Tap chl Tai MOi Hpng Vi^t Nam - Volume (58-14). N°2- Apr., 2013
SfC KHOE VA MOT SO YEU TO LIEN QUAN d CONG NHAN MAY THAI NGUYEN
Hodng Thi Thuy Hd\ Tdng Xudn Hdi"*' Dd Hdm"**, VuMinh Thuc****
TOM TAT
Mpt nghien cuu mo ta theo thiit ki cdt ngang nhdm ddnh gid thuc trgng sire khoe, mot sd benh thuang gap vd yiu td lien quan Irong cong nhdn may tgi Thdi Nguyen dd dupe tiin hdnh ndm 2012. Kit qud thu dupe nhu sau: - Ngudi lao dpng ngdnh may cd sire khde kem (logi IV vd V) cdn khd cao (4.6%), sue khde tdt (logi I vd II) khong cao (58,70%). - Ty l^
mdc cdc binh mui, hpng vd phi qudn khd cao: viim mQi hpng: 67,69%- 76,20%, viem phi qudn: 4,23% - 9,60%.- Cd moi lien quan ro r^t gii/a su dung khdu trang hpp cdch, thuc hdnh ddm bdo an todn vi sinh lao dpng vdi cdc benh viem mUi hpng, phe qudn, phoi. Cdc tdc gid di nghi. cdn tdng cudng cdng tdc chdm sdc sire khoe ban ddu, gido due truyin thdng vi an todn vi sinh lao dpng, khdm phdt hien som vd dieu tri kip thai cdc chimg, benh lien quan cho ngudi lao dpng ngdnh may.
Tu khda: Sire khde cdng nhdn may Thdi Nguyen.
ABSTRACT
The health and relative factors on Thainguyen garment workers
Hoang Thi Thuy Ha, Tang Xuan Hai, Do Ham, Vu Minh Thuc In order to evaluate the Health and relative factors on Thainguyen garment workers, a cross-section^ study have been a>nditcted. The research was carried in year of 2012 on 1000 workers in Thainguyen proxince. The results showed: - The rate of IV and V health categories (Not good) is high ( 4.6%), The rate of I and II health categories (Good) is low (58.70%). - The rate of nose, throat diseases and respiratory diseases is high: (Nose, throat diseases:
67.69% - 76.20%; respiratory diseases: 4.23% - 9.60%.- The rate of nose, throat diseases and respiratory was related to some factors: standard mask using, practic on occupational safety and health.The authors have proposed a bester occupational health and safely programme for workers, early examination and treatment related diseases in time.
Key words: Health and relative factors on garment workers.
I. DAT VAN DE ^^^ nude. Dac thii cua ngdnh may Id sir
^.^ * • 1' -.. *_ !,---_ dung day chuyin cdng nghe gian don, mirc Det may duoc coi la mgt trong nhung .; ° •'., •'^ .if- - - u nganh cdng nghiep trgng diem ciia nude ta dg lao dgng tuy khdng qua nang nhgc J^ , , . ? • " L-- u' I--- A • \.' nhung go bo, doi hoi nhip do cong viec trong thdi ky cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa , ?_^,.'. . , •- • ^ . ^ .> o = x- nhanh voi thoi gian lao dgng trong ngay
•SdKH&CN Thai Nguyen <iud Idu... Trong nhimg nam gin day diiu
"Benh vien Hiiu nghi da khoa Nghe An kien lao ddng va mdi tnrdng det may ciing '"Tniong Dai hoc Y Dugc Thai Nguyen nhu siic khoe ngudi lao ddng da dugc
""B|nh vien Tai MQi Hong TW Nhan bai 25.2. Duyet in 15.3.2013
61
Tgp chl Tai MQi Hpng Vigt Nam - Volume (58-14). N°2-Apr., 2013
nhieu tac gid nghien ciiu. Cdc bgnh lien quan din nghi nghi?p, ddc bi§t Id b?nh ly dudng ho hap thudng g$p vdi ty 1^ cao ( 60 -80%) va dien bien theo xu hudng khdng tk [2], [3].
