 9,9% trong tong von dau tu a Nam Phi, tuong duong vai ty le ciia Philipin (Pbibpin dat 9,8%), cao ban An Qo (chi dat 3,1%), Han Quoc (chi dat 2,9%), tuy nhien thap hon so vai Trung Quoc (12,7%), Malaysia (14,6%) va Thai Lan (11,8%)^
Bang 1. FDI vao Nam Phi phan theo khu tong
Vao nam 2002, FDI phan theo nganh kinh te 6 Nam Phi la nhu sau: Nganh tai chinh va dich vu chiem 36%, khai khoang chiem 34%, che tao chiem 24%, thuang mai chiem 4%, van tai va vien thong chiem 2%. Trong giai doan 1994-2004, nganh tai chinh va dich vu dat toe do tang FDI nhieu nhat a Nam Phi (nam 2003-2004 dat toe do tang 1,09%), tiep theo la nganh khai khoang (dat toe do tang 0,47%/nam). Nhirng nganh co toe do tang FDI khiem ton nhat la nganh cong nghe thong tin, thuong mai va nganh phuc vu cong cgng.
vuc dia ly, giai doan 1994-2004, % trong so (.
Khu vuc EU Bac My
\ Dong - Nam A Chau Au ngoai EU Chau Dai duong Trung Dong
Dau tu da phuong/quoc te Chau Phi
1 My Latinh va Caribbe i Tong
1994-1996 1 37,8 32,2 22,0 6,4 0,4 0,1 0,8 0,3 0,0 100,0
1997-1998 33,4 32,5 23,0 7,3 0,0 1,8 1,2 0,8 0,0 100,0
2000-2002 47,1
12,5 18,0 4,4 11,5
4,9 1,4 0,1 0,0 100,0
2003-2004 65,5
9,1 2,8 18,9
2,2 4,6 1,9 0,1 0,5 100,0 Nguon: Lynne Thomas and Jonathan Leape CEFSA, Foreign Direct Investment in South Africa:
The Initial Impact of the Trade, Development and Co-operation Agreement betwen South Africa and the Europe Union, Regional Trade Facilitation Programme, Occasional Research Paper No. 1.
Phan theo doi tac dau tu. Nam Phi la diem den nhieu nhat cua cac nha dau tu chau Au (chu yeu la Anh, Dire, Italia, Phap, Ai Len, Thuy Dien, Bi, Bo Dao Nha, Hi Lap, Dan Mach, Tay Ban Nha, Ao, Ha Lan, Phan Lan,
theo la mgt so nha dau tu chau A nhu Nhat Ban, Trung Quoc, Malaysia. Trong so cac nha dau tu EU, Anh la nuac c6 anh huong Ion nhat trong dong von FDI vao Nam Phi, chiem toi 45,5%) tong FDI cua EU vao Nam Luxembourg), tiep den la mot so nha dau tu Phi trong giai doan 1994-1996, sau tang len chau My (chu yeu la My va Canada), tiep chiem toi 60,5% vao giai doan 2000-2002 va
S Tap chinghien cihi CHAU Pill & TRU.XG DO.\G so 10 (62) thang 10/2010
Dau tWtrWc tiep nWdc ngoai.. Tran Thj Lan Hu'dng
chiem tai 78,3% trong giai doan 2003-2004.
Hai khu vuc thu hut FDI nhieu nhat ciia Anh la tai chinh va tai nguyen thien nhien. Tiep theo la Dire, tuy nhien ty trgng von FDI cua Dire trong tong FDI cua EU vao Nam Phi lien tuc giam, tir 30,5% nam 1994-1996 giam xuong con 10,3% giai doan 1997-1999, duy tri g muc 19,5% giai doan 2000-2002 va chi con chiem 7,3% trong giai doan 2003- 2004. Dire chu yeu dau tu vao Nam Phi trong cac nganh boa chat, sat thep co ban, dien tu va ca khi. Italia, Phap, Ha Lan, Thuy Dien, Bo Dao Nha cung co nhirng anh huong doi vol dong von EU vao Nam Phi, tuy nhien ty trong von FDI cua cac nuofc nay trong tong FDI cua EU vao Nam Phi con khiem ton.
B.Nhu'ng ton tai, han che trong thu hut FDI 6 Nam Phi
* FDI nam duoi mire tiem ndng
Theo danh gia cua UNCTAD (2008), hoat dgng thu hut FDI a Nam Phi trong giai doan
vira qua la nam duai mire tiem nang. Cho dii Nam Phi hien chiem phan lan trong tong FDI ciia the giai vao chau Phi, nhung khoi lugng FDI vao Nam Phi trong giai doan tren chua nhieu va chua khai thac bet tiem nang san CO ciia dat nuoc. Co rat nhieu ly do dan den viec khai thac chua het tiem nang trong thu hilt FDI nhu chat lugng nguon nhan luc, dich benh..., nhung quan trong hon ca la ly do thugc ve chinh sach. Chinh phu Nam Phi trong giai doan qua da thieu y chi chinh tri trong viec khuyen khich FDI vao Nam Phi.
