CONG LY THEO KET QUA, CONG LY THEO THU TUC VA LIEN HE V d l NEN TU^ PHAP VIET NAM
Tran Quyet Thang T6m tat: Bdi viet de cap cdc vdn di: 1) Khdi niem vd lich sie phdt triin ciia thugt nga cdng ly; 2) Gidi thieu ve cdng ly theo thu tuc vd cdng ly theo kit qud; 3) LienM vdi qud trinh td tung tuphdp a VietNam hien nay.
Abstract: This article addresses the following issues: 1) The concept and development history of justice; 2) Overview of result-based justice and due process- based justice; 3) Comparison with judicial process in Vietnam nowadays.
C
ong ly la mpt thuat ngG chinh tri, dao diic, triet hpc va phap ly dupc biSt d6n rfing rai tren toki th§ gioi. Tuy nhien, cho den nay thuat ngiJ nay van chua CO su dong nhat ve khai ni6m. Trong linh vuc t6 tung hinh su, cong ly dupc xem la ton chi va cung la dich huong toi cua he thong tu phap.Hau h€t cac nghien cuu deu thua nhan rang, hi$n nay n6n tu phdp cua cac nuoc chia lam hai xu hucmg gom cong ly theo thu tuc - gan vdi da so cac quoc gia theo he th6ng thong luat va cong ly theo k6t qua - gan voi cac quoc gja theo hS thong d ^ luat.
d Viet Nam, du da trai qua nhung thang tram cua lich sii, npi dung nay van chua co dupc mot vi thk xumg dang trong hoat dOng cua he th6ng tu phap. C6ng ly theo thu tuc hay cong ly theo k§t qua van con la mpt van dh moi trong ca hpc thuat va thuc tien. Vi vay, doi hoi cSn co nhung nghien ciiu dat n6n mong cho viec xac dinh xu hudng lua chpn con ducmg den cong ly cua hoat dpng to t\mg tu phap!-Vi?t Nam nham phat trien mpt nSn tu phap xet xu doc lap, cong bang, diing nguoi, diing tOi.
1. Khai ni^m va lich sir phat trien cua cong Iy
Tfit thoi ky co d?u, Aistotle cho rSng cong ly la doi xii binh dang v6i nhihig nguoi ngang nhau va bdt binh ding voi nhimg nguoi khong ngang nhau. 6ng chia cong ly thanh: "cdng ly cdi tgo" - la vi^c toa an y6u cSu ben gay ra thiet hai khac phuc nhiing thiet hai da t^o ra cho nguoi bi hai, va "cdng ly phdn phdi" - la each thiic va no luc dem s\r cong bang xiing dang vci moi nguoi'.
Ngudi La Ma ciing luan giai van de cong ly Ik yeu cau phai trao cho con ngudi nhiing quyen cua hp va xac ISp su ra ddi cua
"cdng ly tuong giao " la nen mong cho cac hpp dong, trao doi lpi ich giGa cac ben nhu hiSn nay.
Trong khi do, d nen khoa hpc hien dai, trong bai giang Cdng ly - ddu Id nhitng viec dung nen lam, Giao su Michael J. Sandel cho ring: cong ly la hoat dOng dupc tiSp can boi mpt so cac nguyen tac, bao gom: T6i da hoa tong phiic lpi - lua chpn lpi ich cua so dong; ton trpng quyen tu do ca nhan - cac ca nhan co nhung lua chpn khac nhau va
' ThS., D91 hgc Npi vy Ha Npi co sd miln Trung.
' Raymond Wacks, Triet hqc ludt phap (Ph^m Kieu Tiing djch), Nxb. Tri thiic, nSm 2001.
NHA NVdC VA PHAPLU4TS6 4/2016 khSng ph\i thu6c vdo lpi ich cua ngudi khac. NguySn tac nay mau thuan voi nguyen the toi da hoa tdng phiic lgi; lam theo 1^ le - cong ly la lam theo dieu hpp dao ly va dao iy nay la dieu ma ngudi ta cam thay diing dan; lam theo ly le vdi tdm man v6 minh - cong 1^ la lam theo nhiing diSu hpp ly, nhung khfing dupc biSt. dka cac ySu to chi phoi khac nhu mau da, sic tpc, tinh each, nang luc...; danh nhiing gi xiing dang cho ai xiing dang - chi ngudi co nang luc, phdm chat xiing dang moi dupc hudng nhiing gia tri xufng dang^.
