Do Thu Ha. Cdng ihuc gido due ba ngdn ngir & An Dp:...
C20ZO Vtin NghiSn ci>u An Oo vd TSy Nam A Tjp chi Nghifen cihj An Dg va Chau A S f S I H ) , thing S-2020 httpy/viisas vass g o w n BSN 0866-7314
Cong thurc giao due ba ngon ngir 6* An Do:
Tur chinh sach d§n thurc hanh
Dd Thu Hd'
Trudng Dgi hpc Khoa hpc Xa hpi vd Nhdn vdn Hd Noi
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 23/03/2020. ngdy gui phdn bifn: 25/03'2020 ngd}- duyet ddng: 10/04/2020
C
upc tranh ludn vi ngon ngu trong gido due trong nhung ndm ddu dpc lap cita An Dp khong chi mang Igi nhdn thirc giua cdc bin liin quan din gido due. nd cdn cho phip cdc nhd hogch dinh chinh sdch nd lire thgc hien tdm nhin trong Hiin phdp vi binh ddng ca hpi, quyin ngdn ngu ciia mpi cpng ddng ngdn ngu vd lpc ngir&i cUng nhu hu&ng t&i muc tiiu dgt dupc su liep cdn phd cgp din gido due. Bdi viet gidi thich vdn hda da ngdn ngir cua xd hpi An Dp vd xem xet cong thirc ba ngon ngu trong gido due ciia quoc gia ndy. Nghien ciru phdi hien ra rang mpt sd lieu bang thuc hifn cong ihicc ba ngdn ngic trong khi nhung bang khdc cong khai phu nhgn nd. Bdi viit kit ludn rdng bdn chdt da ngon ngu cita xa hpi An Dd se bien nd thdnh mot xd hpi song ngu: Chi cd tieng Hindi vd liing Anh dang ira thdnh ngdn ngir ndi chiem dupc vi thi rpng rdi han nhung ngdn ngir khdcTir khda: Da ngdn ngii:, tieng me da, giao due ngon ngii, chinh sach ngdn ngir
Mo-dau
An Dg la que huong ciia hai ngii he ldn: An-Aryan (dugc ndi bdi khoang 74% dan sd) va Dravidian (dugc ndi khoang 24% d 4 bang mian Nam). Cac ngdn ngtr khac dugc ndi d An Dg den tir cac ngii h? Uc - A vit Tang - Mian. Hien phap An Do cdng nhan 22 ngdn ngir chinh thiic. Tieng Hindi va tieng Anh dugc Chinh phii Lien bang An Do sir dung nhu cac ngdn ngii chinh thirc. Tieng Tamil va ti^ng Phgn dugc Chinh phii An Do chi dinh la "ngon ngic co dien" vao nam 2004 va 2005. Sd lugng phuong ngu: d An Do len tdi 1.652 (meity.gov.in, 2019).
An Dg khdng chi cd mgt ma la nhiku riang me de. An Do cd ngdn ngii qudc gia khdng? "Cd le no co", va do la lieng Hindi. Tian sT B.R. Ambedkar da md ta viec tiang Hindi ttd thanh mgt ngdn ngii qu6c gia nhu tha nao. Ong tung la Chu tich Uy ban sogn thao khi Du thao Hian phap An Do dang xem xat ch^p nhan tiang Hindi la ngdn ngir qudc gia: "... Khdng co bdi viei ndo gdy Iranh cdi ban Dieu 115 lien quan din vdn di do. Khong co bdi viil ndo tgo ra nhieu suphan ddi ban. Khdng co bdi viil ndo nong bong han. Sau mpt aipc thdo ludn kio ddi khi vdn di do dicpc dua ra. phieu bdu img hp Id 78 chdng Igi 78.
.l.com
Nghien cim An Do va Chau A. Sd 5 - 2020. tt.67-75
Dd Thu Ha. Cdng thuc gido dgc ba ngdn ngu d^n^Oji Smi mdi th&i gian ddi klii vdn de do duac dira ra frong cupc hpp cita ddng. kit qud phiiu bdu ung bp '^ '' chdng lgi 78 ddi v&i neng Hindi. Tiing Hindi da gianb dirac vi tri la ngdn ngir qudc gia bang mpi pnieii bdu. Tdi ndi ro nhung SIC that ndy n'r kiin thitc cd nhdn cua ldi. " (Ambedkar, B. R.. 1989).
Mdi tieu bang dAn Do ciing la mdt bang da van hda. Nam 1991, Hien phap An Dgda cdng nhgn 22 ngdn ngii chinh ciia An Do theo nguyen tac dugc ggi la Biiu dinh danh tbir S ciia Hiin phdp {"the Hth Schedule" ofthe Constitution). Day ciing la cac ngdn ngii v^n hgc chinh d An Dg. vdi mgt khdi Iugng dang ke lac pham viel bang cac ngdn ngir dd. Ngoai tiang Phan, chiing bao gdm 21 ngdn ngii An Do hien dgi sau day: Assamese, Bangla. Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kashmiri, Kannada, Konkani, Maithili. Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Tamil. Telugu, Santali, Sindhi va tiang Urdu. Ban dau, chi co 14 ngdn ngu dugc dua vao Biiu dinh danh tliirS cita Hiin phdp.