L\rc lu(?ng cdng nhan ngdnh may m^c Tai Thdi Nguyen dugc coi Id ddng ddo so vdi nhieu tinh trong cd nude vdi hdng van ngudi lao dgng. Tuy nhien trong nhiing ndm qua cdng tdc chdm sdc siic khoe ngudi lao ddng cdn nhieu bat cap. Theo sd ligu phdn anh ciia cdc cdn bg y te ciia mgt sd co sd may mdc, ty 1? siic khde kem cdn cao cao, cdng nhan mac nhieu b?nh, d^c biet Id cdc benh mui hgng vd dudng hd hdp ngay tir khi tudi nghe cdn rat thdp. Diiu ndy cho thdy van de cdi thien siic khde, tdng ndng xudt lao ddng vd kha nang keo dai tudi nghe d cdc ddi tugng cdng nhan may se gdp nhieu khd khan. Vi vay, td chiic diiu tra vd nghien ciiu ve siic khde, benh tat d cdng nhan may Thdi Nguyen se la co sd cho viec tien hdnh cdc giai phap can thiep, gdp phdn tich cue vdo cdc boat dgng cham sdc siic khoe cdng nhan may ngdy mdt hieu qud hon. Chiing tdi tien hanh de tai nghien ciiu nham dap ling hai muc tieu sau:
/. Md td thuc trgng sue khde, mpt sd benh thuang gap cita nguai lao dpng ngdnh may.
2. Xdc dinh mpt sd yeu to liin quan ddi vdi cdc benh thuang gap cua cdng nhdn may tgi Thdi Nguyen.
2. DOI TU'OfNG VA PHU'ONG PHAP NGHIEN ClTU
2.L Doi tu-^g, dia diem va thoi gian nghien cihi
Ddi tuong nghien cim: Ngudi lao dgng nganh may mac tai Thdi Nguyen. Do dac thu ngdnh may mdc da sd ngudi lao dgng la nu- nen chiing tdi chi chgn cac nir
cdng nhan vdo nghien cihi.
Dja diem nghien ciiu: Nghien ciiu dugfc tien hdnh t^i 3 ca sd may mdc tai Thai Nguyen la: Cdng ty may Viet Thai (Thu^c Tong cong ty may TNG Thdi Nguyen), Cdng ty may Chien Thdng, Cdng ty may TDT Thdi Nguyen
- Thdi gian nghien ciiu: tii thang 5 - 2012 den thdng 6-2012.
2.2. Phirong phdp nghien cihi
* Nghien ciiu dugc tien hdnh theo phuong phap md td vdi thilt kl cdt ngang.
* Chgn cd mau: c5 mau md ta dugc tinh theo cdng thiic vd thu dugc la 817. Khi khao sdt chiing tdi chgn du^c 1000 ngudi thda man cdc dieu kien de dua vdo mau nghien ciiu. Trong do Cdng ty may Vi?t Thai (Thugc Tdng cdng ty may TNG Thai Nguyen): 500 ngudi, Cdng ty may Chien Thdng (Thugc Tdng cdng ty det may Ha Ngi ddng d Thai Nguyen): 240 ngudi, Cdng tymay TDT Thdi Nguyen: 260. Cdch chgn mau theo phuong phap ngau nhien don tren co sd danh sach cdng nhan cua cac CO sd nghien ciiu.
*Xir ly s6 li?u theo phuong phdp thing ke y hgc tren mdy vi tinh bdng chuong trinh phdn mIn EPI INFO 6.04 vd SPSS 13.0.