Trudng phai phap luat dao diic/tu nhien lai cho rang, cfing ly la san pham ciia tao hoa ban cho va la viec moi ca nhan hoac nhfim dupc hudng nhimg gi ma hp xiing dang.
Dudi gfic dp nghien ciiu ngon ngG, cong ly trong tieng Anh la Justice; dupc djnh nghia theo 5 each khac nhau trong quan h$ trai nghia vin Injustice - nghia la bat cfing, bao gfim:
a) Vi$c duy tri nhihig gi la dieu diing hay Ie phai thong qua siic manh hoSc quyen luc bang phucmg phap trao phdn thuong ho^c hinh phat thich dang;
b) Hinh thiic trung phat dfii voi mpt ngudi pham tfii, hay che tai dupc coi la thich hpp cho mpt tpi pham;
c) Cong cu triing tri tpi ac, dupc hinh tupng hoa bang gia treo co;
d) Muc dich quan ly ciia phap luat, ciia thu tyc to tung tu phap;
d) Co quan tu phap, hoac trach nhiem, tham quyen ciia ca quan nay .
^ Chi tiet tgi:
https://www,youtube.com/watch?v=WonYIfHFyvI
^ Xem ban ti^ng Anh tai:
http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/102198;
Dai tir dien tilng Vi6t dinh nghia cflng ly la: Le phai du^c xa hdi thita nh^n, phd hop vdi dgo /jJ vd loi ich chung cda xa h^f.
Nhu vay, co thi kit luSn ring: Cdng ly Id tu duy hay hdnh viphu hgp vdi su cdng bdng vd lephdi ditffc thua nhan chung bdi c^ng ddng, phd hap vdi chudn muc dgo due md cd nhdn theo dudi trong khudn khd chain muc dgo ditc xd hpi vd lugt phdp, duoc nhd nu&c bdo v^.
Cho den nay, hau het cac nude deu thua nhan cong Iy da trai qua 3 thdi ky phat trien.
O giai dogn thu nhdt, ban chat ciia cfing Iy mang tinh kha tieu cue. No la hoat dpng tra thu cua ca n h ^ khi bj xam pham, do dfi giai doan nay dupc gpi la giai doan cong ly bao thu. Noi bat cho giai doan nay la Bfi luat Hammurabi (mi-sa-ra-am) dupc ban hanh bdi Nha nuoc Luang Ha (giai doan td 1792 din 1750 TGN). Npi dung chinh ylu cua no la hinh phat phai ganh chiu theo nguyen tac Talion. Su ha khac ciia nguyen tac Talion nfii rieng va Bp luat Hammurabi noi chung la viec ap dung triet dl hinh phat mang doi mang. Vi du Dilu 196 Bp luat nay quy dinh: Ke ndo ldm hdng mat cua ngudi ddn tu do, ke do se bi ngucri ta choc mil mdt; Dieu 197.' Ke ndo ddnh gdy tay cua mgt ngudi tu do, ngudi ta se ddnh gdy tay cua hdn; Dilu 230: Nguoi tha xdy xdy nhd khdng cdn thgn ldm dd nhd chet con chu nhd thi phdi giet con ngudi tha xdy. Nhung quy dinh nay vin cdn xudt hien trong Luat hinh sir ciia nhieu qufic gia trong thi gioi hi?n dai. Do la hinh phat tur hinh cho mot sfi tfii danh. Mac du viec giu hay bd hinh phat nay dang gay tranh cai, nhung khong thi
* D^i tir diSn tilng Vi^t, 2008, tr. 347.
CdNG L Y THEO KET QUA ...
phii nhan hinh phat nay co moi day lien h6 mat thiet vdi cfing Iy bao thu^.
Tuy ban chat cong ly cua thdi ky nay la su tra thu, song xuyen su6t gia tri ciia Hammurabi, cfing Iy lufin dupc dl cao va dupc xem nhu anh sang mat trdi cdn phai
"soi den ddn den, td dnh sdng khdp mat ddt".
Giai dogn thie hai, cfing Iy dupc chuyin tu hinh thuc tra thii nguyen thuy sang hinh thuc bfii thudng tucmg xiing vdi thiet hai.
Nfii dung chinh cua cong ly giai doan nay la sir phat va tuang xiing vdi thiet hai bing mfit gia tri khac ngoai sinh mang. Do la su thoa thuan giua ben gay ra thiet hai va ben bi thiet hai mfit hinh thGc den bu de hai ben hai ldng.