Bodo, Dogri, Konkani. Maithili, Manipuri. Nepali. Santali vit Sindhi da dugc cong nhan sau dd. Thti tudng dau tian ciia An Dp, Jawaharlal Nehru da dua ra nhan xet ve viec cdng nhgn ngdn ngii: "Nhicng ngicai tgo ra Hien phdp ciia chiing la rdt khdn ngoan khi ndi rdng lot cd 13 hogc J 4 ngdn ngir diu la ngdn ngu qudc gia. Khdng cd can hdi ciia bdt cic ai vi vifc mot ngdn ngir ndy Id mpt ngdn ngic cd tinh qudc gia (national language) han nhimg ngdn ngic khdc. Cdc ngon ngu duac Hfl ki trong Biiu ndy da cd cdc ten khdc nhau & cdc giai dogn khdc nhau. Gi& day. chimg ducfc biit din nhu Id cdc ngon ngic dd dupc dinh danh" (Schiflinan, H.. 1999).
1. Da ngon ngfrff .\n Dp
Ban cgnh 22 ngdn ngtr da dugc dinh danh {Scheduled languages),y ong Axhx tra kn Do nam 1991 dii ghi nhan 1 796 ngdn ngii: me da khac. Giai thudng van hgc cao nhdt ttong ca nudc dugc trao bdi Hgc \\^n van hpc Qudc gia (Sahitya Akademi) cho 24 ngdn ngtr van hgc d An Do, nhimg bao va tap chi djnh ky - s6 lugng 3.592 ban. dugc xuat ban bang 35 ngon ngii An Dg/nam. Chi cd 69 dan 72 ngdn ngii dugc day trong cac trudng hgc d An Dd d nhi5u mirc do, nhung mgng vd ttiyan phat ra cdc chuong ttinh bang 146 ngdn ngii \a phuang ngii. Dan Ihap nian 1960, 87,13% ngudi An Dp ndi cdc ngdn ngii da dugc dua vao Bieu dinh danh tbir 8 ciia Hiin phdp An Do. Nhan IhSy tSm quan ttgng ciia liang Anh vdi nr each mgi cdng cu phd bian kian thiic. Ihuong mai ciing nhu duy tri quan he qudc ta, mgt diau khoan cdn lgi de md rgng \ icc sii dung liang Anh trong Diau 343 ve 'Ngdn ngir chinh thirc ciia Lien bang' -"11 tdt cd cdc muc dich chinb thirc cua Liin bang ngay cd sau mdt thai gian 15 ndm.
v&i diiu kiin rang Tdng thdng cd thi trong th&i gian ndi trin. cho phip .m dung ngon ngic Hindi ngodi ngdn ngir tieng Anh vd hinh thirc chfr sd Devanagari cho hdt ky muc dich chinh thirc ndo cua Lien bang" (Govemment of India. 1971).
An Dp la mpt qudc gia da ngdn ngir nhung vi Igi ich kinh ta hay chinh tri, cac ngdn ngfl nay khdng dugc hudng dja ^\. uy tin va su bao ttg nhu nhau. Chi cd 2 ngdn ngu dugc su dung chung Irong quan tti, kinh doanh. ngogi giao. giao due. khoa hpc va cdng nghe, v.v... Nhiau ngdn ngir khac bi gidi han ttong khu vuc cua ngudi ban ngir.
D:IC biat. nam 2007. 91.95% mrdng hgc trong ca nudc d giai doan tiau hoc dgy 2 hoae nh • ngii. Ddl vdl sd lugng ngdn ngii dugc day. 90.61% trudng hgc d giai dogn ttau hpc ihco cdng rtiic^ba Nghien cim An Dg va Chau .\ S6 5 - 2020. n-.67-75
DdThu Ha. Cdng ihtcc gido due ba ngdn ngir a .4n Dp:.
ngon ngir (nghia la it nhat ba ngdn ngir dugc day), ttong dd cd tdi 84,86% trudng hgc theo cdng thiic do d giai doan hai (AISSES, NCERT 2007). 47 ngdn ngtr dugc su dung lam phucmg tien hudng dSn trong trudng bpc va 41 ngdn ngti: dugc day hoac su dung ttong ttidng hpc (Srmivasa Rao, 2008).