3. KET QUA NGHIEN ClTU VA BAN L U ^ Bdng 3.1. D6i tugng nghiSn ci>u phdn theo
tu6i ngh^ (S6 nSm) Tudi ngh4
Otyn vj Viet TtiSi (500) Chien Tiling (240) TDT (260)
Cpng (1000) 2 - < 3 SL 118 40 115 273
%
23.60 16.67 42.23 27.3
3 - < 6 SL 229 121 97 447
%
45.80 50.42 37.31 44.70
a s SL 153 79 48 280
%
30.60 32.92 18.46 28,00
Tgp chl Tai MQi Hong Vi&t Nam - Volume (58-14). N°2 - Apr., 2013
Cdng nhan may Thai Nguyen phdn Idn CO tudi nghi thdp. Tudi nghi khodng 3 din 5 nam chilm 44,70%. Ty le c6 tudi nghi cao, tir 5 nam trd len chi chilm 28%.
Day cung Id tinh trang chung cua ngdnh det may. Cd nhieu ly do lam cho ngudi lao ddng khdng gdn bd Idu dai vdi cdc doanh nghiep Id dieu md cdc nha qudn ly cdn Imi tam nghien ciiu. Ket qua nghien cihi cua chiing tdi ciing tuong tu nhu khuyin cdo cua cdc tac gia trong va ngodi nude vl nghi nghiep dac biet nay [2], [6].
Bang 3.2. Thuc trang phdn lo$i sue khoe cdng nhan
5i>c i<hde Dan vj VlStThSi (600) Chien Th^ng (240) TBT(260) C6ng(1000)
Lo?i 1 &2 SL 279 157 151 687
%
66.80 65.42 58.08 68,70
L o ^ l 3 SL 192
68 107 367
%
38.40 28.33 41.16 36.70
Loai 4 & 5 SL 29 16 2 46
%
6,80 6,26 0,77 4.60
Qua khdm va phdn loai siic khde cdng nhan may Thdi Nguyen cho thdy ty le cong nhan may cd siic khde tdt (loai I vd II) khong cao (58,70%), ty le cdng nhan may cd siic khde kem (loai IV vd V) cdn ddng luu y ( Khoang 5 %). Rieng cdng ty TDT do mdi thdnh lap nen nhirng cdng nhan da lam d noi khdc xin ve, neu co siic khde kem se khdng dugc hg nhdn nen ty le nay CO thdp hon. Day la ty le cdng nhan cd siic khde tdt thdp han so vdi cac nghien ciiu Clia mdt sd nganh lao ddng thu cdng khdc.
Nghien ciiu ciia Trdn Danh Phuong tai Bdc Nmh, tren cdng nhdn Viglacera Dap Cdu cho ty le siic khoe loai I vd II tuong ddi cao (65,1%). Siic khoe loai IV (siic khoe kem) chi id 3,7% [4].
Bang 3 3. Cdc chimg b&nh thu-dng gap D o n vj
Chiing, b$nh
B$nh mQi hong B$nh phe
quan
if l
B^nh tim mach B§nh bi.ii phoi bdng
Vi^tThSi (500) SL 381 43 38 34 13
%
76.20 9,60 7.60 6,80 2,60
Chi^n Thanq(240)
SL 176 22
18 17 7
%
72,92 9,17
7,60 7,08 2,92
TBT (260) SL 176
11 14 19 6
%
67,69 4,23
6,38 7,31 2,31
Cdng nhan may Thai Nguyen co ty le mac cdc benh viem mui hgng vdo miia he cdn tuong ddi cao (67,69% - 76,20%) so vdi cdc ngdnh sdn xudt khac. Nghien cim cua Tran Danh Phugng ve cac benh thudng gap d he thdng co quan miii hgng, d cdng nhan sdn xuat kinh chi chiem khoang 35% - 40%. Ty le mdc benh viem phe quan tir 4,23% - 9,60% ciing la cao va dang luu y.
Ddc biet ty le xuat hien benh Bui phdi bdng, mdt benh nghe nghiep dac thii da dugc phdt hien la 2,31% - 2,92% la diiu ddng lo ngai. Day ciing Id dieu da dugc khuyen cdo cua nhieu tac gid trong va ngodi nude [1], [5].