Su phat va nay tranh dupc tinh chdt ha khic cua Bp luat Hammurabi la khong quy kit mpi thiet hai v6 sinh mang phai dupc den bii bing sinh mang. Cac gia tri thay thi thudng la tai san hoac sue lao dpng.
Giai dogn thie ba cua cong Iy la luc cac chuyen bien cua ddi song xa hfii phat trien phuc tap, su xam pham lpi ich cua ca nhan, tfi chuc da dang khien cho cac ben tham gia quan he kho dinh lupng dupc cac khoan thiet hai de di dSn bfii thudng va ngSn chan cac hoat dfing tra thu ca nhan. Cac thiet che tu phap bao g6m Toa an va co quan hfi tro tu phap ra ddi. Day la thdi ki danh dau su chuyen biin quan trpng nhat cua cong ly khi gin no vdi hoat dpng tu phap xet xG.
2 Cong ly theo kit qua va cdng ly theo thu tuc
2.1. Cdng ly theo kit qud
Cong ly theo ket qua (each goi khac:
cong ly theo ban the) chi qua trinh xet xu tu
' Xem chi tilt t^i: http://mo) gov.vn/
ct/tintuc/Pages/thong-tin-khac.aspx?ItemiI>=7018,
\k http://moj.gov.vn/ct/tintuc/Pages/nghien-cuu-trao- doi.aspx?ItemID=4524.
phap chu trpng vao ket qua thay vi cac thu tuc di den ket qua do. De dl hinh dung ban chat, cua no trong sir dfii sanh vdi cfing ly theo thu tuc, trong bai viet nay tac gia su dung thuat ngu cong ly theo ket qua. O nhiing nen tu phap thGa nhSn cfing ly theo ket qua thudng quan nifim rang, cong ly chi xuat hien khi ket qua cufii cung duac tim thay va dfii khi du vfi tinh hay hiiu y, qua trinh xet xG tu phap bfi qua cac gidi han ve thu tuc, tham chi dimg cac thii doan dieu tra dfi cd dupc kfit qua vupt qua su nghi ngd hpply.
Cfing Iy theo ket qim, vdi ban chdt khfing chu trpng nhilu din cac thu tuc ma chi xem trpng dap an cua vu viec da khien cho trong qua trinh dieu tra, xet xu tu phap xuat hien cac sang tao nham day nhanh viec tifin tdi cong Iy. Cac sang tao do, thudng la tieu cue va xam pham den nhiing quyfin quan trpng cua bi can, bi cao ma dang Ie hp phai dupc thGa nhan va bao ve trudc khi bi ket tpi bdi toa an. Day cung chinh la nguyfin nhan co ban dan den cac ban an oan sai, dac biet a nhirng noi phap luat cd su giam sat tu phap Idng leo, quyen luc cua co quan dilu tra vupt tren ca toa an (an tai hfi so) va dupc thuc thi mpt each bi mat.
Vi du dien hinh cho cong Iy theo kfit qua la vu an An Lac Tam d So Dong, Trung Qufic. Nam 1955, An Lac Tam nguyen la Phd phdng canh sat huyen Giao da bi kit an tu hinh vdi tfii danh trfim cap va gifit ngudi dupc thuc hien hon 10 nam trudc do. Trong qua trinh dieu tra, cac dieu tra vifin vi tu thu ca nhan da mdm cung, dua nhan chiing gia nhim tao ra cac tinh hufing bat lpi, chfing lai bi cao. Dac biet, ngudi dupc cho la nan nhan trong vu an von la con np ciia Tam va chit do xuat huyfit luc sinh con, dupc thay dfii hfi so phap y de phu hpp vdi tfii trang danh dap
NHA Nl/dC VA PHAP LU^TSO 4/2016
con np cho den chet ma cac difiu tra vien mufin gan cho An Lac Tam. Vdi viec tra tan, bGc cung bupc phai thua nh$n tfii danh, Toa an da tuyen bi cao An Lac Tam hinh phat tG hinh. Qua trinh tuyen an va mGc lunh phat dupc giu kin, cho tdi khi ra phap trudng, An Lac Tam mdi biet minh bi tudc doat quyen sfing va gao khoe keu oan.