Da ngdn ngii cau thanh su da dang ciia An Dp. He thdng giao due ciia An Do thuc hi^n mgi no
|\rc CO the da duy tti bien ttgng da ngdn ngir dd (Crawhall, 1992; Heugh va ddng su. 1995) thay vi dan ap no (NCERT, 2005). Pattanayak (1981) lap Iugn ring be thdng giao due ciia An Do da lien tuc Iam suy yau nhiing lgi tha ciia linh trang da ngdn ngtr vdn la co sd dgc trung cho xa hdi An Dp. Illich (1981) ggi y. An Dg can nd luc hat stic cd tha da trao quyin cho cac ngdn ngii bi coi la kem chdt lugng ctia cac bg Igc va cd nguy co bian mat do nhiing hanh dgng quyat liet dugc keu ggi trong ITnh vyc nay (NCERT, 2005). Pattanayak (1981) viat: "Niu nen ddn chti phdi tdn tgi thi chiing ta cdn cho phep ngdn ngir cua mpi dira tri dupc lin liing". Khung chuong trinh giang day qudc gia (NCF) nam 2005 iing hg mgnh me da ngdn ngii ttong giao due hpc dudng. Da ngdn ngii ttong giao dye dc cap den vi?c su dyng hai hoac nhicu ngdn ngtr lam phucmg lien giang day (UNESCO.2003). Diau nay cho thay lgi tha nhgn thirc nhal dinh vi cd mdt mdi quan he ttch cue giiia song ngir/da ngdn ngtr vdi tinh linh hoat trong nhgn thiic va thanh tich hgc thuat (Peal va Lambert, 1962; Gardner va Lambert, 1972; Cummins vk Swain. 1986). Tre em sii dyng song ngii khdng chi cd quyan kiam soat vdi mdt sd ngdn ngii khac nhau ma chiing cdn sang tgo hon ve mat hgc thuat va khoan dung hon ve mat xa hgi (NCERT, 2005),
Tuy nhian tran thyc ta, sd lugng ngdn ngii dugc dgy hogc sir dung trong cac Irudng hpc An Dg da giam Irong giai dogn tir nam 1973 den 1993. Sd lugng ngdn ngii: dugc su dung trong cac trudng hgc nam 1973 {Khdo sdt gido due lodn An Dp ldn thir ba, NCERT, 1975) la 67; con sd nay da giam xudng con 41 vao nam 1993 (Srinivasa Rao, 2008). Mac dii ldi hiia giao due thdng qua/bSng liang m? da ciia diia tte dugc dua ra het lan nay den Ian khac, nhung ta cd the nhan thay,trong khoang thdi gian 20 tiim, il nhat 25 ngdn ngii: da bj loai bd khdi he thdng trudng hgc. Diau nay cd nghTa la nhiing dtia tta CO tiang me de la nhung ngdn ngii: nay se phai ttai qua ganh nang hgc lap bang ngdn ngti' vdn khdng phai la ngdn ngtr ciia chiing. Diau nay chi gdp phan vao nhting gi mit Amartya Sen gpi la "bdt Ipi gdp lgi cita nhicng ngu&i vdn dd thiit thdr (Amartya Sen, 1981, p.49).
Chinh sach song ngii hay cdng thitc ba ngdn ngu trong giao due An Do giiip ngudi hpc tiep can nhieu ngdn ngii ttong mdi ttudng hoc dudng vdi muc dich hgp tac hay bo sung nhimg chinh sach nay cung din dan mpt sd cang Ihang, canh ttanh va mau ihuan gitra cac khu vuc va tgc ngudi.. Cd nhiau khuynh hudng ddi vdi song ngtr hoac da ngdn ngir canh ttanh nhu dugc cam nhan bdi mgt sd phat trien gjn day vh vin da ngdn ngii. Thii nhdl la phan quyat cua Tda an tdi cao Madras vao nam 2000 ve vi$c lya chgn phuang tien giang day chdng lgi ttat tu ctia chinh phii Tamil Nadu rang "lieng Tamil Id phtrong tiin bdt bupc & giai doan tiiu hpc" (Illich, I.. 1981). Mdt trong nhirng lap luan ung hg sy vd hi?u hda trat tu ciia Chinh phii la nd chdng lgi quyen co ban dugc Lien bang cdng nhan rang cha me cd quyan \{fa chgn nan giao due ma hg mudn cho con cai hg tiap xiic (Ramasamy, 2001). Thir hai la nhu cSu chuyan ddi sang phuang tien giao dye bang liang Anh ngay cang tang, khdng phan biet chat litgng. Gdn day cd mpt sd iugng ldn cac Irudng do tiau bang diau hanh d bang Andhra Pradesh mudn chuyan hen kai cua hg sang Ban Giao dye Trung hgc (CBSE) de trd thanh trudng trung hgc liang Anh.
Nghien ciiu An Do va Chau A. Sd 5 - 2020, tt.67-75 69
Dd Thu Ha. Cong thirc gido due ba ngo, T.inDp:...
Birc tranh rd rang ndi Ien la tieng Anh dang canh tranh vdi tat ca cac ngdn ngO: An Dg. Mitt mgt so ngutri tranh luan, tiang Anh dam nhan vai trd "ngdn ngu sal nhdn" {killing language).