Bang 3.4. Co cau cdc benh vifim mui hong theo tuoi nghe (Ndm)
B$nh TUOI nghe
<3(273) (1) T i i 3 - < 6 (447) (2) TI12 5(280) (3) Tdng C0ng (1000)
P
M i c SL 203 334 195 732
%
74,36 74,72 88,10 73,20
Khong mcic SL 70 113 86 138
%
25,64 25,28 30,36 13,80 P(is2) > 0,06; P|,a3) < 0.05;
P(2&3) < 0,05
Tgp chl Tai Mui Hpng Vigt Nam - Volume (58-14). N°2 - Apr, 2013
Trong so 732 ngudi mdc b?nh viem miii hgng (73,20%) cho thay tdn suat mdc tuong ddi ddng deu d cdc tudi nghe. Ty 1?
mdc cdc b?nh viem mui hgng theo tuoi nghe cua cdng nhdn may Thdi Nguyen khdng theo quy luat ro r?t (p> 0,05). Tuy nhien nlu xet ky thi thay cdng nhan mdi vdo nghe da mdc vdi ty 1? khd cao. Sau dd ty 1? cd tang th6m mgt chiit, nhung khi tuoi nghe tdng cao thi ty le benh lai tdng cao cd y nghia thdng ke / p(i&2) > 0,05; p(i&3) < 0,05;
P(2&3) < 0,05. Cd the khi mdi vdo nghe cdng nhan da mac benh do cdc yeu to nguy co, sau dd thich nghi ddn, benh cd xu hudng gidm.
Tuy nhien ve sau ty le mdc benh man tinh lai tdng len 1dm cho ty le chung cd xu hudng tang. Theo Nguyen Bich Diep [1], thi chi rieng dau hieu ngat miii d ngudi tiep xiic vdi bui det may da tdi 31,6%. Nhu vay ket qud nghien ciiu cua chiing tdi Id hgp ly.
Bang 3.5. Coclucdc benh phe quan, ph6i theo tuoi nghe (Ndm)
Bdng 3.6. M6i lifin quan glQ-a sii dgng khiu trang hgp cdch vdi c^c b$nh vi6m mQi hpng
B$nh Tu6i ngh^
<3(273) (1) T i i 3 - < 5 (447) (2) T ( f > 5 ( 2 8 0 ) (3) Tong cdng (1000)
P
Mac SL
6 53 49 107
%
1,83 11,86
17,5 10,70
Khong mac SL 268 394 231 893
%
98,17 88.14 82,50 89,30 P(i»a < 0,05, P(,»3) < 0,05;
P(2&3) < 0,05
Ty le mac cac benh phe quan, ph6i cua con^ nhan may Thai Nguyen tang theo tu6i ngh6 la tuong doi ro ret. Tuy nhien ty le tang kha cao sau 3 nam tuoi nghS. Ty le benh tang cao, co y nghia thdng ke (p<0,05).
B$nh Su* dgng l<hlu trang Khflng hop cach(157) SLI' dgng IthSu trang ho'poach (843)
P
Mac SL 134
590
%
85,35 70,94
Khflng mSc SL 23
263
%
14,65
30.01
<0.05
Vdi ty 1? mdc cdc b^nh viem miii hgng giiia hai nhdm sir dung khau trang hgp each vd khdn^ hgrp cdch khdc nhau r6 ret, cd y nghia thdng ke (p< 0,05). Dieu nay cho thay vigc cung cap va sii dung khiu trang hgp each dam bdo an toan vg sinh lao dgng cho cdng nhdn may Thai Nguyen la het siic quan trgng vd can thiet. Ddy ciing la khuyen cao cua nhieu tac gid [3].