Ro rang day la mot vu an ma ket qua da dupc dinh trudc boi cac dieu tra vien vdi thanh kifin va tu thu ca nhan. Day cung chinh la mpt trong rat nhieu vu an oan nfii tieng the gidi do qua trinh difiu tra va xet xG tu phap da bi be cong ma khfing bi giam sat hay ngan chan bang cac thu tuc.
2.2. Cdng ly theo thd tuc
Cfing Iy theo thu tuc (tifing Anh la "due process") dupc thGa nhan va coi trpng d cac nen tu phap phuang Tay, difin hinh d Anh va My. Cfing Iy theo thu tuc cd nghia chung la "de dgt tdi cdng lyphdi dp dung mdt cdch nhdt qudn cdc lugt le vd thit tuc da tgo nen he thong tuphdp theo dinh che ".
Dfii vdi cong Iy theo thii tuc, trong qua trinh tfi tung, dfi dat dupc cfing Iy, ca quan tu phap can tuan thu tuyet dfii cac nguyen tac va thu tuc da dinh trudc. Difiu nay bao dam quyfin dupc xet xG cfing bing cua bi can, bi cao. Dfing thdi bao dam rang, trudc khi bj ket tfii, bi can, bi cao phai dupc dfii xG tren ca sd nguyen tic tfin trpng quyin con ngudi, chfing cac hoat dpng nhuc hinh, tra tan va buc cung. Yfiu cdu cua cong Iy theo thu tuc bat bufic ca quan xet xG va cac ca quan hfi trp tu phap, dilu tra phai bing nghiep vu cho phep, xac dinh cac chung cG nham bufic tpi bi can mfit each cfing bing, tuong xung vdi thiet hai ma bi can da gay ra.
Trucrng hpp cac ca quan nay tiln hanh cac hoat dfing Gai quy dinh ciia phap luat nhim tim kiem, khai thac va xac nhan cac bing
chGng pham tpi se khong dupc thira nhSn.
Khi do, tham phan cd quyfin huy bd nhfing bing chGng do viec vi pham thG tuc t l t\ing ma CO va nlu Gong trudng hpp co quan dilu Ga, cong to khfing dan ra dupc nhfing bing chung vupt qua su nghi ngd vo tfii cua bi can, bj cao, boi tham doan va thdm phan co the huy ban cao trang va tuyen tring an. Nhu vay, thuc chat cGa cfing Iy theo thu tuc la viec tim den cong Iy bang tuan thu cac quy trinh, nguyen tac da dinh trudc chu khfing phai la ket qua cua nd.
De CO the duy Gi dupc cfing Iy theo thu tyc, can phai tuan thG bfin nguyen tic bao gfim:
He thfing phap luat phai. ddy du va cong bang v l the thGc quyet nghi va thii tyc;
- Phap luat phai dupc dinh trudc va phi quat mpt each rpng rai, bao dam cac cfing dan deu cd kha nang tiep can;
Phap luat phai dupc ap dung tr§n nguyen tac cua phap quyen, cong khai va minh bach;
- Phip luat phai dupc ap dung nhdt quin, khong cd trudng hpp ca biet, cac vu an co tinh tiet gifing nhau phai dupc xG nhu nhau.
Cfing \^ theo thu tuc g i n chat vdi Nha nude phap quyin. Cac nghifin cGu da chi ra rang, Nha nude phap quyin co ba nguyen tic CO ban: 1) Tinh thupng tfin cua phdp lu^t. Khong mpt ca nhan nao dupc dfing Gen phap luat k l ca Chinh phii hay bdt kl mpt thiit chl chinh tri nao; 2) Mpi ngucri diu dupc binh ding trudc phap luSt va khfing cd ngoai le; 3) Mpi qua trinh tfi tung tu phap deu phai tuan theo nhiing thu tyc da djnh trudc, khfing co su xfi dich va sang tao nao vupt qua quy dinh phap lu|it Gen con dudng den cong ly. Nguyen tic thG ba ham chi den cfing ly theo thu tyc, nlu d dau phdp luat vi pham nguyen t i c cua cfing ly theo
CdNGLiTHEOKETQUA.
thu tyc thi d dd cac nguyfin tic con Igi se bi vi pham vi nhftng tfin thuang ma nen phap lu^t ay trfin con dudng tfi tung tu phap da gay ra.
Cong ly theo thu tuc dupc xac dinh cd vai Go quan Gong trong vific kilm soat quyfin luc cua Chinh phG va bao vfi quyfin con ngudi, quyen cong dan.