Cong thirc ba ngon ngir
-An Do la dat nudc da ngdn ngii nen ngudi dan can biet nhieu ngdn ngti de tucmg tac voi mpi ngudi tir cac \Ting khac nhau ciia dat nudc. Neu ai dd chi biat tiang m? de cua minh, hg se chi cd tha giao tiap vdl mgi ngudi ttong mdt khu \arc rieng. hoan toan cd lap ban than khdi cac khu \Tic khdc vk cac ngdn ngti khac. Mdt hgc sinh chi hgc tteng me de cita minh khdng Iha cd dugc kien thiic ve cdc khu \'vc va ngdn ngir khac trir khi nd dugc dich sang ngdn ngti: ciia cbinh minh. Hgc van ciia bg vi the trd nen rat han cha.
Cdng thiic ba ngdn ngir (TFL) ndi ian nbu mdt sy ddng thugn cbinh tri ve ngon ngU trong giao dye hpc dudng la mpt chian luge (chir khdng phai la chinh sach) de phii hgp vdi it nliat ba ngdn ngit trong mudi nam hgc (Pattanayak, DP, 1986).
Hgi ddng Giao due Toan An Dp da khuydn nghi ap dyng Cdng thiic ba ngdn ngtr vao thdng 9/1956 (Mallikariim, 2002). Theo cdng thirc nay, mpi tte em phai bpc nhu sau:
1. Tiang m? de hodc ngdn ngtr khu vyc;
2. Ngdn ngir chinh thirc ciia ban bang hoac ngdn ngii chinh thtic lien ket cua Lian bang mien la no ldn tgi (ngdn ngii chinh thirc cita lien bang la tiang Hindi vd ngdn ngQ- chinh thiic lien kit la tiang Anh);
3. Ngdn ngii An Dp hi^n dai hoac mdt ngdn ngir nudc ngodi, khdng dugc dk cap ttong (1) vd (2) d tran va ngoai ngdn ngO- dugc sir dtmg ldm phuong tien giang day.
\'.i,'(>/i ngu- thli- nhat (LI)
Ngdn ngii thu nhat hodc Ll Id ngdn ngir md ta hgc tir thai tho du, thudng dugc ndi bdi cha m?, cac thdnh vien gia dinh vd nhirng ngudi khac xung quanli ta. Vi day la ngdn ngir md tre biat rd nhdt va sii dyng phd bian. Cbinh phii An Do quyit dinh rdng phuang tien gidng day d giai doan chinh phdi Id ngdn ngii khu Mrc ciia riang mgt nhdm. O giai dogn chinh, hdu hit cac hudng dan cua giao vian chi diln ra thdng qua ngon ngii khu vuc hodc tiing me de ciia tre. Ngdn ngti thir nhdt cd dugc mpt each ty nhien qua viee ttrong tac \di cac thdnh vian gia dinh va bgn be md khong cdn nhiiu hudng din chinh thiic. Mae dil cd thi giao lilp hieu qud bdng ngon ngir thir nhdt, nhiiu ngudi vdn khong cd kiln thiic ddy du vl tat cd thanh am, chii cai hogc ngii phdp cua no. Dilu ndy la do ta cd dugc nd mgt each khong chinh tbiic. Do do. hudng ddn chinh thuc bdng cae ngdn ngir thir nhdt dugc cung cdp ttong trudng
y.gon ngir thir hai (L2)
Mgt ttong nhiing myc tieu cua giao dye la dua ngudi hpc din nhiing tinh hudng khac nhau vd phdt trian khd ndng dd cho phep ngudi hpc cd dugc kiln thirc tir mpi ngudn cd ihl va chia se cim v'i nbung ngudi khac. Do dd. ngudi hpc cdn bgc ngdn ngii thir hai (L2) ma d An Dp ihudne la t * Hindi hodc tieng Anh. Ngdn ngir ihir hai dugc hgc mpt each cd y thirc va cd chit v vi m^t
, • . ,. ^: , , . , - - •' '" J ^^ fnpt muc dich cu the. tuc ia de thu thgp thong tin va kien thuc. Am thanh. chtr cai va ngii phan ciia neon n<wv .u ,. • /- , ; . , J. l u i . - J •• • - , . . I" ^"^ "b"n ngu thu hai chl CO the duoc hgc dung khi chung dugc giao vien day va hgc mdt each cd v thirc Th^n .• , . , J ^' ' "^o cong thuc ba Nchicn ciiu An Dg va Chau A. S6 5 - 2020. tr.67-75
70
Dd Thu Hd. Cong thirc gido due ba ngdn ngic d An Dp:.
ngon ngir. ngdn ngu: thti hai (L2) dugc day d giai doan sau ttong chuang trinh tilu hpc, khi tte da hgc til mgt ngon ngii, tiic la LI. Tre sii dung ngdn ngir thti nhat da giao tiip va bay td cdm xiic va suy nghT ciia minh trong cac tinh budng cugc sdng hang ngay. Ngdn ngtr thii hai dugc sir dyng ttong tinh hudng khac ngodi ca nhan.