Chuong trinh tu nhan boa mgt each de dat va nhirng than trgng trong viec mo cua dong dau tu nuac ngoai ciia chinh phu da co tac dgng han che dong von FDI vao Nam Phi.
Nhu so lieu chirng minh trong bang 3.5, ben canh nhirng chi so lanh manh ve thi truong tai chinh. Nam Phi lai la nuoc dirng thir 111 tren the gioi ve nhiing ban che doi vai dong von nuac ngoai (chi dugc 3,7/10 diem), trong khi Ai Cap dirng thir 80 (dugc 4,4 diem) va Nigeria dirng thir 93 (4,1 diem).
Bang 2. Su khac biet giira Nam Phi va cac nugc khac trong mgt vai chi so lien quan den khia canh thu hiit FDI (trung binh trong giai doan 1994-2001)
Cac chi so
GDP dau nguai (USD) Tang truong GDP (%) Chi so ma cira thuong mai (%)
Thue/GDP (%) Dien thoai/1000 dan Ty le mil chir (%>)
Nam Phi 3.279
3 49 25 111 15,73
Chau A (trung binh) 2.988
6 90 21 138 14,85
My Latinh (trung binh) ; 3.671
3 52 21 141 11,40
Nguon: IMF, World Economic Outlook and International Financial Statistics databases; and World Bank, World Development Indicators databases.
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La mgt nuac Ion trong khu vuc chau Phi, Nam Phi c6 ty trgng von FDI trong tong von FDI vao chau Phi thap ban nhieu so vai Nigeria, mgt vai nam con thap bon ca Ai Cap mac dii hai nuoc nay co nhieu bat Igi the hon so voi Nam Phi. Trong dieu kien tang truong kinh te thap, tiet kiem va dau tu trong nuac con thap, FDI dugc danh gia la nguon von quan trgng de kich thich tang truong kinh te nhanh hon. Tuy nhien, y chi chinh tri ciia chinh phu Nam Phi ve van de thu hut FDI chua dugc ro rang. Van con rat nhieu ban che trong viec cai thien moi truong thu hiit FDI vao Nam Phi, trong do c6 ca nhiing quy dinh nghiem ngat doi voi dong von FDI vao, ca nhirng van de bat cap trong nuoc nhu ky nang lao dgng, dich benh, toe do ma cira nen kinh te... So vofi nhieu nuac Chau A va My Latinh, Narp Phi con kem xa trong mgt so chi so co ban xet tren khia canh thu hut FDI, cu the la cac chi so ve tang truong GDP, toe do mg cira nen kinh te, ty le thue trong GDP, ty le mil chii, ca so ha tang vien thong.
*Vdn ngn dich benh HIV/AIDS cdn tro FDI vao Nam Phi
Nam Phi la dat nuoc c6 ty le lay nhiem HIV/AIDS a mire cao trong khu vuc chau Phi, chiem khoang 11 ,A% dan so ca nuoc, trong do ty le lay nhiem cua phu nir la tren 20%. Co nghTa la co khoang tren 5 trieu nguofi Nam Phi bi lay nhiem HlV/AlDS trong tong dan so ca nuofc la 43,8 trieu nguofi (2004). Vao nam 2002, moi ngay a Nam Phi CO 600 nguofi chet vi AIDS, tong cgng nang so nguofi chet vi AIDS nam 2002 len tren
200.000 nguai. Trong khi do, so nguofi dang bi lay nhiem HIV giai doan dau la khoang 400.000 - 500.000 nguai vao nam 2002. Voi ty le lay nhiem HIV/AIDS kha cao nhu tren, chat lugng nguon nhan luc va sire khoe cua luc lugng lao dgng dang bi xuong cap tram trgng, anh huong tieu cue den toe do tang truong kinh te. Theo hau bet cac nghien ciru ve kinh te hgc vT mo, thi a chau Phi HIV/AIDS CO tac dgng tieu cue den tang truong kinh te, lam giam toe do tang truong kinh te tir 0,3% den 1,5%/nam. Neu khong CO dich benh HIV/AIDS, toe do tang truong GDP 3,1%/nam trong giai doan 1994-2004 cua Nam Phi c6 the da tang them 16%. Mot so nghien ciru khac lai cho rang HIV/AIDS da lam giam toe do tang truong GDP ciia Nam Phi ten 1%/nam^ Do dich HIV/AIDS hoanh hanh, chi tieu ciia chinh phu cho cac chuong trinh dieu tri HIV/AIDS da tang tir 30 trieu Rand (khoang 4,3 trieu USD) nam 1994 len 342 trieu Rand (khoang 49 trieu USD) nam 2001/2002. Vao thang 2 nam 2004, chinh phii thong bao se chi them 2,1 ty Rand (300 trieu USD) cho chuong trinh phong chong HIV/AIDS trong nam 2004/2005. Vao nam 2005/2006, chi tieu ciia chinh phu de phong chong HIV/AIDS len toi 3,6 ty Rand (khoang 500 trieu USD)^