Cong ly theo thu tuc dupc ap dung trifit dfi tai My. Tu chinh an sfl 5 va so 9 quy dinh: "Khdng ai cd the bi tudc dogt mgng sdng, tu do thdn the, hay tdi sdn, md khdng thdng qua chudn muc td tung trong lugt phdp...", "Nhd nude cUng khdng duac phep
tu&c dogt mgng sdng, tu do thdn the, hay tdi sdn ciia bdt cu ai md khdng thdng qua chudn m{cc td tung trong ludt phdp... "^.
Trong lich sG nude My da ghi nhan khfing it cac trudng hop cfing Iy thu tyc chiln thang cfing ly theo kit qua. Diln hinh la vy an cua cdu thu bdng bau due J.O.
Simpson. J.O. Simpson bi cao bupc la thu pham da giet vp cu la Nicole Brown Simpson va ngudi tinh Ronald Goldman cua vp nam 1994. Mac du cac gia thuyet va bing chung thu thap dupc Gong qua trinh difiu tta cua ca quan canh sat deu tao lap dupc can cu ro rang chong lai J.O.Simpson.
Tdt ca cac bing chdng dudng nhu minh chGng ring, chinh J.O. Simpson la thu pham ciia vy an. Duy chi cd mpt difiu - do cung chinh la ca sd de eac luat su bi?n hp cho J.O. Sunpson thuyfit phuc Hpi dfing xet xu - Ia vific thu thap cac bang chGng va Idi khai cua canh sat vi pham nhung thu tuc da dinh^. Theo luat phap My, viec kham xet
' http://luatkhoa.org/2015/12/chuan-muc-to-tung-va- cau-chuyen-vi-pham-to-tung-o-viet-nam/
' Xem chi ti^t tai: http://baotintuc.vn/tin-tuc/phien- toa-the-ky-xet-xu-o-j-simpsonky-6-cuoc-dau-tri-bat- dau-20l208170I2157820.htm.
nha cua J.O. Simpson cung dupc canh sat ghi hinh. Tuy nhifin, cac difiu tta vifin da qufin dat lai gid cho thifit bi quay phim diing vdi gid tifin hanh kham xet. Chinh dieu nay la l§i thu tyc quan ttpng nhat khien da sfi cac bang chung cua co quan difiu tta di xa khoi tinh hop ly va sir that, va gidi luat su da khai thac Ifii nay dfi cao bupc cac tham tG tu tao chung cu, mdm cung cho cac nhan chiing va thirc hifin qua ttinh dilu Ga trfin ca sd cua sir phan biet chung tpc. Trudc nhGng loi thu tuc do, Hpi dong xet xu khong dfing y vdi hau hfit cac cao bupc ciaa ca quan cfing to va tuyfin J.O. Simpson trang an.
Nhu vay, cd the thdy ring, cfing ly theo kfit qua chu ttpng dap sfl cua vu vific va cflng ly dupc thue thi khi tim ra su thSt bat chap nguy co cd the vi pham cac thu tyc difiu fra. Ndi each khac, cflng Iy theo ket qua ttong mpt chung muc nao dd theo dufli mfit quan diem xet xG tu phap "thd bdt nhdm cdn hon bd sdt". Trong khi do, cong Iy theo thu tyc lai rat chu ttpng each thGc, trinh tu tim ra su that. Trong su dfii sanh, co the ndi rang cfing ly theo thu tuc theo dufli quan difim xet xu tu phap "thd bd sdt cdn hon bdt nhdm "
3. Nhimg goi mar cho nen tir phap Viet Nam
d Vi$t Nam, cho dfin nay van chua cd mfit thuat ngG phap ly nao tuong iing vdi cfing Iy theo thu tyc hay cong \y theo kit qua. Tuy nhifin, Bfi luat Tfl tung Hinh su Viet Nam (BLTTHS) ciing cd nhung quy dinh ve quyen cua bi can, hi cao va bao ve cac quyfin nay trong qua trinh tfi tung. Dfing thdi, BLTTHS quy dinh: "Trong qud trinh tiin hdnh td tung, ca quan tien hdnh td tung, ngudi tien hdnh td tung phdi nghiem chinh thuc hien nhiing quy dinh cua phdp ludt vd phdi chiu trdch nhiem ve nhiing
NHA NlfdC VA PHAP LU^TSO 4/2016 hdnh vi, quyet dinh cua minh". Co thfi noi, day chinh la tinh thdn cua cfing Iy theo thu tyc, bdi "nhCmg quy dinh cua phdp ludt"
dupc hilu la trinh tu thuc hien tfl tung.