Ngon ngir thti' ba (L3)
Dieu gi se xay ra khi ngudi hgc ngdn ngii thir nhdt la riing Hindi, ngdn ngii thii hai la tieng Anh vd ca hai ngdn ngti: nay dau khdng the giup bg trong nhiing tinh hudng nhat dinh. Vi du, tiing m? de ciia tte la tieng Khasi va tra hpc tieng Anh nhu ngdn ngir thii hai. Khi trt den mdt ngdi lang d Bihar thi tre CO the khdng the ndi chuyen vdi mgi ngudi bdng ngdn ngir thir nhdt (Khasi) hodc ngdn ngir thti hai (tiing Anh) vi ngudi dan lang d Bihar cd the khdng bill tting Khasi hogc tiing Anh. Khi dd, vice tuong tac vdi ngudi khac trd nan khd khan \ d tbam cbi ddi khi la khdng the. Ddy Id noi ngdn ngii Ihir ba (L3) cd vai trd quan ttpng.
Do do, tinh than ciia cdng thiic ba ngdn ngii cung cap tiang Hindi, tieng Anh vd mgt thii tieng An D^, lot nhat Id ngdn ngir mien Nam An Do eho cac bang ndi tieng Hindi \a ngdn ngfl: khu vyc, tieng Hindi vd tiang Anh cho cac bang khdng ndi tiang Hindi. Uu diem ca ban ciia cdng thiic nay trong vi^c thitc day da ngdn ngii lit diau chac chdn va dgi dien tdt nhdt cho ddc diem da ngdn ngir cita qudc gia (Kachm, 1997; Krshnamurti, 1998; Schiffman, 1999; Sridhar, 1996). Nhung cdng thiic nay dugc quan sal nhiau trong hpc Ihuat, ly thuyet han Id trong thuc hdnh. Cdc bang ndi tieng Hindi hoat dgng chu yiu vdi tieng Hindi, tieng Anh va tieng Phgn, trong khi cdc bang khdng ndi tiang Hindi, dac bi^t la lieng Tamil Nadu, hoat ddng thdng qua mgt cdng Ihiic song ngii, dd la tiang Tamil vd liang Anh. Tuy nhien, nhiau bang nhu Orissa, Tay Bengal vd Maharasbtta da thyc hien cong thiic nay.
2. Da ngon ngir trong giao due
He thdng giao due An Dp thyc sy da ngdn ngii: ve ban chal. Hgi ddng thdnh phd Bombay diau hanh cdc trudng tieu bgc bdng 9 ngdn ngu. Bang Kamaiaka diau hdnh cac trudng tiau hpc bang 8 ngdn ngii. Cdc ttudng trung hpc d Tay Bengal cho hgc sinh lua chon trong sd 14 ngdn ngii. Cdng thiic ba ngon ngir la nhdm phdt trian va ciing cd tinh chat da ngdn ngtr cua he thdng gido dye An Dp.
Cd nhiiu vdn d.k khi thyc hien cdng tbiic ba ngdn ngir. Vi dy, khdng cd su tham chieu dan tieng m? de hodc ngdn ngti d nhd trong cdng thiic. Khdng cd tai lieu tham khao cho cdc ngdn ngii cd dian va ngogi ngu-. Tamilnadu chi dgy tiing Tamil va tiing Anh, va Gujarat theo md hinh do vdi tiang Gujarati va liing Hindi, Nhiiu bang ndi tieng Hindi thay thi tiing Phan, bd mdt ngdn ngir cd dian da chpn mdt ngon ngii An Dg bien dai. Vdi phian ban md rdng cua Biiu dinh danh thu tdm cua Hien phdp, nhiau ngon ngu dugc them vdo bon hgp dd nhung hau nhu khdng cd bdt ky cai tbien ndo.
Co khoang 500 trudng d miin Trung An Dp sir dung song ngii bao gdm tiing Anh va tiing Hindi.
Ngodi ra, cdn cd mdt ngdn ngif bdt bupc la tiing Phan, Cd 500 ttirdng dugc ggi Id Navodaya
Nghien ciiu An Dp vd Chau A. Sd 5 - 2020, tt.67-75
Do Thu Hd. Cdng thuc gido due ba ngdn ngu^^" Dp- Vidyalayas', ttong dd mdt sd cd kha ndng sir dyng tiang Anh vd tiang Hindi ddng thdi. Nhung nhtmg sinh vian idt nghiep tir cdc trudng nay lai thi vao cdc trudng cao ddng tteng Anh, bdi \i khong co trudng dai bpc nao o mian nay cung cap phuong tien giang day song ngii. He thdng giao dye An Dp ngSn chdn sii dung da ngdn ngil khi mdt ngudi chuyan sang giao dye dgi hpc.