Bang 3.7. Moi Ii6n quan giOa su dung khau trang vdl b0nh phe quan, phoi
B$nh Si> dgng khSu trang Khflng hop cach(157') Si> dgng k h i u trang hopcSch (843)
P
Mic
SL 28 79
%
17.83 9.37
KhflngmSc SL 129 764
%
82,17 90,63
<0.05
Moi lien quan gjua sit dung khau trang hgp cdch dam bdo an todn ve sinh lao ddng vdi benh phe qudn, phdi Id rdt ro rgt Ty ie mdc cdc benh viem phi qudn, phdi giiia hai nhdm khdc nhau ro ret, cd y nghia thdng ke (p< 0,05). Diiu ndy ciing cho thdy viec cung cap day khdu trang hgp each vd su dung thudng xuyen se dem Igi ket qua tdt trong du phdng cac b ^ phi qudn, phdi tren cdng nhan.
Tap chl Tai MDI Hgng Vi^t Nam - Volume (58-14). N°2 - A p r , 2013
Bang 3.8, Moi lien qgan giQa thi.rc hanh dam bao ATVSLB vfl'i ty IS cac bflnh viam mui hpng (732)
B$nh Thg^ hanh ATVSLB Khflng tot (537) T6t (463)
P
Mic
SL
469 263
%
87,34 56,80
Khflng m i c SL
68 200
%
12,66 43.20
<0,05
Mdi lien quan giua thuc hdnh dam bdo ATVSLD vdi ty le cdc benh viem miii hgng ciing khd rd ret vd cd y nghia thdng ke (p< 0,05). Diiu nay cho thay cdng tac tap hudn vl ATVSLD cho cdng nhdn may se ddng gdp phdn quan trgng trong cong tdc bdo v6 vd tang cudng siic khde ngudi lao dgng.
5. KET LUAN VA KHUYEN NGHI - Ngudi lao ddng nganh may cd sue khde kem (loai IV vd V) cdn kha cao (4,6%), siic khde tdt (loai I vd II) khdng cao (58,70%).
- Ty le mdc cac benh miii, hgng vd phe qudn kha cao: viem miii hgng: 67,69% - 76,20%, viem phi qudn: 4,23% - 9,60%.
- Cd mdi lien quan rd ret giiia sii dung khdu trang hgp cdch, thuc hdnh dam bdo an toan ve sinh lao dgng vdi cdc benh viem miii hgng, phe qudn, phdi.
- Cdn tang cudng cong tdc cham sdc siic khde ban ddu, gido due truyin thdng ve an todn v6 sinh lao dgng, khdm phat hien sdm vd diiu tri kip thdi cdc chiing, b?nh lien quan cho ngudi lao ddng nganh may.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Nguyen Bich Diep va CS (2012). An todn vS sinh lao dgng va siic khde ngudi dan tai mgt Iang nghe det vai truyen thdng. Tgp chi Y hpc ihiec hdnh Sd 849 - 850, Trang 343 -347.
Nguyen Dinh DCing, Le Thu Nga vd CS (2012). Nghien ciru diiu ki?n lao dgng va nguy co gay cang thdng nghe nghiep d ngudi lao dgng tai mdt sd doanh nghiep may thudc tap dodn det may Viet Nam. Tgp chi Y hpc thuc hdnh 86849 - 850, Trang I09-i 13.
Le Thu Nga va CS (2012). Danh gid hieu qud cdi thien dieu kien lao ddng tai xudng Id hai Veston 2 cdng ty may cd phan may 10. Tgp chi Y hpc thuc hdnh SS 849 - 850, Trang 167-172.
Trdn Danh Phugng vd CS (2012) Thuc trang siic khde va benh tat trong cdng nhdn san xuat vdt lieu xay dung tai Bdc Ninh, Tgp chi Bdo hp lao dpng. Tr 21-23.
Haryono(2005), APOSHO and globalization Era, The proceedings of the 21 annual conference of the Asea pacific occupational safety & health organization, Indonesia p 1-3 Kayumba A.V, Bratveit M..(2009),
"Working condition and exposure to dust and bioaerosols in sisalprocessing factories in Tanzania", J Occup Environ Hyg, 6 (3), pp 165-173.
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