HIV/AIDS ket hgp vai chinh sach giao due dao tao con nhieu bat cap khien chat lugng nguon nhan luc cua Nam Phi dang xuong cap nghiem trong. Theo ket qua nghien ciru ciia Hgi dong nghien ciru y hgc va Hiep hgi bao hiem xa hoi Nam Phi cong bo ngay 12/12/2006, tuoi tho ciia nguoi dan
10 Tap chinghien cim OIAU PHI & TRUING DOING so 10 (62) thang 10/2010
_gg^ tWtrWc tiep nwdc ngoai.. Tran Thj Lan Hu'dng
Nam Phi nam 2006 la 51 tuoi (49 tuoi o nam giai va 53 tuoi a nii giai), giam 13 nam so voi muc 64 tuoi ciia nam 1990, chu yeu do tac dgng cua HIV/AIDS. Neu khong co giai phap cho vSn de tren, tuoi thg cua nguofi dan Nam Phi vao nam 2015 se chi con khoang 45 tuoi. Do dich benh HIV/AIDS, tuoi tho cua nguoi dan Nam Phi da tut xuong hang thir 30 tren the giofi tinh tir duai len. Tuoi tho giam dang anh huong Ion den chi so phat trien con nguoi (HDI) ciia Nam Phi. Nam 1975, HDl ciia Nam Phi la 0,655, nam 1995 tang len la 0,742, giai doan 1995-2003 giam xuong la
Chu thich:
0,685, chi cao hon mgt chut so voi nam 1975 . Neu nhu nam 1975 Nam Phi dimg hang thir 45 trong tong so 102 nuac ve chi so HDI, thi nam 2003 Nam Phi tut xuong hang thir 120 trong tong so 177 nuac. De phat trien kinh te va hgi nhap thanh cong vao nen kinh te the giai.
Nam Phi can mgt dgi ngii lao dgng co trinh do va ky nang, am hieu tri thirc, ky nang kinh doanh va kien thirc hgi nhap cung nhu ky nang dam phan trong cac dien dan song phuong va da phuong. Tuy nhien, nguon von nhan luc a Nam Phi chua dugc chuan bi tot cho qua trinh hgi nhap va thu hiit FDI.
' Theo Luke Eric Peterson (2006), South Africa's Bilateral Investment Treaties: Implication for Development and Human Rights, Occation Papers, No 26, November, Friendrich Ebert Stiftung Press.
^ Theo South Africa Revenue Service (SARS), Summary of All Treaties for the Avoidance of Double Taxation, www.sars.gov.za
^ Theo World Bank 2010, Doing Business, Ease of Doing Business Rank.
Theo Tran Thi Lan Huong (2009), Moi truong dau tu nude ngoai o chau Phi hien nay, Tap chi Congsan, so 2(170)
^ IMF, World Economic Outlook database
^ Amdt and Lewis (2000), The Macro Implications of AIDS in South Africa: a Prelimitary Analyis, South African Journal of Economics, trang 856-887
Bai phat bieu cua Trevor Manuel, Bg truong bg tai chinh Nam Phi, ngay 18/2/2004.
United Nations Developmet Programme, Human Development Report 2005.
Tap chinghien cim CHAU PHI & TRUING DOING so 10 (62) thang 10/2010 11
Tran Thj Lan Hu'dng ^ ^ ^ £5^^ tWtrWcUepnWdcngoaL^
Tai lieu tham khao
I.David Fig (2005), Manafactiiring Amnesia: Corporate Social Responsibility in South Africa, International Affairs, Vol 81, No3, 3 May. .
2.Department of Education (2004), The Development of Education: coutry Report of South Africa, 47th International Conference on Education, 8-11 September
3.Elizabeth Sidiropoulos (2004), Apartheid Past, Renaissance Future: South Africa's Foreign Policy: 1994-2004, The South African Istitute of International Affairs, Johannesburg, Intrepid Printers.
4.G N Farrell and K R Todani (2004), Capital Flows, Exchange Control Regulations and Exchange Rate Policy: The South African Experience, Working Papers, 17 March.
5. George R G . Clarke (2005), South Africa: An Assessment of the Investment Climate, Africa Private Sector Group, Citizen Surveys, World Bank
6. Honest Prosper Ngowi (2001), Can Africa Increase its Global Share of FDI? West Africa Review.
7. Judith Streak (1998), 777e Determinant of FDI and South Africa's Industrial Development Strategy: Toward a Research Agenda, School of Economics, University of Cape Town, http.://wym,tJpS;afrihgM..CQj^ Miria A. Pigato (2001), The Foreign Direct Investment Environment in Africa, Africa Region Working Paper No 5, April.
8. Ntwala Mwilima (2003), Foreign Direct Investment in Africa, Africa Labour Research Network, September.
12 Tap chinghien cihi a i A U PHI & TRUING DOING so 10 (62) thang 10/2010