Srivastava (1994) \iei ve khu vyc sii dung tiang Hindi d An Dp rdng "Khu vice ndy cd bai logi song ngu. trong dd viec biit chu vd ihong thgo deu nhdm den cd hai ngon ngu, nlncng ngdn ngu thu nhdt bi gi&i hgn irong cdc chu di khoa hpc xd bpi vd ngdn ngu thir hai bi gi&i han trong cdc chu dc khoa hpc tu nhiin. Hmh thirc su dung dan ngu duac gi&i hgn chu yeu cho tre em mdu gido ciia tnr&ng ldng". Tuyan bd ttan dting vdi tat ca cdc ngdn ngu: An Dp, trir mdt sd thay ddi nhd day dd.
.\gdn ngd- thieu so
Cac quy dinh ciia hien phap An Do da giiip duy tri cac ngdn ngii thiau sd (ML) ttong nudc nhung dieu ndy chi diing d mgt miic dp nhat dinh. Nhung ttong nhiing ndm gan day, klidng bang ndo khdng cd ngdn ngii thieu sd. nhirag khdng phdi idt ca cdc ngdn ngii thieu sd dau dugc sir dung nhu phugng iign giang day hodc ngdn ngu: thti nhat.
Cac ngdn ngii ihieu sd bi tit chdi nhan danh cac phuang ngtr va khdng cd sach gido klioa cd san bang cac ngdn ngu nay. Khi so sanh ket qud ciia cdc cugc dieu tra giao dye do NCERT va cdc ca quan khdc thyc hi^n vdi sd lugng ngudi ndi ML d nhiau tiau bang khac nhau, nhieu ngon ngti thieu sd vdi dan sd ddng ke khdng dugc cung cap ldm phuang tien giang day hodc la ngdn ngtr thir nhat. Vi dy, d Delhi, chi cd tieng Anh. tiang Hindi, tiing Urdu, tteng Bengal, tiing Tamil vd tiing Gujarati dugc dgy la ngdn ngii thti nhal theo Khdo sal giao dye Ian ihii ba, nhung mdt sd ngdn ngii ttong sd nay khdng dugc dgy nhu ngdn ngir ihir nhal iheo Khdo sat gido dye ldn thir sau. Mgt sd ngdn ngii d Delhi vdi dan so ddng khdng dugc day trong ttirtmg hpc. Tmh hinh d cac tilu bang khac cung khdng dang khich le.
0 cac bang nhu Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Haryana, Jammu va Kashmtt, Meghalaya, Nagaland va Sikkim. tiing me de la phuong ti?n giang day ttong il hon 50% trudng hpc: Sikkim 1,95%., Arunachal Pradesh 2.89"'o, Goa 14%, Jammu vd Kashmir 19,45%, Meghalaya 42,03%, va Nagaland 43% sir dung tieng mf Ae lam phuong tien gidng day a giai doan tilu hpc. Cdc ngdn ngii chinh nhu tiing Anh va tiang Hindi vd cac ngdn ngtr dupc dinh danh khac chiim mgt vi iri quan trgng ngay ca d cac bang ma ngudi ndi ngdn ngii khdng dinh danh chiem da sd.
Ngudi ndi rieng Tamil va cac ngdn ngii Dravidian coi viec ap dyng tiing me de ciia mdt khu vyc cu thi d An Dp thdnh ngdn ngir chinh thiic ciia ca mgt qudc gia la chuyen chl. Nam 1962, cuu Bd trudng Tamil Nadu CN Annadurai da phan ddi viec dp dgl ning Hindi: "Ngu&i ta cho rdng tiing Hindi nin Id ngdn ngic chung vi nd ^ da so ndi Tgi sao chiing ta Igi twin bd hd Id linh vgl qudc gia thay vi con chupt nhiiu han rdi nhiiu'' Ha}' con cdng la qudc dieu trong kJii con qua cd mat & khdp nai?" (Illich, I., 1981)
1 an de bdt lpi v&i cong thuc ngdn ngic
vuc ' Navodaya Vid>alayas la mgt h? thong trudng hoc chuyen danh cho sinh vien tai nSng chu y^u de r ich nong ihon d \n Do. To chirc nay dugc dieii hanh bdi Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti, New Delhi mot I^- u- " ' • thupc Bg Giao dye va \an hgc, Bg Phat triln \gu6n Nhan Iuc, Chinh phu An Do.' ' '^ "^ '"^
Nghian cim \n Do \ a Chau A. Sd 5 - 2020. tr.67-75
72
Dd Thu Ha. Cdng thuc gido due ba ngdn ngd- d A n Do . Bao cao ctia Uy ban Giao due (1964 - 1966) md ta chinh xac ve cdng thiic ba ngdn ngii, nhiing can nhdc thiic day cdng thtic mang tinh chinh tri va xa hgi nhiau hon Id giao due. Tran thuc ta. cdng thitc da thilt lap sy binh dang giiia cac khu vuc Hindi vd phi Hindi.