Tuy nhien, thdi gian gan day, nen tu phap Viet Nam ghi nhan mpt so vu an oan sai nghiem ttpng.
Tat ca cac an dupc xac dinh oan sai hay CO bilu hien cila oan sai deu cd nguyfin nhan xuat phat tu viec vi pham thu tuc to tung cua CO quan tien hanh tfi timg.
Mot dang vi pham thG tuc tfl tung la buc ciuig, mom cung va nhyc hinh dupc phat hien Gong vu an Huynh Van Nen. Trong vu an vudn dilu nfii tifing nay, Huynh Van Nen da dua ra mfit ban Ioi khai nhan tpi mau thuan vdi hien trudng, mau thuan vdi nhan chGng do bi danh dap, buc cung ma co.
Viec sG dung Ioi khai cua bi cao lam cfing cu duy nhat de khep tpi ciing la mpt thuc te dang dien ra hifin nay. Difiu nay dupc thay rfi trong vu an Le Van Manh khi ca quan to tyng chi sG dyng buc thu nhSn tfii ma Le Van Manh gui cho me de dinh toi bi cao.
Dieu dang noi la, cac vu an oan sai dien hinh gan day chi dupc phat hien khi hung thu thuc su cua vu an ra dau thii. Vific giai oan khong phai la ket qua ciia qua trinli suy xet lai thu tyc giai quyet cac vu an cua ca quan tien hanh to tung.
Ro rang, ttong nhifiu trudng hap, chiing ta dang thuc hien cong ly chi chu Gong kit qua. Trong nfin tu phap "dn tgi ho sa" kho CO can cu de tim ra cfing ly thuc su.
Cac an oan sai dupc giai nhung da dl lai hau qua nSng nfi cho cufic sflng cua ngudi bi oan va gia dinh cua hp . Tuy nhien, con rat nhifiu an oan do vi pham thii tuc tfi tung ma ngudi bi oan da khong cdn co hpi
d l dupc minh oan do phai thi hanh cac chl tai cua phap luat.
TG cac ca sd ly luan vfi xay dung cong Iy theo thu tyc va cfing ly theo kfit qua cung vdi vific chi ra cac ban chfi cua quy trinh tl tung hifin nay d Viet Nam, chiing tfii dua ra mpt so dinh hudng nhu sau:
Thu nhdt, can xay dung mpt nen tu phap dpc lap bao dam co chfi ty chiu Gach nhiem va loai bd cac yeu tfl tac dpng mang tinh phi chinh thGc tG cac dinh che chinh Gi khac ttong qua trinh xet xG; dam bao ccr quan xet xG cd thirc quyfin Gong qua trinh tl tung, dflng thdi tao ap lyc Gach nhifim dfii vdi ngudi phan quyet.
Thu hai, can xay dung he thfing phap luat trong do quy dinh chat che va ro rang cac thu tuc tfi tyng xet xG. Thu tyc cho tung giai doan cua qua trinh tfi tung ung vdi tfing CO quan tien hanh can xac dinh chi tiet, phan bifit ro trach nhifim va tham quyen, dflng thdi gan cac che tai cu the doi voi nhiing ngudi tien hanh tfi tyng vi pham thu tyc. Cac quy trinh nay phai dupc giam sat bdi nhung thifit che dang tin cay, Gong do ghi hinh viec hdi cung va sir tham gia tfi dau cua luat su la mpt giai phap cap bach.
Thii ba, thiet lap su dpc ISp va giam sat lan nhau giua c a quan difiu Ga, co quan cfing tfi va toa an; loai bd thdi quen "an tai hd sa" nhu hien nay.
Thtt tu, can thong nhat ap dung phap luat'ttong tfl tung xet xu, nhu ap dyng cdc an Ie vao viec dinh tpi danh giong nhau cho cac ban an cd tinh tiet va muc dp nhu nhau.
Thu ndm, ttong tfi tung xet xu, tham phan phai phan quyit dua trfin cflng ly va nhan danh cong ly, tuan thu phap luat nhung v i n dam bao luong tri cua ngucri phan xet.