Khi ap dyng Cdng tbiic ba ngdn ngii (TLF) lam chien luge, khdng gian dd dugc tao ra de hge bdng cac ngdn ngtr da sd, ngdn ngtr cd dian vd ngogi ngir. Khdng gian ciing dugc thuc hien eho vi^c hgc bang liing me de. Cdc bang dugc ttr do dp dung cac ngdn ngtr ttong giao due ngodi TLF. Tiang Phgn cd thi dugc gidi tbi?u nbu mdt ngdn ngii cd dian. Nd cung cd tha dugc su dung nhu mpt ngdn ngir An Dg bien dgi (MIL) ma khdng vi pham tinh than cita TLF. Tii ndm 1953, vdi tuyan bd cita UNESCO rdng tieng me da la phuong tien tdt nhdt cbo giao due tre em, cdc nhdm da gay dp lyc de cong nhan ngdn ngtr va su hgp nhdt cita bg trong Biiu dinh danh thu S ciia Hiin phdp. Mian Id linh ihdn CO bdn ciia TLF dugc duy tri thi khong cd gidi han trong viec hgc bdng ngdn ngii mdi.
Noi chtmg, cac bang cung cap nhiiu ngdn ngtr ttiy chpn hcm la chi trong Ll. L2 va L3 so vdi quy djnh ciia Cdng thiic ba ngdn ngir (TLF). Mac dii so lugng ngdn ngir dugc day la ba, nhung cac ngdn ngO doi khi khdng ndm trong TLF, Ngdn ngtr thir ba dugc ua thich d cdc bang noi tiang Hindi thudng
\t tiing Phan md khdng phdi Id ngdn ngii An Do hi?n dai (ngdn ngii mian Nam) mac dii cdc ngdn ngii cl diln nhu tiing Phan khdng cd trong TLF. Cdc tranh cai sau do da nay sinh, ung hg hoac chdng lgi viC'c dua cdc ngon ngii co diln nhu vay vdo trong cdng Ihuc, Sy khdc biet ciing cd trong dgng lyc hgc ngon ngO- thii ba. Mdc dii co ddng lyc kinh tl cho viec hgc tiing Hindi d cac bang khdng ndi tiing Hindi, nhung d^ng lyc hgc ngdn ngii miin Nam d cac bang ndi liang Hindi ve ca bdn Id vdn hda. Dicu ndy ddn din vigc thiiu sy binh ddng trong myc tieu hgc tap va mirc do ndng luc trong ngdn ngti thii ba.
Yeu cdu tir cac nhdm ngdn ngtr thiiu sd va bd lac thyc hien cam kat ve co sd vdt chat de giup vi^c hQC tieng m? de d cac ttudng hgc d cdp tilu hpc thudng khdng dugc ttian thii. Vdn de lian quan dan vj Iri cua ngon ngii thiiu sd/bp lgc trong TLF trd nan kho hiiu vi thuc ll la mpi bang d An Do deu da ngon ngii: vdi hai hoac nhieu ngdn ngii thiau sd.
Khung chuang trinh gidng dgy qudc gia ve gido due hoc dirang
Tdi li?u thdo luan dugc phdt hanh vdo ngdy 1/1/2000, ttong khi xem xet Cdng thirc ba ngdn ngti, dd neu ro: "Tuv nhien. trong mpt sd bang td chirc/bpi ddng. linh than cua cong thuc da khong dupc ludn theo vd liing me di cita ngirdi ddn bi lir chdi vi the ciia ngdn ngir thir nhdt vi bdi cdnh kinh le xd hpi thay ddi. stc khdc btit giica ngdn ngie thir hai vd thir ba dd gidm ddn. Trong thtrc te, co the cd cdc ngon ngic thu hai duac chpn vi cdc muc dich vd chicc ndng khdc. Mpt so bang chi ludn theo cong thtrc hai ngon ngic trong khi mpt sd ngon ngu cd diin nbu tiing Phgn vd A Rgp dang duac hpc thay cho cdc ngon ngir An Dp hiin dpi. Mot sd hdi ddng/ld chirc thdm chi cho phep hpc cdc ngdn ngU chdu Au nhu tieng Phdp vd tiing Dire thay cho tiing Hindi. Trong bdi cdnh ndy, cdng thuc ba ngdn ngic chi ton lgi irong cdc tdi lieu chuang trinh gidng dg}' vd cdc tuyen bd chinh sdch khdc" (NCERT, 2007).
Cdc sinh vien gap mpt sd khd khan thudc \ I cdc linh vyc su phgm. ngoai khda va mdi trudng do TLF. Nhung dilu quan ttgng nhdt, theo thir tu vl do khd gidm ddn, Id "kho hiiu khi hpc ngic phdp ciia cdc ngdn ngic khdc nhau" (su pham), "khdng cd ca hpi sir dung ngdn ngic di thuc hdnh " (mdi trudng),
"khong CO budn luyin them lgi nhd" (mdi ttordng) va "nhiiu chii di khdc de hpc" (ngoai khda).
Nghien ciru An Dg va Chdu A. Sd 5 - 2020, tt.67-75 73
Dd piu Ha. Cdng thuc gido dgc ha ngdn ngir a •tnDp:...
Giao \icn \a phy huynh thira nhan cac \-an de ma hpc sinh gap phai khi hgc mgt >d ngon ngti.
Hon nira, cac giao vien nhan manh nhiau nhat la cac van da ve mdi trudng va ngogi khda. it nhal la cac van de lian quan dan su pham giang day ngdn ngii, trong kht hgc smh lgi coi la quan trgng nhat. Cac bgc cha me ddng y vdi con cai bg ve cdc khd khan ngoai khda, nhung khdng den mtic "kho hieu khi hpc cdc ngu phdp khdc nhmi ha}- khdng co budn luyen them Igi nhd" (NCERT, 2007).
Sinh vien phai ddi mat vdi cac van da khi tiep thu bdn ky nang ngdn ngQ- la hieu, ndi. dgc vd viat.
Khd khdn dugc cam nhan nghiem ttgng nhdl ddi \di ngdn ngii tliu ba vd it nhal ddi vdi ngdn ngii tbii nhat.
Cdc giao vien ciing gap nhiau khd khan khi gidng day ngdn ngtr. Diau quan ttgng nhat Id thiau cac phuang tien day hgc hien dai vd ddo lao cac k-> thugt mdi ve gidng day ngdn ngQ-. Ngodi ra cdn cd vdn da \c su hi^n dign ctja cac nhdm tiang me de hdn hgp ttong ldp ngdn ngii.
Can luu y rdng tiang me de ctia tte em bd lgc khdng dugc su dyng trong trudng hpc; ddi khi, ngdn ngtr cita trudng la ngdn ngir hodn loan \a la. Hau het gido vien d khu vyc ndng thdn khdng ndi ho^c hiau ngdn ngii ciia ira nan khdng cd giao tiap giiia giao vian vd tre. Ngay ca khi cdc giao vien den tii cgng ddng cua nhiing tre em dd, hp thudng khdng sir dyng ngdn ngii dia phuang trong viec giang dgy chuang trinh giang dgy vi sach giao khoa Id ngdn ngii chung ciia bang.
Tieng mp de cua tre phdi Id phucmg tiin hpc tap & tnr&ng
Nau mgt trucmg kliong cd dieu kien giang dgy bdng (cdc) tteng me da cua txe a cac cap cao hon, giao dye iicu hgc vdn phai dugc bao ve thdng qua tteng me de. Ta bat bugc phai tdn vinh (cac) tiing m? dc cua tte em. Theo Dieu 350A ciia Hian phdp An Dp, "'do se la nd luc cua mpi liiu bang vd ciia mpi chinh quyin dia phucmg v&i Shd nu&c di cung cdp ddy dit phirang tiin gidng dgy bdng tiing mf de a giat dogn gido due chinh cho tri em thudc cdc nhdm ngon ngu thiiu sd" (legislative, gov.in , 2019).
Ket luan
Nghien cuu cho thay cd mdi quan he tich cyc giira giao dye song ng£r/da ngon ngii, vdi sy linh hogi trong nlian thiic \a dianh tich hgc thual. Tre em da ngon ngir khdng chi cd thi kiim soat mdt sd ngdn ngii khac nhau ma cluing cdn sang tgo han %! mat hpc thudt va khoan dung han vl mat xa hdi. Phgm vi rgng cua nhting ngdn ngii ma chimg kiam sodt giiip chimg dam phan trong cdc tinh hudng xd hgi hieu qud ban.
Da ngdn ngii d An Dg dugc cae hpc gid ca nggi rgng rai, Bhatia va Ritchie (2006) cho rdng sy canh tranh va xung dpt ngdn ngii d .\n Dp thudng khdng dan din su tan rd vl ngdn ngii va qudc gia.
Rd rang la Chinh phu \a h? ihong giao due ciia An Dp nan nd lyc duy tri da ngdn ngti thay vi dan dp nd. H? thdng giao dye cua An Dp da lien tuc lam suy yiu nhtrng Igi ihl vl da ngdn ngtr - co sd ddc trung cho xa hgi An Do. Cac nha hogch djnh giao dye vd chinh sdch ciia ddt nude nan chii y din linh ttung ldm cua ngdn ngir trong giao dye tnrdc khi qua mudn. An Dp cdn irao quyin cho cac ngon ngtr CU.1 nhiing ngudi de bi tdn thuong. dalit. bd lac vd cd nguy co ttiyel chiing ma khdng nan chd dgi ngudi dan yeu cau quyan ngdn ngir ciia hg. Neu nin ddn chii cdn cd su tham gia cua tdt ca thi ngdn ngu ciia mgi tre em cdn phai cd liing ndi ihay vi thuc hien nghiem neal ear nAr,« .u"' "^^-'^'
_ . i - - L - i . - - . , . ', ^ °- '*^ '-ong thuc ngon ngu VI sy ton lat \ a bao ton da ngon ngu nen la trung tam cua cac ka hogch va ngdn ngii d An D"
Nghian ciiu An Dd va Chau A. Sd 5 - 2020. tr.67-75
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Dd Thu Ha. Cdng thuc gido due ba ngdn ngic & An Dp:.
TM lifu tham khao
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